Kesiapsiagaan Berbasis Ilmu Pengetahuan-irina LIPI
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Transcript of Kesiapsiagaan Berbasis Ilmu Pengetahuan-irina LIPI
SCIENCE-BASED DISASTER PREPAREDNESS:A GLIMPSE OVER PREPAREDNESS INITIATIVES IN INDONESIAAND INDIAN OCEAN COUNTRIES FIVE YEARS AFTER INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI 2004
Irina Rafliana
CoordinatorCommunity Preparedness Program (COMPRESS) – LIPI
ChairWorking Group 6: Community Preparedness, Emergency Response & Mitigation
Intergovernmental Coordinating Group Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System (ICG-IOTWS)
CoordinatorGroup5: Research Group on Disaster Education
Indonesia-Japan JICA JST Joint Collaboration on Multidiscipline for Reducing Risks on Earthquake and Volcanoes
Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI) - Indonesian Institute of [email protected]
The aftermath of the Indian Ocean
Tsunami 2004
Flores 1992 EQ 7.5 – 2000 killed
Banyuwangi 1994EQ 7.5 sa– 250 killed
Pangandaran 2006 EQ 6.8 - 500 killed
Biak 1996 EQ 8.1 167 killed
TSUNAMIAceh – Nias 2004 EQ 9.0 – 166,000 killed
Source : BMKG
Alam takambang Jadi Guru…
The nature has become our teacher…
ICG/IOTWS Regional Training Workshop on Tsunami Risk Assessment and Mitigation, Bangkok, Thailand, 3-9 November 2009
Padang
Tsunami Risk Map - National Geographic Indonesia
March Edition - 2005
Post Tsunami 2004• The wisdom of ‘Smong’
being talked about
• Possible relations of local folklores and myths with past tsunami events
• Palaeotsunami research & social-cultural studies
• Increased initiatives in awareness dan disaster risk reduction
Giant Tsunami ?
Nyi Roro Kidul, Queen of the South Sea
ca. 1600
Prof. Kruawun Jankaew
Science/knowledge-based preparedness in Indonesia
Broad area assessment
Priority area assessment
Vulnerability Assessement
0
84
100
50
10089
0
4038
20
33 36
80
0
73
61
57
75
0
20
40
60
80
100
Pemerintah Kota Pemerintah Kecamatan Aparat
Indeks Kesiapsiagaan Pemerintah Kota Padang
Menurut Paramater
Pengetahuan Kebijakan
Rencana Tanggap Darurat Peringatan Bencana
Mobilisasi sumber daya Indeks Total
Community Preparedness
Assessment
Why do we have to save our lives?(palaeotsunami studies, liquefactions studies, social economy &
geophysics vulnerability studies, community preparedness assessments)
Historical tsunamis and palaeotsunami studies
Where do we have to go?
(earthquake and run-up models, critical facilities studies, emergency responses preparations evacuation signs, routes,
maps, national & local SOP’s)
collaborative system
between community
and the local government
How can we save our lives?
(school and community based disaster preparedness, incorporated with DM agencies and government preparedness at all levels)
Life skills!!
