1

KgwcDUv‡ii PgK!

gvneyeyi ingvb

wmm‡UK cvewj‡KkÝ wjwg‡UW

eyKm& GÛ KgwcDUvi Kg‡c ø·, 38/3, evsjvevRvi, XvKv

†dvb t 7112406, 01714184844-5-6, 01711622565

2

KgwcDUv‡ii PgK!

cÖ_g cÖKvk t wewmGm KgwcDUvi †gjv, wW‡m¤^i, 1998 Bs

ms¯‹iY t GwcÖj 2010

cÖKvkK t e¨e¯’vcbv cwiPvjK

wmm‡UK cvewj‡KkÝ wjt

cÖ”Q` wWRvBb t †jLK

¯Ẑ¡ t †jLK

K‡¤úvR t †gvnv¤§` Avj-Avgxb miKvi

g~`ªY t †niv wcÖ›Uvm©

evsjvevRvi, XvKv-1100

g~j¨ t 20 UvKv gvÎ|

ISBN : 984-8480-109-9

Computer-er Chamak : by Mahbubur Rahman ; Published by Managing Director : Systech Publications Ltd, 38/3, Banglabazar,

Dhaka-1100. Author, Price : Tk. 20

3

†jL‡Ki K_v

KgwcDUv‡ii Pg‡Ki †Kvb †kl †bB| Pg‡Ki ci PgK †`wL‡q G

GKwUgvÎ cÖhyw³ mviv wek¦‡K wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q| GKwesk kZvãxi

ØvicÖv‡šÍ `uvwo‡q AvRI hw` KvD‡K wkLv‡Z nq KgwcDUvi wK? Bnv

wK Ki‡Z cv‡i, KgwcDUvi wk‡L wK jvf BZ¨vw` Zvn‡j wK ej‡Z

cvwi Avi cÖkœKZ©v hw` GKRb wkwÿZ e¨w³ nDb Zvn‡j?

GKwUgvÎ ev· Zvi Dci cuvP ermi covïbv? GwUB bvwK me wKQz

Ki‡Z cv‡i? GwU m¤¢e? Gai‡bi AviI nvRv‡iv cÖ‡kœi m¤§ywLb

n‡Z nq G cÖhyw³‡Z mswk øó mevB‡K| cÖvq A‡bKUv mgq w`‡q

eySv‡bvi ci Avevi cÖkœ Av‡m Av”Qv eySjvg G cÖhyw³ Qvov †Kvb

MZvšÍi †bB, Zv fvB †Kv_vq wkLe? wK wkLe? †Kvb KgwcDUvi

wKbe? †Kv_v †_‡K wKbe? B›Uvi‡bU †Kv_v †_‡K ms‡hvM wbe

BZ¨vw`| Gme cÖ‡kœi DËi wb‡q G cÖKvkbv| eBwU KgwcDUvi

cÖhyw³‡Z AvMÖnx‡`i wccvmv †gUv‡e, G cÖhyw³‡Z `ÿ A‡b‡Ki

wewfbœ cÖ‡kœi mgvavb †`‡e| GKwesk kZvãxi †hvM¨ bvMwiK n‡Z

n‡j Avcbv‡K Aek¨B KgwcDUvi Rvb‡Z n‡e| AZ¨š Í Aí mg‡qi

A_P AK¬všÍ cwikª‡gi dmj G cÖKvkbvwU Avcbv‡K GwM‡q wb‡q

hv‡e A‡bK ~̀i| Avi G‡ZB Avgvi mdjZv| RvwZi nv‡Z G

cÖKvkbvwU Dcnvi w`‡Z cvivq gnvb cÖfy Avj øvni †kvKwiqv Ávcb

KiwQ| weÁcvVK‡`i †h †Kvb MVbg~jK civgk© mv`‡i MÖnYxq|

eBwUi DrKl©Zv mva‡b Avcbv‡`i mn‡hvwMZv GKvš Ífv‡e Kvg¨|

gvneyeyi ingvb

4

m~wPcÎ

KgwcDUvi wK? .......................................................................................5

KgwcDUv‡ii ˆewkó¨ ................................................................................ 6

KgwcDUvi †K Avwe®‹vi K‡i ..................................................................... 8

KgwcDUv‡ii wewfbœ hš¿cvwZ .................................................................... 14

KgwcDUvi msMVb ................................................................................. 17

BbcyU wWfvBm ..................................................................................... 18

†K›`ªxq cÖwµqvKiY Ask ......................................................................... 21

KgwcDUv‡ii †g‡gvwi ............................................................................. 22

AvDUcyU wWfvBm .................................................................................. 26

KgwcDUvi fvlv ................................................................................... 30

KgwcDUv‡ii cÖ‡qvM ............................................................................. 33

gvwëwgwWqv ......................................................................................... 44

fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU ..................................................................................47

B›Uvi‡bU ............................................................................................ 51

KgwcDUvi wkÿv t †Kb wkL‡eb? wK wkL‡eb? ............................................. 58

Z_¨ cÖhyw³ .......................................................................................... 67

Z_¨ cÖhyw³i Ae`vb ............................................................................... 67

Z_¨ cÖhyw³i µgweKvk ...........................................................................68

B›Uvi‡bU ........................................................................................... 70

†UwjKbdv‡iÝ ..................................................................................... 70

B‡jKwUªK dvÛ UªvÝdvi .......................................................................... 71

G·cvU© wm‡÷g .................................................................................... 72

†iveU ............................................................................................... 73

K…wÎg eyw×gËv (Artificial Intelligence- AI) .........................................74

KgwcDUvi fvBivm ............................................................................... 77

KgwcDUvi †Kbv ................................................................................... 79

KgwcDUvi †Kb wKb‡eb ......................................................................... 79

wK KgwcDUvi wKb‡eb ............................................................................ 79

wcwm †Kbv t LyuwUbvwU welq .......................................................................82

wcwm bó n‡j wK Ki‡eb? ........................................................................86

5

KgwcDUvi wK ?

KgwcDUvi GKwU AZ¨vaywbK B‡jKUªwbK hš¿| Ab¨vb¨ B‡jKUªwbK hš¿ †hgbt †iwWI,

†Uwjwfkb, wfwmAvi, B‡jKwUªK Nwo, K¨vjKz‡jUi, d¨v· BZ¨vw` †_‡K KgwcDUvi

m¤ú~Y© wfbœ GK hš¿| Gi Kv‡Ri ÿgZv mwZ¨B Avðh©RbK| eZ©gvb `ywbqvq G

hš¿wU‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q gvbyl AZ¨šÍ `ªæZMwZ‡Z mdjZvi kx‡l© †cuŠ‡Q hv‡”Q|

KgwcDUvi‡K w`‡q me ai‡bi KvR Kiv‡bv hvq| Ab¨vb¨ B‡jKUªwbK h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨

`yÕGKwUi †ewk KvR Kiv‡bv hvq bv| wKš‘ GKwUgvÎ KgwcDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ A‡bK iK‡gi

KvR Kiv hvq| KgwcDUv‡ii cÖavb ỳÕwU ˆewkó¨ n‡jv t

GK. KgwcDUvi Zvi †g‡gvwi‡Z †Kvb wb‡ ©̀k hv‡K KgwcDUv‡ii fvlvq †cÖvMÖvg ejv

nq Zv Ges jÿ jÿ Z_¨ msiÿY K‡i ivL‡Z cv‡i|

`yB. AZ¨šÍ `ªæZMwZ‡Z I wbfz©jfv‡e wb‡ ©̀wkZ wb‡ ©̀kmg ~n cvjb ev Z_¨ cÖwµqvKiY

Ki‡Z cv‡i|

Computer kãwU wMÖK Computare kã †_‡K G‡m‡Q| Computare k‡ãi A_© n‡”Q

MYbv Kiv| Computer k‡ãi A_© MYbvKvix hš¿| c~‡e© KgwcDUvi w`‡q ïay wnmve-

wbKv‡ki KvRB Kiv n‡Zv| wKš‘ eZ©gvb AZ¨vaywbK KgwcDUvi w`‡q AZ¨šÍ `ªæZMwZ‡Z

RwUj wnmve-wbKv‡ki KvR wbfz©jfv‡e Kiv QvovI eû iK‡gi wecyj KvR Kiv hvq|

KgwcDUvi †m‡K‡Ûi g‡a¨ †KvwU †KvwU wnmve-wbKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i| KgwcDUv‡i KvR

Kivi MwZ wnmve Kiv nq b¨vbv‡m‡K‡Û (NS)| b¨vbv‡m‡KÛ n‡”Q GK †m‡K‡Ûi

GKkZ †KvwU fv‡Mi GKfvM mgq gvÎ| KgwcDUv‡ii Af¨šÍ‡i i‡q‡Q A‡bK eZ©bx|

B‡jKUªb cÖev‡ni gva¨‡g KgwcDUv‡ii hveZxq KvR-Kg© cwiPvwjZ nq| B‡jKUªwbK

ms‡K‡Zi Dci wfwË K‡i ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q KgwcDUvi j¨vs¸‡qR ev KgwcDUv‡ii

fvlv| KgwcDUv‡ii †evaMg¨ G fvlvi gva¨‡g KgwcDUv‡i †h wb‡ ©̀k †`qv nq ZviB

wfwˇZ KgwcDUvi djvdj cÖ`vb K‡i| KgwcDUv‡ii G wb‡ ©̀kvewj‡K ejv nq

†cÖvMÖvg| †cÖvMÖvg Qvov KgwcDUvi GKwU Ro c`v_© wfbœ Avi wKQy bq| Dchy³

†cÖvMÖv‡gi cÖfv‡e KgwcDUvi Ro c`v_© n‡Z MvwYwZK kw³m¤úbœ eyw×gvb h‡š¿ cwiYZ

n‡Z cv‡i|

6

KgwcDUv‡ii ˆewkó¨ t

†h mKj we‡kl ˆewk‡ó¨i Kvi‡Y KgwcDUvi we‡k¦i me©‡kªô h‡šÎ i~cvšZwiZ n‡q‡Q

Zvi cÖavb cÖavb K‡qKwU wb‡¤œ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|

`ªæZMwZ t KgwcDUv‡ii Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨ n‡”Q Am¤¢e ỳªyZMwZ‡Z Kvh© m¤cv`b Ki‡Z

cviv| b¨v‡bv‡m‡K‡Û jÿ †KvwU †hvM, we‡qvM, ¸Y, fvM BZ¨vw` wnmve-wbKvk m¤cv`b

Ki‡Z cv‡i| GK b¨v‡bv †m‡KÛ mgq n‡jv GK †m‡K‡Ûi GKkZ †KvwU fv‡Mi

GKfvM mgq|

wbfz©jZv t wbf©zjZv KgwcDUv‡ii Avi GKwU Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨| A_v©r KgwcDUvi †Kvb

fzj K‡i bv| gvby‡li †`Iqv Z_¨ ev Dcv‡Ëi wfwˇZ 100% wbfz©j djvdj cÖ`vb

K‡i|

K¬vw›ZnxbZv t h‡š¿i GKwU ¯v̂fvweK ˆewkó¨ n‡”Q K¬vwšÍnxbZv| KgwcDUvi †h‡nZz

GKwU hš¿, ZvB Bnv ivZ w`b K¬vwš Ínxb, weiw³nxb Ges wekªvgnxbfv‡e KvR Ki‡Z

cv‡i|

¯§„wZ t KgwcDUv‡i wekvj ¯§„wZ kw³ i‡q‡Q| †KvwU †KvwU †WUv I wb‡ ©̀k Zv‡Z

msiÿY Kiv hvq| KgwcDUvi mnvqK ¯§„wZ e¨envi K‡i †h‡Kvb cwigvY Z_¨ ¯§„wZ‡Z

aviY K‡i ivL‡Z cv‡i Ges ª̀yZZg mg‡q AweK…Zfv‡e Zv ¯§iY Ki‡Z cv‡i|

¯q̂swµqZv t KgwcDUvi ¯q̂swµqfv‡e KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| KgwcDUvi‡K †Kvb Kv‡Ri

Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ I wb‡`©kbv `vb Ki‡j KgwcDUvi wb‡R †_‡KB m¤c~Y© KvRwU

mgvav Ki‡Z cv‡i|

e¨env‡ii eûg~wLZv t e¨env‡ii eûg~wLZv KgwcDUv‡ii Avi GKwU ˆewkó¨| GKRb

gvbyl †Kvb GKwU we‡kl Kv‡Ri Rb¨ cvi`kx© n‡Z cv‡i| Avevi wewfbœ hšÎmg~nI

GK GKwU we‡kl KvR Kivi Rb¨ ˆZwi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| wKš‘ KgwcDUvi Ggb GKwU

hšÎ hv w`‡q mvaviY wnmve-wbKvk †_‡K ïiæ K‡i Rxe‡bi wewfbœ ch©v‡q RwUj

KvRKg© Z_v ˆeÁvwbK mgm¨v, M‡elYv BZ¨vw`i Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv hvq|

KgwcDUvi †K Avwe®‹vi K‡i

m„wóKZ©v gvbyl‡K eyw× w`‡q‡Qb| gvbyl A‡bK mvabv K‡i gw Í̄¯‹‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q A‡bK

wKQy Avwe®‹vi K‡i‡Q Ges Ki‡Q| †hgb, Rb gvK©Yx †iwWI Avwe®‹vi K‡i‡Qb| hw`

cÖkœ Kiv nq KgwcDUv‡ii Avwe®‹viK †K ? Zvn‡j Gi DËi wK n‡e ? Gi DËi n‡e

e¨vcK| KviY, KgwcDUvi GKR‡b Avwe®‹vi K‡ibwb| hy‡M hy‡M wewfbœ e¨w³,

cÖwZôv‡bi †Póv I mvabvi d‡j AvR‡Ki AvaywbK KgwcDUvi Avwe®‹…Z n‡q‡Q Ges

Av‡iv AZ¨vaywbK KgwcDUvi Avwe®‹v‡ii Rb¨ wewfbœ e¨w³/ cÖwZôvb †Póv K‡i hv‡”Q|

7

ZvB KgwcDUvi Avwe®‹vi Rvb‡Z n‡j cÖ_g †_‡K Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖ_g

Avwe®‹…Z MYbvKvix h‡š¿i bvg BwZnvm †N‡U hZUzKz Rvbv hvq cÖvq Pvi nvRvi ermi

c~‡e© Pxbv‡`i ˆZwi A¨vevKvm bvgK MYbvKvix hš¿wUB cÖ_g MYbvKvix hš¿| hv‡K

KgwcDUv‡ii c ~e©cyiæl ejv nq| †m n‡Z AvR Aewa A‡bK ch©vq AwZµg K‡i

eZ©gvb AvaywbK KgwcDUvi Avgv‡`i mvg‡b Dcw ’̄Z n‡q‡Q| AvaywbK KgwcDUv‡ii

†gŠwjK iƒc‡iLv ˆZwi K‡ib e„wUk MwYZ wekvi` Pvj©m e¨v‡eR (Charles Babbage)|

1833 mv‡j wZwb c ~e© cÖR‡b¥i mKj hš¿ MY‡Ki Rb¨ ¯§„wZfvÛv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

Dcjwä K‡i ÒA¨vbvwjwU‡KjÓ bvgK GKwU hš¿ ˆZwii cwiKíbv K‡ib| wewfbœ Kvi‡Y

Zvi G cÖ‡Póv ev Í̄e iƒc`v‡b mg_© bv n‡jI Zvi G cwiKíbvi Dci wfwË K‡iB

AvR‡Ki AvaywbK KgwcDUvi Avwe®‹…Z n‡q‡Q| G Kvi‡Y Pvj©m e¨veR‡K KgwcDUv‡ii

Avw` wcZv ev KgwcDUv‡ii RbK ejv n‡q _v‡K| Pvj©m e¨v‡e‡Ri cwiKíbv I cÖ‡Póv

cieZx©Kv‡j G wel‡q M‡elYvi c_ D‡b¥vwPZ K‡i‡Q| cieZx©‡Z †jwW A¨vWv AvMvóv,

d«v¼ eÛBDb mn Av‡iv A‡b‡K Zvi cw_K…r n‡q G wel‡q wbR avibvi weKvk NUvb|

1887 mv‡j Wt nvig¨vb n‡jwi_ hy³iv‡óªi Av`gïgvix Kv‡R e¨env‡ii Rb¨ B‡jK‡Uªv

†gKvwbK¨vj e¨e¯’vq cvÂKv‡W©i mgš̂q NwU‡q GKwU Z_¨ cÖwµqvKi‡Yi hš¿ Avwe®‹vi

K‡ib| G h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ ª̀æZ Av`gïgvixi wi‡cvU© ˆZwi Kiv m¤¢e n‡qwQj| 1896

mv‡j n‡jwi‡_i G hš¿ ˆZwii Rb¨ Òn‡jwi_ †Uey‡jwUs †gwkb †Kv¤úvwbÓ bvg w`‡q

GKwU †Kv¤úvwb cÖwZôv K‡ib| cieZx©‡Z G RvZxq Av‡iv K‡qKwU ‡Kv¤úvwb wg‡j

weL¨vZ KgwcDUvi cÖ ‘̄ZKvix cÖwZôvb ÒB›Uvib¨vkbvj weR‡bm †gwkb K‡c©v‡ikbÓ

ms‡ÿ‡c IBM Gi Rb¥ nq|

gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi nvfv©W© wek¦we`¨vj‡qi MwY‡Zi Aa¨vcK nvIqvW© GBP. AvB‡Kb AvB,

we, Gg Gi PviRb cÖ‡KŠkjxi mn‡hvwMZvq 1944 mv‡j Mark-1 bv‡g cÖ_g ¯q̂swµq

mvaviY B‡jK‡Uªv‡gKvwbK¨vj wWwRUvj KgwcDUvi ˆZwi K‡ib| gvK©-1 wQj 51 dzU

j¤̂v, 8 dzU DuPz| G‡Z 7 jÿ hš¿vs‡ki Rb¨ 500 gvBj j¤̂v Zvi e¨envi Kiv

n‡qwQj| Gi IRb wQj 5 Ub| hš¿wU 15 eQi Pvjy wQj| GLb GwU nvf©vW©

wek¦we`¨vj‡q Av‡Q|

1946 mv‡j hy³iv‡óªi †cbwmjfvwbqv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Aa¨vcK Wt Rb gDmwj Ges

