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CONTENTS

SL NO CHAPTERS

1.0 GENERAL

2.0 LOCATION AND ACCESSIBILITY

3.0 TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY

4.0 ESTIMATION OF RESERVE

5.0 DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION PROGRAMME

6.0 RECLAMATION

7.0 STRATEGY FOR PROTECTION OF RIVER COURSE, NALAS, WATER TANK, VILLAGES,IMPORTANT MONUMENTS, IF ANY

8.0 ANY OTHER RELEVANT INFORMATION

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2. LOCATION AND ACCESSIBILITY

Details of the area (with location map)

District and state Koriya Chhattisgarh

Tahsil Bharatpur

Village Khadakho

Khasra no. 107

Lease area (ha) 5.00 ha

Whether the lease area is recorded to

be in forest ( protected or reserved)

No

Ownership/occupancy Government land (Bhujal)

Existence of public road/railway line

if any nearby and approximate

distance)

The mine is connected to Village road via

a 100m long Kachcha road. And

connected to NH–78 at about 50 km and

SH-3 at about 100m.

Topo sheet no 64 E/14

Latitude and longitude Corner Latitude Longitude

A 23°36'11.42"N 81°51'57.72"E

B 23°36'11.34"N 81°52'00.20"E

C 23°36'03.35"N 81°51'59.92"E

D 23°35'57.79"N 81°51'57.40"E

E 23°35'50.43"N 81°51'52.76"E

F 23°35'51.10"N 81°51'51.28"E

G 23°35'59.42"N 81°51'55.82"E

H 23°36'05.26"N 81°51'57.27"E

Land use pattern (forest, agriculture, grazing, barren etc)

Government revenue land, Bhujal

General location and vicinity map (1:5000)

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3. TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY

Topography:

The lease area is falling in the river bed River Singhor. The sand found in river

bed. The general surface level of the lease area is comparatively lower than the

surrounding. The general surface level is around 520m RL on the river bank.

The drainage location is towards North direction in the lease area.

River and drainage:

The lease area forms the river bed of Singhor River which flow towards north

direction in the lease area. Singhor has its origin in the hills of Bharatpur

tehsil. The Singhor River is the tributary of Banas River. It has medium

catchment area.

Transportation of sand:

The sand is not a in-situ material. It is being carried out by flowing water

during the monsoon every year from various catchment area in Koriya district

and getting accumulated at convenient location like bends, escarpments etc.

And as such the sand of the lease area is a carried material brought from

various locations and getting accumulated at convenient places in the flow

direction from the river. The size of the accumulated sand varies due to the

time factor taken by the river as well as the quantity of low water. The

depositions normally take place on winding course

(bend)/meanders/loops/circuitous journey (of a river) in flow direction.

REGIONAL GEOLOGY

The state of Chhattisgarh constitutes one of the important geological terrains of

the Indian Shield exposing rock sequences from Archaean to Recent.

A crustal scale Central Indian Shear Zone (CIS) trending E-W and passing

through the central part, subdivides the state into two distinct geological

provinces viz., the southern Bastar province and the northern Satpura

province.

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The generalized litho stratigraphic sequence of Chhattisgarh is given below:

Canozoic Recent-Holocene Alluvium

Mid-Pliocene Laterite

Mesozoic Upper Cretaceous- Palaeogene

Deccan Trap

Upper Cretaceous Lameta Group

Palaezoic-Mesozoic Lower Cretaceous

Upper Carboniferous

Gondwana Super group

Proterozoic Meso-Neo Proterzoic

Kimberlite Chhattisgarh Super group, Indravati Group, SabriGroup, Pairi (khariar) group

Mesoproterozoic Pakhal Supergroup

Palaeo-Mesoproterozoic

Kairagarh Group, Abujhmar Group, ChilpiGroup, TulsiDongar Group

Palaeoproterozoic Dongargarh Granite Sonakhan Group, Nandgaon Group, Metamorphites and Granite of BilaspurRaigarh-Surguja Belt

Archaean Palaeoproterozic Bailadila Group, ChhtanagpurGneisic Complex

Archaean Eastern ghat, Supergroup, Bengpal (Sukuma) Group, Unclassified BastaGneissses, Baya Gneisses etc Kondagaon granulite and chanockite, Bhopalpatanam Granulite

Regional geological succession established (GSI 2006) for the area is published

which is as given below with little modification applicable to the sand mine

area and surroundings (environ) under consideration.

