Key Points and Relevance for Service Delivery and Policy R (1)

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POLICY BRIEF Assessing & Improving Mental Health in Mexican and Mexican American Youth (MMAY) via School-Home Intervention Why is this issue important? Mental health disorders are prevalent across cultures, affecting one in every five individuals (Merikangas et al., 2010). Mental health disorders typically begin in childhood or adolescence, although treatment is not initiated until years later, if at all (Kessler et al., 2007). Service utilization is poor for all groups, but Mexican and Mexican American Youth (MMAY) exhibit a particularly high level of unmet need due to a collective burden of stressors and various barriers to help- seeking (Alegría et al., 2007; Borges et al., 2008). Recently, experts have identified the school system as a particularly accessible and sustainable setting for mental health screening and delivery, especially in low- resource countries (Benjet et al., 2009) and in culturally diverse U.S. populations (Gonzales et al., 2016). Early school-based mental health identification and intervention could help reduce the developmental impact of psychological disorders for MMAY (Chalita et al., 2012; Gonzales et al., 2016). Thus, research investigating school-based efforts to assess and improve mental health for this vulnerable population should be prioritized by educators, researchers, and policy-makers alike, especially given that Latinx youth are expected to comprise over one third of the U.S. youth population by 2050 and will greatly shape the make-up of our society (Foxen et al., 2016). Mental Health Disorder Status Affected Not Affected

Transcript of Key Points and Relevance for Service Delivery and Policy R (1)

Page 1: Key Points and Relevance for Service Delivery and Policy R (1)

POLICY BRIEF Assessing & Improving Mental Health in Mexican and Mexican American Youth (MMAY) via School-Home Intervention

Why is this issue important?

Mental health disorders are prevalent across

cultures, affecting one in every five individuals (Merikangas

et al., 2010). Mental health disorders typically begin in

childhood or adolescence, although treatment is not

initiated until years later, if at all (Kessler et al., 2007). Service utilization is poor for all

groups, but Mexican and Mexican American Youth (MMAY) exhibit a particularly high

level of unmet need due to a collective burden of stressors and various barriers to help-

seeking (Alegría et al., 2007; Borges et al., 2008).

Recently, experts have identified the school system as a particularly accessible

and sustainable setting for mental health screening and delivery, especially in low-

resource countries (Benjet et al., 2009) and in culturally diverse U.S. populations

(Gonzales et al., 2016). Early school-based mental health identification and intervention

could help reduce the developmental impact of psychological disorders for MMAY

(Chalita et al., 2012; Gonzales et al., 2016).

Thus, research investigating school-based efforts to assess and improve mental

health for this vulnerable population should be prioritized by educators, researchers,

and policy-makers alike, especially given that Latinx youth are expected to comprise

over one third of the U.S. youth population by 2050 and will greatly shape the make-up

of our society (Foxen et al., 2016).

Mental Health Disorder Status

Affected Not Affected

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What does the research tell us?

• Schools are a promising context for accessible and sustainable evidence-based

treatment (EBT) delivery given the potential to reallocate existing resources from

non-empirically supported practices to those with efficacy.

• Targeting disorders of inattention and disruptive behavior are warranted because

they are associated with school drop-out and youth are responsive to EBTs for such

disorders.

• A school-based psychosocial EBT improving attention and behavior has been

adapted for Spanish-speaking Latinx families in the United States (i.e., the

Collaborative Life Skills Program in Spanish; CLS-S) and Mexico (i.e., CLS: Familias

Unidas Emprendiendo Retos y Tareas para el Exito; CLS-FUERTE). These free

programs are led by existing school clinicians in the school setting and incorporate:

o Parent Groups teaching strategies to manage attention/behavior challenges

including positive consequences (e.g., rewards, praise), negative

consequences (e.g., planned ignoring, removing privileges), and routines.

o Students Groups teaching strategies to compensate for attention/behavioral

challenges, including organization (e.g., routines) and social skills (e.g., good

sportsmanship, handling teasing), and

o Classroom Management via a school–home daily report card

Parent Groups

Classroom Management

Student Groups

The Collaborative Life Skills (CLS) program

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• Results from initial randomized controlled trial pilots suggest that school-based

psychosocial EBTs can be implemented by school clinicians in Spanish in the U.S.

