Kenya Roads Board – Financing Road Maintenance · 2019-12-18 · 5.3.2 Adopting Unit Rates ......

COST ESTIMATION MANUAL FOR PERFORMANCE BASED ROAD MAINTENANCE CONTRACT

Volume 2: Manual for Government Cost Estimators

© Japan International Co-orporation AgencyYear of publication 2016Edition 2, 2019

Artwork by John Agutu Email: [email protected]

Printed by Don Bosco Printing Press, P.O. Box 158, 01020 Makuyu KENYA

VOLUME 2: MANUAL FOR GOVERNMENT COST ESTIMATORS iii

Contents

Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................................... v

Foreword ..................................................................................................................................................... vii

Abbreviations and Acronyms........................................................................................................................ viii

Glossary of Terms ......................................................................................................................................... viii

Related Manuals and Guidenotes ................................................................................................................. viii

1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background and Objectives......................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Changes from Edition1.1, February 2016 ................................................................................... 1

1.3 Structure of Cost Estimation Manual ........................................................................................... 2

1.4 PBC Works and Instructed Works ............................................................................................... 3

1.5 Cost Structure for Estimation ..................................................................................................... 4

1.6 DefinitionofSRUQandP/R ........................................................................................................ 6

2 Importance of Cost Estimation ............................................................................................................ 6

3 Role of Cost Estimation Administrator ................................................................................................ 7

4 Cost Estimation of PBC Works ............................................................................................................ 7

5 Cost Estimation Procedure ................................................................................................................. 9

5-1 Cost Estimation Flow .................................................................................................................. 9

5.2 Cost Estimation Structure ........................................................................................................... 10

5.3 Estimation Procedure on Direct Cost ......................................................................................... 10

5.3.1 Understanding Cost Estimation .......................................................................................... 10

5.3.2 Adopting Unit Rates ............................................................................................................ 14

5.3.3 Estimating Costs of Patrol and self-Inspection (Self Control Unit) ..................................... 15

5.3.4 Estimating Costs of Selected 6 On-Carriageway Works .................................................... 16

5.3.5 Estimating Cost of 6 Major Labor Based Works ................................................................. 20

5.3.6 Estimating Cost of the Other PBC Works ........................................................................... 27

5.3.7 Estimating Haulage Cost ..................................................................................................... 30

5.3.8 Estimating Cost of Instructed Works .................................................................................. 30

5.4 EstimatingProcedureonIndirectCost/Overhead&Profit ....................................................... 31

5.4.1 Indirect Cost ....................................................................................................................... 31

5.4.2Overhead&Profit .............................................................................................................. 32

5.5 Estimating Procedure on VAT ..................................................................................................... 32

5.6 Cost Estimation Reminder ......................................................................................................... 32

CONTENTS

COST ESTIMATION MANUAL FOR PERFORMANCE BASED ROAD MAINTENANCE CONTRACTiv

Appendices

Appendix 1: Cost Estimation System for PBC 2018 for Government Cost Estimators ............................... 35

1. Introduction................................................................................................................................. 35

1.1. What is the COST Estimation System for PBC? ................................................................. 35

1.2. Concept of the calculation inside COSTES for PBC ........................................................... 35

2. iCOSTES Program Outline.......................................................................................................... 36

2.1. System Requirements ......................................................................................................... 36

2.2. Program Structure and Work Flow .................................................................................... 36

3. Program Step and User Input ...................................................................................................... 37

3.1. Login – “Welcome to iCOSTES” ....................................................................................... 37

3.2. Contract Data Input – “COSTES Contract Condition Editor” .......................................... 38

3.3. Road Patrol and Haulage Cost Window ............................................................................. 39

3.4. UnitPriceandPercentageConfirmation ............................................................................ 41

3.5 Other PBC Works (Optional) – “COSTES PBC Works Editor” ........................................ 42

3.6 Instructed Works (Optional) – “COSTES Instructed Works Editor” ................................. 43

3.7 Machinery Based Items (Optional) – “Machinery Based items editor” .............................. 44

4. iCOSTES for PBC OUTPUT ...................................................................................................... 46

4.1 Cover Page ......................................................................................................................... 46

4.2 Summary Contents ............................................................................................................. 47

4.3 Detail Contents (A): ........................................................................................................... 48

4.4. Detail Contents (B): ............................................................................................................ 49

4.5. Other PBC Works Summary and Instructed Works Summary ........................................... 52

5. Conclusion................................................................................................................................... 53

Appendix 2: Cost Estimation Parameters 2018............................................................................................ 54

Appendix 2-1: Dataset ......................................................................................................................... 54

Appendix 2-2: Summary Results 2018 ................................................................................................. 62

Appendix 3: Example of Cost Estimation by iCOSTES for PBC 2018 ......................................................... 91

Appendix 4: Determination of parameters on deterioration Criteria of Road Marking .............................. 100

Appendix 5: Information on Volume 3 for Contractors’ Reference Use ...................................................... 112

VOLUME 2: MANUAL FOR GOVERNMENT COST ESTIMATORS v

Acknowledgements

The Government of Kenya, through the Ministry of Transport, Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Development, State Department of Infrastructure, would like to express its most sincere gratitude to the Japan International CooperationAgency(JICA)foritsfinancialcontributionstoallowfortherevisionandpublicationofthisCostEstimation Manual for Performance Based Road Maintenance Contract, Volume 2: Manual for Government Cost Estimators.

MoTIHUD would like to extend special thanks to all of the state departments (Road Agencies) and organizations that composed the Cost Estimation Sub-Working Group (SWG):

JICA Road Maintenance Project Team

Kenya Roads Board – KRB

National Construction Authority – NCA

Public Procurement Regulatory Authority – PPRA

Kenya Wildlife Services – KWS

Kenya National Highways Authority – KeNHA

Kenya Rural Roads Authority – KeRRA

Kenya Urban Roads Authority – KURA

Kenya Institute of Highways and Building Technology – KIHBT

Materials Testing and Research Department - MTRD

The Manual would not have come to fruition without the dedication of the Cost Estimation (COSTES) Sub-Working Group Committee members, mandated by the National Working Group and the Joint Coordinating Committee to carry out this task. Therefore, we would like to recognize the individual contributions of:

Eng. Margaret Ogai, Eng. Tom Omai, Eng. Edwin Odwesso, Nicholas Chelugo, Eng. Walter Ochieng, Eng. John K.Mwangi,JulietteMurugi,Qs.DavidMathu,Ms.RoseNdirangu,Eng.EphraimOpuge,Eng.MildredOlang’o,Phires Ogoti, Caroline Kamunya, Julius Kaliti, Boniface Maithya, Dr. Kunihiro Hayashi, Nobuya Okamoto, Takashi Nakajima, Yoshihisa Noda, Hiroshi Mita, James Nyaga and Caleb Mathuva.

VOLUME 2: MANUAL FOR GOVERNMENT COST ESTIMATORS vii

Foreword

Performance Based Contracting (PBC) is a contract concept for road maintenance in which necessary road maintenance services and works are performed to bring a road to required service levels, based on measured ‘outputs’ and not on measured ‘inputs’. This concept commenced in 2010 on a pilot basis. However, the method of estimating cost of works under performance-based contracts was not clear. A suggestion was made to formulateascientificandaccuratewayofcostestimationforPBCroadmaintenancecontracts.Inthisregard,JICA under the Project for Strengthening of Capacity on Road Maintenance Management through Contracting (Phase 2), embarked on this task of developing the cost estimation system.

The concept of performance-based contracting in road maintenance and management has been adopted in Kenya and the government is in the process of rolling out performance-based contracting for the 10,000 km road programme (Low Volume Seal Roads) and other road projects to ensure proper maintenance of roads and reduce maintenance cost in the long run. There is need therefore to continually revise the cost estimation system to conform to changing needs in road maintenance.

TheCostEstimationManualforPerformanceBasedRoadMaintenanceContractVolume1,2&3,Edition2.0,was revised to include six on-carriageway works namely; Grading and Re-gravelling on unpaved road, Pothole Patching,CrackSealing,RoadMarking,RepaironConcreteStructuresandGuardrailRepair/Replacement.Therevision was done based on surveys conducted on ongoing performance-based contracts and wide stakeholder consultations.