Zvi GK QvÎ †cªmcvi GKvW© (ENIAC) bv‡g ˆZwi K‡ib cÖ_g cÖR‡b¥i wWwRUvj

KgwcDUvi| AvKv‡i G KgwcDUvi wQj e„nr| IRb wQj cÖvq 30 Ub| GwbqvK cÖwZ

†m‡K‡Û 5000 †hvM we‡qvM Ki‡Z cviZ|

1946 mv‡j nv‡½ixq MwYZwe` Rb wbDg¨vb (John Von Neuman) ÒmsiwÿZ

†cÖvMÖvgÓ ("Internal Stored Program") aviYvwU D™¢veb K‡ib| wZwbB cÖ_g

KgwcDUv‡ii ÒZ_¨ I wb‡ ©̀kÓ msiwÿZ ivLvi e¨e¯’v K‡ib| Zvi aviYv‡K Kv‡R

jvwM‡q †KgweªR wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cÖ‡dmi gwik DBjKk (Maurice Wilkes) 1946

8

mv‡j EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer) bvgK mwZ¨Kv‡ii

me©cÖ_g ¯^qswµq B‡jKUªwbK&m wWwRUvj KgwcDUvi cÖ ‘̄Z K‡ib|

fb wbDg¨v‡bi bxwZ‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q EDASC ˆZwii c ~‡e©B ENIAC Gi wbg©vZv

gDmvj I †cÖmcvi GK©vW ENIAC bvgK KgwcDUvi ˆZwi‡Z wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb| wKš‘

Gwi g‡a¨ Zviv wb‡Riv GKwU ‡Kv¤úvbx cÖwZôv K‡ib e‡j ENIAC ˆZwi‡Z †`wi nq|

1950 mv‡j Zviv EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)

ˆZwi K‡ib| G KgwcDUv‡i wKQy Z_¨, wb‡ ©̀k I †cÖvMÖvg msiÿ‡Yi e¨e¯’v wQj|

Gici Rb gDmvj I †cÖmcvi GKvW© wb‡R‡`i †Kv¤úvwb‡Z 1951 mv‡ji gvP© gv‡m

BDwbe¨vK-1 (UNIVAC = Universal Automatic Calculator) ˆZwi K‡ib| GwUB nj

me©cÖ_g evwYwR¨K wfwˇZ ˆZwi B‡jKUªwbK KgwcDUvi| G KgwcDUv‡i wÎóvj Wv‡q‡U

my¨BP Ges f¨vwKDg wUDe mvwK©U e¨envi Kiv nq| G KgwcDUv‡ii D‡j øL‡hvM¨

ˆewkó¨ nj GwU GKB m‡½ cov (Read), MYbv (Compute) Ges Z_¨ †jLvi (Write)

KvR Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv| cÖ_g UNIVAC-1 wU mieivn Kiv nq gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi Bureau

of Census Awd‡m, wØZxqwU wegvb evwnbx‡Z Ges Z…ZxqwU mieivn Kiv nq Avwg© g¨vc

mvwf©m Awd‡m| gvDmvj Ges GKvW© Gi †`Lv‡`wL wewfbœ ‡Kv¤úvwb evwYwR¨K wfwˇZ

KgwcDUvi ˆZwi Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i| Gi g‡a¨ AvBweGg wQj AMÖMY¨| 1953 mv‡j

AvBweGg IBM 701 bvgK KgwcDUvi ‰Zwi K‡i| G mg‡q †cÖvMÖvg ˆZwi Kiv nZ

evBbvix fvlv e¨envi K‡i|

9

10

1948 mv‡j UªvbwRói (Transistor) Avwe®‹…Z nIqvi ci KgwcDUv‡i evj&‡ei e`‡j

UªvbwRó‡ii e¨envi ïiæ nq| UªvbwRói e¨eüZ KgwcDUvi¸‡jv AvKv‡i †QvU n‡q

†h‡Z ïiæ K‡i| G KgwcDUvi¸‡jv Av‡Mi KgwcDUvi A‡cÿv DbœZ wQj| Av‡Mi gZ

G¸‡jv Nb Nb bó n‡Zv bv Ges KvRI Ki‡Zv Av‡Mi †P‡q ª̀æZ MwZ‡Z| UªvbwRói

e¨eüZ G KgwcDUvi‡K wØZxq cÖR‡b¥i KgwcDUvi ejv nq| Gw`‡K KgwcDUvi‡K

wb‡ ©̀k †`qvi Dcvq I mnR n‡q †Mj †gwkb j¨vs¸‡q‡Ri RvqMvq nvB †j‡fj

j¨vs¸‡qR G‡m covq| KviY B‡Zvg‡a¨ ỳBRb weÁvbx BASIC bv‡gi KgwcDUvi

†cÖvMÖvg Kivi fvlv D™¢veb K‡ib| G fvlvq †cÖvMÖvg wjLv LyeB mnR| d‡j GwU LyeB

RbwcÖqZv AR©b K‡i|

UªvbwRóv‡ii ci Av‡m AvBwm (IC) Gi e¨envi| wmwjKb ev †mwgKÛv±i-Gi GKwU

ÿ z ª̀ As‡k GKvwaK UªvbwRói mwbœ‡ewkZ Kiv n‡j Zv‡K ejv nq AvBwm ev mgwš^Z

mvwK©U (Integrated Circute-IC)| AvBwm e¨envi K‡i ˆZwi nj bZzb cÖR‡b¥i

KgwcDUvi| G¸‡jvi AvKvi nj c ~‡e©i †P‡q A‡bK †QvU Ges cvkvcvwk †e‡o †Mj

¸YMZ gvb| ª̀æZZi nj Kv‡Ri MwZ| AvBwm e¨eüZ KgwcDUvi ¸‡jv‡K Z…Zxq

cÖR‡b¥i KgwcDUvi ejv nq|

KgwcDUv‡ii me‡P‡q eo wec øe N‡U gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi Avwe®‹v‡ii g‡a¨ w`‡q| 1971

mv‡j Av‡gwiKvi B‡›Uj (Intel) bvgK ‡Kv¤úvwb me©cÖ_g gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi

(Microprocessor) ˆZwi K‡i| gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi n‡”Q GK eM©Bw gv‡ci AwZ Aí

AvqZb wewkó wmwjKb bvgK cv‡Z nvRvi nvRvi UªvbwRói mwbœ‡ewkZ GKwU hš¿vsk|

gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi e¨envi K‡i KgwcDUvi ˆZwi Kivq KgwcDUv‡ii AvqZb †QvU GKwU

10/12 Bw †Uwjwfk‡bi mgvb n‡q hvq| d‡j `vg K‡g hvq, e¨env‡ii myweav †e‡o

hvq Ges Kv‡Ri ÿgZv nvRvi nvRvi ¸Y †e‡o hvq| gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi w`‡q ˆZwi

KgwcDUvi‡KB AvaywbK gvB‡µvKgwcDUvi ev cv‡m©vbvj KgwcDUvi ejv nq|

KgwcDUv‡ii †kªYx wefvM

AvK…wZ, g~j¨, msiÿY ÿgZv, Z_¨ cÖwµqvKiY I Kvh© m¤úv`b Ges e¨env‡ii myweav

BZ¨vw`i Dci wfwË K‡i KgwcDUvi‡K wewfbœ †kªYx‡Z wef³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| AvK…wZMZ

w`K †_‡K KgwcDUvi‡K Pvi fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| fvM¸‡jv nj t

1) mycvi KgwcDUvi (Super Computer)

2) †gBb‡d«g KgwcDUvi ( Mainframe Computer)

3) wgwb KgwcDUvi (Mini Computer)

4) gvB‡µv KgwcDUvi (Micro Computer)

11

1) mycvi KgwcDUvi

AvK…wZMZ w`K †_‡K me©e„nr GB KgwcDUv‡ii Z_¨ msiÿY I Z_¨ cÖwµqvKi‡Yi

ÿgZv AZ¨šÍ kw³kvjx I `ªæZ MwZ m¤úbœ| wecyj cÖwµqvKi‡Yi Kv‡R e¨eüZ AwaK

e¨qeûj GB KgwcDUvi mvaviYZ ˆeÁvwbK M‡elYv I e„nr cÖwZôv‡b e¨eüZ nq|

D`vniY t CRAY-1, CRAY X-MP, CYBER-205 .

2) †gBb‡d«g KgwcDUvi

mycvi KgwcDUv‡ii †P‡q †QvU wKš‘ Ab¨vb¨ KgwcDUv‡ii †P‡q eo G ai‡bi

KgwcDUvi GKB m‡½ A‡bK¸‡jv MÖnY gyL / wbM©gb gyL miÄvg Ges A‡bK iKg

mnvqK ¯§„wZi mv‡_ ms‡hvM iÿv K‡i KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| eo eo cÖwZôv‡b G ai‡bi

KgwcDUv‡ii e¨envi †`Lv hvq| D`vniY t UNIVAC 1100/01, IBM 6120, IBM

4341, NCR N8370, DATA GENERAL CS30 BZ¨vw`|

3) wgwb KgwcDUvi

gvSvwi ai‡bi G †kªYxi KgwcDUvi‡K GKwU mvaviY †Uwe‡j emv‡bv m¤¢e| G †kªYxi

KgwcDUv‡iI Uvwg©bv‡ji gva¨‡g e¨enviKvix KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| G ai‡bi

KgwcDUv‡ii †K›`ªxq cÖwµqvKiY As‡ki Rb¨ mvaviYZ GKK †evW© wewkó eZ©bx

e¨eüZ nq| mvaviYZ e¨vs‡Ki wnmve msµvšÍ Kv‡R G †kªYxi KgwcDUvi e¨eüZ nq|

D`vniY t PDP11, NOVA3, IBM S/34, IBM S/36 BZ¨vw`|

4) gvB‡µv KgwcDUvi

eZ©gvb we‡k¦ me‡P‡q RbwcÖq G ai‡bi KgwcDUvi¸‡jv AvK…wZMZ w`K n‡Z †QvU

Ges `v‡gI Lye m Í̄v| †K›`ªxq cÖwµqvKiY Ask wn‡m‡e Microprocessor Gi e¨envi

gvB‡µv KgwcDUv‡ii cÖavb ˆewkó¨| Awdwmqvj Kv‡R e¨envi QvovI M„n ’̄vjx KvR,

†Ljva~jv I wPË we‡bv`b Ges e¨w³MZ Kv‡R G ai‡bi KgwcDUv‡ii e¨envi e¨vcK

nv‡i †e‡o P‡j‡Q| G Rb¨ G †kªYxi KgwcDUvi‡K wc.wm ev Personal Computer ejv

nq| weªd‡KBR I †QvU eB‡qi AvKv‡iI eZ©gv‡b G ai‡bi KgwcDUvi cvIqv hvq|

D`vniYt IBM P.C, TRS 80, APPLE 64 BZ¨vw`| gvB‡µvKgwcDUvi ev cv‡m©vbvj

KgwcDUvi‡K wZbwU †kªYx‡Z fvM Kiv nq| h_vt 1. mycvi gvB‡µv (Super Micro), 2.

†W¯‹Uc (DeskTop) Ges j¨vcUc (LapTop)

1. mycvi gvB‡µv

mycvi gvB‡µv KgwcDUvi me‡P‡q kw³kvjx gvB‡µvKgwcDUvi| Gi Av‡iK bvg

IqvK© †ókb| G †kªYxi KgwcDUv‡ii ÿgZv wgwb KgwcDUv‡ii KvQvKvwQ weavq

G¸‡jv †gBb‡d«‡gi ’̄vb `Lj K‡i wb‡”Q|

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2. †W¯‹Uc

G †kªYxi KgwcDUvi mn‡RB GKwU †W¯‹ Gi Dci (Top) ivLv hvq e‡j G¸‡jv‡K

†W¯‹Uc KgwcDUvi ejv nq| †hgb t AvBweGg cv‡m©vbvj KgwcDUvi, G¨vcj

†gwKb‡Uvk BZ¨vw`|

3. j¨vcUc

†W¯‹Uc KgwcDUvi A‡cÿv ÿ z ª̀ KgwcDUvi¸‡jv j¨vcUc bv‡g cwiwPZ| G¸‡jv

†`L‡Z †QvU G¨vUvwP †K‡mi gZ I enY‡hvM¨ Ges KvR Kivi mgq Lap (†Kvj) Gi

Dci (Top-G) †i‡L KvR Kiv hvq e‡j G¸‡jv‡K ejv nq LapTop KgwcDUvi|

j¨vcUc KgwcDUvi ¸‡jv‡K Avevi `yB‡kªYx‡Z fvM Kiv hvq| h_v t

1 †bvU eyK (Note Book) Ges 2 wcwWG (PDA)

†bvUeyK

†QvU Wv‡qix ev †bvUey‡Ki AvK…wZi j¨vcUc KgwcDUvi¸‡jv G bv‡g cwiwPZ|

G¸‡jv‡K cvIqvi eyKI ejv nq|

wcwWG

mve-‡bvU eyK wcwWG (PDA = Personal digital Assistance) GK †kªYxi j¨vcUc

KgwcDUvi| AvK…wZMZ w`K QvovI MVbMZ w`K †_‡K KgwcDUvi‡K wZbwU †kªYx‡Z

fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q|

h_v t (1) wWwRUvj KgwcDUvi (Digital Computer)

(2) A¨vbvjM KgwcDUvi (Analog Computer)

(3) nvBweªW ev ksKi KgwcDUvi (Hybrid Computer)

(1) wWwRUvj KgwcDUvi

Z_¨ cÖwµqvKiY I wnmv‡ei Rb¨ G ai‡Yi KgwcDUvi eY© ev AsK ms‡K‡Zi gva¨‡g

Z_¨MÖnY K‡i Ges djvdj cÖKvk K‡i| G ai‡bi KgwcDUvi wbfz©jfv‡e MvwYwZK I

hyw³MZ KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| AvšÍ©RvwZK wbq‡g wWwRUvj ms‡K‡Zi abvÍK Zi½

D”PZv‡K 1 Ges FYvÍK Zi½ D”PZv‡K 0 wnmv‡e aiv nq| 1 I 0 w`‡q MwVZ

KgwcDUv‡ii GB cÖavb fvlv‡K wØZxq ev evBbvix msL¨v ejv nq| wWwRUvj KgwcDUvi

eBbvix c×wZ‡Z A_©vr 1 I 0 Gi Dcw¯’wZi Dci wbf©i K‡i DcvË msMÖn K‡i KvR

K‡i _v‡K| cÖPwjZ A‡_© KgwcDUvi ej‡Z wWwRUvj KgwcDUvi‡KB eySvq|

(2) A¨vbvjM KgwcDUvi

A¨vbvjM KgwcDUv‡i eY© I AsK ms‡K‡Zi cwie‡Z© µgvMZ ev Analog ˆe`y¨wZK

ms‡KZ e¨envi Kiv nq| †iv`, Zvc, Pvc, DËv‡ci Rb¨ m„ó ˆe`y¨wZK Zi½‡K

A¨vbvjM KgwcDUvi Input wnmv‡e MÖnY K‡i Ges DcvË cÖwµqvKi‡Yi djvdj

mvaviY cÖ`k©‡bi KvuUv w`‡q †`Lv‡bv nq A_ev c øUvi w`‡q AsKb Kiv nq| ivmvqwbK,

†c‡Uªvwjqvg I Lv`¨ cÖwµqvKiY wk‡í A¨vbvjM KgwcDUv‡ii eûj e¨envi Av‡Q|

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(3) nvBweªW KgwcDUvi

wWwRUvj Ges A¨vbvjM G ỳB ai‡bi KgwcDUv‡ii mgš̂‡q MwVZ KgwcDUvi‡K

nvBweªW ev ksKi KgwcDUvi ejv nq| †ek wKQy ˆeÁvwbK mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨

nvBweªW KgwcDUvi e¨eüZ nq|

AvBweGg, AvBweGg Kg‡cwUej KgwcDUvi wK ?