Knowledge…
…Understanding
Community preparedness assessment framework
Parameters:
1. Knowledge and Attitude
2. Policy Statement
3. Emergency Planning
4. Warning System
5. Resource Mobilization Capacity
Local
Government
Individuals
and
HouseholdSchool Community
Community Preparedness
51 4854
51
0
20
40
60
80
100
Nil
ai
Ind
eks
RT Komunitas
Sekolah
Pemerintah Kota
Bengkulu
5659
75
63
0
20
40
60
80
Ruma tangga Komunitas
Sekolah
Pemerintah Kota Padang
Indeks Kesiapsiagaan Masyarakat Kota Padang Dalam
Menghadapi Bencana
Gambar 4.1.7.1 Indeks Kesiapsiagaan thd
Bencana untuk Kecamatan di Aceh, 2006
57
17
67 69
4852
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Rum
ah T
angg
a
Sek
olah
Gur
u
Mur
id
Kec
amat
an
Total
Pelaku
Ind
ek
s K
es
iap
sia
ga
an
th
d B
en
ca
na
Total
COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS ASSESSMENTS (LIPI, 2006-2008)
Level of
Preparedness
Index
Entirely Prepared 80 - 100
Prepared 65 - 79
Almost Prepared 55 - 64
Less Prepared 40 - 54
Not Prepared < 40
• Household
• School Community (students, teachers, school insititution)
•Local Government
PREPAREDNESS IN SCHOOLS
64
11
4045
27
48
0
20
40
60
80
100
Pengetahuan Kebijakan Rencana
Tanggap
Darurat
Sistim
Peringatan
Bencana
Kemampuan
Memobilisasi
Sumber Daya
Indeks
sekolah
72
11
44
66
34
55
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1
Pengetahuan
Kebijakan
Rencana Tanggap
Darurtat
Peringatan
Bencana
Mobilisasi Sumber
Daya
Indeks
Kesiapsiagaan
6572
1018
76
62
27
72
60
19
57
48
0
20
40
60
80
Nilai In
deks
KAP PS EP WS RMC
Parameter
Sekolah
Guru
Murid
Aceh Besar
Bengkulu
Cilacap
School’s policy support at the lowestsds
School policy supportat the lowest!!
5659
75
63
0
20
40
60
80
Ruma tangga Komunitas
Sekolah
Pemerintah Kota Padang
Indeks Kesiapsiagaan Masyarakat Kota Padang Dalam
Menghadapi Bencana
0
84
100
50
10089
0
4038
20
33 36
80
0
73
61
57
75
0
20
40
60
80
100
Pemerintah Kota Pemerintah Kecamatan Aparat
Indeks Kesiapsiagaan Pemerintah Kota Padang
Menurut Paramater
Pengetahuan Kebijakan
Rencana Tanggap Darurat Peringatan Bencana
Mobilisasi sumber daya Indeks Total
PREPAREDNESS OF LOCAL AUTHORITIES
68
45 49
30
53
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70Pengetahuan
Rencana Tanggap
Darurat
Peringatan
Bencana
Mobilisasi Sumber
Daya
Indeks
Kesiapsiagaan
PREPAREDNESS IN HOUSEHOLDS
Community Preparednesscollaborative system
Functioning
Scientists
Functioning
Public Education
Practioners &
Promoters
Functioning
Disaster
Management
Officials
Functioning
Communityassessments
models
studies
forecasts
research
Curriculum & materials
development
innovations
Disaster resilient integrating DMO, schools and coastal communities
Sustainable economic livelihood
Evacuation strategy
adaptation
Facilitation &
moderation
Rafliana,I. 2008
Disaster
management plan
Standard
operational
procedures
Environment Management Practices
Disaster
Decision
Support
System
Early warning
translations
Facilitation &
advocacy
Indonesian “Sesame Street”: EQ education
To date:Over than 200 education materials developed by more than 40 organizations in Indonesia
THE JICA-JST COLLABORATION: Group 5Multi-disciplinary Hazard Reduction Program for Earthquake and Volcanoes in Indonesia