To supplement the Cost Estimation Manuals, the Cost Survey Guidenotes for PBC has been prepared to provide the survey techniques for collection of data necessary for regular updates of the manual. The guidenotes focus exclusively on PBC Maintenance services and Instructed works. It illustrates how quantity and productivity survey of work items should be conducted and analysed.

I wish to acknowledge with appreciation the National Working Group and Sub-Working Group members who provided their valuable advice through a series of meetings during the period of validating the guidenotes. I am particularly grateful to the JICA team for their technical assistance in achieving this milestone and for their overall assistance in capacity building for road maintenance and management. Special gratitude goes to all road agencies and other government agencies: KRB, KeNHA, KURA, KeRRA, KWS, KIHBT, NCA and PPRA for their valuable support in the development of these guidenotes.

Eng. J. M. Kung’u Chief Engineer (Roads)

Ministry of Transport, Infrastructure, Housing, Urban Development and Public Works

COST ESTIMATION MANUAL FOR PERFORMANCE BASED ROAD MAINTENANCE CONTRACTviii

Abbreviations and AcronymsIMP — Initial Mobilization Period

P/R — Productivity Rate

RA — Road Agency

RMP — Routine Maintenance Period

SRUQ — StandardResourceUsageper(Unit)Quantity

Glossary of TermsActualQuantity Refers to the actual quantity of work and service for each service criteria

executedbythecontractortoachievethespecifiedservicelevel.

SimpleQuantity Refers to the targeted quantity of work and services for each service criteria to be executed by the contractor as per the contract drawings.

General Maintenance Refers to all works and services (mainly off-carriageway) required to be performed by the contractor under the Performance Based contract.

Initial Mobilization Period This is the period during the initial stages of the contract when the contractor makes interventions to bring the road to maintainable conditions.

Routine Maintenance Period This is the period after the expiry of the initial mobilization period when the contractor undertakes routine maintenance activities. The activities are performed to maintain the performance standards of the road and to achieve specifiedservicelevels.

Related Manuals and Guidenotes1. Cost Estimation Manual for Performance Based Road Maintenance Contract Volume 1 (Administrators)

2. Cost Estimation Manual for Performance Based Road Maintenance Contract Volume 2 (Government Cost Estimators)

3. Cost Estimation Manual for Performance Based Road Maintenance Contract Volume 3 (Contractor Cost Estimators)

4. Cost Survey Guidenotes for Performance Based Maintenance Road Contracts

5. Cost Estimation Manual for Road Maintenance Works

6. Performance Based Road Maintenance Contract (PBC) GUIDELINE, Edition 2.0

VOLUME 2: MANUAL FOR GOVERNMENT COST ESTIMATORS 1

1. Introduction

1.1 BackgroundandObjectives

Performance Based Contract (PBC) is a type of a road maintenance contract, which has increasingly become a very common contract method for road maintenance. The main payment method in PBC projects is based on a km-lump sum utilizing set service levels to be achieved by contractors. PBC is a term contract which covers both the wet seasons when frequent works are required, and the dry seasons when lesser works may just be sufficient.

In spite of the widespread use of PBC in road maintenance, no standard cost estimation method had been developed.Thiscreatedasituationthatnoscientificbasedjudgmentcouldbemadewhenthe Engineer’s cost estimate was different from the actual tender price. Therefore, the need for the development of a standard cost estimation method was vital for sustainable application of PBC in road maintenance. Utilizing a standard cost estimation method is one of the basic fundamentals of project management and will enable staff in various road agencies to have proper understanding of the tender price

Therefore, a Cost Estimation Manual for Road Maintenance under Performance Based Contracts (hereinafter referred to as “the Manual”) was developed to provide a scientific cost estimation method for PBC roadmaintenance using cost breakdown sheets and standardized estimation procedures. The Manual included not only how to estimate costs but also provided information on survey methods required for revisions and updates ofvariousparameterssuchastheStandardResourceUsageper(Unit)Quantity(SRUQ)especiallyfocusedonlabor based works on off-carriageway works and important cost items such as unit rates.

The Manual was then revised in February 2016 (hereinafter referred to “the Manual Edition 1.1”). The Manual Edition 1.1 was in line with Cost Estimation System for PBC 2015 (hereinafter referred to as “COSTES for PBC 2015”), which is a computer tool used for actual cost estimation exercises.

Positive responses from engineers and managers from various road agencies in charge of planning and implementing PBC road maintenance projects then tabled requests for improvement and a team of inspiring road agency engineers and managers together with an expert team organized by Japan International Cooperation Agency took charge in this task beginning December 2016.

Without losing the original intention, the Manual Edition 1.1 has been updated to this Manual (hereinafter referred to as “the Manual Edition 2.0) which is in line with the Cost Estimation System for PBC 2018 (hereinafter referred to as “COSTES for PBC 2018”). In addition, a separate volume titled “the Cost Survey Guidenotes for Performance Based Road Maintenance Contracts” has been developed to explain how the surveys were done during the improvement period.

1.2 ChangesfromEdition1.1,February2016

The following changes are made under the Manual Edition 2.0 from the Manual Edition 1.1.

1. Addition of six (6) on-carriageway works under PBC.

As the present situation in Kenya calls for extending the sphere of PBC Works onto the carriageway section, six on-carriageway works were selected. These items are:

i. Grading and Regravelling on Unpaved Road,

ii. Patching,

iii. Crack Sealing,

INTRODUCTION

COST ESTIMATION MANUAL FOR PERFORMANCE BASED ROAD MAINTENANCE CONTRACT2

iv. Road Marking,

v. Repair on Concrete Structures, and

vi. GuardrailRepair/Replacement.

These six (6) on-carriageway works were selected mainly based on the driving safety aspect in Kenya and aresub-classifiedintoworkitemsasshownunderTable 5-7.

2. Update and revision of several elements of estimating the cost of the 6 major Labour Based works.

Based on analysis of extensive surveys conducted on the current practice carried out by PBC contractors, updates and revisions were made on the following elements of estimating the cost of the 6 Major Labour Based works under PBC:

i. TheStandardResourceperunitQuantities(SRUQs)andProductivityRates(PRs)

ii. KmStandardizedQuantities,SimpleQuantitiesandActualQuantities,

iii. Work frequency (Cycle Numbers) during IMP, Wet Period and Dry Period, and

iv. The typical labour organization from 90:3:1 (labourers: supervisors: foreman) to 30:3:1 (Labourers: Foremen: Supervisor) as outlined under Section 5.3.5.4. The term “foreman” is renamed as “supervisor” and the term “supervisor” as “foreman”.

3. Deterioration criteria and survey procedure for Road Marking (Appendix 4).

1.3 StructureofCostEstimationManual

Three (3) volumes of the Cost Estimation Manuals have been prepared according to the purpose and intended users as shown in Table 1-1.

Table 1-1 Structure of Cost Estimation Manuals

Volume Name of Manual User Objectives

1 Manual for Cost Estimation Administrators

KRB Cost SurveyProvision of Standard IndicesUpdate and Maintenance of Database and ManualHow to Revise Vol. 2 and 3

2 Manual for Government Cost Estimators

Road Agencies and KWS

Estimation of Project Cost for Budget AllocationEstimation of Project Cost for Tender

3 Manual for Contractors’ Reference&Use

Contractors Estimation of Project Cost

INTRODUCTION


1.4 PBCWorksandInstructedWorks

All current PBC projects in Kenya are composed of works and services related to Maintenance Services (hereafter referred to as the PBC Works) and Instructed Works. Contractors have full responsibilities for works and services requiredtobringuptheroadconditiontothespecifiedservicelevels.Contractorsneedtoassesstheexistingroadconditionandquantifythevolumeoftheworksandservicesrequiredtoachievespecifiedservicelevels.

PBC Works mainly consists of:

1) Selected 6 On-Carriageway Works and services comprised of Grading and Regravelling, Pothole Repair, Crack Sealing, Road Marking, Repair on Concrete Structures and Guardrail Repair.

2) 6 Major Labour-based works and services comprised of maintenance of drainage, maintenance of vegetation and maintenance of road cleanliness.

3) Other PBC Works and services such as repair of structures, repair on road furniture and maintenance onprofile,widthandembankmentandslopes,notspecificallymentionedunder1)and2).

