KEY CONCEPT 5.2 IMPERIALISM AND

NATION-STATE FORMATION Tyrone Williams Period

9

1. Industrializing Powers Established Transoceanic Empires

A) States with existing colonies strengthened their control over those colonies

British in India

During the first half of the 18th century, the British started getting involved in local and regional disputes within populated areas of India through the East India Trade Company. By giving off the impression of making the economy better, the British were able to strengthen their control over India without resistance.

They also recruited Sepoys, Indian troops made to fight for the British.

Dutch in Indonesia ( Java ) The Dutch use very similar tactics to the

British to strengthen control over their colony.

They get involved in local political rivalries and with each victory they win territory. They also enlist troops.

B) European states, as well as the Americans and the Japanese, established empires throughout Asia and the Pacific, while Spanish and Portuguese influence declined.

http://pmcruz.com/visual-experiments/visualizing-empires

Due to Imperialism… The European influence increased due

to a greater presence of European colonies in the world.

The spread of westernization reached as far as China and Japan, countries that still clung to traditional lifestyles.

The British Empire

Individual Colonies: Australia Hong Kong Burma Ireland Jamaica India New Zealand South Africa Malta Gibraltar

During the 18th century, the British were able to expand their empire by winning wars against the French, having a superior navy, and oppressing other countries.

- French and Indian War ( North America )

- The Caribbean and India

C) Many European states used both warfare and diplomacy to establish empires in Africa

The Berlin Conference The Berlin Conference in 1884 was called to divide

African colonies among various European powers. Under the motto “ Creating a better Africa “, the

Europeans believed that they should help advance Africa and that they were the “White man’s burden.”

Although it was meant for mutual benefit, many off these countries took advantage of the native Africans and used them for cheap labor such as…

Belgium Belgium, headed by king Leopard II, made and

organization named the African International Association (AIA )

Their target country to “benefit” was to be the Congo, in central Africa.

This association was first established to be a multi-national, scientific, and humanitarian assembly, but knowing that no one was watching him he quickly turn the Congo people into slaves, who extracted rubber and were beaten for not reaching their daily requirements.

He initially starts by trying to negotiate with the slave-traders in the Congo which was necessary in order to consolidate power.

After diplomacy doesn’t work, Leopold tries to start an anti-slavery movement to win support which he eventually does.

Once in power, Leopold would turn to violence to get the Congo people to meet their production quotas.

Genocide = 20-30 million dead by the time everything was done

Australia Established as a British “Penal Colony” in

1788 By 1840, Australia has over 140,000

European inhabitants. Sheep-raising industry key for British wool

industry. Gold is discovered later. 1861 = 1 million people Settlers would imitate “western culture” and

would be allowed to self-govern.

D) In other parts of the world. Industrialized states practiced economic imperialism

Opium Wars  The British and French expanding their influence in China

through the Opium Wars. By Chinese law, opium was only to be use medicinally.

British merchants challenged that by smuggling opium into china through Canton.

As the price of opium dropped in China, so did the standard of living. Lin Ze-xu, Emperor Dao guang's special anti-opium commissioner, wouldn’t stand for it.

Lin Ze-xu, took swift action against the foreign merchants and their Chinese accomplices, making some 1,600 arrests and confiscating 11,000 pounds of opium. He then closed the port of canton to all foreign merchants.

British superintendent of trade, Charles Elliot in turn ordered a blockade of the Pearl River.

In November, 1839 the Royal Navy sank a number of Chinese vessels near Canton. By January 1841, the British had captured the Bogue forts at the Pearl's mouth and controlled the high ground above the port of Canton. 

Treaty of Nanking (29 August 1842 ) China ceded the island of Hong Kong to Great Britain, opened five "Treaty" ports (Canton, Amoy, Foochow,

Shanghai, and Ningbo) to Western trade and residence, granted Great Britain most-favoured nation status for trade paid nine million dollars in reparations to the merchants

whose 20,000 chests of opium Lin Ze-xu had destroyed. 

2. Imperialism influenced state formation and contraction around the world

The Meiji Restoration – Japan

Emperor Meiji

The Meiji Revolt - 1868

A powerful group of samurai overthrow the Shogun.

Sakamoto Ryoma, the hero of the revolt. He helped Japan emerge from feudalism into a

unified modern state.

The last Shogun

Tokugawa Yoshinobu.

The Meiji Restoration (1868)

Brief civil war between imperial and Tokugawa forces

1868 Emperor Mutusuhito (Meiji, 1852-1912) takes power

Goals of prosperity and strength: “rich country, strong army”

Resolved to learn western technology

Meiji Reforms Travelers Fukuzawa Yukichi (1835-1901) and

Ito Hirobumi (1841-1909) travel to U.S., Europe

Argue for adoption of western legal proceedings, technology

Meiji government removes privileges for daimyo, samurai

Conscript army replaces samurai mercenaries Samurai rebellion crushed by national army Tax reform: payment in cash, not kind

The Reforms Included:

Abolition of the feudal system Land Redistribution Westernize the School System (Fr. &

Ger.) Modernize the Army (Prussian) Build a Modern Navy (British) Emperor Worship Intensified Human Rights & Religious Freedom Written Constitution (Germans)

B) The U.S. and Russia emulated European transoceanic imperialism by expanding their land borders and conquering neighboring territories

http://www.timetoast.com/timelines/104575

U.S. Imperialism

President James Monroe warns Europeans not to engage in imperialism in western hemisphere (1823)

The Monroe Doctrine: all Americas a U.S. Protectorate

1867 purchased Alaska from Russia 1875 established protectorate over Hawai’i Locals overthrow queen in 1893, persuade

US to acquire islands in 1898

The Panama Canal

President Theodore Roosevelt (in office 1901-1909) supports insurrection against Colombia (1903)

Rebels win, establish state of Panama U.S. gains territory to build canal,

Panama Canal Zone Roosevelt Corollary of Monroe Doctrine U.S. right to intervene in domestic affairs

of other nations if U.S. investments threatened

C) Anti-Imperial resistance led to the contraction of the ottoman empire

Ottoman Empire

Resistance of colonies led to the formation of independent states

Ex. Balkans, Greece, Egypt

Contraction of Ottoman Empire

In the 1800s,the Ottoman Empire went from being a great power in the world to one of the weakest territories

Could no longer keep up with Western Europe

Unable to prevent region after region from falling under European control

How countries broke awayEuropean aggression Invasions from Russia, Britain, France, and

Austria Ex: One of the earliest invasions in 1798,

Napoleon’s invasion of Egypt

Nationalism and independence movements by different groups within the Ottoman Empire Independence gained by: Greece, Serbia,

Bulgaria, and Romania, all who were driven by nationalism

Sources http://

www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/images/porter_new_british_empire_1815_map.gif

http://www.victorianweb.org/history/empire/index.html http://

teacherweb.ftl.pinecrest.edu/snyderd/MWH/Projects/MUN-BC/index.htm http://resourcesforhistoryteachers.wikispaces.com/Key+Concept+5.2 http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/east_india_01.shtml

http://pmcruz.com/visual-experiments/visualizing-empires

http://courses.wcupa.edu/jones/his312/lectures/brit-occ.htm http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/zulu-kingdom-and-colony-natal