Key Figures Wrap-up!
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Transcript of Key Figures Wrap-up!
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Key Figures Wrap-up!
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Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)
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Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)
• Key Problem– Understanding the social forces that produce
social order and disorder
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Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)
• Key Concepts– Social Facts (They exist!)
• outside the individual, observable
– Division of Labor• Mechanical Solidarity vs. Organic Solidarity
– Mechanical = more traditional, shared values, no division of labor– Organic = more modern, high division of labor, more integrated
society, vast differences of opinion
– Anomie• Normlessness = condition of society in which people become
detached from the norms that usually guide behavior
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Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)
• Key Works– The Division of Labor in Society (1893)– Suicide (1897)• Importance of social integration• Demonstrated the social roots of personal acts• Illustrates value of scientific sociological analysis
– The Rules of Sociological Method (1901)– Elementary Forms of Religious Life (1912)
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Karl Marx (1818-1883)
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Karl Marx (1818-1883)
• Key Problem– Understanding how the economic system of
capitalism affects society and its people
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Karl Marx (1818-1883)
• Key Concepts– Historical Materialism
• The development of societies is shaped by the ways humans produce life’s necessities
– Class Struggle• By its nature, capitalist society is contentious; conflict between
workers (proletariat) and owners/capitalists (bourgeoisie)
– Surplus Value• The difference between what someone makes off your labor and
what they pay you
– False Consciousness • Workers’ acceptance and defense of the capitalist system
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Karl Marx (1818-1883)
• Key Works– The Communist Manifesto (1848)– Capital
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Max Weber (1864-1920)
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Max Weber (1864-1920)
• Key Problems– Effects of Rationality on Modern Society– Response to Marx’s Economic Emphasis• Not simply economics that produce reality, you need
culture too
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Max Weber (1864-1920)
• Key Concepts– Rationalization• Oriented toward science, calculated, measured,
controlled• Rational vs. non-rational—capitalism is highly rational• All this rationality eliminates the human component
– Bureaucracy• Modern society is oppressive, increasingly bureaucratic
because increasingly rational
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Max Weber (1864-1920)
• Key Works– Economy and Society– The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
(1905)• Cultural and religious roots to modern capitalism• Salvation in a “calling”• The “iron cage” of capitalism—you can’t opt out!
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MOVING ON!
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TheoreticalSociological Paradigms
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Three Theoretical Paradigms• Structural Functionalism– Society is viewed as composed of various parts, each
with a function that, when fulfilled, contributes to society’s equilibrium
• Conflict Theory– Society is viewed as composed of groups that are
competing for resources
• Symbolic Interactionism– Society is viewed as composed of symbols that people
use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another