4) Provision and operation of a Self-Control Unit for self-management of road maintenance.

5) Necessaryhaulagecostfortransportinglabor,materialsandequipmentfrom/tothesite.

Table 1-2 PBC Works and Instructed Works

Work Type PBC Works Instructed Works

Payment Method Based on Km-Monthly Lump Sum BasedonBillofQuantities

Initiator Contractor Client

Based on the nature of various requirements, Instructed Works are a combination of the following works and services as indicated in Table 1-3.

Table 1-3 Details of Instructed Works

Instructed Works Bill of Quantities Payment

Rehabilitation Works • Tobringtheroaduptothepre-definedstandardsatthestart

ofthePBCproject.e.g.fillingpotholes,layinggravelwearingcourse, repairing carriageway edges, reinstating road cam-ber, road furniture maintenance and repair, and repairing culverts as may be required.

Prepared by the clientUnit rate payment determined by the contractor

Improvement Works • To add new characteristics to the road in response to new

traffic,safetyorotherconditionsPrepared by the client

Unit rate payment determined by the contractor

Emergency Works • To reinstate the road after damage has occurred as a result

of natural occurrences with unexpected consequences un-dertheconditiondefinedinthecontract

Prepared by the client Unit rate payment determined by the contractor

This Manual has been prepared principally to estimate the cost of PBC Works for which no standard procedure for cost estimation was addressed in the previously issued “Cost Estimation Manual for Road Maintenance Works 2011”, popularly referred to as the CEM 2011.

INTRODUCTION


a) Direct Cost

b) In

dire

ct C

ost

c)Overhead&Profit

x =

a+

b+c

d) VAT

X*1

6%

Tota

l Pro

ject

Cos

t

This Manual, the Manual Edition 2.0, covers both typical on carriageway and off-carriageway works and tries to correctly estimate the cost of both works under PBC based on surveys conducted on on-going PBC projects. TheManualEdition2.0, thereforereflectstheresultofsurveysconductedfromPBCprojectsundertaken in2014 to 2018 and recommends methods and procedures of standard estimation.

It is important to appreciate that some future projects may be different from those projects surveyed for the purpose of determining various values incorporated into this Manual Edition 2.0. For example, in projects surveyed, there were no physical repairs of scour checks and no physical maintenance and repair of structures and road furniture, excluding small exceptions.

In such cases, the COSTES Manual 2017 should be used to correctly modify the cost estimation by incorporating the additional costs for such physical repairs. Similarly, if a road agency is required to estimate the cost of Instructed Works in addition to the PBC Works, the COSTES Manual 2017 should be used after correctly assessing quantities of the Instructed Works required.

1.5 CostStructureforEstimation

The cost structure for estimation is shown in Figure 1-1 and the components of PBC cost estimation are shown in Table 1-4. The Total Project Cost consists of four (4) cost components namely; a) Direct Cost, b) Indirect Cost,c)Overhead&Profitandd)VAT.Thetotalestimatedcostiscomputedasthesummationofallfourcostcomponents. The project cost is the summation of three cost components excluding VAT.

Note: Using the Framework of the CEM 2011

Figure 1-1 Principal Structure of PBC Cost Estimation

In Table 1-4, cost estimation components and elements are indicated on the left two columns and how cost estimation is actually performed by cost estimators is indicated on the right most column.

INTRODUCTION


Table 1-4 PBC Cost Estimation Components

Component Cost Elements Cost EstimationD

irect

Cos

t

On Carriageway Maintenance Costs

Maintenance costs for the PBC Works such as repair and maintenance of carriageway and shoulders, repair and maintenance of concrete structures and repair of guardrail

Selected 6 On Carriageway Works represent the cost.

Off Carriageway Maintenance costs

Maintenance costs for the PBC Works such as maintenance of drainage, vegetation and road cleanliness

Major 6 Labor Based Works represent the cost.

Other PBC Works

Maintenance costs for the PBC Works such as repair of structures, repair of road furniture, repair of road profileand width and repair of embankment and slopes.

Required costs are to be computed by judgment of the cost estimator

Provision of Self Control Unit

Provision of Self Control Unit for self-management of road maintenance.

The cost for Patrol and Self Inspection represents the cost.

Miscellaneous Costs and Others

Miscellaneous expenses and other costs which are required for proper on-site control and provision of safety gears and devices for workers.

Miscellaneous expenses and other costs are added on top over1) Selected 6 On Carriageway Works, 2) Major 6 Labor Based Works and3) Other PBC Works.

Haulage Cost Haulage cost for transporting labour, materials and equipment from/to thesite

The haulage cost is computed separately as the Haulage Cost for 6 Major Labour Based Works.

Indi

rect

Cos

t

• Site Establishment• Site Management Cost• Site Staff Allowances• Site Staff Social Charges• General Safety Measures• Human Resource Management Cost

Cost computation for these items is taken as 30% percent of the sum of the Direct Cost.

Overhead&Profit

• HeadOfficeManagementCost• HeadOfficeStaffSalariesandAllowances• Cooperate Social Charge• Research and Development• Advertisement and Publicity• Depreciation Costs for Fixed Asset• ProfitMargin

Cost computation for these items is taken as 10% percent of the sum of the Direct Cost and the Indirect Cost.

INTRODUCTION


1.6 Definition of SRUQ and P/RStandard Resource Usage per (Unit) Quantity (SRUQ) and Productivity Rate (P/R) are important conceptsrequiredforcostestimation.SRUQisthevolumeofwork input i.e. labour,materialsandmachinesrequiredto complete a unit work output. For labour input, it is the ratio of the number of person-days divided by the volumeofworkcompleted.Formachines/equipment,itistheratioofthenumberofmachine-daysdividedbythe volume of work completed. For materials, it is the ratio of the quantity of materials used by the volume of workcompleted.TheSelected6oncarriagewayworksuselabourSRUQ,machineSRUQandmaterialSRUQincostingwhilethe6majorlabourbasedworksonlyusethelabourSRUQ.

ProductivityRate(P/R)istheinverseofSRUQanditreferstothequantityofworkoutputthatcanbecompletedby a unit input.

AnexampleofSRUQandProductivityRateisillustratedinFigure 1-2.

Example: Grass cutting of labor based works

Grass cutting of 10,000m2 is completed in 5 person-days. That is 5 persons each completing 2,000m2 on a given day.

SRUQ =5person-days/10,000m2=0.0005person-days/m2

ProductivityRate(P/R) =2,000m2/person-day

Figure 1-2 SRUQ and P/R

2 ImportanceofCostEstimation

The importance of cost estimation for PBC projects cannot be over-emphasized as the government is stepping forward in increasing PBC contracts as a key contract method for road maintenance. In addition, each road agency must be accountable to the government as well as the public and road users for effective utilization of the available road maintenance fund.

It is therefore necessary for each road agency to justify the anticipated project cost by performing cost estimation basedonastandardizedmethodandthattheestimatedcostsareadequatetomeetthespecifiedservicelevelsusing conventional PBC techniques available in Kenya.

Each road agency must acknowledge that in meeting some of the service levels required under the PBC project,especiallythe“OtherPBCWorks”,quantificationofmaintenanceandrepairduringtheprojectrequiresprofessional and engineering judgment. In addition to the development of cost estimator’s competence in

4 COST ESTIMATION OF PBC WORKS

VOLUME 2: MANUAL FOR GOVERNMENT COST ESTIMATORS 7VOLUME 1: MANUAL FOR COST ESTIMATION ADMINISTRATORS 7

operation of COSTES for PBC 2018, a group of engineering professionals must be designated to support the costestimatorinquantificationofworkinputsrequiredformaintainingservicelevels.

3 RoleofCostEstimationAdministrator

The roles of a cost estimation administrator are as follows:

1) Conducting surveys on costs, establishing standard costs and updating of costs annually;

2) Conducting surveys on productivity, establishing productivity indices and updating of productivity indices; and,

3) Management and updating of the Cost Estimation Manual.

4 CostEstimationofPBCWorksCost estimation is performed in two stages.

First Stage

ThefirststageinvolvescostestimationofthePBCWorks.

