Keyboard Shortcuts for Making Selections of Objects OnscreenKeystroke PurposeE Puts you in a mode to select edges of area objectsSpacebar Removes you from the mode where you can select area object edgesCtrl key + left click Pops up a dialog box where you choose which overlapping item you would like to selectCtrl key + right click Pops up a dialog box where you choose which overlapping item's right click information you

would like to see

Keyboard Shortcuts for Various ETABS Menu ItemsKeystroke Corresponding Menu CommandCtrl+N File menu > New ModelCtrl+O File menu > OpenCtrl+S File menu > SaveCtrl+P File menu > Print GraphicsAlt+F4 File menu > Exit

Ctrl+X Edit menu > CutCtrl+C Edit menu > CopyCtrl+V Edit menu > PasteDel Edit menu > Delete

Ctrl+A Select menu > Select AllF5 Analysis menu > RunF1 Help menu > Search for Help On

Keyboard Shortcuts for Making Selections in List BoxesFirst left click to select an item in the list box. Then:Keystroke PurposeCtrl key + left click Select more items in list box that are either adjacent or non-adjacent to the first selectionShift key + left click Select all items in list box from the first one clicked on to the last one clicked on, inclusive(Note: You can also hold down the left mouse button and drag the mouse to select a block of items in a list box)

Keyboard Shortcuts for Constraints Used While Drawing ObjectsKeystroke PurposeX Constrain current line or edge to have a constant X coordinateY Constrain current line or edge to have a constant Y coordinateZ Constrain current line or edge to have a constant Z coordinateA Constrain current line or edge to a specified angleSpacebar Remove current constraint option

Keyboard Shortcuts for Constraints Used While Reshaping ObjectsKeystroke PurposeX Constrain object or edge movement to have a constant X coordinateY Constrain object or edge movement to have a constant Y coordinateZ Constrain object or edge movement to have a constant Z coordinateA Constrain object or edge movement to a specified angleSpacebar Remove current constraint option

Main (Top) Toolbar Buttons Side Toolbar ButtonsNew Model Pointer

Open .EDB File Reshaper

Save Model Draw Point Objects (displays flyout button)

Undo Create Points (plan, elev, 3D)

Redo Draw Line Objects (displays flyout buttons)

Refresh Window Draw Lines (plan, elev, 3D)

Lock/Unlock Model Create Lines in Region or at Clicks (all views)

Run Analysis Create Columns in Region or at Clicks (plan)

Rubber Band Zoom Create 2ndary Beams in Region or at Clicks (plan)

Restore Full View Create Braces in Region or at Clicks (elev)

Restore Previous Zoom Draw Area Objects (displays flyout buttons)

Zoom In One Step Draw Areas (plan, 3D)

Zoom Out One Step Draw Rectangular Areas (plan, elev)

Pan Create Areas at Click (plan, elev)

3D View Draw Walls (plan)

Plan View Create Walls in Region or at Clicks (plan)

Elevation View Select All

Rotate 3D View Restore Previous Selection

Perspective Toggle Clear Selection

Move Up in List Set Intersecting Line Select Mode

Move Down in List Snap to Points

Object Shrink Toggle Snap to Middle and Ends

Set Building View Options Snap to Intersections

Show Undeformed Shape Snap to Perpendicular

Display Static Deformed Shape Snap to Lines and Edges

Display Mode Shape Snap to Invisible Grid

Display Member Force Diagram

Display Output Tables

Computers and Structures, Inc.Berkeley, California, USA

First EditionDecember 1999

ETABS®

Three Dimensional Analysis and Designof Building Systems

ETABS USER’S MANUALVolume 1

� Copyright Computers and Structures, Inc., 1978-1999.The CSI Logo is a registered trademark of Computers and Structures, Inc.

ETABS is a registered trademark of Computers and Structures, Inc.Windows is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation.

Adobe and Acrobat are registered trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated

Copyright

The computer program ETABS and all associated documentation are proprietary andcopyrighted products. Worldwide rights of ownership rest with Computers andStructures, Inc. Unlicensed use of the program or reproduction of the documentation inany form, without prior written authorization from Computers and Structures, Inc., isexplicitly prohibited.