B‡›Uj (Intel) †Kv¤úvwb 1971 mv‡j gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi ˆZwi K‡i| gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi

Avwe®‹v‡ii d‡j KgwcDUv‡ii `ªæZ DbœwZ nq| gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi w`‡q gvB‡µv

KgwcDUvi ev cv‡m©vbvj KgwcDUvi ˆZwi nq| B‡›Uj †Kv¤úvwbi gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi w`‡q

hy³iv‡óªi IBM (International Business Machineries) †Kv¤úvwb KZ…©K ˆZwi

gvB‡µvKgwcDUvi ev cv‡m©vbvj KgwcDUvi AvBweGg wcwm bv‡g cwiwPZ|

Compatible kãwUi A_© nj Abyiƒc, Dc‡hvwMZv mv „̀k¨c ~Y© BZ¨vw`| B‡›Uj †Kv¤úvbxi

gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi ev Ab¨vb¨ †Kv¤úvbx KZ…©K ˆZwi Abyiƒc gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi e¨envi K‡i

wewfbœ †Kv¤úvwb gvB‡µvKgwcDUvi ev cv‡m©vbvj KgwcDUvi ˆZwi K‡i evRviRvZ

Ki‡Q| G mg Í̄ KgwcDUvi AvBweGg †Kv¤úvwbi ˆZwi gvB‡µvKgwcDUv‡ii Abyiƒc|

A_©vr IBM KgwcDUv‡i e¨eüZ md&UIq¨vi G mg Í̄ KgwcDUv‡i e¨envi Kiv hvq| †m

Rb¨ G mg Í̄ KgwcDUvi‡K AvBweGg Kg‡cwUej KgwcDUvi ejv nq| IBM PC Qvov

Ab¨vb¨ †h mKj KgwcDUv‡i IBM wcwmi Rb¨ ˆZwi md&UIq¨vi I wewfbœ hš¿vw` P‡j

ev Pvjv‡bv hvq †mme KgwcDUvi‡K †K¬vbI ejv nq| †K¬vb‡K GK K_vq AvBweGg

wcwmi nvW©Iq¨v‡ii bKj ejv nq| eZ©gvb mviv we‡k¦ AvBweGg †K¬vb-B †ekx e¨eüZ

nq| IBM QvovI †h mg Í̄ †Kv¤úvwb IBM Compatible KgwcDUvi ˆZwi K‡i Ggb

K‡qKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ †Kv¤úvwb nj - Compaq, Hewlett Packard, Digital, Dell, Acer,

ALR, AST, AMT BZ¨vw`|

G¨vcj, G¨vcj †gwKb‡Uvk

wóf DRwbqvK Ges wó‡fb Rem Gi MZ weL¨vZ Apple Company-Gi ˆZwi

KgwcDUvi¸‡jv Apple, Apple ii bv‡g cwiwPZ| G ¸‡jv IBM ev IBM Compatible

†_‡K wfbœ| g‡Uv‡ivjv bvgK †Kv¤úvwbi ˆZwi gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi w`‡q G¨vcj †gwKb‡Uvk

ˆZwi Kiv nq| IBM Gi Rb¨ ˆZwi md&UIq¨vi APPLE KgwcDUv‡i Pvjv‡bv hvq bv|

Avgv‡`i †`‡k Apple KgwcDUvi mvaviYZ cÖKvkbv RM‡Z †ewk e¨eüZ n‡”Q|

KgwcDUv‡ii wewfbœ hš¿cvwZ

GKwU AvaywbK gvB‡µv KgwcDUvi ev wcwmÕi mv‡_ _v‡K 1| gwbUi (wUwfi gZ)

2| Kx-‡evW© (GKwU †evW© wewfbœ Kx-i mvwi) 3| wm‡÷g BDwbU ( GKwU e·)

4| gvDm I gvDm c¨vW

e‡·i gZ †`L‡Z †hwU‡Z cvIqvi my¨BP _v‡K, d¬wc wW‡¯‹U XzKv‡bvi e¨e¯’v Av‡Q,

Reset my¨BP Av‡Q Ges K¬K w¯úW (Turbo) †`Lv hvq GwUB g~jZt KgwcDUvi| Gi

15

wfZ‡iB KgwcDUv‡ii me Kvh©µg msNwUZ nq| hviv KgwcDUvi nvW©Iq¨vi BwÄwbqvi

Zviv Gi wfZ‡ii wewfbœ hš¿cvwZ m¤ú‡K© e¨vcK Ávb iv‡Lb| mvaviY e¨enviKvix‡`i

KgwcDUv‡ii wfZ‡i wK wK hš¿cvwZ Av‡Q Zv Rvbvi AvMÖn _vK‡Z cv‡i| wb‡¤œ G

m¤ú‡K© mswÿß Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj| KgwcDUv‡ii wm‡÷g BDwb‡Ui wfZ‡i wb¤œwjwLZ

Ask ¸‡jv _v‡K t

1| gv`vi †evW© (Mother Board)

2| wewfbœ ai‡bi KvW© (Various Types of Card)

3| d¬wc wW¯‹ WªvBf (Floppy Disk Drive)

4| nvW© wW¯‹ (Hard Disk)

5| ms‡hvMKvix Zvi (Power Supplier, etc)

6| cvIqvi mvcøvBqvi BZ¨vw` (Power Supplier, etc)

gv`vi †evW©

KgwcDUv‡ii †Kwms Gi wfZ‡i mshy³ nvjKv meyR wmwjK‡bi Dci wewfbœ

hš¿cvwZhy³ †evW©‡K gv`vi †evW© ejv nq|

gv`vi †ev†W© wb¤œwjwLZ Parts ¸‡jv _v‡K t

1| cÖ‡mmi (Processor)

2| g¨v_ †Kv-cÖ‡mmi (Math Co-Processor)

3| i¨vg (RAM) I ig (ROM)

4| wiPvR© e¨vUvix (Rechargeable Battery)

5| úU (Expansive Slot)

6| Kx-‡evW© Kv‡b±i I Ab¨vb¨ †cvU© BZ¨vw`|

16

wb‡¤œ †Kvb& Parts wU wK K‡i ms‡ÿ‡c Zvi eY©bv †`qv nj t

1| cÖ‡mmi (Processor) t †K›`ªxq cÖwµqvKiY

Ask ev wmwcBD (Central Processing Unit -

CPU) KgwcDUv‡ii me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask|

A‡bK †ÿ‡Î ms‡ÿ‡c G‡K ïay cÖ‡mmiI ejv

nq| KgwcDUv‡ii Rb¨ G‡K gw¯Z®‹ wn‡m‡e a‡i

†bqv hvq|

3| i¨vg (RAM) t A ’̄vqx ¯§„wZ| KgwcDUv‡ii Kg©ÿgZv Gi Dci wbf©i K‡i| i¨vg

hZ †ewk n‡e †Kvb †cÖvMÖv‡g ZZ †ewk `ªæZ MwZ‡Z KvR Kiv hv‡e|

4| ig (ROM) t ’̄vqx ¯§„wZ| cÖ‡mm‡ii mv‡_ jvMv‡bv _v‡K| ig ¯§„wZ‡Z wKQy wb‡ ©̀k

c~e© †_‡K (KgwcDUvi wbg©vZviv) w`‡q †`qv _v‡K| †h¸‡jvi wfwˇZB KgwcDUv‡ii

me Kvh©µg wbqwš¿Z nq|

5| CMOS e¨vUvwi t KgwcDUvi hLb eÜ _v‡K ZLb CMOS G f¨vjymg~n (†hgbÑ

ev‡qvm KbwdMv‡ikb, ZvwiL Ges mgq msµvš Í Z_¨) ivLvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq kw³

hywM‡q _v‡K|

17

6| Expansion Slot t gv`vi †ev‡W©i GKcÖKvi Kv‡b±i hv Add-in †K gv`vi †ev‡W©i

mv‡_ hy³ K‡i|

7| Key Board Connector t gv`vi †ev‡W© ¯’vqxfv‡e hy³ GK cÖKvi Kv‡b±i hv Kx-

‡evW© †K mshy³ Kivi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq|

2| wewfbœ ai‡bi KvW© (Various Types of Cards)

g~j KgwcDUv‡ii mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ evowZ hš¿ (†hgbt gwbUi, wW¯‹ WªvBf g‡Wg BZ¨vw`)

mshy³ Kivi Rb¨ H h‡š¿i m¤úK©hy³ wKQy hš¿ gv`vi †ev‡W© mshy³ Ki‡Z nq|

G¸‡jv‡K wfbœ wfbœ bv‡gi KvW©/K‡›Uªvj ejv nq| †hgb t VGA Card, Sound Card,

Floppy Controller, Hard Disk Controller BZ¨vw`|

3| Floppy Disk Drive

KgwcDUv‡ii †Kwms Gi mvg‡bi w`‡K jvMv‡bv _v‡K| †Lvjv gyLwU evwn‡i _v‡K| Gi

wfZi w`‡q wW‡¯‹U XzKv‡bv nq| d¬wc WªvBf, wW‡¯‹U n‡Z Z_¨ co‡Z I wjL‡Z cv‡i|

4| Hard Disk

eZ©gv‡b me KgwcDUv‡iB nvW©wW¯‹ _v‡K| wewfbœ †cÖvMÖvg Ges DcvË nvW©wW‡¯‹

msiwÿZ _v‡K|

5| Power Supplier

KgwcDUv‡ii †Kwms Gi wcQ‡bi w`‡K cvIqvi mvc øvBqvi mshy³ _v‡K| Gi wcQ‡bi

AskwU evwn‡i _v‡K| G‡Z Kv‡b±i _v‡K| Kv‡b±‡i K¨vejm hy³ K‡i Zv B‡jKwUªwmwU

†ev‡W© jvMv‡bv nq| cvIqvi mvc øvB‡qi mv‡_ mshy³ K¨vejm Ab¨vb¨ hš¿vs‡k mshy³

K‡i Zv‡Z we ỳ¨r Pvjbv Kiv nq|

KgwcDUvi msMVb

GKwU cv‡m©vbvj gvB‡µv KgwcDUv‡ii w`‡K ZvKv‡j Avgiv Gi wZbwU Ask †`L‡Z

cvB| wUwfi gZ GKwU Ask hv‡K ejv nq gwbUi, GKwU Kx-‡evW© Ges GKwU e·

hv‡K ejv nq wm.wc.BD ev wm‡÷g BDwbU| wm‡÷g BDwb‡Ui wfZ‡i A‡bK

hš¿cvwZ‡K ejv nq nvW©Iq¨vi (Hardware)| KgwcDUvi wKfv‡e KvR K‡i Gi Dci

wfwË K‡iB Gi hš¿cvwZ msMwVZ Kiv nq| GKwU KgwcDUvi e¨e¯’vcbvq msMwVZ

hš¿cvwZ wb¤œwjwLZ PviwU cÖavb †kªYx‡Z wef³| h_v t

1| BbcyU wWfvBm (Input Device)

2| †m›Uªvj cÖ‡mwms BDwbU (Central Processing Unit)

3| ¯§„wZ fvÛvi (Memory)

4| AvDUcyU wWfvBm (Output Device)

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1| BbcyU wWfvBm

KgwcDUvi‡K w`‡q †Kvb KvR Kiv‡Z PvB‡j cÖ_‡gB Gi wfZ‡i Z_¨ ev †cÖvMÖvg

XzKv‡Z n‡e| †h me hš¿cvwZi gva¨‡g †Kvb wb‡`©k, †WUv ev DcvË Ges †cÖvMÖvg

KgwcDUv‡i †`qv nq †m me hš¿cvwZ‡K MÖnYgyL gva¨g ev BbcyU wWfvBm ejv nq|

Kx-‡evW© BbcyU wWfvBm wnmv‡e me‡P‡q †ewk e¨eüZ nq| Kx-‡evW© QvovI Av‡iv

A‡bK hš¿cvwZ Av‡Q †h¸‡jv BbcyU wWfvBm wnmv‡e e¨eüZ nq| wb‡¤œ BbcyU wWfvBm

wnmv‡e e¨eüZ nq D‡j øL‡hvM¨ Ggb KZ¸‡jv hš¿cvwZi bvg D‡j øL Kiv nj t

K) Kx-‡evW©

GKwU †ev‡W©i g‡a¨ Bs‡iRx eY©, msL¨v, we‡kl wPý I †jLv wewfbœ Kx ¸‡jv

mvwie×fv‡e mvRv‡bv _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b e¨eüZ Kx-‡evW© ¸‡jv‡Z 101wU A_ev 102wU

A_ev 104wU Kx ev †evZvg Av‡Q| Bs‡iRx eY© I msL¨v Ges we‡kl wP‡ý wPwýZ Kx

¸‡jv mvaviY UvBcivBUv‡ii gZ Ges web¨vm ev mvRv‡bvI GKB iKg| Kx-‡evW© me

KgwcDUv‡iB _v‡K| GwU GKwU AZ¨vek¨Kxq BbcyU wWfvBm|

L) gvDm

wPKb j¤^v Zvi w`‡q KgwcDUv‡ii mv‡_ mshy³ Bu`yi m`„k ÿz ª̀ hš¿vsk hv w`‡q

KgwcDUv‡i BbcyU †`qv nq Zv-B nj gvDm| GwUI GKwU RbwcÖq eûj e¨eüZ BbcyU

wWfvBm| gvDm bovPov Ki‡j gwbU‡ii c`©vq GKwU Zxi wPý bovPov Ki‡Z ‡`Lv

hvq| gvDm bovPov K‡i B‡”QgZ ZxiwU‡K `ªæZ ¯’vbvšÍi K‡i wewfbœ wb‡ ©̀k

(Command) Gi Dci wb‡q gvD‡mi evg †evZvg †P‡c A_©vr wK¬K& K‡i KgwcDUvi‡K

wewfbœ wb‡`©k cÖ`vb Kiv nq| GQvovI gvD‡mi mvnv‡h¨ c ©̀vq wjwLZ welq, MÖvd Qwe

BZ¨vw` wbqš¿Ymn Av‡iv bvbv cÖKvi KvR Kiv hvq|

M) ¯‹¨vbvi

cÖKvkbv RM‡Z GwU GKwU AZ¨vek¨Kxq RbwcÖq BbcyU wWfvBm| Gi gva¨‡g

K¨v‡givq †Zvjv Qwe, †iLv, †jLv BZ¨vw` ûeû KgwcDUv‡i w`‡q †`qv hvq| ¯‹¨vbv‡ii

mvnv‡h¨ KgwcDUv‡i †bqv Qwe, †iLv, †jLv BZ¨vw` B‡”QgZ GwWU K‡i †h †Kvb

†cÖvMÖv‡gi welqe ‘̄i g‡a¨ ewm‡q wcÖ›U Kiv hvq| ¯‹¨vbvi wewfbœ ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i|

†hgb - Hand Held Scanner, Flatbed Scanner ev Drum Scanner BZ¨vw`|

N) jvBU‡cb

jvBU‡cb n‡”Q GK ai‡Yi Av‡jvK ms‡e`bkxj B‡jKUªwbK †cb hv KgwcDUv‡i

BbcyU wWfvBm wnmv‡e e¨eüZ nq| jvBU †c‡bi mvnv‡h¨ MÖvwd· †Ue‡jU I gwbU‡ii

c ©̀vq wWRvB‡bi KvR Kiv hvq Ges gvD‡mi b¨vq †gby KgvÛ wm‡j± Kiv hvq|

AvDUcyU cÖ‡mwms BbcyU

19

20

O) IGgAvi (OMR= Optical Mark Reader)

OMR Gi mvnv‡h¨ ¯‹¨vbv‡ii gZ wjwLZ welqe ‘̄ KgwcDUv‡i †`qv nq| Z‡e wKQyUv

cv_©K¨ Av‡Q| OMR †Kvb welq gvK© Kiv ïay wPý¸‡jv cvV K‡i KgwcDUvi‡K

Rvbvq| c~‡e©B †mU Kiv †cÖvMÖv‡gi wfwˇZ KgwcDUvi djvdj cÖ`vb K‡i| eZ©gvb

gva¨wgK cixÿvq ˆbe©̈ w³K cÖ‡kœi DËi `ªæZ hvPvB K‡i djvdj cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨

IGgAvi c×wZ e¨envi Kiv n‡”Q|

P) g‡Wg

†gv‡Wg (Modem) kãwUi cy‡iv A_© n‡jv ÔgWy¨‡jUi-wWgWy¨‡jUi (Modulator-

Demodulator)Õ| †gv‡Wg n‡”Q GKwU ˆe`y¨wZK wWfvBm| †bUIqvwK©s‡q Z_¨vewj

Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î †gv‡Wg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| †gv‡Wg Modulation Ges

Demodulation KvR `ywU K‡i _v‡K| †Kv‡bv KgwcDUvi n‡Z AvMZ Z_¨‡K †gv‡W‡gi

gva¨‡g wWwRUvj weU n‡Z A¨vbvjM wmMb¨v‡j iƒcvšÍi Kiv nq| G KvRwU‡K

Modulation e‡j| Avevi A¨vbvjM wmMbvj‡K wWwRUvj we‡U iƒcvšÍi Kivi KvR‡K

Demodulation e‡j| G KvRwUI †gv‡W‡gi gva¨‡g m¤úvw`Z nq| hLb KgwcDUvi

n‡Z Z_¨ †gv‡W‡g hvq ZLb GwU Z_¨‡K wWwRUvj weU n‡Z A¨vbvjM wmMb¨v‡j

iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i| Avi hLb iƒcvšÍwiZ A¨vbvjM wmMb¨vj Aci cÖv‡šÍ Ab¨ KgwcDUv‡i

hy³ †gv‡W‡g †cŠu‡Q ZLb Zv Avevi A¨vbvjM wmMb¨v‡j KgwcDUv‡ii †evaMg¨

wWwRUvj we‡U iƒcvšÍi K‡i| Gfv‡eB `ywU KgwcDUv‡ii g‡a¨ †gv‡W‡gi gva¨‡g

†hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb Kiv hvq| †gv‡Wg †Uwj‡dvb jvBb, †Kv-Gw·qvj K¨vej, dvBevi

AcwUK K¨vej BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i|

Q) Rqw÷K

†evZvghy³ nvZj m „̀k¨ G hš¿wU Zvi w`‡q KgwcDUv‡ii mv‡_ hy³ K‡i KgwcDUv‡i

†Ljvayjv Kiv nq| wUwf Ges wfwWI †Mg‡mI G hš¿wU e¨eüZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq| Gi

nvZj a‡i bvov‡q gvD‡mi gZ wb‡ ©̀kbv †`qv nq|

R) MÖvwdKm& U¨ve‡jU ev wWwRUvBRvi

KgwcDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ wWRvBb (CAD = Computer Aided Design) Kivi Rb¨ G

hš¿wU e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K| wWRvBb †ev‡W©i Dci GK ai‡bi Kjg w`‡q Gu‡K

KgwcDUv‡i BbcyU †`qv nq|

S) wWwRUvj K¨v‡giv

PjšÍ Qwe Zz‡j Zv KgwcDUv‡i †`qvi Rb¨ wWwRUvj K¨v‡giv e¨eüZ nq| G RvZxq

K¨v‡givq Qwe Zzj‡Z wdj¥ Gi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| wWwRUvj K¨v‡givq †Zvjv Qwe

K¨v‡givi ¯§„wZ‡Z _v‡K| KgwcDUv‡ii m‡½ Zv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ K¨v‡giv mshy³ K‡i

K¨v‡givi Qwe KgwcDUv‡i wb‡q †bqv nq|

21

†K›`ªxq cÖwµqvKiY Ask (CPU)

†K›`ªxq cÖwµqvKiY Ask ev wmwcBD-B nj KgwcDUv‡ii cÖavb Ask| G‡K

KgwcDUv‡ii gw Í̄̄ ‹ ejv nq| KgwcDUv‡ii hveZxq Kvh©µg wbqš¿Y K‡i wmwcBD|

c Bw› ª̀q w`‡q Abyfe Kiv †Kvb mgm¨v Avgv‡`i gw Í̄‡¯‹ †cŠuQv‡j gw Í̄‡¯‹i ¯§„wZ‡Z

iwÿZ Ávb I AwfÁZv Øviv gw Í̄̄ ‹ H mgm¨vi mgvavb Avgv‡`i nvZ, cv, gyL ev

Ab¨vb¨ AsM cÖZ¨‡½i gva¨‡g w`‡q _v‡K| KgwcDUv‡ii †ÿ‡ÎI †Zgwb BbcyU

wWfvB‡mi gva¨‡g cÖvß Z_¨ †g‡gvix‡Z iwÿZ wb‡ ©̀‡ki wfwˇZ wmwcBD mgm¨vwUi

mgvavb AvDUcy‡Ui gva¨‡g w`‡q _v‡K| Av‡MKvi KgwcDUv‡i Avf¨šÍixb cÖavb Ask

A_©vr wmwcBD-Gi Ask¸‡jv Avjv`v mshy³ _vK‡Zv| 1971 mv‡j Av‡gwiKvi B‡›Uj

(Intel) bvgK †Kv¤úvwb cÖ_g gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi ˆZwi K‡i| gvB‡µvKgwcDUvi ev

cv‡m©vbvj KgwcDUv‡ii †K› ª̀xq cÖwµqvKiY BDwbU ej‡Z GLb gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi‡KB

