The Digestive Diseases Dictionary - National Digestive Diseases
Kevin Yocum Digestive System 1
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Chapter 25
The Digestive System
Kevin Yocum
Fall 2013
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Objectives for 25.1
• List the structures and major functions of the digestive system.
• Distinguish between chemical and mechanical digestion.
• Discuss substrates and digestion.
• List regions and accessory organs.
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Digestive Function
• Ingestion
• Digestion
• Absorption
• Compaction
• Defecation
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Chemical Vs. Mechanical
• Mechanical– Physical breakdown of food– Mouth, stomach, small intestines
• Chemical– Hydrolysis reactions– Breakdown of macromolecules– Mouth, stomach, small intestines
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Digestive Anatomy
• Tract– Mouth to anus
• Accessory organs– Teeth, tongue, salivary glands– Liver, gall bladder, pancreas
• Figure 25.1
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Fig. 25.1
Notes: From Saladin 6th Ed.
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Digestive Tract Layers
• Mucosa
• Submucosa
• Muscularis
• Serosa
• Figure 25.2
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Fig. 25.2
Notes: From Saladin 6th Ed.
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Peritoneum
• Parietal peritoneum
• Visceral peritoneum
• Mesentery
• Omentum– Greater– Lesser
• Figure 25.3
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Fig. 25.3
Notes: From Saladin 6th Ed.
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Checkpoint Questions
• The inner lining of the digestive tract is called the ______.
• The salivary glands are ________ digestive organs.
• A large, fatty “apron” that covers the small intestines is called the _____
_______.
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Checkpoint Answers
• The inner lining of the digestive tract is called the mucosa.
• The salivary glands are accessory digestive organs.
• A large, fatty “apron” that covers the small intestines is called the greater omentum.
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Objectives for 25.2
• Describe the anatomy of the mouth through the esophagus.
• Describe the composition and functions of saliva.
• Explain the neural control of salivation and swallowing.
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The Mouth
• Oral (Buccal) cavity- Fig. 25.4
• Cheeks and lips
• Tongue– Papillae and tonsils
• Palate– Hard and soft– Uvula
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Fig. 25.4
Notes: From Saladin 6th Ed.
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The Teeth
Notes: From Saladin 6th Ed.
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Salivation
• Mastication
• Saliva– Amylase and lipase– Lysozomes– IgA
• Salivary glands- Fig. 25.9-10– Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual
• Salivary nuclei
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Fig. 25.9
Notes: From Saladin 6th Ed.
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Fig. 25.10
Notes: From Saladin 6th Ed.
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Salivary Nuclei
• Pons and medulla
• Autonomic fibers– Parasympathetic response
– Sympathetic response
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The Esophagus
• Cardiac orifice
• Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)– “Heartburn”
• Esophageal glands
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Swallowing
• Deglutition- Fig 25.11
• Buccal phase– Voluntary control
– Bolus
• Pharyngoesophageal phase– Involuntary
– Peristalsis
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Fig. 25.11
Notes: From Saladin 6th Ed.
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Checkpoint Questions
• The teeth are collectively called the _______.
• Salivary _______ begins starch digestion in the mouth.
• Swallowing is also known as ________.
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Checkpoint Answers
• The teeth are collectively called the dentition.
• Salivary amylase begins starch digestion in the mouth.
• Swallowing is also known as deglutition.
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Objectives for 25.3
• Describe the anatomy of the stomach.
• State the functions of the epithelial cells of the gastric mucosa.
• Describe the gastric secretions.
• Explain hydrochloric acid & pepsin.
• Describe the phases of gastric function.
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The Stomach
• Cardiac region
• Fundic region
• Body
• Pyloric region
• Rugae
Notes: From Saladin 6th Ed.
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Microanatomy
• Mucous cells
• Stem cells
• Parietal cells
• Chief cells
• Enteroendocrine cells
Notes: From Saladin 6th Ed.
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Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
• Activates pepsin and lingual lipase
• Breaks up CT and plant cell walls
• Converts ferric ions to ferrous ions
• Destroys ingested pathogens
• Figure 25.14
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Figure 25.14
Notes: From Saladin 6th Ed.
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Other Gastric Secretions
• Pepsin- Figure 25.15
– Proteins
• Gastric lipase
• Intrinsic factor– Vitamin B12
• Gut-brain peptides
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Fig. 25.15
Notes: From Saladin 6th Ed.
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Gastric Secretions
Notes: From Saladin 6th Ed.
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Regulation of Gastric Function
• Cephalic phase
• Gastric phase
• Intestinal phase
• Figures 25.17-18
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Fig. 25.17
Notes: From Saladin 6th Ed.
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Fig. 25.18
Notes: From Saladin 6th Ed.
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Checkpoint Questions
• The inferior-most region of the stomach is the _____.
• Protein digestion is aided by the presence of the enzyme _____.
• During the ______ phase, the vagus nerve stimulates gastric secretion before food is swallowed.
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Checkpoint Answers
• The inferior-most region of the stomach is the pyloric.
• Protein digestion is aided by the presence of the enzyme pepsin.
• During the cephalic phase, the vagus nerve stimulates gastric secretion before food is swallowed.
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References
Saladin, Kenneth (2012). Anatomy and Physiology, The Unity of Form and Function, Sixth Ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.