Further information and copies of this documentation may be obtained from:

Computers and Structures, Inc.1995 University Avenue

Berkeley, California 94704 USA

Phone: (510) 845-2177FAX: (510) 845-4096

e-mail: info@csiberkeley.com (for general questions)e-mail: support@csiberkeley.com (for technical support questions)

web: www.csiberkeley.com

DISCLAIMER

CONSIDERABLE TIME, EFFORT AND EXPENSE HAVE GONE INTO THEDEVELOPMENT AND DOCUMENTATION OF ETABS. THE PROGRAM HASBEEN THOROUGHLY TESTED AND USED. IN USING THE PROGRAM,HOWEVER, THE USER ACCEPTS AND UNDERSTANDS THAT NO WARRANTYIS EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED BY THE DEVELOPERS OR THE DISTRIBUTORSON THE ACCURACY OR THE RELIABILITY OF THE PROGRAM.

THE USER MUST EXPLICITLY UNDERSTAND THE ASSUMPTIONS OF THEPROGRAM AND MUST INDEPENDENTLY VERIFY THE RESULTS.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Thanks are due to all of the numerous structural engineers, who over the years have givenvaluable feedback that has contributed toward the enhancement of this product to itscurrent state.

Special recognition is due Dr. Edward L. Wilson, Professor Emeritus, University ofCalifornia at Berkeley, who was responsible for the conception and development of theoriginal ETABS and whose continued originality has produced many unique conceptsthat have been implemented in this version.

i

C

Volume 1 Contents

The Table of Contents for Volume 1 of this manual consists of achapter list that covers both Volumes 1 and 2 followed by an ex-panded table of contents for Volume 1 only. The chapter list de-votes one line to each chapter. It shows you the chapter number(if applicable), chapter title and the pages that the chapter covers.Subheadings are provided in the chapter list section to help giveyou a sense of how this manual is divided into several differentparts.

Following the chapter list is the expanded table of contents forVolume 1. Here all section headers and subsection headers arelisted along with their associated page numbers for each chapterin Volume 1.

When searching through the manual for a particular chapter, thehighlighted tabs at the edge of each page may help you locate thechapter more quickly.

If you are new to ETABS we suggest that you read Chapters 1through 6 in Volume 1 and then use the rest of the manual (Vol-umes 1 and 2) as a reference guide on an as-needed basis. If youare not responsible for installing ETABS then you can skipChapter 2.

Tip:

If you are justgetting startedwith ETABSVersion 7 wesuggest thatyou readChapters 1through 6 inVolume 1 andthen use therest of the man-ual (Volumes 1and 2) as areference guideon an as-needed basis. Ifyou are notresponsible forinstallingETABS thenyou can skipChapter 2.

ETABS User’s Manual - Volume 1

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C ETABS User’s Manual Chapter List

Volume 1

Volume 1 ContentsChapter Title Pages

N. A. Chapter List................................................................... i to vi

N. A. Expanded Table of Contents...................................... vi to xx

Introduction and Getting Started InformationChapter Title Pages

1 Introduction .......................................................... 1-1 to 1-10

2 Installation ............................................................ 2-1 to 2-14

3 Getting Help ........................................................... 3-1 to 3-7

General Overview of ETABSChapter Title Pages

4 The ETABS Graphical User Interface .................. 4-1 to 4-16

5 Overview of an ETABS Model................................ 5-1 to 5-5

6 ETABS Modeling Tips .......................................... 6-1 to 6-10

Note:

Chapter 4 pro-vides a com-prehensive de-scription of thevarious parts ofthe ETABSgraphic inter-face.

Note:

Chapter 6 pro-vides informa-tion on how tocreate anETABS model.

Volume 1 Contents

iii

CThe ETABS MenusChapter Title Pages

7 Overview of the ETABS Menus ............................. 7-1 to 7-2

8 The ETABS File Menu ......................................... 8-1 to 8-30

9 The ETABS Edit Menu......................................... 9-1 to 9-43

10 The ETABS View Menu ....................................10-1 to 10-30

11 The ETABS Define Menu..................................11-1 to 11-65

12 The ETABS Draw Menu....................................12-1 to 12-22

13 The ETABS Select Menu ....................................13-1 to 13-6

14 The ETABS Assign Menu .................................14-1 to 14-64

15 The ETABS Analyze Menu .................................15-1 to 15-9

16 The ETABS Display Menu ................................16-1 to 16-40

17 The ETABS Design Menu...................................17-1 to 17-6

18 The ETABS Options Menu................................18-1 to 18-23

19 The ETABS Help Menu.......................................19-1 to 19-2

Other InformationChapter Title Pages

N. A. References.............................References-1 to References-4

N. A. Index ....................................................... Index-1 to Index-12

Note:

Chapters 8through 19document mostof the menucommands andtoolbar buttonshortcuts avail-able in ETABS.