Group 5.1.1: School based disaster educationGroup 5.1.2: Town WatchingGroup 5.1.2: Evacuation simulation animation
Group 5.2 : Diffusions lessons on past disasters
Group 5.3 : Lessons over the internet
L I P I
ADRC
SOI ASIA
SDN 2 (elementary School)
BANDA ACEH
SMPN 1BANDA ACEH(junior high)
Islamic High school
MAN 2BANDA ACEH
SMAN 1BANDA ACEH(senior high)
EDUCATION DEPARTMENT UNIVERSITIES
NON GOVERNMENTORGANIZATION
TDMRC/UNSYIAHRESEARCH CENTER
SMAN 6BANDA ACEH
(seniorHigh)
JICA – JAPAN SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
L I P I
SCHOOL BASED PREPAREDNESS MODEL
Indonesian first Music Compilation Project on Disaster Preparedness
Involvement of music and art community in
the community preparedness
movement
Naif – Samsons – Netral – Mocca – Franky S – Saint Loco – White Shoes&Couples Company –
The Upstairs – Efek Rumah Kaca – 70’s OC – Navicula – Buset – MGM – Frank&friends
Science in Music:Indonesia’s 1st Compilation Album on Disaster Preparedness
Nominated for:
The Indonesian Cutting Edge Music Award (ICEMA) – Microsoft 2010, for the single: “Indonesia Supermarket Bencana” (by 70’s OC rock band)
Indian Ocean States
The Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System:
An Inter-governmental Coordinating Group
Inter-Governmental Coordinating Group:Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System
Working Groups:
1. Risk Assessment & Reduction
2. Detection, Warning Dissemination
3. Awareness and Response
Community Preparedness & Emergency ResponseTsunami Early Warning System
Science & Knowledge-
based
Timely Warning
Dissemination
Hard structureSoft structure
Community Preparedness
Emergency Response
Vulnerability & Preparedness
Assessment Risk Profiles
Warning Chain analysis, Standard
Operating Procedures
Capacity building and strengthening
Mitigation
Long term development
planning & policy making/adaptation
Participatory Hazard Mapping, and other related community preparedness
& emergency response activities in Sri Lanka
Junior Disaster Club
Anse Royale Primary School - Seychelles
Tsu
nam
i an
d D
isas
ter
Mit
igat
ion
Re
sear
ch C
en
ter
:TD
MR
C-
UN
SYIA
H
Warning infrastructures: sirene
Evacuation signs
Tsu
nam
i an
d D
isas
ter
Mit
igat
ion
Re
sear
ch C
en
ter
:TD
MR
C-U
NSY
IAH
Vertical evacuation
Tsu
nam
i an
d D
isas
ter
Mit
igat
ion
Re
sear
ch C
en
ter
:TD
MR
C-U
NSY
IAH
ICG/IOTWS Regional Training Workshop on Tsunami Risk Assessment and Mitigation, Bangkok, Thailand, 3-9 November 2009
CHANDIGARH(Bhanu )
GR. NOIDA (Under Raising)
VADODARA
PUNE ( Talegaon )
BHUBANESHWAR(Mundali )
KOLKATA
GUWAHATI
PATNA – P I
CHENNAI (Arakkonam )
National Disaster Response Force
BNS – LOCATIONS
VIJAYAWADA – P I
• Two more Battalions under consideration.
How Prepared are We?
Knowing Your Risks and What to do About It
HazardPossibilities
Distant tsunamisLocal tsunamisIsland characterizedUnderwater landslide
Vulnerability Profiles
PhysicalSocialEconomicsEnvironmental
PreparednessProfile
Local authoritiesSchool Household
high medium low no
Risk
Mitigation
Preparedness Measures
Adopted: Tsunami Risk Assessment Guideline
IOC-UNESCO/WG 3, 2009
Regional Seminar cum Training On Risk Assessment:
“Knowing Your Risks And What to do About It”
Bangkok, November 2009
ICG/IOTWS, UNDP RCB
How can We be Prepared?