(Haack et al., 2019) and Mexico ( Haack et al., 2020), given:

o High levels of school clinician fidelity to intervention

o High rates of engagement and acceptability from parents, students, and

teachers, and

o Significantly greater improvement in ADHD/ODD outcomes for treated youth

compared to youth receiving school services as usual

Consideration for policy and programs

• Prioritizing existing school resources for application of empirically supported services

(such as CLS-S and CLS-FUERTE) can help serve our increasingly diverse global

communities

• Future efforts should prioritize EBTs delivered via telehealth, as this delivery

mechanism appears to overcome access barriers to more disadvantaged

communities

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RESUMEN DE POLÍTICAS Evaluación y mejora de la salud mental en la juventud mexicana y mexicoamericana (JMMA) a través de la intervención entre la escuela y el hogar

¿Por qué es importante este tema?

Los trastornos de salud mental prevalecen en

todas las culturas y afectan a una de cada cinco

personas (Merikangas et al., 2010). Los trastornos de

salud mental suelen comenzar en la infancia o la

adolescencia, aunque el tratamiento no se inicia

hasta años después, si es que se inicia (Kessler et al., 2007). La utilización del servicio

de atención es deficiente en general para todos, pero los jóvenes mexicanos y

mexicoamericanos (MMAY) exhiben un nivel particularmente alto de necesidades no

cubiertas debido a una carga colectiva de factores estresantes y diversas barreras para

buscar ayuda (Alegría et al., 2007; Borges et al. al., 2008).

Recientemente, los expertos han identificado al sistema escolar como un

entorno particularmente accesible y sostenible para la detección y la prestación de

servicios de salud mental, especialmente en países de bajos recursos (Benjet et al.,

2009) y en poblaciones estadounidenses culturalmente diversas (Gonzales et al.,

2016). La identificación e intervención temprana de salud mental desde la escuela

podría ayudar a reducir el impacto en el desarrollo de los trastornos psicológicos para

MMAY (Chalita et al., 2012; Gonzales et al., 2016).

Estado de trastorno de salud mental

Afectad@ No Afectad@

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Por lo tanto, las investigaciones que se enfocan en los esfuerzos escolares para

evaluar y mejorar la salud mental de esta población vulnerable debe ser priorizada por

educadores, investigadores y formuladores de políticas por igual, sobre todo

considerando que se espera que los jóvenes latinos comprendan más de un tercio de la

población joven de EE. UU. hacia el 2050, y marcará en gran medida la composición de

nuestra sociedad (Foxen et al., 2016).

¿Qué nos dice la investigación?

• Las escuelas son un contexto prometedor para la intervención con tratamientos

basados en evidencia (EBT) accesibles y sostenibles, dado el potencial de reasignar

los recursos existentes de las prácticas no respaldadas empíricamente a aquellas con

eficacia.

• Se justifica apuntar a los trastornos de falta de atención y comportamiento disruptivo

porque están asociados con el abandono escolar y los jóvenes responden a las EBT

para dichos trastornos.

• Se ha adaptado una EBT psicosocial desde la escuela que mejora la atención y el

comportamiento para las familias latinas de habla hispana en los Estados Unidos (es

decir, el Programa Colaborativo de Habilidades para la Vida en español; CLS-S) y en

México (es decir, CLS: Familias Unidas Emprendiendo Retos y Tareas para el Éxito;

CLS-FUERTE). Estos programas gratuitos están dirigidos por especialistas escolares

existentes en el entorno educativo e incorporan:

o Grupos de padres/madres donde se enseñan estrategias a través de retos de

atención/comportamiento, incluidas las consecuencias positivas (por ejemplo,

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recompensas, elogios), consecuencias negativas (por ejemplo, ignorar de forma

deliberada, eliminar privilegios) y rutinas.

o Grupos de estudiantes donde se enseñan estrategias para compensar los

retos de atención/comportamiento, incluida la organización (por ejemplo, rutinas)

y habilidades sociales (por ejemplo, buen espíritu deportivo, manejo de las

burlas), y

o Gestión del aula, a través de puntajes diarios que son compartidos entre la

escuela y el hogar

• Los resultados de las pruebas piloto iniciales aleatorias controladas sugieren que los

especialistas escolares pueden implementar EBT psicosociales en español en los EE.