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Regional Geological Succession (GSI 2006)

Period Group Formation Major Litho Units

Upper Gondwana

Jabalpur Umia Sandstone, Shale

Jabalpur Clay , Sandstone

Chaugon Clay , Sandstone

Rajmahal Kota Sandstone, Grits, Coal Bands

Rajmahal Basaltic Lava Flows

Mahadeva Maleri Red Clays, Sandstone

Pachmari Red Sand Stone, Clays

------------------------- Unconformity--------------------------------

Lower Gondwana

Panchet Panchet Brown Sandstone, Shales

Damuda Raniganj Sandstone, Shale, Coal Seams

Berraen Measures Sandstone, Ironstone, Shale

Barakar Sandstone, Shale, Coal Seams

Karaharbari Sandstone, Grits, Coal Seams

Talchir Rikba Sandstones

Talchir Geenish Shale

Boulder bed Boulder Bed

Notified Sand mine area is geologically situated in the bed of Singhor River in

Koriya district predominantly comprising older sandstone, exposed forming

bold and rugged topography represented by high hillocks and undulatatory

terrain. Part of the area is peneplained, weathered and extensively occupied by

the alluvial sandy soil cover ranging from 0 to 5m.

Notified sand mine area is geographically situated in the river bed of Singhor.

In eastern part of almost horizontally bedded Gondwana supergroup comprised

of the equivalent of sandstone of Barakar formation. Rocks of Barakar

formation are forming bold and rugged and gently southerly dipping

topography in east of the river. The Barakar formation is almost horizontally

bedded, weathered and extensively occupied by the alluvial soil cover ranging

from almost 0.5 to 4 m. Sand is deposited annually during the monsoon, which

is mostly derived from the older rocks exposed in southern parts of the area.

Sand of the area doesn’t allow exploration and mining by the conventional

methods, owing to the unconsolidated nature of the sand dominantly

comprising fragments of quarts, feldspar. Therefore, the anticipated reserves

can only be classified in Recognized Resources Category.

The proposed sand mine in situated at the Singhor River bed, which originated

upstream terrain at Bharatpur tehsil. It is the tributary of Banas River. It has

medium catchment area. The river bed comprised of unconsolidated alluvial

placer deposit of sand and bajari found along the river bed. The rock

formations thrusting invasion of Singhor is within the Barakar formation of

the Gondwana Super Group rocks.

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Based on the geology consideration thickness of the almost horizontally

deposited sand along the Singhor River is likely to be over 4 m. The sand (0.1

to 2 mm) deposit is mostly without any waste and overburden material and

mostly common unconsolidated angular to sub-angular and sub-rounded

grains mainly of variety of quarts, feldspar and rarely iron oxide minerals, mica

silt (<0.6 mm) grains. Sorted boulders (>25 cm.), Cobbles (6.4 cm to 25.6 cm.)

pebbles (0.4 to 6.4 cm), gravels (0.2 to 0.4 cm) from angular to sub rounded

makes essential part of the alluvial deposits, but at the surface generally sand

and sorted bajari (gravels & pebbles) are seen.

Local Geology:

The river bed comprised of unconsolidated alluvial placer deposit of sand and

bajari found along the river bed. The rock formations thrusting invasion of

Singhor is within the Barakar formation of the Gondwana Super Group. Rocks

of Barakar formation are farming bold and nugged and gently westward

dipping topography in eastern part of the river. The Barakar formation is

almost horizontally bedded without significant exposures. The formation

around the area are weathered and extensively occupied by the alluvial soil

cover noggin from almost 2 m. to 10 m.