†evSv‡bv nq|

D`vnib t Intel Core i7 , Intel Core2 Duo ,AMD Phenom II BZ¨vw`|

gvB‡µvcÖ‡mm‡ii ÿgZv I ˆewk‡ó¨i DciB KgwcDUv‡ii ÿgZv Ges Ab¨vb¨ ˆewkó¨

wbf©i K‡i| gvB‡µvcÖ‡mm‡ii cÖavb KvR¸‡jv nj t

1| KgwcDUv‡ii †g‡gvix‡Z msiwÿZ †cÖvMÖvg wbe©vn Kiv| 2| MvwYwZK/hyw³g~jK KvR Kiv|

3| †g‡gvix, ALU As‡ki g‡a¨ Z_¨ cÖwµqvKi‡Yi KvR Ges Ab¨vb¨ As‡ki m‡½

Z_¨ wewbg‡qi KvR wbqš¿Y Kiv|

4| BbcyU Ges AvDUcyU Ask¸‡jvi m‡½ Kv‡Ri mgš̂q Kiv|

Gme Kv‡Ri Rb¨ gvB‡µvcÖ‡mm‡ii wfZ‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq mvwK©U _v‡K| Dc‡i Dwj øwLZ

KvR¸‡jv Kivi Rb¨ gvB‡µvcÖ‡mm‡ii †fZ‡ii msMVb‡K Avevi wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv

hvq|

1| wbqš¿Y Ask (Control Unit)

2| MvwYwZK/hyw³K Ask (Arithmetic/Logic Unit) 3| ¯§„wZ (Memory)

wbqš¿Y Ask

K‡›Uªvj BDwbU KgwcDUv‡ii wewfbœ As‡ki g‡a¨ mgš̂q mvab K‡i KgwcDUv‡ii mg Í̄

Kvh©KvwiZv wbqš¿Y K‡i| BbcyU wWfvB‡mi gva¨‡g Avmv Z_¨¸‡jv cÖ_‡g Rgv nq

wmwcBD-Gi A ’̄vqx ¯§„wZ‡Z| K‡›Uªvj BDwbU †m Z_¨¸‡jv cÖ_‡g ¯§„wZ †_‡K

MvwYwZK/hyw³K BDwb‡U †cÖiY K‡i| GLv‡b MvwYwZK Ges hyw³g ~jK KvR¸‡jv m¤úbœ

nIqvi ci K‡›Uªvj BDwb‡Ui wb‡ ©̀‡k †m¸‡jv Avevi A ’̄vqx ¯§„wZ‡Z wM‡q Rgv nq|

K‡›Uªvj BDwbU Gfv‡e, Z‡_¨i Av`vb cÖ`vb wbqš¿Y Kiv QvovI KgwcDUv‡ii

hš¿cvwZ‡KI wbqš¿Y K‡i|

22

MvwYwZK/hyw³ BDwbU

wmwcBD-Gi G As‡k cÖwµqvKi‡Yi Rb¨ MvwYwZK mgm¨vi mgvavb hyw³ I wm×všÍg~jK

KvR msNwUZ nq| A_©vr G AskwU hveZxq wn‡me wb‡Kk I †WUv we‡k ølY K‡i

djvdj cÖ`vb K‡i|

A ’̄vwq ¯§„wZ ev †iwR÷vi

`ªæZ cÖwµqvKi‡Yi Rb¨ wmwcBD-Gi g‡a¨ A‡bK¸‡jv Flip Flop (B‡jKUªwbK mvwK©U

hvi mvnv‡h¨ KgwcDUv‡ii Af¨šÍixY ¯§„wZfvÐv‡i wWwRUvj we`y¨r ¯ú›`b w`‡q ˆZwi

evBbvwi Z_¨ mÂq K‡i ivLv nq) A ’̄vqx ¯§„wZ _v‡K| G¸‡jv‡K ejv nq †iwRóvi

(Register)| cÖwµqvKi‡Yi mgq ¯í̂ÿY Z_¨ iÿ‡Yi Rb¨ †iwR÷vi `iKvi nq|

Gme †iwR÷v‡i `ªæZ Z_¨ wjLb I cVb m¤¢e| MvwYwZK/hyw³ As‡k Z_¨

cÖwµqvKi‡Yi Rb¨ †iwR÷vi e¨eüZ nq| †iwR÷vi¸‡jv wewfbœ ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i|

KgwcDUv‡ii †g‡gvwi

gvby‡li gZ KgwcDUv‡ii I †g‡gvwi ev ¯§„wZ i‡q‡Q| KgwcDUv‡ii †g‡gvwi `yB

cÖKvi| h_v t

1| cÖavb †g‡gvwi (Main Memory)

2| mnvqK †g‡gvwi (Auxiliary Memory)

1| cÖavb †g‡gvwi

wmwcBD-Gi mv‡_ mivmwi hy³ KgwcDUv‡ii Avf¨šÍixY ¯§„wZ‡K cÖavb ¯§„wZ ejv nq|

G‡K cÖv_wgK ¯§„wZ ev Avf¨šÍixY ¯§ „wZI (Internal Storage) ejv nq| BbcyU

wWfvB‡mi gva¨‡g AvMZ DcvË cÖavb ¯§„wZ‡Z cÖwµqvKi‡Yi Rb¨ Ae¯’vb K‡i|

hZÿY cÖwµqvKi‡Yi KvR P‡j ZZÿYB †mB Dcv˸‡jv cÖavb ¯§„wZ‡ZB Ae¯’vb

K‡i| KgwcDUv‡ii †Kvb c¨v‡KR †cÖvMÖvg ev A¨vwc ø‡Kkb †cÖvMÖv‡gi mvnv‡h¨ Z_¨

cÖwµqvKi‡Yi mgq cÖavb ¯§„wZ‡Z H Z_¨ Ges †cÖvMÖvg `yB-B cÖavb ¯§„wZ‡Z Ae¯’vb

K‡i| KgwcDUv‡ii e¨env‡ii Rb¨ K‡qKai‡bi cÖavb ¯§„wZ ev cÖv_wgK ¯§„wZ i‡q‡Q|

gvB‡µv KgwcDUvi ev wcwm-‡Z eûj e¨eüZ Aa©cwievnx ev †mwg KÛv±i ¯§„wZ `yB

cÖKvi| h_v t

1) A ’̄vqx ¯§„wZ ev i¨vg (RAM = Random Access Memory)

2) ’̄vqx ¯§„wZ ev ig (ROM = Read Only Memory)

1) A ’̄vqx †g‡gvwi ev i¨vg (RAM)

BbcyU wWfvBm n‡Z AvMZ me Z_¨ i¨vg-G G‡m Rgv nq Ges cÖwµqvRvZ nIqvi

Rb¨ Ae¯’vb K‡i| wmwcBD AwZ mn‡R i¨vg †_‡K Z_¨ ev wb‡`©k wb‡q djvdj ˆZwi

23

K‡i msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ Avevi i¨vg-G cvVvq| i¨v‡g Z_¨ Rgv _v‡K A ’̄vqx B‡jKwUªK

c×wZ‡Z| G Rb¨ i¨v‡g me Z_¨ _v‡K A ’̄vqxfv‡e| gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi mivmwi i¨v‡gi

Rvbv Ae¯’vb wVKvbv †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i KvR K‡i ev Z_¨ cÖwµqvRvZ K‡i| GLv‡b

mivmwi (Random) Z_¨ msMÖn Kivi Rb¨ hvIqv hvq (Access) e‡j G‡K Random

Access ejv nq| KgwcDUv‡ii my¨BP eÜ Ki‡j ev †Kvb Kvi‡Y we`y¨r P‡j †M‡j

i¨vg-G mwÂZ me Z_¨ ev †cÖvMÖvg gy‡Q hvq| gv`vi †ev‡W© i¨vg¸‡jv e¨vsK AvKv‡i

emv‡bv _v‡K| 512MB, 1 GB, 2 GB BZ¨vw` gv‡bi i¨vg gwWDj evRv‡i cvIqv hvq|

cÖ‡qvRb n‡j AwZwi³ i¨vg jvwM‡q KgwcDUv‡i A¯’vqx †g‡gvwi evov‡bv hvq| i¨v‡gi

aviY ÿgZv ‡ekx n‡j

DbœZZi G¨vwc ø‡Kkb

†cÖvMÖvg wb‡q KvR Kiv

hvq| i¨vg ÿgZv †ewk

n‡j Kv‡Ri MwZ I

`ÿZv e„w× cvq| GKwU

D`vni‡Y G e¨vcviwU cwi®‹vi nIqv hvq| aiæY, GKwU †evZ‡j wewfbœ ai‡bi mv‡U©i

†evZvg Av‡Q| GKwU †c ø‡U Avcwb †evZvg¸‡jv †X‡j wbw ©̀ó †Kvb GKwU †evZvg Lyu‡R

†ei Ki‡eb| †cøU ev evwUUv hw` †QvU nq Zvn‡j GLvb †_‡K Lyu‡R †ei Ki‡Z mgq

jvM‡e †ewk| wKš‘ GKwU Qov‡bv †c øU ev evm‡b hw` †evZvg¸‡jv †X‡j Lyu‡Rb Zvn‡j

`ªæZ †ei Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| KgwcDUv‡ii †ÿ‡ÎI †Zgwb i¨v‡gi ÿgZv †ewk n‡j

Kv‡Ri MwZ e„w× cvq|

2) ¯’vwq ¯§„wZ ev ig (ROM)

KgwcDUv‡ii ¯§„wZi G As‡k KgwcDUvi cwiPvjbv msµvšÍ Z_¨ejx Ges (ASCII)

†KvW wjwce× _v‡K| GwU GKwU ¯’vqx ¯§„wZ| KgwcDUv‡ii we`y¨r mieivn eÜ K‡i

w`‡jI G ¯§„wZ‡Z iwÿZ Z_¨ejx gy‡Q hvq bv| G ¯§„wZ‡Z wKQy †gŠwjK ev AwZ

cÖ‡qvRbxq ¯’vqx wb‡ ©̀k _v‡K| G wb‡ ©̀k¸‡jvi mvnv‡h¨B gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi KgwcDUvi

cwiPvjbv K‡i| KgwcDUvi ˆZwii mgq i‡g Gme ¯’vqx Ges AcwieZ©bxq wb‡ ©̀kvejx

mwbœ‡ewkZ K‡i †`qv nq| G wb‡ ©̀kvejx‡K A‡bK mgq dvg©Iq¨vi (Firmware)

wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Kiv nq| ROM G bZzb wKQy ms‡hvRb, ms‡kvab ev cwieZ©b Kiv

hvq bv|

2| mnvqK ¯§„wZ

KgwcDUvi cwiPvjbv msµvšÍ Z_¨ejx Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb Z_¨ ev †cÖvMÖvg †gBb

†g‡gvwi‡Z ¯’vqxfv‡e msiÿY K‡i ivLv hvq bv| wKš‘ Auxillary ev External

†g‡gvwi‡Z e¨enviKvixi Z_¨‡K ¯’vqxfv‡e msiÿY Kiv hvq| Aw·jvix †g‡gvwi n‡Z

KgwcDUv‡i †Kvb Z_¨ ev wb‡ ©̀k †`qv hvq Ges KgwcDUvi n‡Z †Kvb Z_¨ ev wb‡`©k

wPÎ t nvW©wW¯‹

24

Aw·jvix †g‡gvwi‡Z msiÿY K‡i ivLv hvq| ZvB Aw·jvix †g‡gvwi BbcyU/AvDUcyU

wWfvBm wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| G †g‡gvwi †_‡K †KejgvÎ e¨enviKvix cyivZb Z_¨

gy‡Q w`‡Z cv‡i Ges bZzb Z_¨ wjL‡Z cv‡i| G †g‡gvwii aviYÿgZv †_‡K A‡bK

†ewk| Aw·jvix †g‡gvwi wewfbœ AvKvi AvK…wZ I aviY ÿgZv m¤úbœ n‡q _v‡K| †Uc,

d¬wc wW‡¯‹U, nvW©wW¯‹ BZ¨vw` Aw·jvix †g‡gvix|

nvW©wW¯‹

Avwki `k‡K nvW©wW‡¯‹i cÖPjb ïiæ nq|

GB wW¯‹‡K DBb‡P÷vi wW¯‹I ejv nq|

GB wW‡¯‹ iwÿZ Z_¨mg~n mn‡R bó nq

bv e‡j cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj c¨v‡KR Ges

¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨mg~n nvW©wW‡¯‹ msiÿY Kiv

nq| nvW©wW¯‹ bó nIqv ev †gvQbxq †Kvb

KgvÛ e¨ZxZ GLvbKvi Z_¨mg~n bó nq

bv| Z‡e fvBiv‡mi Avµg‡Y Z_¨ bó

n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| ZvB fvBivm †_‡K

mveavb _vK‡j nvW©wW‡¯‹i Z_¨mg~n

nvivevi fq _v‡K bv| wW¯‹wU AwaK aviYÿg weavq GLv‡b A‡bK Z_¨ msiÿY Kiv

hvq| mvaviYZ 160 wMMvevBU †_‡K K‡qK †Uiv evBU ev Z`~ä© aviYÿgZvm¤úbœ

nvW©wW¯‹ evRv‡i cvIqv hv‡”Q| nvW©wW¯‹ e¨env‡ii R‡b¨ Avjv`v WªvB‡fi cÖ‡qvRb nq

bv| wW¯‹ Ges WªvBf GKmv‡_B ms‡hvwRZ _v‡K| G‡ÿ‡Î GKvwaK wW¯‹ GK-m‡½ ci

ci †i‡L wjLb I cV‡bi Kvh©vewj m¤úv`b Kiv nq| †Kwms-Gi g‡a¨ K‡qKwU ¯Œz Øviv

GwU ¯’vcb Kiv nq weavq d¬wcwW‡¯‹i b¨vq GwU‡K mn‡R GK ’̄vb †_‡K Ab¨Î ’̄vbvšÍi

Kiv hvq bv| d¬wc wW‡¯‹i Zzjbvq nvW©wW¯‹ A‡bK `ª yZMwZ‡Z Kvh©vewj m¤úv`b K‡i|

wmwW ig (CD-ROM)

wmwW ig (CD-ROM)-Gi c~Y©bvg Kgc¨v± wW¯‹ wiW Abwj †g‡gvwi (Compact Disk

Read Only Memory)| wmwW ig GKwU AcwUK¨vj gva¨g| †ewkifvM †ÿ‡Î wmwW ig

G¨vjywgwbqvg Ges cøvw÷‡Ki ˆZwi n‡q _v‡K| †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î Avevi ¯Ŷ© Ges

cøvw÷‡Ki ˆZwi n‡q _v‡K| wmwW ig PvKwZwUi e¨vm 4.72 Bw Ges cyiZ¡ 1.2

wgwjwgUvi| AcwUK¨vj gva¨‡g Z_¨ msiÿY Ges cVb KvR Kivi Rb¨ †jRvi iwk¥

e¨envi Kiv nq| Z_¨ msiÿY ev wjLvi Rb¨ †jRvi iwk¥ H gva¨‡gi mvi‡dm ev

Av Í̄i‡Yi wbw ©̀ó c¨vUvb©© cywo‡q †`q| Avevi H msiwÿZ Z_¨‡K covi Rb¨ wmwW

WªvBf Ab¨ ai‡bi †jRvi iwk¥ e¨envi K‡i| GB iwk¥ wmwWi Av Í̄iY‡K ¯‹¨vb K‡i

Z_¨‡K wPwýZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| wmwW WªvB‡f Ab¨vb¨ msiÿY gva¨‡gi b¨vq †gKvwbK¨vj