NTWC
EOC
Radio network
Local authorities
Fire brigades SAR
Church mosquesRed Cross
households
schoolsoffices
markets
Public park ports Commercial areas
Gas station
media
WARNING & DECISION MAKING
INTERFACE & WARNING
DISSEMINATION
COMMUNITY
SOP & Warning Chain Training & workshop
SOP workshop
Crisis communication
training
DM Training
Table Top Simulation
School-based Disaster Preparedness training &
SOP, drills
Community-based Disaster Preparedness training & SOP, drills
Disaster preparedness training, SOP, drillsTE
STIN
G T
HE
WA
RN
ING
CH
AIN
:IN
TEG
RAT
ED E
XER
CIS
E
EMERGENCY RESPONSE
Some Gaps and challenges, at local and global
• Risks dimensions VS presssing development priorities often takes precedence
over mitigation, prevention & disaster risks management
• Current capacities of local government appear ‘ill-prepared’ in taking this often
highly technical, costly and time consuming responsibilities
• Lack encourage to build local capacities to develop, use, access and utilize risk
information (Tumbaga, et. al., Propelling Growth, Managing Costs: A Challenge to Local Governments,
ACSPPA, 2003)
Disrupting issues in preparedness
Disasters and external supports
• The cost of disasters in the 1990’s were 15 times higher than they were in 1950’s
• In 1990’s alone, disaster affected 40% of world’s population, most in developing countries
• World Bank spending on natural disasters risen. Since 1980’s, there are 550 disaster-related projects, more than USD 26 billion in lending for disaster response and mitigation
(Source: Chibber.A, Parker. R, World Bank, Bringing Disaster risk into Development Thinking: How Often Do We Need to be Shaken before We are Stirred? – Real Risk, 2006)
The absence of costs provided by local government for
such efforts allows external resources induced...
• Initiatives made by national government or international organizations
• Capacity building proccesses then likely to be externally directed with greater decision making power rest in these non-local entities
• when external initiatives ends, local government and their community are left to deal the consequences as best they can
(Tumbaga, et.al.; 2003)
Roles Played in the community Preparedness on InaTWS
Unesco Ind. Red Coss (PMI)
GTZ-IS Local players
Consortium on Disaster Edu.(CDE) (NGO, Local gov’t, local
organizations, private)
Universities
SCOPE IN DRR EDUCATION
Identify Hazards
Reduce Vulnerability
Increase Capacity
Increase Preparedness
National (academic)institutions
Local government Schools &
community
National (academic)institutions
Local government Schools &
community
ICG/IOTWS Regional Training Workshop on Tsunami Risk Assessment and Mitigation, Bangkok, Thailand, 3-9 November 2009
Padang City: Recapitulation of 5 years post Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System
• 1861
• 2004• 2005
• 2006
• 2007
• 2008
• 2009
• beyond
Indian ocean tsunami...
• 1861
• 2004
• 2005• 2006
• 2007
• 2008
• 2009
• beyond
• 1861
• 2004
• 2005
•2006• 2007
• 2008
• 2009
• beyond
0
84
100
50
10089
0
4038
20
33 36
80
0
73
61
57
75
0
20
40
60
80
100
Pemerintah Kota Pemerintah Kecamatan Aparat
Indeks Kesiapsiagaan Pemerintah Kota Padang
Menurut Paramater
Pengetahuan Kebijakan
Rencana Tanggap Darurat Peringatan Bencana
Mobilisasi sumber daya Indeks Total
• 1861
• 2004
• 2005
• 2006
• 2007
• 2008• 2009
• beyond
• 1861
• 2004
• 2005
• 2006
• 2007
• 2008
• 2009
• beyond
• Official warning from BMKG reached authorities in Padang within 5 minutes, and local private radio (Pro News & Classy FM).• Government officials and NGO’s quickly received information from EOC via radio communication network•Official warning to public was largely absent in the first 30 minutes• evacuation process snarled by massive traffic congestion• Local FM radio (RRI) brought official warning to the public
The first 30 minutes in Padang:30 September 2009 EQ case
Open end remarks...
• Tsunamis, as long ‘return period’ hazard is challenging. It may not be a country’s top list priority comparing to other hazards. It may not recur even over several generations.
• Community preparedness is an on-going, life long learning proccess, trans generations. Many results of preparedness might not be tangible but observable and measurable.
• National policies in land use, environmental protection laws & education should be incorporated in a participatory mechanism, encouraging bottom-up demands, to allow community involvement in planning and implementing their best disaster risk management, including their preparedness.
• Preparedness is the most cost efficient effort with significant relations to the global development, and in reducing loss of life.
Learning from the lessons, what will derail sustainable disaster risk
reduction including prepraredness…
• Over-confident with merely top-down approach or bottom-up, without merging both polar
• Inability to capitalize knowledge and resources
• Missing interface from science/research to public, policy makers and end-users
Thank you.