For the PBC Works, before cost estimation is carried out, the cost estimator needs to identify work inputs requiredformaintainingtherequiredservicelevelsunderthecontract.Afteridentification,boththevolumeofworks and the frequency of works required during the entire contract needs to be calculated and by applying appropriate unit rates for works and summation thereof, the cost of the PBC Works can be derived. These exercises are completely different from the one applied on a new road construction project in which the cost estimator requires to take off the volume of works from design drawings and do not require to consider the frequencyofworks.Foron-carriagewaymaintenance,thisidentificationwillrequiresurveystobecarriedoutonthe current and past conditions of degradation on the carriageway so that the volume of works may be calculated based on such timeline differences as the engineering substantiation method.

As many of you may wonder, such exercises for the PBC Works require performing various complicated tasks of deriving at numerical values as appropriate for the project each unique. On the other hand, the cost estimator is requiredtoundertaketheseexercisesefficientlyaspossible.ThisManualwascompiledwithdueconsiderationofsuchandproposesonsimplificationofcostestimationby1)identifyingtheprincipalworkinputsrequired,thencalculate the volume of works and the frequency based on a standardized method with engineering substantiation and to derive the principal cost, and 2) identifying non-principal work inputs which has low cost sensitivity and provideafixedpercentagerateovertheprincipalcostascalculatedunder1).

Based on the above understanding, the contents of the PBCWorksmaybe split into five (5) categories asindicated in Table 4-1 based on cost elements involved as illustrated in Table 1-4. The details of Selected 6 On-Carriageway Works and 6 Major Labor Based Works are indicated in Chapters 5.3.4 and Table 5.3.5 respectively.

Table 4-2 listssuchfivecategoriesofthePBCWorkstogetherwiththecorrespondingservicescopesunderPBC.

4 COST ESTIMATION OF PBC WORKS


Table 4-1 PBC Works

No Categories Description Cost Element

1 Selected 6 On-Carriageway Works

Essentially on carriageway works and involves use of machines, materials and labour.

Labor, materials, machineries and equipment. Vehicle and fuel costs are included in Haulage Cost.

2 6 Major Labor Based Works Essentially labor based off-carriageway works.

Labor cost only. Vehicle and fuel costs are included in Haulage Cost.

3 Other PBC Works Essentially on carriageway works and involves use of machines, materials and labour.

Labour, materials, machineries and equipment. Vehicle and fuel costs are included in Haulage Cost.

4 Patrol and Self-Inspection (Self Control Unit)

For patrolling under Road Usability and for self-inspection.

Labor, vehicles and fuel costs.

5 Haulage Cost For transporting labor, materials andequipmentfrom/tothesite.

Labor, trucks and fuel costs.

Table 4-2 The PBC Works and Corresponding Service Scope

Category Service Scope Selected 6 On-car-riageway

Works

6 Major Labour Based Works

Other PBC

Works

Patrol and Self Inspec-

tion

Haulage Cost

Road Usability

A) Passability O(Cleanliness)

O □

Road User Comfort

B) SmoothandSafeTraffic(Pavement, Shoulder, Median, Footpath and Footbridge)

O(pavement)

O ∆

C) Visibility O ∆ □D)TrafficInformation(Signage,

Road Works Advance Warning Signs and Road Marking)

O(road

marking)O ∆

Road Durability

E) Drainage Capability O ∆ □F) Vegetation Control O ∆ □G) Maintenance of other Structures

(Concrete Structures, Blocked Culverts, Steel Structures, Bridge Expansion Joints, Guardrail/Pe-destrian Rail and Riverbeds)

O(concrete structures

and guardrail)

O O ∆ □

H) Slope Stability O ∆

O: Main Works

∆:Secondaryworks

□: Common works

Second Stage

ThesecondstagerequiresestimatingthecostoftheIndirectCostandtheOverhead&Profit.

5 COST ESTIMATION PROCEDURE5 COST ESTIMATION PROCEDURE


5 CostEstimationProcedure

This section covers the cost estimation procedure.

5.1 Cost Estimation Flow

Cost estimation required for a PBC project is to estimate the cost by adopting suitable productivity rates and quantitiesoftherequiredworkinputs(resources)forworkoutputs.Sincetherearenumerouswork/servicestofully complete a PBC project, the government cost estimator should be aware of the contents of such works and servicesaswellasthestandardizedcostestimationflow.

COSTES for PBC 2018 has been developed as a part of the Manual to perform actual cost estimation exercises.

The government cost estimators are required to be briefed on use of COSTES for PBC 2018. The Manual contains the instruction manual for COSTES for PBC 2018 for government cost estimators in Appendix 1.

ThecostestimationflowisillustratedinFigure 5-1.

2. Cost Estimation of Direct Cost (Chap 5.3.3 to 5.3.8)2.1 PBC Works – Patrol and Self Inspection (Chap. 5.3.3)2.2 PBC Works – Selected 6 On-Carriageway Works (Chap. 5.3.4)2.3 PBC Works – 6 Major Labor Based Works (Chap. 5.3.5)2.4 PBC Works – Other PBC Works (Chap. 5.3.6)2.5 PBC Works – Haulage Cost (Chap. 5.3.7)2.6 PBC Works – Miscellaneous Cost On-Carriageway Works (Chap. 5.3.4.3)

– Miscellaneous Cost Labour Based Works (Chap. 5.3.5.6)2.7 Instructed Works (Chap. 5.3.8)

3. Cost Estimation of Indirect Cost/Overhead & Profit (Chap 5.4) 3.1 Indirect Cost (Chap. 5.4.1) 3.2 Overhead&Profit(Chap.5.4.2)

(Vol. 1: Cost Estimation Manual for Cost Estimation Administrator)

Unit Rates

Unit Rate of machineries, materials, supervisors, foremen, labourers, fuel, etc.,

Labour Productivity: SRUQs

Machinery Productivity: SRUQs

1. Cost Estimation Parameters (Chap 5.3.1, 5.3.2) Project Condition IMP, wet and dry periods in monthsTypes of Quantities for Direct CostPre-surveyedQuantityKMStandardizedQuantitySimpleQuantityActualQuantity

Unit Rates for machineries, materials and labour

SRUQs for machineries and labour

4. Cost Estimation of VAT (Chap 5.5)

Firs

t Sta

geSe

cond

Sta

ge

Figure 5-1 Flow of Cost Estimation Method

5 COST ESTIMATION PROCEDURE


5.2 Cost Estimation Structure

This section covers the cost estimation structure. In order to standardize the actual structure for cost estimation exercise, the Manual adopts the Cost Estimation Structure under COSTES for PBC 2018 as indicated in Figure 5-2 below.

— Direct Cost: This is the summation of the PBC Works and the Instructed Works (if required). The PBC Works are the summation of Selected 6 On-Carriageway Works, 6 Major Labor Based Works, the Other PBC Works, Patrol and Self Inspection and the Haulage Cost for Major 6 Labor Based Works.

— Project Cost:ThisisthesummationofDirectCost,IndirectCostandOverhead&Profit.

— Total Project Cost: This is the summation of Project Cost and VAT.

Item CostTotal Project Cost (VAT(16% Inclusive) 13 = 11+12Project Cost 11 = 8+9+10

Direct Cost 8 = 6+7PBC Works 6 = 1+2+3+4+5

Selected 6 On-Carriageway Works 16 Major Labor Based Works 2Other PBC Works 3Patrol and Self Inspection 4Haulage Cost for 6 Major Labor Based Works 5

Instructed Works 7Indirect Cost 9Overhead&Profit 10

VAT(16%) 12

Figure 5-2 Structure for Cost Estimation Exercise

5.3 Estimation Procedure on Direct Cost

This section covers the estimation procedure on computation of the direct cost.

5.3.1 UnderstandingCostEstimation

5.3.1.1 Cost Estimation Basics

Costestimationprocessclassifiesworksandservices intosmallelementswhichhaveaunitprice(UP)andaquantity(QTY)eachsothatthecostoftheelementcanbecomputed.Bysummingupthecostsofallelementstogether, the cost of the work can be computed.




The elements for Selected 6 On-Carriageway and the Other PBC Works are labor, materials, machineries and equipment. The elements for Major 6 Labor Based Works are labor only. The elements for Patrol and Inspection are essentially provision of labor, vehicles and supply of fuel. The elements for the Haulage Cost are essentially provision of drivers, vehicles and supply of fuel. The elements for the Instructed Works are provision of works which may be split into combination of labor, materials, machineries and equipment.

