The Kidney

The Kidney

In humans, the kidneys are two small organs located near the vertebral column at the small of the back. The left kidney lies a little higher than the right kidney. They are bean-shaped .

FUNCTIONS OF KIDNEY

excretory function homeostatic function endocrine function metabolic function

EXCRETORY FUNCTION

This include formation and excretion of urine. The main step involved are

Glomerular filtration Tubular reabsorption Tubular secretion

Homeostatic Functions of Urinary System

1. Regulate blood volume and blood pressure: by adjusting volume of water lost in urine releasing erythropoietin and renin

2. Regulate plasma ion concentrations:– sodium, potassium, and chloride ions (by controlling

quantities lost in urine)– calcium ion levels

Help stabilize blood pH: by controlling loss of hydrogen ions and

bicarbonate ions in urine

continues

4. Conserve valuable nutrients: by preventing excretion while excreting

organic waste products

5. Assist liver to detoxify poisons

ENDOCRINE FUNCTIONS… Kidneys have primary endocrine function since they

produce hormones

In addition, the kidneys are site of degradation for hormones such as insulin and aldosterone.

In their primary endocrine function, the kidneys produce erythropoietin, renin and prostaglandin.

METABOLIC FUNCTION

Kidney perform gluconiogenesis during periods of starvation.

renal physiology

RENAL DIAGNOSTIC

TESTS

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1. LABORATARY STUDIES

a) Tests of Renal Function.b) Prostate-specific antigen

(PSA)c) Urinalysis.

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a) TESTS OF RENAL FUNCTION

Renal function tests are used to determine effectiveness of the kidneys' excretory functioning, to evaluate the severity of kidney disease, and to follow the patient's progress.

There is no single test of renal function; best results are obtained by combining a number of clinical tests.

Renal function is variable from time to time.15

WHAT ARE THE TESTS OF RENAL FUNCTION ? ? ?

1.Renal concentration test. Specific gravity Osmolality of urine

2. Creatinine clearance.

3. Serum creatinine.

4. Serum urea nitrogen (Blood urea nitrogen [BUN]).

5. Protein.

6. Microalbumin /Creatinine ratio.

7. Urine casts. 16

1. LABORATARY STUDIES

a) Tests of Renal Function.b) Prostate-specific antigen

(PSA)c) Urinalysis.

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c) URINALYSIS Involves examination of the urine for overall

characteristics, including appearance, pH, specific gravity, and osmolality as well as microscopic evaluation for the presence of normal and abnormal cells.

Appearance - normal urine is clear Odour - normal urine has a faint aromatic odor Colour - Normal urine is clear yellow or amber pH of urine - Normal pH is around 6 (acid); may

normally vary from 4.6 to 7.5. Specific gravity - Normal specific gravity ranges

from 1.005 to 1.025 Osmolality - Average value is 300 to 1,090

mOsm/ kg for females; 390 to 1,090 mOsm/kg for males.

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