†nW †bB G Kvi‡Y G‡Z †nW µvk Kivi m¤¢vebv †bB| ZvB G‡Z SzuwK Kg wU‡K †ewk

25

w`b Ges IfviivBU nq bv| cÖ_g cÖ_g †h me wmwW-ig †ewi‡qwQj Zv †_‡K ïay Z_¨

cov †hZ, wKš‘ Zv‡Z †Kvb Z_¨ †jLv †hZ bv| eZ©gvb bZzb ai‡bi wmwW-ig

†ewi‡q‡Q hv‡Z Z_¨ evievi †jLv hvq I cov hvq; G¸‡jv‡K ejv nq wmwW-Avi |

mnR enb‡hvM¨ GKwU gvÎ wmwW‡Z A‡bK †ewk Z_¨ ivLv hvq ZvB eZ©gv‡b wmwWi

e¨envi e¨vcK| RbwcÖq G msiÿY gva¨gwUi ˆewkó¨ n‡jvÑ Z_¨ aviYÿgZv A‡bK

(650 †gMvevB‡Ui g‡Zv), mn‡R enb Kiv hvq Ges ¯’vwqZ¡ A‡bK, g~j¨ Kg, GKwU

gvÎ wmwW‡Z cÖvq 70 wgwb‡Ui PjwPÎ Ges 18 N›Uvi kã aviY Kiv hvq|

wmwW‡Z A‡bK Z_¨ ivLv hvq e‡j eZ©gv‡b GwU e¨vcK e¨eüZ n‡”Q| wmwW‡Z †jLv,

Qwe Ges kã msiÿY K‡i cÖ`k©b Kiv hvq weavq eZ©gv‡b wewfbœ Pjw”PÎ wmwW‡Z

cvIqv hvq| GQvovI Mvb, WvB‡i±wi, eB, wcwiIwW‡Kjm KgwcDUvi A¨vwc ø‡Kkb,

†Mg wkÿvg~jK Z_¨vejx wmwW‡Z cvIqv hvq| GbmvB‡K¬vwcwWqvi g‡Zv wekvj wekvj

fwjDg¸‡jv‡K GKwU gvÎ wmwW‡Z evRv‡i cvIqv hvq| ZvB A‡bK g ~j¨ w`‡q A‡bK

MÖš’ hv N‡ii A‡bK RvqMv `Lj K‡i Zv bv wK‡b AZ¨šÍ Kg `v‡g wmwW wK‡b e¨envi

Kiv hvq|

wWwfwW

1996 mv‡ji †klfvM †_‡K evRv‡i G‡m‡Q m¤ú~Y© bZzb ai‡bi wmwWÑZvi bvg †`qv

n‡q‡Q wWwfwW ev wWwRUvj fvm©vUvBj wW¯‹ (Digital Versatile Disc)| G‡K GLb

†ewkifvM †ÿ‡Î Pjw”PÎ †`Lvi Kv‡R jvMv‡bv n‡”Q e‡j KL‡bv KL‡bv wWwRUvj

wfwWI wW¯‹I ejv nq| wWwfwW-†Z Z_¨ aviYÿgZv wmwW-Gi †P‡q cÖvq cuwPk¸Y

†ewk| wWwfwW-Gi aviYÿgZv 4 †_‡K 17 wMMvevBU ch©šÍ| kã, Qwe Ges

KgwcDUv‡i Z_¨ m‡qi †ÿ‡Î wWwfwW n‡jv GK ˆec øweK AMÖMwZ| wmwW Ges wWwfwW

wW¯‹ `yB-B mgvb| 1.2 wgwjwgUvi cyiæ n‡jI wmwW-‡Z Z_¨ avi‡Yi Rb¨ i‡q‡Q GKwU

gvÎ wfwË Í̄i, A_P wWwfwW‡Z i‡q‡Q 0.6 wgwjwgUvi cyiæ ỳÕwU wfwË Í̄i| wWwfwW †_‡K

Z_¨ covi Rb¨ KgwcDUv‡ii mv‡_ wWwfwW WªvBf _vK‡Z n‡e|

BDGmwe d¬vm wW¯‹/†cb wW¯‹

wmwW, wWwfwW, wRc wW‡¯‹i Z_¨ aviYÿgZv †ewk n‡jI G¸‡jv‡Z Z_¨ msiÿY Kiv

Ges covi Rb¨ WªvB‡fi cÖ‡qvRb nq| eZ©gv‡b KgwcDUv‡ii gv`vi‡ev‡W©i BDGmwe

(BDwbfv‡m©j wmwiqvj evm) †cv‡U© jvwM‡q mn‡R Z_¨ †jLv I covi bZzb GK mnvqK

¯§„wZ gva¨g †ei n‡q‡Q| AZ¨šÍ nvjKv I mn‡R enb‡hvM¨ Kj‡gi K¨v‡ci g‡Zv

†`L‡Z G gva¨gwU‡K †cb wW¯‹ ejv nq| BDGmwe B›Uvi‡dm 1.1 e¨envi K‡i GB

†cb wW¯‹¸‡jv †cv‡U© Ry‡o w`‡q Lye ª̀yZB Gi gva¨‡g WvUv Kwc ev wiW Kiv hv‡e| 32

†gMvevBU †_‡K Avi¤¢ K‡i †cbwW¯‹¸‡jvi m‡e©v”P K¨vcvwmwU K‡qK wMMvevBU ch ©šÍ|

dzj w¯ú‡W GB wW¯‹¸‡jv 12 †gMvweUm cvi †m‡K‡Û WvUv UªvÝdvi Ki‡Z cv‡i|

26

BDGmwe †cvU© †_‡KB cvIqvi MÖnY K‡i e‡j Gi Avjv`v †Kv‡bv cvIqvi mvc øvB‡qiI

cª‡qvRb nq bv| G‡Z Av‡iv Av‡Q

ivBU/wWwjU †cÖv‡UKkb myBP, kK

†iwRmU¨vÝ BZ¨vw` myweav| Wy‡iej

†÷v‡iR wn‡m‡eI GwU cÖvq 10 eQi

ch©šÍ WvUv a‡i ivL‡Z cv‡i| nU

cøvM GÛ †cø myweavi Kvi‡Y BÝU‡j

†Kvb Sw° Sv‡gjv †bB| DB‡ÛvR

98, GgB, G·wc, DB‡ÛvR 2000

Ges g¨vK 8.6 ev Z`~aŸ©, wjbv·

2.4.0 ev Z ~̀aŸ© †h‡Kvb Acv‡iwUs

wm‡÷gB GwU‡K mv‡cvU© K‡i d‡j †h‡Kvb c øvU©d‡g©B GwU e¨envi Kiv hv‡e hw`

BDGmwe †cvU© _v‡K|

AvDUcyU wWfvBm

KgwcDUv‡i †Kvb wb‡`©k ev DcvË Bbcy‡Ui gva¨‡g MÖnY K‡i K‡›Uªvj BDwb‡Ui wb‡`©‡k

¯§„wZfvÛv‡i iwÿZ †cÖvMÖv‡gi wfwˇZ †m›Uªvj cÖ‡mwms BDwb‡Ui mvgwMÖK Kvh©µg

m¤ú‡bœi ci mgvavbwU †h gva¨‡gi gva¨‡g e¨enviKvix‡K w`‡q _v‡K Zv‡K AvDUcyU

wWfvBm ejv nq| wb‡æ AvDUcyU wWfvBm wnmv‡e e¨eüZ nq D‡j øL‡hvM¨ Ggb KZ¸‡jv

gva¨‡gi eY©bv †`qv nj t

gwbUi

KgwcDUv‡ii mv‡_ mshy³ †Uwjwfk‡bi c ©̀vi b¨vq Ask i‡q‡Q †hLv‡b KgwcDUv‡i

e¨eüZ hveZxq Z_¨vejx, †jLv, Qwe BZ¨vw` cÖ`wk©Z nq| Dnv‡K wWm‡cø BDwbU ev

ms‡ÿ‡c gwbUi ejv nq| gvB‡µvKgwcDUvi ev wcwm‡Z mvaviYZt 14 Bw gv‡ci

gwbUi e¨eüZ nq| Gi †P‡q †QvU ev eo AvKv‡ii gwbUiI cvIqv hvq| †Uwjwfk‡bi

b¨vq gwbUiI mv`v Kv‡jv ev iwOb n‡Z cv‡i| c ~‡e©i XT †gwk‡b e¨eüZ g‡bv‡µvg

gwbU‡i MÖvwdKm (wPÎ) cÖ`wk©Z n‡Zv bv| eZ©gvb Kv‡j e¨eüZ VGA, SVGA

gwbUi¸‡jv‡Z wbLyuZ wPÎ cÖ`wk©Z nq| wUwf KvW© e¨envi K‡i gwbU‡i wUwfi b¨vq

†Uwjwfkb †ókb †_‡K m¤úÖPvwiZ Abyôvb †`Lv hvq|

eZ©gvb mg‡q †h ai‡bi gwbUi¸‡jv evRv‡i cvIqv hvq †m¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q t

1. K¨v‡_vW †i wUDe ev wmAviwU gwbUi (Cathode Ray Tube or CRT Monitor)

2. wjKz¨BW wµ÷vj wWm‡c ø ev GjwmwW gwbUi (Liquid Crystal Display or

27

LCD Monitor)

3. cøvRgv gwbUi (Plasma Monitor)

4. UvPw¯Œb gwbUi (Touchscreen Monitor) 5. AM©vwbK jvBU GwgwUs wWm‡c ø ev IGjBwW gwbUi (Organic Light Emitting

Display or OLED Monitor)

GK mg‡q CRT gwbUi¸‡jv e¨vcKfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡jI eZ©gv‡b LCD gwbUi¸‡jv †ek

RbwcÖq n‡q D‡V‡Q| G¸‡jvi e¨enviI †e‡o‡Q|

gwbUi †i‡Rvjy¨kb

gwbU‡ii w¯Œ‡b AvDUcyU ev †Kv‡bv wPÎ cÖ`k©‡bi †ÿ‡Î AwZ ÿz ª̀ ÿz`ª we› ỳ e¨eüZ nq

hv‡`i wc‡·j e‡j| Avi cÖwZwU wc‡·j ci¯úi †_‡K KZUzKz `~‡i Ae¯’vb Ki‡e Zvi

`~iZ¡‡K ejv n‡q _v‡K Dot pitch| GwU hZ Kg n‡e gwbU‡ii †i‡Rvjy¨kb ZZ †ewk

n‡e|

wcÖ›Uvi

†h h‡š¿i gva¨‡g KgwcDUv‡i cÖvß djvdj KvM‡R Qvucv‡bv hvq Zv‡K wcÖ›Uvi ejv nq|

Bnv eûj e¨eüZ AvDUcyU wWfvBm| KgwcDUv‡i †Kvb WK z‡g›U ˆZwi K‡i wcÖ›U

nIqvi wb‡`©k w`‡jB wcÖ›U n‡e bv| cÖ‡Z¨K wcÖ›Uv‡ii wbR¯^ wcÖ›U WªvBfvi (†cÖvMÖvg)

Av‡Q| KgwcDUv‡ii mv‡_ mshy³ wcÖ›Uv‡ii WªvBfviwU Bb÷j K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|

Avgv‡`i †`‡k eûj e¨eüZ wcÖ›Uvi ¸‡jv n‡”Q t

1) WU& g¨vwUª· wcÖ›Uvi (Dot Matrix Printer)

2) jvBb wcÖ›Uvi (Line Printer)

3) †jRvi wcÖ›Uvi (Laser Printer)

28

29

1) WU& †gwUª· wcÖ›Uvi

Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e `v‡g m Í̄v G mg Í̄ wcÖ›Uv‡i Kvwji wie‡bi Dci †nWv‡ii wcb †P‡c

KvM‡R Qvcv nq| G mg Í̄ wcÖ›Uv‡ii wcÖ›U gvb (Print Quality) wbf©i K‡i †nWv‡ii

wc‡bi Dci| wcb †ewk _vK‡j wcÖ›U †ewk fvj nq| WU&‡gwUª‡·i wcÖ›Uvi †nW 9, 24,

48 Ges 36 wcb m¤úbœ n‡q _v‡K| c~‡e© 9 wcbhy³ wcÖ›Uvi †ewk e¨eüZ n‡Zv|

eZ©gv‡b 24 wcb hy³ wcÖ›Uvi Avgv‡`i †`‡k †ewk e¨eüZ nq| NEC, Epson

†Kv¤úvbxi ˆZwi WU&‡gwUª· wcÖ›Uvi †ewk RbwcÖq|

2) BsK‡RU wcÖ›Uvi

†QvU AvK…wZi G mg Í̄ wcÖ›Uv‡ii wcÖ›U †KvqvwjwU DbœZ| G‡Z WU&‡gwUª‡·i gZ

weiw³Ki kã nq bv| G mg Í̄ wcÖ›Uv‡ii `vg Zzjbvg ~jKfv‡e m Í̄v n‡jI Gi KvwU©‡Ri

(Kvwj) `vg †ewk nIqv‡Z G ai‡bi wcÖ›Uv‡ii RbwcÖqZv Kg|

3) †jRvi wcÖ›Uvi

RbwcÖq G mg Í̄ wcÖ›Uv‡ii wcÖ›U †KvqvwjwU LyeB DbœZ| KgwcDUv‡i K‡¤úvR K‡i

GRvZxq wcÖ›Uv‡i †Uªwms †ccv‡i †jRvi wcÖ›U K‡i D”P Av‡jv‡Z †c øU K‡i K‡i Ad‡mU

†cÖ‡m jÿ jÿ Kwc Qvwc‡q eB g ~`ªY Kiv nq| Avgv‡`i †`‡k cÖKvkbv Kv‡R

e¨vcKfv‡e G ai‡bi wcÖ›Uvi e¨eüZ nq| †jRvi wcÖ›Uv‡i e¨eüZ KvwU©R (Kvwj)

†Uvbvi ejv nq| G¸‡jvi `vg Lye †ewk e‡j †jRvi wcÖ›Uvi Lye e¨vqeûj| mv`v Kv‡jv

QvovI A‡bK †jRvi wcÖ›Uvi iwOb †jLv ev Qwe Qvcv‡Z cv‡i| wcÖ‡›U Qvcvi Kvwji NbZ¡

(DPI) Ges wgwb‡U KZ c„ôv Qvcv‡Z cv‡i Zvi Dci wbf©i K‡i †jRvi wcÖ›Uv‡ii g~j¨

wbYx©Z nq| AvBweGg Kg‡cwUej KgwcDUv‡ii Rb¨ Hewlett Packard (HP) bvgK

†Kv¤úvwbi wewfbœ g‡W‡ji †jRvi wcÖ›Uvi AZ¨šÍ RbwcÖq|

4) cøUvi

mvaviYZt WU&‡gwUª· wcÖ›Uvi Ges †jRvi wcÖ›Uv‡i 14 BwÂi †P‡q †ewk PIov KvM‡R

wcÖ›U Kiv hvq bv| wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii AvwK©‡UKPvivj wcÖ›U, b·v Ges gvbwPÎ A‡bK †ewk

PIov KvM‡R wcÖ›U Ki‡Z nq| c øUvi bvgK GK ai‡bi wcÖ›Uv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ G ai‡bi

Kv‡Ri wcÖ›U Kiv nq| c øUv‡i wcÖ›U Kiv nq †cb (Pen) Gi mvnv‡h¨| G‡Z AwZ wPKb

†_‡K †gvUv wewfbœ ai‡bi †cb (Pen) e¨envi K‡i wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii b·v Ges gvbwP‡Îi

m~ÿvwZm~² †iLvi my¯úó wPÎ wcÖ›U Kiv hvq|

Dc‡iv³ eûj e¨eüZ RbwcÖq AvDUcyU wWfvBm¸‡jv QvovI Av‡iv †h me AvDUcyU

wWfvBm mPivPi e¨eüZ nq Ggb KZ¸‡jv nj t nvW©wW¯‹ I d¬wc wW¯‹, wdj¥ †iKW©vi,

g¨vM‡bwUK †Uc Ges w¯úKvi BZ¨vw`|

30

KgwcDUv‡ii fvlv

gvby‡li gZ KgwcDUv‡iiI fvlv Av‡Q| Z‡e †m fvlv m¤ú~Y© wfbœ ai‡bi| KgwcDUvi

GKwU AZ¨vaywbK B‡jKUªwbK hš¿| B‡jKUªwbK ms‡K‡Zi Dci wfwË K‡i ˆZwi Kiv

n‡q‡Q KgwcDUv‡ii fvlv| evBbvix c×wZi 1 Ges 0 Øviv cÖKvk Kiv hvq| Giƒc

evBbvix †h †Kvb msL¨v‡K B‡j±ªwbK Ab/Ad K‡i cÖKvwkZ fvlvB nj B‡jKUªwbK

j¨vs¸‡qR ev KgwcDUv‡ii fvlv| evBbvix nj Ggb msL¨v c×wZ hv‡Z †h †Kvb

msL¨v‡K 0 Ges 1 Øviv cÖKvk Kiv hvq| †hgb t 29 †K 11101 Øviv 203 †K

11001011 Øviv cÖKvk Kiv hvq| Gfv‡e †h †Kvb msL¨v‡K 1 Ges 0 Øviv cÖKvk Kiv

hvq| KgwcDUvi †Kej B‡jKUªwbK ms‡KZ A_©vr mvwK©‡U we`y¨r Av‡Q wK †bB Zv

†ev‡S| A_©vr KgwcDUvi ïay `ywU Ae¯’v †ev‡S| evBbvix 1 Øviv we`y¨r Av‡Q (On)

Ges 0 `¦viv we`y¨r †bB (Off) Gi Dci wfwË K‡iB KgwcDUv‡ii fvlv ˆZwi Kiv

n‡q‡Q| G‡Zv †Mj msL¨vi K_v| Gfv‡e †h ‡Kvb kã ev wPý KgwcDUvi‡K †evSvi

Dc‡hvMx K‡i A_©vr 0 Ges 1 G iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i †`qvi e¨e¯’v Kiv n‡q‡Q KgwcDUvi

j¨vs¸‡q‡R|

KgwcDUv‡ii fvlv‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv nq

1| †gwk‡bi fvlv (Machine Language)

2| A¨v‡m¤^jx fvlv (Assembly Language)

3| D”P Í̄‡ii fvlv (High Level Language)

1| †gwk‡bi fvlv

0 Ges 1 G `yÕwU evBbvix msL¨vi mywbw ©̀ó I myk„sLj Dc¯’vcbv‡KB †gwkb j¨vs¸‡qR

ejv nq| G fvlvq †cÖvMÖvg wjL‡Z n‡j KgwcDUvi nvW©Iq¨v‡ii Dci fvj Ávb _vKv

Avek¨K| G fvlvq †cÖvMÖvg †jLvi Rb¨ KgwcDUv‡ii cÖwZwU wb‡ ©̀k I ¯§„wZ ¯’v‡bi

cÖK…Z Ae¯’vi aviYv _vK‡Z nq| G fvlvq GK ai‡bi †gwk‡bi Rb¨ wjwLZ †cÖvMÖvg

Ab¨ ai‡bi †gwk‡b e¨envi Kiv hvq bv| cÖ_g I wØZxq cÖR‡b¥i KgwcDUv‡i †gwkb

j¨vs¸‡qR e¨eüZ nZ|

2| A¨v‡m¤̂jx j¨vs¸‡qR

†gwkb j¨vs¸‡q‡Ri gZ evBbvix msL¨v 0 Ges 1 mivmwi e¨envi bv K‡i eis KZ¸‡jv

we‡Ui mgwó‡K K‡qKwU Bs‡iRx e‡Y©i mvnv‡h¨ we‡kl †Kv‡W cÖKvk K‡i KgwcDUvi‡K

†evSv‡bv nq| G †KvW¸‡jv‡K A¨v‡m¤̂jx †KvW ev A¨v‡m¤^jx j¨vs¸‡qR ej nq|

Gfv‡e ms‡KZ mnhv‡M MwVZ nq e‡j G‡K mvs‡KwZK fvlvI ejv nq| G ms‡KZ‡K

mvs‡KwZK ev †b‡gvwbK †KvW ejv nq| G fvlvq †cÖvMÖvg wjL‡ZI KgwcDUv‡ii

Avf¨šÍixY msMV‡bi Dci aviYv `iKvi|

31

3| D”P Í̄‡ii fvlv

G fvlvq Avgv‡`i cwiwPZ evK¨ eY© I msL¨v e¨envi K‡i †cÖvMÖvg iPbv Kiv nq|

Gfvlvq Lye `ªæZ Ges mn‡R †cÖvMÖvg wjLv hvq| Gfvlvq †cÖvMÖvg wjL‡Z Lye `ÿZvi

cÖ‡qvRb †bB| G fvlvi me‡P‡q eo myweav nj, G fvlvq wjwLZ †cÖvMÖvg †h †Kvb

KgwcDUv‡i e¨envi Kiv hvq| 25 wUiI †ewk D”PZi fvlv Av‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ cÖavb