A table on the above is indicated in Table 5-1.

Table 5-1 Elements List of PBC Works

ElementsSelected 6 On-

Carriageway Works6 Major Labor Based Works

Other PBC works

Patrol and Inspection

Haulage Cost

Instructed Works

Labor o o o o o o

Materials, including fuel o N/A o o

Machineries and Equipment, including vehicles

o N/A o o

Denotes fuel and vehicles

5.3.1.2 Understanding Project Conditions

Project Schedule (Dry/Wet Periods)

Government cost estimators are required to split the contract duration into three periods as indicated in Table 5-2. These are: (1) the initialmobilization period as specified in the contract document or otherwise fixedby each road agency; (2) the dry period; and, (3) the wet period under the routine maintenance period. It is necessary for government cost estimators to determine the dry and wet periods.

Table 5-2 Information on Project Schedule

No Periods What to be Considered COSTES for PBC 2018

1 Initial Mobilization Period (IMP)

This is theperiodspecified in thecontractdocumentwhen thecontractor isallowed to bring up the existing road condition to the required service level in order to prepare the road for PBC Works. It is understood that the volume of work required during IMP is not important whether the period is dry or wet. IMP is normally 3 months but may be adjusted based on the existing road condition.

The default value is set as 3 months.

2 Routine Maintenance Period

Dry Period

For Selected 6 On-Carriageway Works and Other PBC Works:

There is no difference between 2 periods.

For 6 Major Labor Based Works only:

The volume of work is larger during the wet period compared to the dry period.

No default value is set. It is the duty of the cost estimator to input appropriate values.

3 Wet Period

Dry and wet periods may be determined from historical precipitation data. The sample for Nairobi region is indicated in Figure 5-3.Inaddition,precipitationdiffersbetweenregionshencevaryingdry/wetperiods.Thisshould be considered when estimating direct cost.




Figure 5-3 Nairobi Region Precipitation Data and Dry/ Wet Periods

Regional Differences

Government cost estimators must be aware of the fact that some estimation parameters may differ from one region to another. These include the following:

• Unit Rates (Labour costs, material costs and hire of machineries and equipment)

• Work Frequency (Generally speaking, high precipitation calls for higher volume of work)

COSTES for PBC 2018 has default values for unit rates which may be overwritten in case the impact caused by the regional differences is deemed drastic.

5.3.1.3 Types of Quantities adopted for Direct Cost

As presented in Figure 5-1,thetypesofQuantitiesforDirectCostareasfollows:

1. Pre-surveyed Quantity whichisdefinedasanestimatedinputofworksandservicesrequiredforstandard level cost estimation using quantities of works and services as obtained by surveys conducted either at the planning stage or during the tender stage. This is applicable especially for the Selected 6On-CarriagewayWorksandtheOtherPBCWorks.Surveysareconductedfirstlybyassessingthedegradation of road facilities and then estimating the volume of works and services appropriate for the selected 6 On-Carriageway Works, Other PBC works and Instructed Works.

2. Km Standardized Quantity which is a quantity obtained from the past survey conducted by the cost estimation administrator on a Standardized Road. The Km Standardized quantities are applicable for the 6 Major Labour Based Works and assists in faster cost estimation of these works.

3. Simple Quantity isdefinedasanestimatedquantityofworksandservicesrequiredforstandardlevel cost estimation determined using either data from past surveys, on-site survey data or contract drawings.

4. Actual Quantity isdefinedasthequantityofworksandservicesrequiredtobemaintained.Thisquantity is determined only by conducting detailed on-site survey of works and services and is applicable when a higher level of accuracy in cost estimation of works and services is needed.

Direct cost is comprised of seven categories of works and the types of quantities differ based on the nature of each category, as indicated in Table 5-3.

Wet Wet

Wet5 months




Table 5-3 Types of Quantities Adopted for Cost Estimation of PBC Projects

No Category of Works Type of Quantity Description

1 Patrol and Inspection SimpleQuantity• Applicable for standard cost estimation.• Quantityisestablishedbasedontheprojectdistanceanddatacompiled

from past PBC projects.

2Selected 6 On-Carriageway Works

Pre-surveyed Quantity

• Applicable for standard cost estimation.• QuantityisestablishedbasedondatacompiledfrompastPBCprojects

3 6 Major Labor Based Works

Km Standardized Quantity

• Quantityisobtainedthroughsurveyorthecontractdrawingsofastandardized road for each road agency.

• Using this quantity in cost estimation is the easiest and the fastest method since there is no prior on-site survey.

• Least accurate quantity to use during cost estimation since this quantity does notreflecttheactualsitesituation.

SimpleQuantity• Applicable for standard cost estimation.• On-site survey before cost estimation is required.

ActualQuantity

• Applicable for Cost estimation with a higher level of accuracy.• Detailed on-site survey before cost estimation is required.

4 Other PBC Works

Pre-surveyed Quantity (Bottom-up Method &QuotationsbasedMethod)

• Applicable for standard cost estimation.• Quantityobtainedbydeterminingtheprobabilityofdamageinpercentage

multiplied by the simple quantity of the work.

Cost Basis (Percentage based Method)

• Applicable for standard cost estimation.• The percentage is obtained from past performance by establishing the

percentage of the other PBC works cost over the Direct Cost excluding the Instructed Works.

• Using this method for cost estimation of other PBC works is easy and fast.

5 Haulage Cost SimpleQuantity

• Applicable for standard Cost estimation.• Quantityisbasedonjudgmentofthecostestimatoronthetripfrequency.• The types of machineries and equipment required for haulage cost are

established based on data compiled from past PBC projects.

6 Instructed Works ActualQuantity• Applicable for standard Cost estimation.• On-site survey to determine the quantity is required.




5.3.2 AdoptingUnitRatesThe list of unit rates to be used for cost estimation for Selected 6 On-Carriageway Works, 6 Major Labor Based Works, Patrol and Self Inspection and Haulage Cost, is shown in Table 5-4. This list is in-built in COSTES for PBC 2018. In case different rates must be applied due to regional differences and special features of the project, default values in COSTES for PBC 2018 can be replaced as required. The list of unit rates should be updated by the cost estimation administrator annually so that correct unit rates can be used by government cost estimators and consistency is maintained among road agencies.

Table 5-4 Unit Rates List

Category Item Unit Rate Remarks

Nairobi, Mombasa, Kisumu Other Areas

Labor Unskilled Labor Ksh/dayForeman Ksh/monthSupervisor Ksh/month

Machinery Cost (Dry Rate)

Motor Grader Ksh/hourTruck Ksh/hourVibratory Steel wheel roller Ksh/hourPedestrian Roller Ksh/hourPneumatic Roller Ksh/hourAsphalt Cutter Ksh/hourBitumen Sprayer Ksh/hourRoad Marking Machine Ksh/hourMelting Pod Ksh/hourAir Compressor Ksh/hourConcrete Mixer Ksh/hourAsphalt Finisher Ksh/hour

Material Cost Gravel (murram) Ksh/tonnePremix AC Ksh/tonneBitumen Emulsion ksh/litreThermoplastic Paint Ksh/kgGlass Beads Ksh/kgFine Aggregates Ksh/tonneGraded Aggregates Ksh/tonne

Fuel Cost Diesel Ksh/litrePetrol Ksh/litreGasoline Ksh/litre

Fuel Consumption Motor Grader Km/litreTruck Km/litreVibratory Steel wheel roller Km/litrePedestrian Roller Km/litrePneumatic Roller Km/litreAsphalt Cutter Km/litreBitumen Sprayer Km/litreRoad Marking Machine Km/litreMelting Pod Km/litreAir Compressor Km/litreConcrete Mixer Km/litreAsphalt Finisher Km/litre



5.3.3 EstimatingCostsofPatrolandself-Inspection(SelfControlUnit)Patrol and Inspection are indispensable elements of the PBC Works. They are basic activities of Self Control Unit that is to be established by the contractor for proper management of a PBC project and implementation of the activities on site.

Quantitiesofinputsofservicesareestablishedbasedontheprojectdistanceforpatrolandinspectionanddataobtained from past PBC projects.