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C Volume 2

Volume 2 ContentsChapter Title Pages

N. A. Chapter List................................................................... i to vi

N. A. Expanded Table of Contents......................................vi to xxi

Detailed Information on Selected ETABS TopicsChapter Title Pages

20 Units ................................................................... 20-1 to 20-5

21 Coordinate Systems........................................... 21-1 to 21-7

22 Story Level Data................................................. 22-1 to 22-5

23 Area Objects .................................................... 23-1 to 23-21

24 Line Objects ..................................................... 24-1 to 24-31

25 Point Objects.................................................... 25-1 to 25-12

26 Groups and Section Cuts ................................. 26-1 to 26-12

27 Load Cases, Load Combinations and Mass..... 27-1 to 27-13

28 Automatic Seismic Loads ................................. 28-1 to 28-37

29 Automatic Wind Loads ..................................... 29-1 to 29-19

30 Automatic Meshing of Area and Line Objects .. 30-1 to 30-12

31 Manual Meshing of Area Objects ..................... 31-1 to 31-16

32 Transformation of Loads into the ETABS Analysis Model ............................................ 32-1 to 32-32

33 Overview of ETABS Analysis Techniques........ 33-1 to 33-24

Note:

Volume 2 pro-vides detailedinformation ona variety ofETABS sub-jects.

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v

CETABS Analysis OutputChapter Title Pages

34 Point Object Output Conventions........................34-1 to 34-5

35 Frame Element Output Conventions...................35-1 to 35-5

36 Shell Element Output Conventions ...................36-1 to 36-14

37 Link Element Output Conventions.......................37-1 to 37-7

38 Wall Pier and Spandrel Output Conventions.......38-1 to 38-6

39 Section Cut Output Conventions.........................39-1 to 39-4

40 Printed Input Tables............................................40-1 to 40-3

41 Printed Output Tables .......................................41-1 to 41-14

42 Database Input/Output Tables ............................42-1 to 42-2

43 The ETABS Log and Out Files............................43-1 to 43-6

44 Inserting ETABS Output into Written Reports .....44-1 to 44-3

Introduction to the ETABS Design PostprocessorsChapter Title Pages

45 Steel Frame Design ..........................................45-1 to 45-17

46 Concrete Frame Design....................................46-1 to 46-15

47 Composite Beam Design ..................................47-1 to 47-19

48 Shear Wall Design ............................................48-1 to 48-28

Note:

Chapters 34through 43document theETABS analysisoutput. Designinformation isdocumented inthe designmanuals.

Note:

Chapters 45through 48provide infor-mation on howto use theETABS designpostprocessors

ETABS User’s Manual - Volume 1

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COther InformationChapter Title Pages

N. A. References.............................References-1 to References-4

N. A. Appendix 1 - The ETABS Menu Structure....... A1-1 to A1-13

N. A. Index .......................................................Index-1 to Index-12

ETABS User’s Manual - Volume 1 - Expanded Contents

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTIONWelcome to ETABS! 1-1Organization of This Manual 1-3ETABS: A Special Purpose Program 1-4Significant Features of ETABS 1-5

Modeling Features 1-5Analysis Features 1-6Design Features 1-8

Advantages of ETABS over Other Programs 1-9

CHAPTER 2: INSTALLATIONWhat Your ETABS Package Includes 2-2System Requirements 2-2Installation of the ETABS Program 2-3

Single User Installation 2-4Network Server Installation 2-5Network Workstation Installation 2-6

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vii

CInstalling From Your ETABS CD 2-8Installing from a Network Server 2-8

Removing ETABS from Your System 2-9Installing the Sentinel Driver 2-9Using the Hardware Key Device 2-11

Using the Hardware Key Device on a Single Computer 2-11Using the Hardware Key Device on a Local Area Network 2-12

The NSRVGX Program 2-13Troubleshooting ETABS Installation Problems 2-14Upgrading from ETABS 6 2-14

CHAPTER 3: GETTING HELPUser Manuals Provided With ETABS 3-1Reference Book Provided With ETABS 3-2On-Line Help 3-2Technical Notes on Our Web Site 3-3Phone, Fax and E-Mail Technical Support 3-3