UU. (Haack et al., 2019) y en México (Haack et al., 2020), dado que se presentaron:

Grupos de Padres

Gestión del aula

Grupos de Estudiantes

El programa de Habilidades para la Vida de Colaboración (CLS)

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o Altos niveles de fidelidad de los especialistas escolares en la intervención

o Altas tasas de participación / aceptabilidad por parte de padres/madres,

estudiantes y maestros, y

o Los resultados muestran una mejoraría significativa en TDAH/TND en jóvenes

tratados en comparación con los jóvenes que reciben servicios escolares como

de costumbre

Consideración de políticas y programas

• Dar prioridad a los recursos escolares existentes para la aplicación de servicios con

apoyo empírico (como CLS-S y CLS-FUERTE) puede ayudar a servir a nuestras

comunidades globales cada vez más diversas.

• La investigación futura debe priorizar intervenciones con EBT administradas a través

de telesalud, ya que este mecanismo de entrega parece superar las barreras de acceso

a las comunidades más desfavorecidas.

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For more information/para mas información:

Alegría, H., Mulvaney-Day, N., Woo, M., Torres, M., Gao, S., & Oddo, V. (2007).

Correlates of past-year mental health service use among Latinos: Results from

the National Latino and Asian American Study. American Journal of Public

Health, 97, 76–83.

Benjet, C., Borges, G., Medina-Mora, M. E., Zambrano, J., & Aguilar-Gaxiola, S. (2009).

Youth mental health in a populous city of the developing world: Results from the

Mexican Adolescent Mental Health Survey. Journal of Child Psychology and

Psychiatry, 50(4), 386–395. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01962.x

Borges, G., Benjet, C., Medina-Mora, M. E., Orozco, R., & Wang, P. S. (2008).

Treatment of mental disorders for adolescents in Mexico City. Bulletin of the

World Health Organization, 86(10), 757–764. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0042-

96862008001000011

Chalita, P. J., Palacios, L., Cortes, J. F., Landeros-Weisenberger, A., Panza, K. E., &

Bloch, M. H. (2012). Relationship of Dropout and Psychopathology in a High

School Sample in Mexico. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 3.

https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00020

Foxen, P., & others. (2016). Mental Health Services for Latino Youth: Bridging Culture

and Evidence. NCLR. http://publications.nclr.org/handle/123456789/1673

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Gonzales, N. A., Lau, A. S., Murry, V. M., Pina, A. A., & Barrera, M. (2016). Culturally

adapted preventive interventions for children and adolescents. Developmental

Psychopathology.

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy417/full

Haack, L. M., Araujo, E. A., Meza, J., Friedman, L. M., Spiess, M., Alcaraz, K., Delucchi,

K., Mojardin, A., & Pfiffner, L. J. (2020). Can School Mental Health Providers

Deliver Psychosocial Treatment Improving Youth Attention and Behavior in

Mexico? A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of CLS-FUERTE. Journal of

Attention Disorders, accepted for publication on August 28th, 2020.

Haack, Lauren M., Araujo, E. J., Delucchi, K., Beaulieu, A., & Pfiffner, L. (2019). The

Collaborative Life Skills Program in Spanish (CLS-S): Pilot Investigation of

Intervention Process, Outcomes, and Qualitative Feedback. Evidence-Based

Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 4(1), 18–41.

https://doi.org/10.1080/23794925.2018.1560236

Kessler, R. C., Amminger, G. P., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Lee, S., & Ustun, T. B.

(2007). Age of onset of mental disorders: A review of recent literature. Current

Opinion in Psychiatry, 20(4), 359–364.

https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e32816ebc8c

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Merikangas, K. R., He, J.-P., Burstein, M., Swanson, S. A., Avenevoli, S., Cui, L.,

Benjet, C., Georgiades, K., & Swendsen, J. (2010). Lifetime prevalence of mental

disorders in U.S. adolescents: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey

Replication--Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). Journal of the American Academy

of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(10), 980–989.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.017

Murray, C. J. L., Atkinson, C., Bhalla, K., Birbeck, G., Burstein, R., Chou, D., Dellavalle,

R., Danaei, G., Ezzati, M., Fahimi, A., Flaxman, D., Foreman, null, Gabriel, S.,

Gakidou, E., Kassebaum, N., Khatibzadeh, S., Lim, S., Lipshultz, S. E., London,

S., … U.S. Burden of Disease Collaborators. (2013). The state of US health,

1990-2010: Burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors. JAMA, 310(6), 591–

608. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.13805