Cost estimation is based on the formation as indicated in Table 5-5 below. Unit rates in Appendix 2 will be used for cost computation. Cycle Number is as indicated in Table 5-6. All default values may be replaced as may be required.

Table 5-5 Staffing Structure of Self Control Unit

Position Task RequirementsNumber of staffs (Depends on the road type and complexity)

Up to 10km*1 Up to 50km*2 Over 50km*31 SCU leader Coordination of data

collectionReport, communication

Trained in PBC, Experience more than 5 years 1 1 1

2 SCU Inspector

Data collection Patrol Experience more than 3 years in construction and maintenance

0 1 2

*1 Up to 10km: SCU leader conducts both patrol and self inspection (1 vehicle required)*2 Up to 50km (Standard) : SCU leader conducts patrol and self inspection with one assistant (1 vehicle required)*3 Over 50km : SCU leader and an assistant conduct patrol and self inspection. An assistant conducts patrol in other roads under contract at same time (2 vehicle required).

Source: PBC Guideline

Table 5-6 Cycle Number for Self Control Unit

Description Cycle Number Remarks

Road Patrol 4trips/day(defaultvalue)forPavedRoad,High 1tripisdefinedaspatrollingtheprojectlengthonceonewayonly.Hence, patrolling the project length two round trips a day.

2trips/dayforPavedRoad,Standard Patrolling the project length one round trip per day.

2trips/weekforUnpavedRoad Patrolling the project length one round trip per week.



5.3.4 EstimatingCostsofSelected6On-CarriagewayWorks

5.3.4.1 Introduction

Maintenance of the carriageway is important as roads are the lifelines for both the daily livelihood of the Kenyan people and the Kenyan national economy. Therefore, 6 Works have been selected essentially from the on-carriageway activities to provide road users with higher safety and are considered to produce a big impact on the maintenance cost. They cover the required maintenance inputs under Passability on Road Usability, Smooth and SafeTrafficandTrafficInformationonRoadUserComfortandDrainageCapabilityandMaintenanceofOtherStructures under Road Durability. In this manual, these works are termed as the Selected 6 On-Carriageway Works. These works essentially require set ups of well-maintained machineries and equipment together with groupsofskilledlabor,techniciansandoperators.Materialscomplyingwiththerelevantspecificationsmustbeprocured as well. These works together with their work items and respective service scopes are shown in Table 5-7.

Table 5-7 Selected 6 On-Carriageway Works, their Service Scopes and Work items

NoOn-Carriageway

WorksService Scope Work Items

Code (as per CEM

2017)

Work Category (as per CEM

2017)

1Grading and regravelling

Smooth and Safe Traffic

M001-1 Light Grading 10.50.003 Grading

M001-2 Regravelling 10.60.001 Gravelling

2 PatchingSmooth and Safe Traffic

M002-1 Pothole Patching – Hot mix 16.50.001Pavement RepairingM002-2

Pothole Patching – Cold Mix (manufactured)

16.50.002

M002-3Pothole Patching – Cold Mix(made on site)

— —

3 Crack sealingSmooth and Safe Traffic

M003-1 Crack Sealing 16.50.004Pavement Repairing

4 Road marking TrafficInformation

M004-1 Road Marking on smooth pavement 20.70.011

Road MarkingM004-2

Road Marking on Surface Dressed pavement

—

5Repair on concrete structures

Maintenance of Other Structures

M005-1Culvert Installation – 600mm with surround

08.60.025Pipe Culvert Installation

M005-2Headwall construction for 600mm pipe culvert

08.60.019aHeadwall Construction

6Guardrailrepair/replacement

Maintenance of Other Structures

M006-1 Straightening of Beams — —

M006-2Straightening of Beams and Realignment of posts

— —

M006-3Guardrail replacement with new beam and realignment of posts

— —

The most important element of cost estimation on the selected 6 On-Carriageway Works is the quantity of works which are likely to be maintained during the project period. In order to ascertain the required inputs to achieve the service levels throughout the contract period, the degradation of road facilities likely to occur must be assessed and then the required volume of works computed.

Unfortunately, there are no comprehensive reports which provide information on the likely occurrence of degradation of road facilities in Kenya yet. As computation of the required volume of works from the result of assessing the likely occurrence of road degradation and defects by reference to technical reports is very limited, collection of data from ongoing projects is vital on how to compute quantities of works. Therefore, surveys were conducted on the numbers of defects observed under the Model Projects as the secondary way of obtaining the required volume of works. Data for 3 On-Carriageway works out of the selected 6 were obtained. The data obtained could become the starting point for such monitoring of roads in the future.



This cost estimation manual uses such useful data and proposes to utilize such data termed “Pre-surveyed quantity” to enable performing cost estimation exercise on the Selected 6 On-Carriageway Works.

3 types of the pre-surveyed quantity method are proposed considering the nature of the On-Carriageway works. Table 5-8 gives a brief description of the types of pre-surveyed quantities and Table 5-9 relates the selected 6On-Carriagewayworkswith the specific typeofpre-surveyedquantity they requirebasedon the levelofinformation already available.

Table 5-8 Types of Pre-surveyed Quantities

Type Description

Type 1 Pre-surveyed quantity based on visual inspection of the current state and make practical judgment.

Type 2 Pre-surveyed quantity generated from past PBC project data

Type 3 Pre-surveyed quantity generated from visual inspection and engineering correlation with past PBC project data.

Table 5-9 selected 6 On-Carriageway Works and their type of pre-surveyed quantity

No ItemTypes of pre-surveyed

quantityDetails of Past Project Data Available

1Grading and Regravelling on unpaved road

Type 1Not Available, regravelling after each rainy season

2 Patching Type 3 Obtained by survey

3 Crack Sealing Type 3 Research Paper

4 Road Marking Type 3 Obtained by survey

5 Repair on Concrete Structures Type 1 Not Available

6 GuardrailRepair/Replacement Type 2 Obtained by survey

COSTESforPBC2018isequippedwithinclusionoftheabove6on-carriagewayworkswhicharesubclassifiedinto different work items based on different methods of work execution and types of materials used. The set-up is similar to 142 work items listed under Cost Estimation Manual for Road Maintenance Works First Revised Edition,updatedonJuly2017.QuantitiesfortheworkitemsarecomputedbasedonQuantificationManualonSelected 6 On-Carriageway Works.

5.3.4.2 Standard Resource Usage per (Unit) Quantity (SRUQ) and Productivity Rate (P/R)

For Selected 6 On-Carriageway Works, the actual productivity rate is governed by the capacity of machineries, labor and materials used in carrying out the work. The productivity rates obtained from the survey are ultimately used to obtain the unit rates of the work items.

Further,theSRUQsforSelected6On-CarriagewayWorksarethequantityoftheunitpriceestimationtable.The unit price estimation tables for Selected 6 On-Carriageway Works are newly proposed in this manual in Appendix 2.2. The unit price estimation tables are being prepared based the actual equipment and the trade of the labours actually deployed on site referring to CEM 2017. An example of a unit calculation table for light grading is shown Figure 5-4andthecellshighlightedforlightgradingrepresenttheSRUQsthatneedsurvey.

For those items whose unit price calculation tables are absent in the Cost Estimation Manual such as guardrail repair, new unit price calculation table was developed and is proposed in this manual in Appendix 2-2.