K‡qKwU nj t †ewmK (BASIC), c¨vm‡Kj (PASCAL), †dviUvb (FORTAN),

†Kvej (COBOL), Uv‡e©v wm (TURBO C) BZ¨vw`|

mdU&Iq¨vi ev †cÖvMÖvg

GZÿY Avgiv KgwcDUv‡ii fvlv m¤ú‡K© †R‡bwQ| †Kvb mgm¨ mgvav‡bi Rb¨

KgwcDUv‡ii fvlvq †h mvwie× myk„sLj wb‡ ©̀k †`qv nq Zv‡K mvaviY A‡_© †cÖvMÖvg ev

mdU&Iq¨vi ejv nq| †Uc‡iKW©vi, K¨v‡mU I Ab¨vb¨ mewKQy _vKv m‡Ë¡I hw`

K¨v‡m‡Ui wdZvq Mvb †iKW© Kiv bv _v‡K Zvn‡j †hgb Mvb ïbv hv‡e bv| wVK †Zgwb

KgwcDUvi bvgK hš¿wUi mewKQy _vK m‡Ë¡I mdU&Iq¨vi bv _vK‡j †Kvb KvRB n‡e

bv| ZvB mdU&Iq¨vi‡K KgwcDUv‡ii cÖvY ejv nq| KgwcDUvi w`‡q G KvR Kiv hvq

†m KvR Kiv hvq-G¸‡jv Avm‡j meB nj mdU&Iq¨vi ev †cÖvMÖv‡gi KvR| KgwcDUv‡i

`ÿ †cÖvMÖvgvi/KgwcDUvi BwÄwbqviiv KgwcDUv‡ii fvlv w`‡q †cÖvMÖvg wj‡Lb| wewfbœ

mdU&Iq¨vi cÖwZôvb wewfbœ Kv‡Ri Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi mdU&Iq¨vi ˆZwi K‡i evRviRvZ

K‡i| gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi wej †MBU‡mi Microsoft Corporation c„w_exi cÖ_g †kªYxi

mdU&Iq¨vi cÖwZôvb| mdU&Iq¨vi‡K ỳB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v t

1| e¨envwiK mdU&Iq¨vi (Application Software)

2| wm‡÷g mdU&Iq¨vi (System Software)

1| e¨envwiK mdU&Iq¨vi

KgwcDUvi e¨enviKvix Zvi cÖ‡qvRb g‡Zv wb‡RB myweavgZ fvlv e¨envi K‡i †h

†cÖvMÖvg iPbv K‡ib ZvnvB n‡jv e¨envwiK mdU&Iq¨vi| Gme †cÖvMÖvg‡K e¨enviKvix

wjwLZ †cÖvMÖvgI ejv nq| A‡bK e¨vcK e¨envwiK mgm¨vi mgvavbK‡í evwYwR¨K

wfwˇZ ‡Kvb cÖwZôvb KZ…©K A‡bK †cÖvMÖvgviiv mw¤§wjZfv‡e †h †cÖvMÖvg ˆZwi K‡i

_v‡Kb Zvnv‡K mdU&Iq¨vi c¨v‡KR A_ev c¨v‡KR †cÖvMÖvg (Package Program) ejv

nq| G ai‡bi †cÖvMÖv‡g e¨envwiK mgm¨vi c ~Y©v½ mgvavb †`qvi e¨e¯’v _v‡K|

K‡qKwU c¨v‡KR †cÖvMÖv‡gi D`vniY t

gvB‡µvmdU& IqvW© (MS Word)

gvB‡µvmdU& G‡·j (MS Excel)

gvB‡µvmdU& d·‡cÖv (MS Foxpro)

gvB‡µvmdU& cvewjkvi (MS Publisher)

32

2| wm‡÷g mdU&Iq¨vi

†h mdU&Iq¨vi KgwcDUv‡ii wewfbœ hš¿cvwZ wbqš¿Y K‡i e¨envwiK †cÖvMÖvg‡K

mv_©Kfv‡e Pvjbv Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i Zv‡K wm‡÷g mdU&Iq¨vi ev c×wZ mswk øó

†cÖvMÖvg ejv nq| KgwcDUv‡ii Rb¨ GwU GKwU Acwinvh© Ask| KgwcDUvi

cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ wewfbœ †cÖvMÖvg wm‡÷g mdU&Iq¨v‡ii AšÍf©‚³| e¨envwiK

wewfbœZv Abymv‡i wewfbœ iKg wm‡÷g mdU&Iq¨vi i‡q‡Q| †hgb, KgwcDUv‡ii wewfbœ

hš¿cvwZmg~n wbqš¿Y I e¨envwiK †cÖvMÖvgmg ~n cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb¨ †h mKj wm‡÷g

mdU&Iq¨vi i‡q‡Q Zv Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g (Operating System) ms‡ÿ‡c OS bv‡g

cwiwPZ| †hgbt MS-DOS, UNIX, WINDOWS BZ¨vw` Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g

mdU&Iq¨vi|

Abyev`K †cÖvMÖvg

†gwk‡bi fvlv e¨ZxZ Ab¨ †Kvb fvlvq iwPZ †cÖvMÖvg‡K †gwk‡bi fvlvq Abyev` K‡i

KgwcDUv‡i Pvjbv Kivi Rb¨ e¨eüZ wm‡÷g mdU&Iq¨vi‡K Abyev`K †cÖvMÖvg ejv

nq| wZb ai‡bi Abyev`K nj t

1| A¨v‡m¤^jvi (Assembler)

2| K¤úvBjvi (Compiler)

3| B›Uvi‡cÖUvi (Interpreter)

Avevi A‡bK¸‡jv mvnvh¨Kvix ev BDwUwjwU (Utility) †cÖvMÖvg i‡q‡Q hv wm‡÷g

mdU&Iq¨v‡ii AvIZvq c‡o| †hgb t wcwm Uzjm (P.C-Tools), bU©b KgvÛvi (NC)

BZ¨vw`|

33

KgwcDUv‡ii cÖ‡qvM

KgwcDUvi e¨env‡ii e¨vcKZv Ges mve©RbxbZv GZUvB e„w× †c‡q‡Q †h AvR

me©‡ÿ‡ÎB KgwcDUvi e¨eüZ n‡”Q| Avgv‡`i gZ Dbœqkxj †`k¸‡jv‡Z KgwcDUv‡ii

cÖPjb Kg NU‡jI DbœZ we‡k¦ Ggb †Kvb †ÿÎ †bB †hLv‡b KgwcDUvi e¨eüZ n‡”Q

bv| KgwcDUv‡ii e¨vcK cÖPj‡bi cÖavb KviYB n‡”Q Gi Am¤¢e Kg©ZrciZv|

e¨enviKvixi †`qv wb‡`©k GwU myôzfv‡e cvjb K‡i _v‡K| GwU e¨envi K‡i bvbv iKg

my‡hvM myweav cvIqv hv‡”Q mn‡RB| KgwcDUvi Zv‡K †`qv KvR wbf©yjfv‡e K‡i|

e¨enviKvix G‡K †hfv‡e cwiPvjbv Ki‡eb GwU †mfv‡eB cwiPvwjZ n‡e| GwU

kZKiv 100 fvM wbfz©j djvdj cª`vb K‡i| Gi i‡q‡Q Am¤¢e MwZ| GB AZ¨vwaK

MwZB G‡K K‡i Zz‡j‡Q AviI †ewk RbwcÖq| KgwcDUvi‡K †Kvb wb‡ ©̀k cÖ`vb Ki‡j

Zv †m GZUvB `ªæZ K‡i w`‡Z mÿg hv gvbyl wb‡R Ki‡j cÖPzi mg‡qi cÖ‡qvRb coZ|

Gi MwZ gvby‡li mgq‡K euvwP‡q w`‡q‡Q| GwU m¤ú~Y© ¯q̂swµqfv‡e Kg© m¤úv`b K‡i|

wekvj wekvj KvR, M‡elYv, wn‡me-wb‡Kk me AwZ mn‡RB mviv hvq Gi Øviv|

Aweivg KvR Ki‡jI GwU K¬všÍ, weaŸ Í̄, †µvavwš̂Z n‡q I‡V bv| Gi †Kvb gvbweK

¸Yvewj †bB| hš¿ e‡j G‡K hLb ZLb e¨envi Kiv hvq| KgwcDUvi e¨env‡ii

Av‡iKwU eo KviY n‡”Q GwU wekvj wekvj me Z_¨vejx mh‡Zœ `xN© w`b msiÿY K‡i

ivL‡Z cv‡i| gvby‡li †ÿ‡Î fz‡j hvevi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| wKš‘ KgwcDUvi KLbI fz‡j

hvq bv; hw` bv Gi msiwÿZ Z_¨mg~n gy‡Q †`qv bv nq| KgwcDUvi e¨envi K‡i AvR

K‡qK †m‡K‡Û we‡k¦i GK cÖvšÍ †_‡K Ab¨ cÖv‡šÍ †hvMv‡hvM Kiv hvq| G‡Z †hvMv‡hvM

†ÿ‡Î ˆecøweK DbœwZ N‡U‡Q| e¯‘Z G mg Í̄ Kvi‡YB KgwcDUv‡ii e¨vcK cÖPjb

N‡U‡Q|

KgwcDUv‡ii gva¨‡g ev‡RU wbqš¿‡Y

GKwU †`‡ki evwl©K Avq-e¨‡qi hveZxq welq Zvi ev‡R‡U D‡jøL Kiv _v‡K| ev‡R‡Ui

Dci wbf©i K‡iB †Kvb c‡Y¨i `vg ev‡o Avevi †Kvb c‡Y¨i `vg K‡g| ev‡RU

cÖ‡YZvM‡Yi h‡_ó `ÿZvi cwiPq w`‡Z nq GB ev‡R‡U cÖYq‡bi †ÿ‡Î| †Kbbv

†`‡ki mvwe©K A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v cÖwZdwjZ nq G‡Z| ZvB ev‡RU nIqv PvB

hy‡Mvc‡hvMx, AvaywbK I ¯^”Q | G‡ÿ‡Î KgwcDUvi cÖhyw³ we‡kl myweav cÖ`vb K‡i|

hveZxq wn‡me wb‡Kk ª̀æZ mviv hv‡”Q KgwcDUv‡ii gva¨‡g †m mv‡_ fz‡ji gvÎvI

K‡g hv‡”Q | KgwcDUv‡ii gva¨‡g wewfbœ Z_¨ we‡kølY K‡i Zv Gi ¯§„wZ‡Z msiÿY

Kiv hv‡”Q | fwel¨‡Z Gme Z_¨vw` e¨envi KivI hv‡”Q | G‡Z ev‡RU cÖYq‡b MwZi

mÂvi n‡q‡Q| ïay RvZxq ev‡RUB bq, wewfbœ Awdm ev cÖwZôv‡bi ev‡R‡Ui †ÿ‡ÎI G

myweav cvIqv hvq| mwVKfv‡e cÖwZôv‡bi Kg©Pvix‡`i Kv‡Ri wn‡me, †eZ‡bi wn‡me

cvIqv hvq KgwcDUv‡i Z_¨ we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g| †m mv‡_ fwel¨r cwiKíbv †bqvI

mnRZi n‡q hv‡”Q |

34

e¨vswKs †ÿ‡Î KgwcDUvi

KgwcDUv‡ii gva¨‡g GLb e¨vsK¸‡jv‡Z AvaywbK e¨vswKs e¨e¯’v cÖYqb Kiv m¤¢e

n‡q‡Q| e¨vsK¸‡jv‡Z RbM‡Yi wecyj cwigvY A_© Rgv ivLv nq| cÖwZw`b jvL jvL

UvKv RbMY‡K w`‡Z nq Ges MÖnY Ki‡Z nq| e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K Ab¨ cÖwZôv‡bi n‡qI

wKQy `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z nq| Gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q M¨vm wej, wUwf-‡iwWI BZ¨vw`i

jvB‡mÝ Gi UvKvI e¨vsK¸‡jvi MÖnY Kiv| e¨vsK¸‡jv †h‡nZz Avw_©K †jb‡`b K‡i

_v‡K †m‡nZz Gme A‡_©i myôz wnmve ivLvUvI Riæwi| mvgvb¨ fzj n‡j weivU

†Mvj‡hv‡Mi AvksKv i‡q‡Q| cÖPwjZ c×wZ‡Z UvKv Rgv †`qv Ges Zz‡j †bqvq cÖPzi

mg‡qi AcPq nq| GLb KgwcDUvi Pvjy nIqvq mgq †eu‡P hv‡”Q | me wn‡me-wb‡Kk

mn‡RB mviv m¤¢e n‡”Q | KgwcDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ e¨vswKs cÖwZôv‡bi KvR wbfz©jfv‡e

Ges `ªæZ MwZ‡Z m¤úbœ Kiv hvq| KgwcDUv‡i GKwU e¨vs‡Ki †jb‡`‡bi m‡½ RwoZ

cÖwZwU gvby‡li bvg-wVKvbv, mvs‡KwZK b¤̂i, mwÂZ A‡_©i cwigvY BZ¨vw` me wKQy

Z_¨ ivLv hvq| d‡j UvKv †Zvjv I Rgv †`qvi mgq KgwcDUvi Kx-‡ev‡W©i `yÕPviwU

†evZv‡g Pvc w`‡qB e¨w³i wnmve Lv‡Zi c ~Y© wPÎ cvIqv hvq|

KgwcDUv‡ii gva¨‡g wKfv‡e me©vaywbK e¨vswKs †mev

KgwcDUvi cÖhyw³i †Quvqvq AvR mvgvb¨ Kv‡W©B wekvj A‡¼i A_© wb‡q Ny‡i †eov‡bv

hvq mviv we‡k¦i †h †Kvb RvqMvq| Ôcøvw÷K gvwbÕ bv‡g L¨vZ wewfbœ †µwWU KvW© w`‡q

hLb ZLb A_© †Zvjv m¤¢e n‡”Q | hLbB †Kvb e¨w³i A‡_©i cÖ‡qvRb co‡Q wZwb

we‡k¦i †hLv‡bB _vKzb bv †Kb ivZ-w`b PweŸk NÈvi †h †Kvb mg‡qB KgwcDUvi

wbqwš¿Z e¨e¯’vq UvKv †Zvjvi we‡kl h‡š¿ (ATM- Autometic Teller

Machine) KvW© †dv‡bi gZ GKwU wn‡m‡ei KvW© XzwK‡q w`‡j KgwcDUvi Rvb‡Z

PvB‡e KZ UvKv †Zvjvi cÖ‡qvRb| ZLb H h‡š¿i msL¨v MYbvi †evZvg¸‡jvq Pvc

w`‡q UvKvi cwigvY Rvwb‡q w`‡j m‡½ m‡½ h‡š¿i †fZi †_‡K UvKv †ewi‡q Avm‡e|

†kqvi evRvi wbqš¿‡Y KgwcDUvi

AvRKvj AwaKvsk †`‡ki †kqvi evRvi¸‡jv KgwcDUvi wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q| G‡Z Kv‡R

`ªæZZv I MwZkxjZv G‡m‡Q| †kqvi evRvi¸‡jv‡Z IqvBW Gwiqv †bUIqvK© (Iqvb)

Ges †jvKvj Gwiqv †bUIqvK© (j¨vb) wm‡÷g cÖeZ©‡bi d‡j we‡k¦i †h †Kvb ¯’v‡bi

wewb‡qvMKvixiv †kqvi evRv‡i wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡Qb| Ab-jvB‡bi gva¨‡g †kqv‡ii

mvwe©K Ae¯’v, g ~j¨m~P‡Ki DÌvb-cZb BZ¨vw` me wKQy †`‡L-ey‡S-ï‡b wewb‡qvM Kivi

my‡hvM cvb GKRb e¨emvqx| †kqv‡ii `vg, Kwgkb KgwcDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ wn‡me Kiv

hvq| KgwcDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ †kqvi msµvšÍ wewfbœ Z_¨ we‡kølY K‡i †Kvb e¨w³ †Kvb

†kqvi †Kbv ev wewµ Kiv jvfRbK Zv wVK Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

35

e¨emvwqK †hvMv‡hvM iÿvq KgwcDUvi

e¨emvi †ÿÎwU AvR ïay †`k Ry‡oB we Í̄ …Z bq eis Zv AvR wek¦Ry‡o Qwo‡q c‡o‡Q|

ZvB e¨emvi `ªæZ I Awew”Qbœ †hvMv‡hvM †bUIqvK© Acwinvh© n‡q c‡o‡Q| †`kxq Ges

AvšÍR©vwZK e¨emvwqK cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi m‡½ wbqwgZ †hvMv‡hvM ivLv Riæwi| †Kvb

e¨emvwqK cÖwZôv‡bi hw` †`‡ki †fZi Ges evB‡i wewfbœ kn‡i AvÂwjK ev kvLv

Awdm _v‡K Zvn‡j cÖavb Kvh©vj‡q H me AvÂwjK ev kvLv Awdm¸‡jv cÖwZ w`‡bi,

GgbwK cÖwZ gyn~‡Z©i wn‡mecÎ Ges KvR-K‡g©i wjwLZ weeiY KgwcDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨

wewbgq Ki‡Z cv‡i ev Rvb‡Z cv‡i| G Rb¨ cÖavb Kvh©vjq Ges Ab¨vb¨ AvÂwjK ev

kvLv Kvh©vj‡q ’̄vwcZ KgwcDUv‡ii g‡a¨ AvšÍtms‡hvM ev †bUIqvK© _vK‡Z nq|

Gfv‡e eo GKwU e¨emvq cÖwZôv‡bi gvwjK, cwiPvjK ch©v‡qi e¨w³eM© Zuv‡`i K‡ÿ

e‡mB e¨emv‡qi Avq-e¨q, KvR K‡g©i weeiY BZ¨vw` KgwcDUv‡ii c ©̀vqB †`L‡Z

cv‡ib| B‡jKUªwbK †gBj †cÖiY, KgwcDUv‡ii mv‡_ d¨v· †gwk‡bi ms‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g