Based on the geology consideration thickness of the almost horizontally

deposited sand along the Singhor river is likely to be over 4 to 4.5m. The sand

(0.1 to 2 mm) deposit is mostly without any waste and overburden material and

mostly common unconsolidated angular to sub-angular and sub-rounded

grains mainly of variety of quarts, feldspar and rarely iron oxide minerals, mica

silt (<0.6 mm) grains. Sorted boulders (>25 cm.), Cobbles (6.4 cm to 25.6 cm.)

pebbles (0.4 to 6.4 cm), gravels (0.2 to 0.4 cm) from angular to sub rounded

makes essential part of the alluvial deposits, but at the surface generally sand

and sorted bajari (gravels & pebbles) are seen.

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4. ESTIMATION OF RESERVE

Estimation of reserve:

Unlike other mineral deposits, sand deposits are not in-situ deposits. The

deposition of sand takes place every year during monsoon. The amount of sand

sediment deposition in a particular river stretch may vary year to year

depending upon a number of factors like rain fall in the catchment area, bed

slope, amount of sand excavated from that area etc. Also the thickness of the

sand bed in a particular stretch of a river is not of uniform thickness. So the

methods of reserve estimation generally used for estimation of other mineral

deposit which are in situ deposits cannot be used to estimate the sand reserve.

Sand deposition in the area is not of uniform thickness, the thickness of the

sand bed varies from 3.0 m to 3.5 m. The water level in the proposed mining

area goes up to 3.0-4.0 m below the general sand level in the area during

summer.

The reserve of sand in the proposed mine is estimated based on the following

facts and assumptions:

1. The lease area is 5 ha or 50,000 m2. Average width of the river is 80 m,

Average length of lease area is about 677 m, and average width of notified

area is about 67 m.

2. Sand deposition in the area is not of uniform thickness, the thickness of

the sand bed varies from 3.0 m to 3.5 m. In most of the area it is more than

3.0m. So, the average thickness of sand bed is considered to be 3.0 m for

reserve estimation.

3. Minable reserve is estimated after leaving a layer of 1.0 m along the river

bed

4. As per distance certificate given by Mining office it seems that river bank to

lease area is 10m.

Considering the above facts and assumptions,

The present sand reserve in the lease area 50,000m2 X 3m = 1,50,000 m3

Minable reserve (av. thickness 2m) 50,000m2 X 2m = 1,00,000m3

Annual Replenishment of Sand in the Lease Area:

As per the Ministry and Environment and Forest OM No. J-13012/12/2013-IA-

1I (I) dated 24.12.2013, the annual replenishment of the sand in the lease area

should be sufficient to sustain the mining operation at level prescribed in the

Mine plan.

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The replenishment of sand depends mainly upon the catchment area of the

river, annual rainfall in the catchment area erosion of rocks in the catchment

area etc. The proposed area falls under the river bed of Singhor River.

As stated earlier, the proposed area for sand mining falls under the river bed of

River Singhor. It has a medium catchment area. The average rain fall of the

catchment area of the river varies from 4000-5000 mm. All these factors

indicate that the annual sediments replenishment capacity of the Singhor is

good enough to sustain the proposed production.

Anticipated life of the mine:

As per the Chhattisgarh Minor Mineral Rules, 2015 There is no provision in the

Chhattisgarh Gond Khanij Ret Ka Utkhanan and Vavsaya Viniyaman Nirdesh

2006 and said rules regarding grant of lease for a fixed period as in case of

other mineral minerals.

As the quantity of sand that will be mined every year will get replenished every

year during monsoon, the sand reserve will not get depleted.

5. DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION PROGRAMME

Mining Method

As per the ministry of environment, forest and climate change (MoEF)

Guidelines Sustainable Sand Mining management Guidelines 2016, Mining

Operation Will be done Semi–Mechanized and help of small mining machinery

such as Small loading Machine, dumper, tipper, tractor for loading and

transportation, The bench wise mining cannot be possible in sand mining

because no bench can be maintained in river sand, Sand will be loaded to the

help of local labour & machine such as small Loading Machine.