No. 80

Work Category Grading

Code 10.50.003

Work Item Name Light Grading

Description Trim with motor grader existing carriageway to camber, including slopes and ditches

Unit m2

Quantity 18,000

Code Name Type Unit Unit price Ksh) Quantity Sum (Ksh) Remarks

22.50.007Skilled Labour: Overseer

Person Day 1,014 1 14.65 Based on average productivity in Kenya

22.50.005 Artisans G2 Person Day 819 0 0Based on average productivity in Kenya

22.50.002 Unskilled labour Person Day 416 1 416 Based on average productivity in Kenya

Support Staff Person Day 416 1 416Based on average productivity in Kenya

M1 Motor Grader driving 131hp Hour 8,074 8 64,590 Based on average productivity in Kenya

Subtotal 66,436

Miscellaneous Cost % 5 3,322 % of Subtotal

Total 69,758

Per unit 3.9 Total/Quantity

Note 1. The quantities are based on M.o.P.W.:2011: Activity No. 1050004

2. The unit price does not include haulage cost.

3. Miscellaenous cost is for general reusable equipment to execute the work. (e.g. hand tools, scaffoldings, safety gears) - 5%: clearing, cleaning, earthwork, base and surfacing works, simple street furniture works (e.g. marking, sign installation) - 10%: concrete -works, structural works, complicated street furniture works (e.g. Microtunneling, street lamp works)

M1 Motor Grader Driving Per hour

Code Name Type Unit Unit rate (Ksh) Quantity Sum (Ksh) Remarks

22.50.101Skilled Labour: Operator

Person Day 1,014 0.25 2541day=7 hours =0.143 day (=1hour) * 2 (operator + mechanic) = 0.25

22.50.002Unskilled Labor

416 0.125 520.125day (= 1hour) * 1 (turnboy) =0.125

22.74.002 Fuel Diesel litre 89.8 26 2,334Based on average productivity in Kenya

22.63.012

Motor Grader (e.g. CAT 112F): 100 - 130 HP

0 day 5,317 1 5,434

Miscellaneous Cost

% - 0

Total 8,074

Figure 5-4 Unit Price Calculation Table

(Source: Cost Estimation Manual for Road Maintenance WorksFirst Revised Edition | July 2017)

TheresultsoftheSRUQandPRsurveyoftheworkitemsconductedarethensummarisedasshowninTable 5-10.



Table 5-10 Summary of SRUQs and PRs for On-Carriageway Works

Item Machineries SRUQ UnitsSurvey

SRUQ P/RMachinery Productivity1 Grading and Regravelling Motor grader No-day/m2 0.00013 7,754.89

2 PatchingAsphalt Cutter No-day/m2 0.0045 222.50Sprayer No-day/m2 0.000053 18,918.92Roller No-day/m2 0.0002 5,000.00

3 Crack Sealing No-day/m - -4 Road Marking Road marking machine No-day/m2 0.0019 528.63

5 Repair on Concrete Structures Concrete mixer No-day/m3 0.055 18.18

6 GuardrailRepair/Replacement N/A - - -

Labour Productivity

Item Categories SRUQ UnitsSurvey

SRUQ P/R

1 Grading and RegravellingUnskilled Labor person-day/m3 0.0014 714.29Artisans person-day/m3 - -Supervisor person-day/m3 0.0036 277.78

2 PatchingUnskilled Labor person-day/m2 0.034 33.33

Supervisor person-day/m2 0.0054 185.19

3 Crack SealingUnskilled Labor person-day/m - -Supervisor person-day/m - -

4 Road MarkingUnskilled Labor person-day/m2 0.015 66.89Artisans person-day/m2 - -Supervisor person-day/m2 0.00044 225.23

5

Repair on Concrete Structures - Headwall

Unskilled Labor person-day/1no. 2.3188 0.43Artisans person-day/1no. 0.5539 1.81Supervisor person-day/1no. 0.0852 11.74

Repair on Concrete Structures -Culvert installation

Unskilled Labor person-day/m 0.9002 1.11Artisans person-day/m 0.2407 4.16

Supervisor person-day/m 0.03174 31.51

6 GuardrailRepair/ReplacementUnskilled Labor Personday/m 0.0874 11.00

Artisans Personday/m 0.104 9.62Supervisor Personday/m 0.3073 3.25

TheresultofSRUQandP/Rssurveyof14workitemsaslistedinTable5-7performedin2017incomparisonwiththeSRUQsandP/RsfromtheCostEstimationManualforRoadMaintenanceWorksFirstRevisedEdition,July 2017 is given in Appendix 2.

BothSRUQsandP/RsaremachineryproductivityfactorsforSelected6On-CarriagewayWorksexplainedinChapter1.5.COSTESforPBC2018ispre-equippedwiththeSRUQsandP/Rsof15subclassifiedworks.

As the actual productivity rate is governed by the capacity of machineries, no consideration is required for wet and dry periods.

5.3.4.3 Miscellaneous Costs for Selected 6 On-Carriageway Works

The list indicated in Table 5-11 covers miscellaneous costs such as tools, equipment and safety gears required for completing the selected 6 On-Carriageway works.

Table 5-11 Miscellaneous Costs for Selected 6 On-Carriageway Works

Item Unit Rate Remark

Miscellaneous Expenses

%5 Applies to Grading, patching and regravelling works on unpaved road, Patching and Road marking.10 Appliestocracksealing,RepaironconcretestructuresandGuardrailrepair/replacement



5.3.5 EstimatingCostof6MajorLaborBasedWorks

5.3.5.1 Introduction

6 Major Labor Based Works are essentially off-carriageway works requiring attendance of a group of labor with small tools andequipment tocarryout removalofunwantedvegetation/trees, soils andother rubbish/materials off site from road facilities such as carriageway, inner zone, outer zone and drainage. They cover the requiredmaintenance inputs under Smooth andSafeTraffic andVisibilityonRoadUserComfort andunderDrainage Capability and Vegetation Control under Road Durability. 6 works were selected as the most typical labor intensive works prevalent in Kenya for road maintenance. Table 5-12 show the 6 Major Labour Based works and their respective service scopes.

Table 5-12 6 Major Labour Based Works and their respective service scopes

No Item Service Category Service scopes

1 Grass cutting Road Durability Vegetation Control

2 Cross culvert de-silting Road Durability Drainage Capability

3 Catch basin de-silting Road Durability Drainage Capability

4 Lined side ditch de-silting Road Durability Drainage Capability

5 Unlined side ditch de-silting Road Durability Drainage Capability

6 Carriageway cleaning Road User Comfort SmoothandSafeTraffic

Accuracyofcostestimationreflectsthemagnitudeofsurveyinputstoascertainwhatroadfacilitiesarerequiredto be maintained and how such road facilities should be maintained. However, cost estimation is used for various purposes and sometimes accuracy can be of lower priority compared to the delivery time of cost estimation information. COSTES for PBC 2018 is equipped with three types of cost estimation for Labor Based Works which can be chosen based on the type of quantity to be used in the cost estimation as outlined in Table 5-3. These three types of cost estimation for the 6 major Labour Based Works are:

1. Cost estimation using KM standardized quantities;

2. Cost estimation using simple quantities;

3. Cost estimation using actual quantities.

The magnitude of survey input increases from 1 to 3 hence the accuracy of cost estimation is higher using actual quantities and low when using Km standardized quantities during cost estimation for the Labour Based works.

If Types 2 and 3 are chosen, government cost estimators must dispatch a team to undertake on-site survey to collect information on the works under the 6 Major Labour Based Works. Government cost estimators must sufficientlybeawareofvariousservicelevelsandtolerancesrequiredinPBCWorksinrelationtoworkoutputs.Theresultofcostestimationshouldbedoublecheckedtoconfirmallservicelevelsarecovered.

The relationship among each type of cost estimation, cost estimation parameters are already in-built in COSTES forPBC2018andare tobeusedasfixedparameters.Data/ information required tobeobtained fromon-site surveys are indicated in Table 5-13. Further information is available in Figure 5-5 for understanding the differencesonKMStandardizedQuantity,SimpleQuantityandActualQuantityforLabourBasedworks.



Table 5-13 Relationship of 3 Types of Cost Estimation, Fixed Parameters and On-Site Survey (Labor Based Works)

Cost Estimation Methodcost

estimation＝

quantity of work output

ｘ

SRUQ of labor input

ｘunit rates of labor

SRUQ

Cost estimation parameters pre equipped in COSTES for PBC 2015 work

frequency

km standardized quantity

work difficulty level

(simple/actual) %

miscellaneous cost

labor cost

1 Use of 'actual quantity' as the quantity of the work outputcost

estimation＝ actual quantity ｘ

SRUQ of labor input


actual 6 SRUQs labor cost

On‐ site survey is required before cost etimation to obtain quantity for with 3actual quantities on all work outputs each 6 work work

outputs difficulty levels

2 Use of 'simple quantity' as the quantity of the work outputcost

estimation＝

simple quantity x (simple/actual)

ｘ

SRUQ of labor input


simple 6 SRUQs labor cost

On‐ site survey is required before cost etimation to obtain quantity for with 3simple quantities on all work outputs each 6 work work

outputs difficulty

Periodical surveys are required by the cost estimation administrator so that cost estimation parameters are maintained.

outputs difficulty levels(simple/actual)

%

3 Use of 'km standardized quantity' as the quantity of the work outputcost

estimation＝

km standardized quantity x

project length

ｘ

SRUQ of labor input


project length 6 SRUQs labor cost

No on‐ site survey is required before cost etimation with 3Only the project length required km standardized work

quantity for difficultyeach 6 work levelsoutputs

Pre determined cost estimation parameters

Cost estimation parameters to be checked on site by cost estimator



WhatareKMStandardizedQuantity,SimpleQuantityandActualQuantity?