AvšÍR©vwZK e¨emvwqK †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v M‡o †Zvjv m¤¢e n‡”Q |

wWcvU©‡g›Uvj †÷v‡i †Kbv‡ePvq KgwcDUvi

wewfbœ †`‡k wWcvU©‡g›Uvj †÷vi¸‡jv‡Z †Kbv‡ePvI GLb KgwcDUvi K‡i _v‡K|

evi‡Kv‡Wi mvnv‡h¨ GwU Kiv nq| evi‡KvW n‡jv wewfbœ †ev‡ai j¤̂vj¤̂v Kv‡jv `vM|

G‡K BDwbfvm©vj †cÖvWv± †KvWI (Universal Product Code-UPC) e‡j| †`vKvb

†_‡K weµxZ wRwb‡mi c¨v‡K‡Ui Dci gvby‡li myweavi Rb¨ evi‡Kv‡Wi wb‡P Zv †h

msL¨v eySvq ZvI †jLv _v‡K| Gici GKwU KgwcDUvi evi‡KvW wiWv‡ii mvnv‡h¨

evi‡KvWwU c‡o A_©vr Zv †Kvb †Kvb msL¨v eySvq †R‡b †bq| KgwcDUv‡ii ¯§„wZ‡Z

cÖwZwU wRwb‡mi evi‡KvW b¤̂i I `vg †jLv _v‡K| G †_‡K KgwcDUvi wewµZ

wRwb‡mi bvg I `vg wj‡L wej ˆZwi K‡i Ges †m mv‡_ wewµZ wRwb‡mi ÷K cÖ‡qvRb

Abyhvqx ms‡kvab K‡i|

B-Kgvm© t

AvRKvj e¨emvq-evwY‡R¨i Ab¨Zg nvwZqvi wnmv‡e e¨eüZ n‡”Q KgwcDUvi|

KgwcDUvi †bUIqvK© B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g AvRKvj N‡i e‡mB e¨emvq-evwY‡R¨i

mKj KvRKg© Kiv hvq| c„w_exi GK cÖvšÍ †_‡K Aci cÖv‡šÍi †h‡Kvb kwcs †m›Uv‡i

µq-weµq Kiv hvq| N‡i e‡mB µq Kiv wRwb‡mi `vg cwi‡kva Kiv hvq| G

e¨e¯’v‡K e‡j B-Kgvm©| †Kej KgwcDUvi Ges B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi Kivi d‡jB GZ

wKQy m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|

36

wPÎ t eB †Kbvi Rb¨ GKwU I‡qe mvBU

†hvMv‡hvM e¨e ’̄vq KgwcDUv‡ii e¨envi

†hvMv‡hvM †ÿ‡Î KgwcDUv‡ii AbycÖ‡e‡ki d‡j †hvMv‡hvM ev hvZvqv‡Zi MwZ e„w×

†c‡q‡Q| G‡Z RwUjZvi Aemvb N‡U‡Q| B‡jKUªwbK c×wZ‡Z AvR we‡k¦i †h †Kvb

¯’v‡b †hvMv‡hvM Kiv m¤¢e n‡”Q | ZvQvov AvKvk, moK, †ijc‡_ †hfv‡e w`b w`b

evn‡bi msL¨v e„w× cv‡”Q Zv‡Z †hme RwUjZv †`Lv w`‡”Q Zv mn‡RB mgvavb Ki‡Z

KgwcDUvi Kvh©Kix Ae`vb ivL‡Q| AvR †hvM‡hvM e¨e¯’v mnR n‡q c‡o‡Q GB

AZ¨vaywbK cÖhyw³i e‡`Šj‡Z|

wegvb hvZvqvZ e¨e ’̄vq KgwcDUv‡ii e¨envi

wegv‡bi wUwKU eywKs, †d«BU I UªvwdK e¨e¯’vi myôz wbqš¿‡Y e¨eüZ n‡”Q KgwcDUvi|

wegvb Pvjv‡ZI KgwcDUvi PvjK‡K mvnvh¨ K‡i| wegvb Pvjbvi mgq D”PZv,

evZv‡mi †eM, w`K, Pvc, DòZv BZ¨vw` bvbvwea w`‡Ki cÖwZ jÿ¨ †i‡L ª̀æZ wewfbœ

e¨cv‡i wm×všÍ wb‡Z nq; we‡kl K‡i hLb wegv‡bi MwZ‡eM †ewk _v‡K| gvby‡li c‡ÿ

GZ ª̀æZ wm×všÍ †bqv Am¤¢e| wKš‘ KgwcDUvi G me Z_¨ we‡kølY K‡i KLb wK Kiv

DwPZ mv‡_ mv‡_ e‡j w`‡Z cv‡i| ZLb PvjK Dchy³ e¨e¯’v wb‡Z cv‡ib| KLbI

KLbI AZ¨šÍ ª̀æZ e¨e¯’v †bIqvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j KgwcDUvi wb‡RB †m e¨e¯’v †bq|

wegv‡bi PjvPj c_ wbqš¿Y, DÇqb-AeZiY, R¡vjvbx wbqš¿Y BZ¨vw` me Kv‡RB

KgwcDUvi e¨eüZ n‡”Q | G Qvov cvBjU‡`i cÖwkÿ‡Yi Rb¨I KgwcDUvi

mvBgy‡jkb c×wZ e¨eüZ nq|

37

Drcv`b wbqš¿‡Yi †ÿ‡Î KgwcDUv‡ii f‚wgKv

wewfbœ Kj-KviLvbvq Drcvw`Z c‡Y¨i wbqš¿‡Y eZ©gv‡b KgwcDUvi we‡kl Ae`vb

ivL‡Q| c‡Y¨i cÖwZw`‡bi µq-weµq, Pvwn`v BZ¨vw` AvR mn‡RB KgwcDUv‡ii

gva¨‡g wn‡me-wb‡Kk Kiv hv‡”Q | G‡Z msM„nxZ wewfbœ Z_¨vw` we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g

evRv‡ii eZ©gvb Ae¯’v, fwel¨r evRvi Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© aviYv cvIqv hvq| mvwe©K evRvi

cwiw¯’wZ we‡kølY K‡i †Kv¤úvwb Zvi c‡Y¨i Drcv`b evov‡”Q ev Kgv‡”Q | G

cwiw¯’wZ we‡køl‡Y KgwcDUvi `ªæZ djvdj w`‡”Q, Kv‡R m„wó Ki‡Q MwZkxjZv,

evRv‡i c‡Y¨i Pvwn`v e„w× ev Kgvi KviYI we‡kølY Kiv hv‡”Q Gi d‡j|

†ij hvZvqvZ e¨e ’̄vq KgwcDUv‡ii e¨envi

†ij hvZvqv‡ZI KgwcDUv‡ii e¨envi ïiæ n‡q‡Q| UvBg †Uwej ˆZwi, Avmb msiÿY,

†Kvb †Uªb †Kvb jvB‡b hv‡e Zv wbY©q, `yN©Ubv cÖwZ‡iva BZ¨vw`‡Z KgwcDUvi e¨envi

Kiv n‡”Q | †Kvb †÷kb †_‡K †Kvb †UªbwU KLb †Q‡o hv‡e, KLb †cuŠQ‡e Zvi

mgqm~Px KgwcDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ wba©viY Kiv nq| G‡Z mgqi AcPq nq bv Ges

†ijc‡_ hvZvqvZKvix hvÎx‡`i myweav nq| evsjv‡`k ‡ijI‡q‡Z †i‡ji fvov msMÖn,

wUwKU cÖ`vb I MÖnY, wUwKU eywKs BZ¨vw` Kv‡R KgwcDUv‡ii e¨envi ïiæ n‡q‡Q|

G‡Z A‡bK myweav n‡q‡Q| †hgbt GKwU Mvox XvKv †_‡K PUªMÖvg hv‡e| c‡_ Kzwgjøvq

_vg‡e| XvKv †_‡K wKQy hvÎx Kzwgjøvq bvg‡e Ges wKQy hvÎx Kzwgjøv †_‡K DV‡e| XvKv

†_‡K KZRb hvÎx Kzwgjøvi wU‡KU KvUj Zv Kzwgjøvi wU‡KU KvD›Uv‡ii †jvK

KgwcDUvi †`‡L eyS‡Z cvi‡e Ges †m Abyhvqx †m Kzwgjøv †_‡K H wQU bv¤̂v‡ii

PÆMªv‡gi wU‡KU w`‡e| Gfv‡e †i‡ji me †÷k‡bi KgwcDUvi¸‡jv †bUIqvK© Kiv

_vKvi Kvi‡Y wQ‡Ui mwVK e¨envi m¤¢e nq|

†bŠ †hvMv‡hvM e¨e ’̄vq KgwcDUv‡ii e¨envi

mvaviYZ AwaK gvjvgvj cwien‡b †bŠ †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v AwaK Dc‡hvMx| gvj †Zvjv,

Lvjvm Kiv, K‡e hvÎv n‡e, K‡e †cuŠQ‡e BZ¨vw` me Z_¨vw`B AvRKvj KgwcDUv‡i

cÖwµqvKiY Kiv n‡”Q | gvjvgvj cwien‡b KgwcDUv‡ii gva¨‡g AMÖxg eywKsI Kiv

m¤¢e| ZvQvov †bŠhv‡bi Ae¯’vb, MwZ wbqš¿Y, cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡M cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯’v MÖnY

BZ¨vw`i mnvqK wn‡m‡e KgwcDUvi e¨eüZ n‡”Q | R¡vjvwb I gvjvgv‡ji IRb

wb‡ ©̀kbv I wbqš¿‡Y KgwcDUvi e¨eüZ nq|

ˆeÁvwbK M‡elYvi †ÿ‡Î KgwcDUv‡ii e¨envi

M‡elYvi mKj kvLvi †P‡q ˆeÁvwbK M‡elYvi K_v wPšÍvI Kiv hvq bv| c`v_©,

imvqb, MwYZ, cwimsL¨vb, cÖvwYweÁvb, Dw™¢`weÁvb me M‡elYv‡ZB KgwcDUvi

e¨envi Kiv nq| we‡køl‡Yi KvR `ªæZ I wbf©yjfv‡e Kivi Rb¨ KgwcDUviB GKgvÎ

38

Aej¤^b| †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î Z‡_¨i cwigvY †ewk n‡Z cv‡i| gvby‡li c‡ÿ GZ wekvj

Z_¨ we‡kølY Kiv m¤¢e bq| KvR Ki‡Z Ki‡Z cwikªvšÍ n‡q co‡j G‡ÿ‡Î fzj nevi

m¤¢vebv †e‡o hvq| wKš‘ KgwcDUvi AbeiZ KvR Ki‡jI K¬všÍ nq bv eis wbf©yjfv‡e

KvR K‡i †`q| G Rb¨ M‡elYvi †ÿ‡Î KgwcDUvi Acwinvh© hš¿| weÁv‡bi KwVb,

RwUj I `xN© m~Î Ges Z‡_¨i m ~²vwZm~² we‡kølY I wnmve-wbKvk KgwcDUv‡ii

mvnv‡h¨ wbfz©jfv‡e m¤úv`b Kiv hvq| GQvov M‡elYvi Rb¨ Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi

myweav‡_© wek¦we`¨vjq, ¸iæZ¡c~Y© MÖš’vMvi I M‡elYv cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ KgwcDUv‡ii

mvnv‡h¨ AvšÍt‡hvMv‡hvM ev B›Uvi‡bU e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vb Kiv hvq|

KgwcDUv‡ii gva¨‡g wkÿv`vb

KgwcDUv‡ii gva¨‡g wkÿv welq‡K wkÿv_x©‡`i Kv‡Q AvKl©Yxqfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv

hvq| GgbwK cvV¨ welq‡K QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i g‡b †Mu‡_ †`qvi Rb¨ KgwcDUvi me‡P‡q

Kvh©Ki gva¨g| KgwcDUv‡i wkÿv`v‡bi d‡j wkÿv_x©iv Zv‡`i Bw›`ªq‡K †ewk K‡i

Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z `ªæZ Zviv welqwU wk‡L †dj‡Z cv‡i| KgwcDUv‡i Qwe

Gu‡K, mPj Qwe cÖ`k©b K‡i, covi Kvwnbx wb‡q ˆZwi Pjw”PÎ BZ¨vw` wkÿv_x©‡`i g‡b

†ewk †iLvcvZ K‡i Ges Gi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ K_vI Zv‡`i mn‡RB g‡b _v‡K| G

me¸‡jv my‡hvM K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i KgwcDUvi| †QvU K¬v‡mi †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ Mí, BwZnvm

BZ¨vw` KvUz©b wP‡Îi gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb K‡i Ges eo K¬v‡mi QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i †ÿ‡Î weÁvb,

BwZnvm, f‚‡Mvj cÖf…wZ welq¸‡jv iwOb wPÎvejxi gva¨‡g †`wL‡q cvV`vb Kiv hvq|

weÁv‡bi bvbv welq †hgb- †mŠiRMr, MÖn-bÿÎ, Dw™¢` I cÖvwYRMZ, BwZnvm, f‚‡Mvj,

imvqb, c`v_©we`¨v, wewfbœ cixÿv-wbixÿv KgwcDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ mPj wP‡Îi gva¨‡g

cÖ`k©b K‡i mn‡RB wkÿv †`qv m¤¢e| covkbvi wewfbœ welq m¤ú‡K©, M‡elYv

m¤úwK©Z Z_¨vewj msMÖ‡n we‡k¦i eo eo jvB‡eªix‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv hvq

B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g| G Qvov B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g GK †`‡k e‡m Ab¨ †`‡ki K‡jR ev

eo eo wkÿv cÖwZôv‡b N‡i e‡mB cov‡kvbv Kiv hvq| †hgb, A·‡dvW© B›Uvi‡b‡U

wkÿvc×wZ Pvjy K‡i‡Q| cÖPwjZ wkÿv`vb c×wZi †P‡q KgwcDUv‡i wkÿv`vb AwaK

Kvh©Kix e‡j B‡Zvg‡a¨B cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q|

cixÿvi djvdj cÖwµqvKi‡Y KgwcDUv‡ii e¨envi

cixÿv_x©‡`i cÖvß djvdj hvPvB-evQvB K‡i KgwcDUvi P‚ovšÍ djvdj cÖ`vb Ki‡Z

we‡kl mnvqZv cÖ`vb K‡i| eZ©gv‡b djvdj KgwcDUv‡ii gva¨‡gB cÖwµqvKiY Kiv

n‡”Q | mviv †`‡ki AmsL¨ cixÿv_x©i cÖvß b¤^i wkÿv †evW©¸‡jvi KgwcDUvi †m›Uv‡i

Avmvi ci Gme b¤̂i †hvM †`qv, m‡e©v”P b¤̂i Abyhvqx G¸‡jv‡K mvRv‡bv, Avjv`v

Avjv`vfv‡e, cÖwZwU wel‡q cÖvß b¤^i Q‡K †`qv, cÖ_g wefvM, wØZxq wefvM, Z…Zxq

wefvM, ÷¨vÛ wba©viY, †jUvi wba©viY, †dj wba©viY, kZKiv cv‡mi nvi, AK…ZKv‡h©i

kZKiv nvi, KZRb cixÿv_x© cixÿv w`j, ¯’wMZ djvdj, ¯‹zj-K‡j‡Ri bvg BZ¨vw`

39

me KvR KgwcDUv‡i Z_¨ we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖwµqvKiY Kiv nq| GgbwK wkÿv †evW©

KZ…©K cÖ`vbK…Z b¤̂icÎ I mb`cÎ Gi meB GLb KgwcDUv‡iB Kiv n‡”Q |

cÖKvkbv wk‡í KgwcDUv‡ii e¨envi

cÖKvkbv wk‡í KgwcDUvi cÖhyw³ GK Afvebxq mvdj¨ G‡b‡Q| Gi d‡j ˆecøweK

cwieZ©b mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| Av‡M †hLv‡b mxmvi Aÿi e¨envi K‡i hveZxq Qvcvi KvR

Kiv n‡Zv †mLv‡b KgwcDUvi wbf©i cÖKvkbv AvR k³ Avmb †Mu‡o e‡m‡Q| AvR

Avgiv hZ eB-cȳ ÍK, g¨vMvwRb, cÎ-cwÎKv, wfwRwUs KvW©, wMd&U KvW© BZ¨vw` hv wKQy

DbœZ Qvcvi Aÿi †`LwQ Zv meB m¤¢e n‡q‡Q KgwcDUv‡ii e¨env‡i| †jLvi

gvSLv‡b †Kvb kã eo, Avevi †Kvb kã †QvU Kivi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| G KvRwU Lye

mn‡RB Kx-‡ev‡W© `yÕGKwU Av½yj Pvwj‡qB Kiv hvq| A_P G KvRwU cÖPwjZ c×wZ‡Z

A‡bKUvB RwUj| G‡Z Kv‡Ri MwZ `ªæZ n‡”Q | Avevi †jLvi gvSLv‡b evbvb fzj

n‡j ev †Kvb jvBb ev` w`‡Z n‡j ZvI mn‡RB gy‡Q ev` †`qv hvq| Aÿi‡K Mvo-

nvjKv meB Kiv m¤¢e n‡”Q Gi d‡j| eB-cy Í̄K, g¨vMvwR‡b †jLvi mv‡_ mv‡_ wewfbœ

QweI Ry‡o †`qv _v‡K| KgwcDUv‡ii gva¨‡g ¯‹¨vbvi bvgK h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ Gme Qwe

mivmwi †jLvq ewm‡q †`qv hvq| G‡Z cÖPwjZ c×wZ‡Z c‡RwUf ˆZwi K‡i Qwe

Qvcv‡bvi Sv‡gjvq †h‡Z nq bv| mgq Ges A_© `yÕ†UvB euv‡P G‡Z A_P Qvcvi gvb nq

wbLuyZ|

wPwKrmv †ÿ‡Î KgwcDUv‡ii e¨envi

†ivM n‡j gvbyl wPwKrm‡Ki kiYvcbœ nq| wPwKrmK †iv‡Mi aib Abyhvqx e¨e¯’vcÎ

cÖ`vb K‡ib| KLbI †iv‡Mi AvKvi RwUj n‡j bvbv ai‡bi cixÿv wbixÿvi cÖ‡qvRb

c‡o| G me cixÿv wbixÿv KgwcDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cwiPvwjZ nq| KgwcDUvi wbqwš¿Z