Due to Continuous accumulation of sand in the area During Rainy Season

there will be not much depletion in the reserve of sand, hence reserve will be

likely to be remaining same every year and in future also, Accordingly five year

production plan can be revised as below.

Development:

The mine is a very small mine and does not require much development work.

Only a ramp of mild gradient of 1 in 15 to 20 will be constructed from approach

road at the river bank to approach the mine.

The excavation of sand will be strictly carried out as per the restrictions

imposed by Chhattisgarh Minor Mineral Rules 2015, Chhattisgarh Gond Khanij

Ret Ka Utkhanan and Vavsaya Viniyaman Nirdesh 2006 and the additional

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conditions imposed by Govt. of Chhattisgarh vide Gazette notification dated

1.11.2013 and as the Ministry and Environment and Forest OM No. J-

13012/12/2013-IA-1I (I) dated 24.12.2013.

The Government of Chhattisgarh has imposed the following restrictions on

river bed sand mining vide Gazette notification dated 1.11.2013:

1. Mining shall not be carried out within 100 m of any bridge/ National

Highway/ State highway.

2. Mining shall not be carried out within 50 m of any natural water

recourse, dam etc

3. Mining shall not be carried out within 3.0 from the banks of the river

4. Mining shall be carried out up to maximum 3.0 m depth or bed rock in

the river

The Ministry and Environment and Forest OM No. J-13012/12/2013-IA-1I

(I) dated 24.12.2013 imposed the following restrictions on river bed mining.

1. The mining activity shall be done manually. 2. The depth of mining shall be restricted to 3m/water level, whichever is

less. 3. For carrying out mining in proximity to any bridge and/or embankment,

appropriate safety zone shall be worked out on case to case basis to the

satisfaction of SEAC/SEIAA, taking into account the structural

parameters, location aspects, flow rate etc. and no mining shall be

carried out in the safety zone so worked out.

4. No in stream mining shall be allowed 5. In case of transportation by road, the transport vehicles will be covered

with taurpoline to minimize dust/sand particle emissions.

Production Programme:

As stated earlier, the sand deposition in the area is not of uniform thickness,

the thickness of the sand bed varies from 3.0 m to 3.5 m. The water level in the

proposed mining area goes up to 3.0- 4.0 m below the general sand level in the

area during summer. It is proposed to skim the sand leaving a 2.0 m thick

layer on river bed. To protect the in stream micro and macro flora, excavation

will be restricted above water level which will not affect the turbidity of the

water. In order to protect the natural permeability and porosity of the filter

material due to compaction of filter zone of river bed, no heavy vehicles and

machine will be used.

Mining Operation Will be done Semi–Mechanized and help of small mining

machinery such as Small loading Machine, dumper, tipper, tractor for loading

and transportation. A ramp will be constructed and will be maintained to

connect the approach road to the mining area.

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Year Proposed Production of sand, m3/year

1st year 60,000

2nd year 60,000

3rd year 60,000

4th year 60,000

5th year 60,000

Transportation Infrastructure:

The sand is generally transported by the consumer in their own tractors,

tippers/dumpers. The capacity of the dumpers generally used is 10 m3. The

mining of sand is mostly carried out in 8 months from November to June. The

mining will be carried out only during the day time i.e. from 8 am to 6.0 pm.

The estimation of average requirement of dumper trips per day and per hour is

given below:

Details

Sand Production/year 60,000m3

No of working days in a year 8X30 240 days

Av. Sand Production/day 60,000/240 250m3

Carrying capacity of dumper 10 m3

Av number of trips required/day 250/10 25

No of working hours/ day 10 hrs

Average no of trips/hour 25/10 2.5

The mine is well connected to village road via a 100m long Kachcha road. The

village Khatouli is connected to NH–78 at about 50 km long Tar road and also

by SH-03 at about 100m. A ramp of gradient 1-15 is proposed to be

constructed for evacuation of sand from the mine. The carrying capacity of the

road is sufficient to take this insignificant traffic of tippers. Also the

requirement of dumpers for transportation of sand is too less only average 2.5

trips/hour, there will be no queuing of dumpers and no large parking space

will be required.