Phone Support 3-4Fax Support 3-4E-Mail Support 3-5Help Us to Provide You Technical Support 3-5

“Hands On” Training 3-6Seminars 3-7

CHAPTER 4: THE ETABS GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACEFeatures of the Graphical User Interface 4-1

Main Window 4-1Main Title Bar 4-2Menu Bar 4-2

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C Main (Top) Toolbar 4-3Side Toolbar 4-3Display Windows 4-4Display Title Bar 4-5Status Bar 4-5Mouse Pointer Position Coordinates 4-6Plan View Drawing and Assignment Similarity 4-6Current Units 4-7

The ETABS Aerial View 4-8Using the Mouse 4-9Starting a Model 4-11The Two Modes of ETABS 4-12Locking and Unlocking a Model 4-13Undo Features in ETABS 4-14Tips for Using the Graphical User Interface 4-15

CHAPTER 5: OVERVIEW OF AN ETABS MODELThe Concept of Objects 5-2The ETABS Analysis Model 5-4

CHAPTER 6: ETABS MODELING TIPSModeling Process 6-1Modeling Tips 6-5

CHAPTER 7: OVERVIEW OF THE ETABS MENUSGeneral 7-1

CHAPTER 8: THE ETABS FILE MENUGeneral 8-1

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CStarting a New Model 8-1Initialization of a New Model 8-2Defining a Grid System 8-4Defining Story Data 8-5Adding Structural Objects from a Template 8-6

Steel Floor System Template 8-8Flat Slab Template 8-10Flat Slab with Perimeter Beams Template 8-12Two-Way Slab Template 8-13Waffle Slab Template 8-15Ribbed Slab Template 8-17

Opening an Existing Model 8-19Saving Models 8-20Importing Files 8-21Exporting Files 8-22Creating Videos 8-26Printing from ETABS 8-27

Printing Graphics 8-27Printing Text Input and Output Tables 8-28

Printing Analysis Input Data 8-28Printing Analysis Output Data 8-29

User Comments and Session Log 8-29Displaying Input/Output Text Files 8-29Exiting ETABS 8-30

CHAPTER 9: THE ETABS EDIT MENUGeneral 9-1Cut, Copy and Paste 9-2

Point Object Headings in Spreadsheet 9-3

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C Line Object Headings in Spreadsheet 9-4Area Object Headings in Spreadsheet 9-6

Delete 9-7Add to Model From Template 9-7

Two-Dimensional Frame 9-8Three-Dimensional Frame 9-8

Replicating Objects 9-9Linear Replication 9-9Radial Replication 9-9Mirror Replication 9-11Story Replication 9-11Assignments that are Replicated 9-13

Editing Coordinate System Grid Line Data 9-14Editing Story Data 9-17

Inserting a New Story Level 9-17Deleting a Story Level 9-18

Reference Planes and Reference Lines 9-18Merging Points 9-19Aligning Points, Lines and Edges 9-20

Coordinate System 9-22Align Options 9-22

Align to X, Y or Z-Coordinate 9-23Align to X or Y Grid Lines 9-23Trim or Extend Selected Lines 9-25Align Selected Points 9-27

Align Tolerance 9-28Moving Point, Line and Area Objects 9-29

Moving Objects in the Z Direction 9-30Expanding and Shrinking Areas 9-30

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CMerging Areas 9-32Joining Lines 9-33Dividing Lines 9-35Reshaper Tool 9-37

Reshaping Area Objects 9-38Reshaping Line Objects 9-39Reshaping Dimension Lines 9-40Reshaping Point Objects 9-40Moving/Reshaping Objects in the Z Direction 9-41

The ETABS Nudge Feature 9-42

CHAPTER 10: THE ETABS VIEW MENUGeneral 10-1Types of Views 10-1

Three Dimensional (3D) Views 10-2Plan Views 10-5Elevation Views 10-6Perspective Views 10-8

Perspective Toggle in a Plan View 10-8Perspective Toggle in an Elevation View 10-8Perspective Toggle in a Three-Dimensional View 10-9

Custom Views 10-9Viewing Tools Available in ETABS 10-10

View Limits 10-10Show Selection Only and Show All 10-11Zoom Features 10-11Pan Feature 10-13Refresh Views and Windows 10-14Change Axes Location 10-15

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C Make Measurements in your ETABS Model 10-15Building View Options 10-16

View by Colors 10-17Special Effects 10-18Object Visibility 10-19Object View Options 10-22Piers and Spandrels 10-23Other Visibility Options 10-24Special Frame Items 10-26Other Special Items 10-29