WvqvMbw÷K †m›Uvi¸‡jv †ivMx‡`i me©vaywbK cixÿv-wbixÿv Ges wPwKrmv myweav cÖ`vb

K‡i| KgwcDUvi ms‡hvwRZ wewfbœ hš¿cvwZ †hgb t Avëªvm‡bvMÖvg hš¿, ¯‹¨vbvi, Mvgv

K¨v‡giv cÖf…wZi mvnv‡h¨ m ~²vwZm~² †ivM wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e| KgwcDUv‡i cixÿv-

wbixÿvi d‡j wbf©yj Z_¨ cvIqv hvq e‡j wPwKrmK‡`i c‡ÿ mwVK †ivM wbY©q Kiv

m¤¢e nq Ges e¨e¯’vc_¨vw`I †`qv mnRZi nq| KgwcDUvi Wv³vi‡K mwVK Ilya I

Ily‡ai gvÎv wbY©‡q mvnv‡h¨ K‡i| †ZRw¯Œq wPwKrmvq GwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|

40

wPÎ t wPwKrmvq KgwcDUvi

gv_vi RwUj Acv‡ikbmn bvbv ai‡bi Acv‡ik‡b KgwcDUvi we‡klfv‡e mvnvh¨

K‡i| Pÿz cixÿv, i³ MÖæc wbY©q, Jlya wbe©vPb BZ¨vw` meB KgwcDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨

Kiv nq| A‡bK mgq KgwcDUvi wb‡RB †ivM wbY©q Ki‡Z cv‡i| KgwcDUv‡ii

¯§„wZ‡Z †i‡L †`qv wewfbœ †ivM jÿYmn †iv‡Mi bvg Ges wewfbœ †iv‡Mi wPwKrmv ev

Jly‡ai bvg w`‡q ivL‡Z nq| Gici †Kvb †ivMxi †ivM jÿYmg ~n Ges cixÿvi

djvdj Z_¨ ev BbcyU wn‡m‡e KgwcDUv‡i w`‡j KgwcDUvi mv‡_ mv‡_ †iv‡Mi bvg I

wPwKrmvwewa ev Ily‡ai bvg e‡j w`‡Z cv‡i| wPwKrmv‡ÿ‡Î eûj e¨eüZ GKwU

md&UIq¨vi n‡”Q gvBwmb| G md&UIq¨v‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ‡Z KgwcDUvi

†ivM wbY©q K‡i Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq †cÖmwµckb cÖ`vb K‡i|

cÖwZiÿv e¨e¯’vq KgwcDUv‡ii f‚wgKv

B‡jKUªwbK cÖhyw³i weKvk NUvi mv‡_ mv‡_ cÖwZiÿv e¨e¯’vqI e¨vcK cwieZ©b mvwaZ

n‡q‡Q| †mB cÖvPxbKv‡ji Xvj Z‡jvqv‡ii hy× c×wZ GLb †bB| kÎæ‡K Kvey Ki‡Z

GLb cvigvYweK A¯ e¨envi Kiv n‡”Q | Gi fqvenZv my`~icÖmvix| jvL jvL

†jv‡Ki g„Zz¨i KviY GB A¯•mg~n| Gme hy×v¯ ˆZwi Kiv LyeB RwUj| †Kej

we‡k¦i DbœZ †`k¸‡jvB G¸‡jvi AwaKvix| G mg Í̄ cvigvYweK Ges AvaywbK wewfbœ

A¯vw`, wgmvBj ˆZwii †ÿ‡Î KgwcDUvi e¨envi Kiv n‡”Q | Gme gviYv¯•

Drcv`b KivI †hgwb KwVb KvR Zv msMÖ‡n ivLvUvI †Zgwb Riæwi| †Kvb Kvi‡Y

Ae‡njvi d‡j Gme gviYv¯ †h †Kvb gyn ~‡Z© we‡ùvwiZ n‡Z cv‡i| Kv‡RB G‡`i

mwVK wbqš¿‡Y e¨eüZ n‡”Q KgwcDUvi| wewfbœ hy‡× kÎæ‡`‡ki jÿ¨e¯‘‡Z †ÿcYv¯•

nvgjv Pvjv‡Z AvR KgwcDUvi e¨eüZ n‡”Q | KgwcDUvi Gme †ÿcYv‡¯•i MwZc_

wba©vwiZ K‡i †`q, KLb GwU †Qvov n‡e ZvI wba©vwiZ K‡i †`q| d‡j Gme gviYv¯•

jÿ¨Py¨Z nq bv| AvaywbK †mbvevwnbxi me kw³i g~‡jB i‡q‡Q KgwcDUvi| DbœZ

we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jvi mgiv¯• wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q wewfbœ mycvi KgwcDUvi| G‡`i MwZ Ges

Kvh©ÿgZv AZ¨waK| PvjKwenxb µzR, †UvgvnK, ¯‹vW© cÖf…wZ †ÿcYv¯ wbf©yjfv‡e

kÎæi GjvKvq wb‡ÿc Ki‡Z KgwcDUv‡ii Rywo †bB| DbœZ †`k¸‡jv nvRvi nvRvi

41

gvBj cvjøvi AvšÍt‡`kxq †ÿcYv¯ ˆZwi K‡i‡Q| G‡`i wbqš¿‡Y e¨eüZ n‡”Q

KgwcDUvi| GK K_vq AvwacZ¨ we Í̄v‡i, kw³i w`K †_‡K GKK Ae¯’v‡b hy³ivóª

Avm‡Z †c‡i‡Q GB KgwcDUv‡ii e‡`Šj‡ZB| Gi †Rv‡i hy³ivóª ivwkqv‡KI Uc‡K

G‡m‡Q| AvR ejv n‡”Q mvBevi hy‡×i K_v, †hLv‡b gvby‡l gvby‡l hy× K‡i i³cvZ

NUvi m¤¢vebv †bB mewKQyB cwiPvwjZ n‡e KgwcDUv‡i| AvRKvj wewfbœ †`‡k

KgwcDUviPvwjZ QÙ‡ekx ˆmb¨ hy× gnovq Ask wb‡”Q | mvwe©Kfv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j

GKwU AvaywbK cÖwZiÿv e¨e¯’v Mo‡Z n‡j KgwcDUvi Qvov Dcvq †bB|

wewfbœ ai‡bi wWRvBb ˆZwi‡Z KgwcDUv‡ii e¨envi

wewfbœ ai‡bi hš¿cvwZ †gvUiMvwo, RvnvR, wegvb, gnvKvkhvb, gvB‡µvwPc cÖf…wZ

ˆZwii RwUj B‡jKUªwbK mvwK©U, †mZz, Nievwo, ˆZRmcÎ BZ¨vw`i wWRvBb ˆZwi‡Z

KgwcDUvi MÖvwd· e¨envi Kiv nq| G‡Z Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨ GKB wRwb‡mi A‡bK¸‡jv

wWRvBb ˆZwi K‡i Zv‡`i myweav, Amyweav I Dc‡hvwMZv Zzjbv K‡i †`Lv hvq| GQvov

Qwe¸‡jv‡K B‡”Q gZ eo K‡i †Kvb m ~² Ask LyuwU‡q †`LvI m¤¢e nq| cÖ‡qvR‡b

KgwcDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ wWRvBbI ms‡kvab Kiv hvq| G‡Z †Kvb bZzb g‡Wj ev Í̄‡e

cixÿv K‡i †`L‡Z †h weivU A_© Ges `xN© mg‡qi cÖ‡qvRb nq Zvi A‡bKUvB †eu‡P

hvq| †h ‡Kvb ai‡bi bKkvB AvR KgwcDUv‡i Kiv n‡”Q | KgwcDUvi w`‡q Kvco ev

kvwoi b·v ev †cvkv‡Ki wWRvBb Kiv hvq|

¯’vcZ¨ we`¨vq KgwcDUv‡ii e¨envi

eZ©gv‡b ¯’vcZ¨ we`¨vq KgwcDUvi AZ¨vek¨Kxq gva¨g wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| ¯’vcZ¨

bKkvi cÖwZ‡ÿ‡ÎB KgwcDUv‡ii cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| evwo ˆZwi Ki‡Z eZ©gv‡b ÔK¨vW

(CAD- Computer Aided Designing)Õ e¨eüZ nq| G‡Z †h ïay bvbv ai‡bi

my›`i my›`i wWRvBb cvIqv hvq ZvB bq, evwo ˆZwi n‡j Zv‡K †Kvb cvk †_‡K wK

iKg †`Lv‡e ZvI Av‡M †_‡KB †evSv hvq| ¯’vcZ¨ K‡g©i †UKmB Gi e¨vcv‡i wm×všÍ

I cwiKíbv cvIqv hvq| ïay evwo ˆZwii †ÿ‡ÎB bq eo eo †mZz, cvZvj moK,

d¬vBIfvi iv Í̄v BZ¨vw`i bKkv cÖYqb Kiv nq KgwcDUv‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki Ac ~e© ¯’vcZ¨

wbg©vY ˆkjx e½eÜz †mZzI GKB c×wZ‡Z ˆZwi n‡q‡Q| GwU wbgv©Y Ki‡Z kZ kZ

KgwcDUvi e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q|

ms¯‹…wZi †ÿ‡Î KgwcDUv‡ii e¨envi

AvR ms¯‹…wZI KgwcDUvi cÖhyw³ n‡Z ` ~‡i †bB| m½x‡Zi myi m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i

KgwcDUvi| m½xZ cwiPvjK‡`i Zv‡`i Kv‡R mnvqZv K‡i KgwcDUvi| GRb¨

B‡Zvg‡a¨ evRv‡i wewfbœ md&UIq¨vi †ewi‡q‡Q| G ai‡bi md&UIq¨vi‡K wgwW

(MIDI- Musical Instruments Digital Interface) md&UIq¨vi e‡j|

eZ©gv‡b Ggb myi m„wói md&UIq¨vi ˆZwi n‡q‡Q hv we‡k¦i eo eo Avi bvgx`vgx myi

42

mªóv wn‡m‡e L¨vZ †e‡Uv‡fb, evL, myimgªvU †gvRvU© BZ¨vw` L¨vwZgvb m½xZ‡Ái bZzb

bZzb myi m„wó Ki‡Z mÿg| G ai‡bi GKwU †cÖvMÖv‡gi bvg n‡”Q Mozart 42nd|

weL¨vZ m½xZÁ †gvRv‡U©i wmçwb msL¨v †hLv‡b 41 †mLv‡b GB md&Iq¨vi m„wó K‡i

Zvi bZzb wmçwb| GKB NUbv N‡U‡Q †e‡Uv‡fb I evL Gi †ÿ‡Î| ïay m½xZB bq

AvR-Kvj bvgx`vgx wewfbœ wPÎwkíxi wPÎ cÖ`k©bxi Av‡qvRb Kiv n‡”Q B›Uvi‡b‡Ui

gva¨‡g| G‡Z we‡k¦i mevB G me wkíKg© m¤c‡K© mn‡RB AewnZ n‡Z cvi‡Qb|

wewfbœ †`‡ki wkí-ms¯‹…wZ-K…wó wb‡q B›Uvi‡bU I‡qe mvBUI Kiv n‡”Q hv †_‡K

¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨vw` cvIqv m¤¢e n‡”Q | ms¯‹…wZi wewfbœ avivq AvR AbycÖ‡ek N‡U‡Q

KgwcDUv‡ii| G‡Z ms¯‹…wZ µgkt AviI DbœZ n‡q DV‡Q|

we‡bv`‡b KgwcDUv‡ii e¨envi

KgwcDUvi bvbvfv‡e gvbyl‡K we‡bv`b w`‡q _v‡K| we‡kl K‡i gvwëwgwWqv KgwcDUvi

D™¢ve‡bi d‡j we‡bv`‡bi gvÎv AviI †e‡o †M‡Q| Aem‡i Mvb †kvbv, Qwe †`Lv meB

GLb m¤¢e KgwcDUv‡i| eZ©gv‡b nwjD‡W wekvj wekvj A‡_©i ev‡R‡U †hme Qwe ˆZwi

n‡”Q Zvi meB Kiv n‡”Q KgwcDUv‡ii gva¨‡g| Aev Í̄e me `„k¨‡K Avðh© ev Í̄e iƒc

†`q KgwcDUvi| wbwg‡lB gvbyl‡K wekvj ˆ`‡Z¨i g‡Zv wKsev Mvwjfvm© Uªv‡fjm Gi

wjwjcy‡Ui g‡Zv †QvU K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i KgwcDUvi| BwU, RyivwmK cvK©, Uviwg‡bUi,

UvBUvwbK, MWwRjv, wmbev` BZ¨vw`mn AviI AmsL¨ Qwe‡Z †h Avðh© †KivgwZ

†`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q GmeB m¤¢e n‡q‡Q KgwcDUv‡ii e‡`Šj‡Z| KgwcDUv‡ii KvimvwR‡Z

`k©K gyn~‡Z©B P‡j hvb †mB †KvwU †KvwU eQi Av‡Mi RyivwmK hy‡Mi Wvqv‡bvmi‡`i

Kv‡Q| Avi KgwcDUvi MÖvwdK&‡mi fqvbK kw³i wb`k©b MWwRjv mixm„cwU hLb Zvi

iev‡ii cv w`‡q †UvwKI kn‡ii g‡Wj ¸uwo‡q †`q ZLb KgwcDUv‡ii G KvimvwR‡K

ev Í̄eB g‡b K‡ib Rvcv‡bi `k©Kiv| wkniY RvMv GK Abyf‚wZ m„wó K‡i KgwcDUvi

MÖvwdK&‡m ˆZwi Gme Qwe; hv we‡bv`‡b µgktB cÖfve †i‡L P‡j‡Q| A‡b‡KB Aem‡i

†Lj‡Z ev Qwe AvuK‡Z fvjev‡mb| GKvRwU m¤¢e K‡i‡Q KgwcDUvi| KgwcDUv‡ii

mvnv‡h¨ DbœZ me Qwe AvuKv m¤¢e n‡”Q | G‡Z B‡”Q gZ iO ˆZwi Kiv hvq Ges Qwe‡Z

bvbv G‡d± (Effect) Ry‡o †`qv hvq| Avi †Ljvayjvi Rb¨ i‡q‡Q KgwcDUv‡i

me©vaywbK me KgwcDUvi †Mg| Gi cvkvcvwk cÖPwjZ Zvm ev `vev †LjvI ev` c‡owb|

Gme †Mg we‡k¦i wkï-wK‡kvi, hyeK-e„× mevi Aemi mgqUzKz‡K we‡bv`‡b fwi‡q

Zzj‡Q| A‡b‡KB Aem‡i eB co‡Z fvjev‡mb ev g¨vMvwRb, cÎ-cwÎKv co‡Z| G

me wKQyB AvR B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g N‡i e‡mB cvIqv hv‡”Q | Avi B›Uvi‡b‡U wek¦ågY

†Zv Aemi‡K fwi‡q †Zv‡j Abvwej Avb‡›`|

43

AvenvIqvi †ÿ‡Î KgwcDUv‡ii e¨envi

AvenvIqv m¤c‡K© fwel¨revYx Ki‡Z cv‡i KgwcDUvi| c„w_exi Pvicv‡k Ny‡i †eov‡bv

m¨v‡UjvBU¸‡jv †_‡K AvenvIqv gЇji bvbv Z_¨vw` †c‡q Zv wewfbœ we‡køl‡Yi

gva¨‡g KgwcDUvi Rvwb‡q w`‡”Q †Kv_vq ZvcgvÎv e„w× †c‡q‡Q, †Kv_vq n«vm

†c‡q‡Q, †Kvb A‡j e„wó n‡e, †Kvb A‡j n‡e bv, †Kv_vq AvKvk †gNhy³ ev

†gNgy³ _vK‡e BZ¨vw` me Z_¨| G‡Z mn‡RB AvenvIqv m¤c‡K© mg¨K aviYv jvf

Kiv hvq| Avevi †Kv_vI cÖjqsKvix N ~wY©So, U‡b©‡Wv AvNvZ nvbvi cwiw¯’wZ m„wó

Ki‡j KgwcDUvi cÖvß Z_¨vejx‡K we‡kølY K‡i AvMvg mZK© K‡i w`‡”Q | d‡j

Dc ª̀æZ AÂj †_‡K †jvKRb‡K mwi‡q †bqv m¤¢e n‡”Q | †Kv_vq K‡e f‚wgK¤ú n‡Z

cv‡i ev n‡j Zvi gvÎv †Kgb n‡e ZvI Rvwb‡q w`‡Z cv‡i KgwcDUvi| MÖxb nvDm

G‡d‡±i d‡j I‡Rvb Í̄‡ii ÿq cixÿv K‡i KgwcDUvi weÁvbx‡`i bvbv Z_¨ w`‡”Q |

ZvQvov AvenvIqvRwbZ bvbv cwieZ©b cixÿv-wbixÿv I we‡kølY K‡i KgwcDUvi

cÖwZwbqZB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨vw` w`‡”Q| welye‡iLvi Icvk †_‡K †b‡g Dò cvwbi †mªv‡Zi

d‡j m„ó Rjevqyi cÖwZwµqv Gj-wb‡bv Ges Zvi wecixZ cÖwZwµqv jv-wbbv Df‡qB

ˆewk¦K Rjevqyi web¨v‡m †h cÖfve †i‡L P‡j‡Q ZvI KgwcDUv‡ii gva¨‡g cixÿv Kiv

n‡”Q | Gj-wb‡bvÕi cÖfv‡e we‡k¦ Liv I Abve„wó Ges jv-wbbvi cÖfv‡e