Man Power Deployment:

The mining establishment presents opportunities of employment to various

posts under various cadres viz. supervisor, skilled workmen and unskilled

workmen beside casual workmen. The sand mining will be done Semi-

Mechanise method hence The average daily employment is tabulated below:

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Particulars No. of Workers

1 Supervisor 02

2 Skilled Loaders 05

3 Unskilled Loaders 13 (As per requirement & not more than 50)

Total (average daily employment) 20

These are the estimated number of workers which can be altered as per the

mineral requirements in the market. The workers are supposed to be employed

and paid shift wise. The lessee ensures that there is no violation of Labour Act

and all terms and conditions of employment is fulfilled as per the law.

Use of Mineral:

Sand is a very important mineral for our society due to its many uses. It can be

used for making concrete, filling roads, building sites, brick-making, making

glass, sandpapers, etc. The sand mined from the mine will be mainly used in

construction industry as a fine aggregate.

6.0 RECLAMATION PLAN

The proposed mine is of river bed sand mining and only involves scrapping of

thin layers of sand from the river bed. No pits are proposed to be dug that

need backfilling. Also there will no change in the post mining land pattern.

Plantation is not possible within the lease area as the mine is in the river bed.

However, It is proposed to do some plantation of local species of trees along

the approach road and along the river banks where ever possible.

7.0 STRATEGY FOR PROTECTION OF RIVER COURSE, NALAS, WATER

TANK, VILLAGES, IMPORTATNT MONUMENTS IF ANY

The sand mining is proposed in the river bed of Singhor River. There is no Nalla, water tank, village, important monuments in the close vicinity of the mine which may get affected due to mining activity. The river bed sand mining can cause the following environmental hazards:

• Instream habitat:

The impact of mining may result in increase in river gradient, suspended load, sediment transport, sediment deposition, turbidity, change in temperature, etc. Excessive sediment deposition for replenishment/ refilling of the pits affect

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turbidity, prevent the penetration of the light required for photo synthesis of micro and macro flora which in turn reduces food availability for aquatic fauna. Increase in river gradient may cause excessive erosion causing adverse effect on the in stream habitats.

• Riparian habitat:

This includes vegetative cover on and adjacent to the river banks, which controls erosion, provide nutrient inputs into the stream and prevents intrusion of pollutant in the stream through runoff. Bank erosion and change of morphology of the river can destroy the riparian vegetative cover.

• Degradation of Land:

Mining pits are responsible for river channel shifting as well as degradation of land, causing loss of properties and degradation of landscape.

• Lowering of groundwater table in the floodplain area:

Mining may cause lowering of riverbed level as well as river water level resulting in lowering of groundwater table due to excessive extraction and draining out of groundwater from the adjacent areas. This may cause shortage of water for the vegetation and human settlements in the vicinity.

• Depletion of groundwater:

Excessive pumping out of groundwater during sand mining especially in abandoned channels generally result in depletion of groundwater resources causing severe scarcity and affecting irrigation and potable water availability. In extreme cases it may also result in creation of ground fissures and land subsidence in adjacent areas.

• Polluting groundwater:

In case the river is recharging the groundwater, excessive mining will reduce the thickness of the natural filter materials (sediments), infiltration through which the ground water is recharged. The pollutants due to mining, such as washing of mining materials, wastes disposal, diesel and vehicular oil lubricants and other human activities may pollute the ground water.

• Choking of filter materials for ingress of ground water from river:

Dumping of final material, compaction of filter zone due to movement heavy machineries and vehicles for mining purposes may reduce the permeability and porosity of the filter material through which the groundwater is recharging, thus resulting in steady decrease of ground water resources. The following measures shall be taken to mitigate the adverse impact of mining on the river:

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