CHAPTER 11: THE ETABS DEFINE MENUGeneral 11-1Material Properties 11-1Frame Section Properties 11-6

Importing Sections from a Database 11-7Adding User-Defined Frame Section Properties 11-9

Adding Frame Section Properties using Section Designer 11-11Nonprismatic Sections 11-13

Segment Lengths 11-15Starting and Ending Sections 11-15Variation of Properties 11-16Effect upon End Offsets Along the Length of Frame Elements 11-17

Reinforcing for Concrete Frame Section Properties 11-17Reinforcing Information for Beams 11-17Reinforcing Information for Columns 11-19

Wall/Slab/Deck Section Properties 11-21Defining Wall and Slab Sections 11-21Defining Deck Sections 11-23

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CLink Properties 11-26Frame Nonlinear Hinge Properties 11-27Section Cuts 11-27

Defining Section Cuts 11-28Response Spectrum Functions 11-29

Response Spectrum Functions from a File 11-30User-Defined Response Spectrum Functions 11-32Code Specific Response Spectrum Functions 11-33

1994 UBC Parameters for a Response Spectrum Function 11-341997 UBC Parameters for a Response Spectrum Function 11-341996 BOCA Parameters for a Response Spectrum Function 11-351995 NBCC Parameters for a Response Spectrum Function 11-35IBC2000 Parameters for a Response Spectrum Function 11-361997 NEHRP Parameters for a Response Spectrum Function 11-361998 Eurocode 8 Parameters for a Response SpectrumFunction 11-371992 NZS 4203 Parameters for a Response SpectrumFunction 11-37

Modifying and Deleting Response Spectrum Functions 11-38Time History Functions 11-38

Time History Functions from a File 11-38User-Defined Time History Functions 11-41ETABS Template Time History Functions 11-42

Sine Time History Function Template Parameters 11-43Cosine Time History Function Template Parameters 11-44Ramp Time History Function Template Parameters 11-44Sawtooth Time History Function Template Parameters 11-45Triangular Time History Function Template Parameters 11-46

Static Load Cases 11-46

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C Response Spectrum Cases 11-50Spectrum Case Name 11-50Structural and Function Damping 11-50Modal Combination 11-52Directional Combination 11-53Input Response Spectra 11-55

Excitation Angle 11-55Time History Cases 11-56

History Case Name 11-56Options 11-56Load Assignments 11-60

Static Nonlinear/Pushover Cases 11-63Load Combinations 11-63Mass Source 11-64

CHAPTER 12: THE ETABS DRAW MENUGeneral 12-1The ETABS Similar Stories Feature 12-2Drawing Point Objects 12-3Drawing Line Objects 12-3

Floating Properties of Object Window for Line Objects 12-8Drawing Area Objects 12-9

Floating Properties of Object Window for Area Objects 12-12Developed Elevations 12-12Dimension Lines 12-17Special Drawing Controls 12-18

ETABS Snap Options 12-18Drawing Constraints in ETABS 12-21

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CCHAPTER 13: THE ETABS SELECT MENUGeneral 13-1Basic Methods of Selecting Objects 13-1Other Methods of Selecting Objects 13-4Deselecting Objects 13-6

CHAPTER 14: THE ETABS ASSIGN MENUGeneral 14-1Assignments to Point Objects 14-1

Rigid Diaphragm Assignments to Point Objects 14-2Panel Zone Assignments to Point Objects 14-3

Properties 14-4Connectivity 14-6Local 2-Axis 14-8Options 14-9

Restraint (Support) Assignments to Point Objects 14-9Point Spring Assignments to Point Objects 14-10

Coupled Springs 14-12Link Property Assignments to Point Objects 14-13Additional Point Mass Assignments to Point Objects 14-14Force Loads to Point Objects 14-16Ground Displacement Assignments to Point Objects 14-18Temperature Loads Assignments to Point Objects 14-20

Assignments to Line Objects 14-22Frame Section Assignments to Line Objects 14-22Frame Releases and Partial Fixity Assignments to Line Objects 14-23

Unstable End Releases 14-24Frame Rigid Offset Assignments to Line Objects 14-24

Rigid End Offsets Along the Length of Frame Elements 14-25

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C Automatically Calculated End Offset Lengths 14-25End Offset Properties and the Rigid-Zone Factor 14-26

