Killing with computers: The ethics of remote controlled ... · Remote‐controlled robotic...

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Killing with computers: The ethics of remotecontrolled and autonomous robotic weapons autonomous robotic weapons Dr Alex Leveringhaus, Oxford Institute for Ethics, Law and Armed Conflict & Martin School, University of Oxford with Dr Tjerk de Greef Delft University of Technology, NL, Research Associate/ELAC

Transcript of Killing with computers: The ethics of remote controlled ... · Remote‐controlled robotic...

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Killing with computers:g pThe ethics of remote‐controlled and 

autonomous robotic weaponsautonomous robotic weapons 

Dr Alex Leveringhaus, Oxford Institute for Ethics, Law and Armed Conflict & Martin 

School,  University of Oxford with Dr Tjerk de Greefj

Delft University of Technology, NL, Research Associate/ELAC

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R O B O T SR‐O‐B‐O‐T‐S

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Why do we want robots?Why do we want robots?

• Robots are often used for tasks that are:1. DULL1. DULL2. DIRTY3. DANGEROUS4 DODGY4. DODGY

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The Dragonrunner RobotThe Dragonrunner Robot

D l d b C i• Developed by Carnegie Mellon University and Automatik IncAutomatik, Inc. 

• For use in urban environment. 

• Can fit into a backpack.• Used by the British ArmyUsed by the British Army 

in Afghanistan for the detection of Improvised 

l dExplosive Devices and bomb disposal.  

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The Alpha DogThe Alpha Dog

Bi D /Al h D• Big Dog/Alpha Dog robot is developed by Boston DynamicsBoston Dynamics, NASA, Foster Miller, and HarvardHarvard. 

• Robotic ‘pack mule’. Legged Squad SupportLegged Squad Support System (L3S). 

• Accompany soldiers inAccompany soldiers in difficult terrain. 

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Sentry RobotSentry Robot S t R b t• Sentry Robot‐manufactured by Samsung. 

• Deployed in DMZ between p yN and S Korea.

• Stationary robot. • Two machine guns and one• Two machine guns and one 

gun that fires rubber bullets. 

• Can track and identify targets that are up to 2.5 kilometres away.

• Has a microphone and speaker system. 

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Tanaris (in study)Tanaris (in study) 

• Unmanned aerial vehicle manufactured by BAE systems. 

• Stealth plane.• Can track and destroy radar stations without ada s a o s ouassistance from an operator. p

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Distinctions (1)Distinctions (1) 

• Non‐lethal military robots– Alpha Dog. p g

• Non‐lethal robots with lethal side‐effectsEl i– Electronic countermeasure systems.  

• Robotic targeting systems (RTS)g g y ( )– Designed in order to apply force to a target.Application of force is intentional– Application of force is intentional. 

=> Sentry Robot, Tanaris

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Distinctions (2)Distinctions (2) 

1. Remote‐controlled RTS/semi‐autonomous RTS (RTS_rc).( _ )

‐ unmanned aerial vehicles/drones

2. Autonomous RTS (RTS_auton).‐ Sentry‐ TanarisTanaris

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Remote‐controlled robotic targeting systems

l k l d• RTS_rc are also known as tele‐operated robots:1. Sensors.2. Transmit information/images via a video‐satellite g

link.3. Information relayed on video screen to operator 

(or group of operators).4. Targeting decision made via chain of command.5. Enactment of decision by operator via remote 

control.   

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The Predator Drone (MQ 1)The Predator Drone (MQ‐1) U d i l hi l• Unmanned aerial vehicle. Manufactured by General Atomics. 

• Deployed by US military and intelligence services (CIA)(CIA). 

• Used in the War on Terror for ‘targeted killings’. g g

• Can also be used for reconnaissance missions.

• Remotely operated.  

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Predator Drone: CommunicationsPredator Drone: Communications 

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Predator drone command & control centre

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Moral issues (1)Moral issues (1)

• Do RTS_rc raise morally distinctive issues compared to other systems?compared to other systems? 

• Are RTS_rc morally preferable over other systems? If so why? If not why not?systems? If so, why? If not, why not?

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Targeted Killings: A cautionary noteTargeted Killings: A cautionary note

007 MQ‐1

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Autonomous robots???Autonomous robots???

Roomba Immanuel Kant 

??????

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Moral and Operational AutonomyMoral and Operational Autonomy

l• Moral autonomy: – Moral autonomy: act for reasons that we give ourselves (Kant, Rousseau, Rawls). 

• Operational autonomy: p y– Carry out tasks independently from an operator

• Technological Capacity: Machine (M) can take care of g p y ( )itself. M does not require an operator to carry out a specific task. S lf Di i M i ll d i hi i• Self‐Direction: M is allowed to act within a certain domain. Restriction are lifted.   

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No science fiction!No science fiction!

• RTS_auton are likely to be developed: – Tanaris. 

• Some RTS are underutilised & precedents for h l i iautonomous technologies exit:

– An RTS could make a targeting decision, but is not allowed to do so (doesn’t meet Self Directionallowed to do so (doesn t meet Self‐Direction criterion). 

– Examples: Sentry Robot. p y

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Moral Issues (2)Moral Issues (2)

i di i i l i• Do RTS_auton raise distinctive moral issues, not found in other systems? – Responsibility?  

• Are RTS auton morally preferable over other _ y psystems?– Robots are motivated by algorithms not by hatredRobots are motivated by algorithms, not by hatred and fear (Ronald Arkin)   

– RTS auton cannot satisfy key legal and moralRTS_auton cannot satisfy key legal and moral criteria: discrimination (Human Rights Watch). 

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The Military Enhancement Project @Delft and Oxford  

• Look at RTS, both remote‐controlled and autonomous. 

• Check whether existing systems comply with law and ethicslaw and ethics.

• Try to anticipate dilemmas and problems that may arise from the operation of RTS.  

• Find ways to enhance targeting decisions• Find ways to enhance targeting decisions.   

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Design Proposal: E PartnershipsDesign Proposal: E‐Partnerships

• Utilise different perspectives of human and artificial agent. g– No point in cutting out a human operator entirely. Machines are just bad at a lot of stuff.Machines are just bad at a lot of stuff. 

– Introduce autonomous technologies into remote controlled systems in order to assist the operatorcontrolled systems in order to assist the operator in decision‐making.    

i f ibili• Design for Responsibility. 

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Thank you!Thank you!