Rigid Frame Joint Offsets 14-27Frame Output Station Assignments to Line Objects 14-28Local Axes Assignments to Line Objects 14-29Frame Property Modifier Assignments to Line Objects 14-31Link Property Assignments to Line Objects 14-32Frame Nonlinear Hinge Assignments to Line Objects 14-32Pier Label Assignments to Line Objects 14-34Spandrel Label Assignments to Line Objects 14-35Line Spring Assignments to Line Objects 14-36Additional Line Mass Assignments to Line Objects 14-38Automatic Frame Mesh/No Mesh Assignments to Line Objects 14-39Point Load Assignments to Line Objects 14-40Distributed Load Assignments to Line Objects 14-42Temperature Load Assignments to Line Objects 14-46

Assignments to Area Objects 14-48Wall, Slab and Deck Section Assignments to Area Objects 14-48Opening Assignments to Area Objects 14-49Rigid Diaphragm Assignments to Area Objects 14-49Local Axes Assignments to Area Objects 14-50Shell Stiffness Modifiers Assignments to Area Objects 14-51Pier Label Assignments to Area Objects 14-52Spandrel Label Assignments to Area Objects 14-53Area Spring Assignments to Area Objects 14-54Additional Area Mass Assignments to Area Objects 14-56Automatic Membrane Floor Mesh/No Mesh Assignments to AreaObjects 14-57Uniform Surface Load Assignments to Area Objects 14-58

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CTemperature Load Assignments to Area Objects 14-60Group Name Assignments 14-63Clear Display of Assigns 14-64

CHAPTER 15: THE ETABS ANALYZE MENUAnalysis Options 15-1

Building Active Degrees of Freedom 15-1Dynamic Analysis Parameters 15-3P-Delta Analysis Parameters 15-5

Run Analysis 15-8Analyze Window 15-9

Run Static Nonlinear Analysis 15-9

CHAPTER 16: THE ETABS DISPLAY MENUGeneral 16-1Undeformed Shape 16-1Loads 16-2

Joint/Point Loads 16-2Frame/Line Loads 16-3Shell/Area Loads 16-5

Input Table Mode 16-6Deformed Shape 16-7Mode Shape 16-12Member Force and Stress Diagrams 16-14

Support and Spring Reactions 16-14Frame Element, Pier and Spandrel Forces 16-17Shell Forces and Stresses 16-20

Load 16-21Component Type 16-21

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C Component 16-21Contour Range 16-24Stress Averaging 16-24Miscellaneous Notes about Shell Element Forces and Stresses 16-26

Link Element Forces 16-26Energy Diagram 16-27Response Spectrum Curves 16-29

Define Tab 16-29Axes Tab 16-30Options Tab 16-31Frequency/Period Tab 16-32Damping Tab 16-33

Time History Traces 16-34Static Pushover Curve 16-39Section Cut Forces 16-39Output Table Mode 16-40

CHAPTER 17: THE ETABS DESIGN MENUOverview 17-1Overwrite Frame Design Procedure 17-2

Background 17-2ETABS Default Design Procedure Assignments 17-3The Overwrite Frame Design Procedure Command 17-4

CHAPTER 18: THE ETABS OPTIONS MENUGeneral 18-1Preferences 18-1

Dimensions and Tolerances 18-2Output Decimals 18-6

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CReinforcement Bar Sizes 18-7Overview 18-7Reinforcing Bar Sizes Dialog Box 18-9

Live Load Reduction 18-10General 18-10Method Area in the Live Load Reduction Factor Dialog Box 18-10

No Live Load Reduction 18-10Tributary Area Live Load Reduction 18-11Influence Area Live Load Reduction 18-11User-Defined Live Load Reduction 18-12

Minimum Factor Area in the Live Load Reduction Factor DialogBox 18-13Application Area in the Live Load Reduction Factor Dialog Box 18-13Application to Columns Area in the Live Load Reduction Factor DialogBox 18-14Tributary Area 18-14

Colors 18-14Display Colors 18-15Output Colors 18-17

Other Option Items 18-20Windows 18-20Startup Tips 18-20Bounding Plane 18-21Moment Diagrams on Tension Side 18-22Sound 18-22Lock Model 18-22Aerial View Window 18-23Floating Property Window 18-23Crosshairs 18-23

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C CHAPTER 19: THE ETABS HELP MENUThe ETABS Help File 19-1About ETABS 19-1

REFERENCES

INDEX