(1) KMStandardizedQuantityThe quantity obtained from the past survey conducted by the cost estimation administrator on the Standardized Road. Standardized quantities are obtained for all the 6 Major Labour Based Works unless such road facilities are not included in the Standardized Road.

(2) SimpleQuantityThe quantity of road facilities obtained purely from mathematical calculation based on the lengths, widths and numbers obtained from on-site survey to be included in the Contract.

(3) ActualQuantityThe quantity of road facilities obtained from the on-site survey and determined by the survey team as the quantity required to be maintained under the contract.

Example: Grass CuttingSimplequantityandactualquantityforGrassCuttingaredefinedasshowninthefigurebelow.

Figure 5-5 Three Types of Quantities

KMStandardizedQuantityforeachroadagencyisobtainedbysurveyingthesimpleandactualquantitiesforastandardizedroad.Then,apercentageofActualQuantity/SimpleQuantity(whichislabelled“Actual/Simple”)’termedas‘QuantityRatio’inCOSTES for PBC 2018 is obtained. This data is analysed in the format as shown in Table 5-14. The KM standardized quantities for all Road Agencies for COSTES FOR PBC 2018 are indicated in Appendix 2.

Table 5-14 Format for KM Standardized Quantities and (Simple/Actual) % for Road Agency

KeNHA (Single Carriageway)

Item Unit Simple Quantity/1km Actual/Simple Actual Quantity/1km

Grass cutting m2 6,055 33% 2,018.3

Cross culvert de-silting m 100 64% 64.4

Catch basin de-silting Pcs 10 33% 3.3

Lined ditch de-silting m 200 50% 99.3

Unlined ditch de-silting m 1,400 35% 496.2

Carriageway cleaning m2 2,000 32% 638.7

Maintained Length: L

Grass Earth Road Grass Earth Grass Earth Grass

Carriage Way

Earth Grass Road Earth Grass Earth

Structure

Grass Cutting Area No grass growing

+Simple Q'ty

Actual Q'ty

Maint

ained

Widt

h: W

m



5.3.5.2 Standard Resource Usage per (Unit) Quantity (SRUQ) and Productivity Rate (P/R)

BothSRUQsandP/Rsarelabourproductivityfactorsforthe6MajorLabourBasedWorksexplainedinChapter1.6.They are obtained from the productivity survey and computed into 3 different levels (Heavy, Normal, and Light) inrelationtoWorkDifficultyLevelasindicatedinTable 5-15. The details of the survey are explained in Vol. 1: CostEstimationManualforAdministrator.P/RistheinverseofSRUQ,andbothcanbecomputedonceoneofthem is known.

Government cost estimators are simply required to select the periods of the Initial Mobilization Period, the dryperiodandthewetperiod.TheneithertheSRUQsortheP/Rfortherespectivelevelwillbeusedincostestimation in accordance with Table 5-15. The list of P/Rs and SRUQs forMajor 6 Labor BasedWorks isindicated in Table 5-16.

Table 5-15 Work Difficulty Level and Applications to Cost Estimation

Work Difficulty Level Site Work Condition Remarks

Heavy(productivity is low)

Very heavy work normally observed in the initial mobilization period. Used for the initial mobilization period

Normal(productivity is normal)

Moderate work volume mainly observed in the wet period Used for the wet period

Light(productivity is high)

Light work volume mainly observed in the dry period Used for the dry period

Table 5-16 P/Rs and SRUQs for Major 6 Labor Based Works based on Simple Quantities

Work item Unit Level P/R (Simple) Unit SRUQ (Simple) Unit

Grass Cutting m2

Heavy 1,062.6

m2/pd

0.0009

m2/per-dNormal 1,367.3 0.0007

Light 2,723.4 0.0004

Ave 1,470.9 0.0007

Cross Culvert m

Heavy 2.8

m/pd

0.3628

m/per-dNormal 86.0 0.0116

Light 155.0 0.0065

Ave 7.9 0.1270

Catch Basin2.52m²(ave.)/pcs

pcs

Heavy 3.8

pcs/pd

0.2634

pcs/per-dNormal 15.0 0.0667

Light 69.5 0.0144

Ave 8.7 0.1148

Lined Side Ditch m

Heavy 71.1

m/pd

0.0141


Light 1,009.3 0.0010

Ave. 130.4 0.0077

Unlined Side Ditch m

Heavy 40.8

m/pd

0.0245


Light 108.4 0.0092

Ave. 64.0 0.0156

Carriageway Cleaning m2

Heavy 60.7

m2/pd

0.0165

m2/per-dNormal 1,438.3 0.0007

Light 1,764.4 0.0006

Ave. 169.2 0.0059

Note: pd: person day



5.3.5.3 Manpower - Number of Laborers (PD3)

The number of laborers required for labor based works can be computed as shown in Table 5-17.

The basic formula for obtaining the number of laborers required is PD3 = λxQ.

Table 5-17 Table for Computation of Required Number of Laborers (Dry Period)

Item SRUQ*(a) Quantity(b) Laborers (PD3) (a)x(b)

1. Grass cutting λ-1gc pd/m2 Qgc PDgc (pd)

2. Cross culvert de-silting λ-2cc pd/m Qcc PDcc (pd)

3. Catch basin de-silting λ-3cb pd/pcs Qcb PDcb (pd)

4. Lined side ditch de-silting λ-4ld pd/m Qld PDud (pd)

5. Unlined side ditch de-silting λ-5ud pd/m Qud PDud (pd)

6. Carriageway cleaning λ-6cw pd/m2 Qcw PDcw (pd)

Total PD3 (pd)

Note pd: person day

* SRUQisselectedfromTable 5-16 according to IMP, dry period and wet period.

5.3.5.4 Manpower - Number of Supervisor and Foreman (PD1 and PD2)

The number of foremen and supervisors required for labor based works can be computed as shown in Table 5-18.

Supervisor: PD1= PD3 /30Foreman: PD2= PD3 /10arethebasicformula.

The above formula is based on organizing the labour team in accordance with Figure 5-6.

Table 5-18 Table for Computation of Required Numbers of Supervisor and Foreman

Item Unit Quantity Remark

Supervisor person x days PD1 PD1 = PD3∕30

Foreman person x days PD2 PD2 = PD3∕10

Laborers person x days PD3 From Table 5-17

The numbers of supervisor (PD1) and foreman (PD2) are computed based on understanding the typical organization format indicated in the following Figure 5-6.

Supervisor

Foreman - 1 Foreman - 2 Foreman - 3

10 Labourers 10 Labourers 10 Labourers

Figure 5-6 Typical Organization for Major 6 Labour Based Works



5.3.5.5 Cycle Number (Work Frequency)

Insomelocations,itisrequiredtoperformworksfrequentlytomeetthespecifiedservicelevels.Anexampleisalocation that rubbish and debris are likely to be deposited compared to other locations because of its topography.

Another example is the case where trees and grass have grown excessively due to ambient environment so that the work must be done frequently. For such cases, an adjustment function called Cycle Number is included in COSTES for PBC 2018

The default values of Cycle Number are set as indicated in Table 5-19. COSTES for PBC 2018 allows the values to be replaced when the need arises.

Table 5-19 Default Cycle Number under COSTES for PBC 2018

Period Default Frequency under COSTES for PBC 2015

Remarks

Initial Mobilization Period Once during the Initial Mobilization Period If IMP is 3 months, the frequency is 1.

Dry Period Once a month The default value may be replaced as the case may be.

Wet Period Once a month The default value may be replaced as the case may be.

The concept of Cycle Number is explained as follows:

Thefrequencyoftheworkrequiredtomaintaintheentiresectioninasinglemonthisdefinedas“CycleNumber(CN)”. The quantity of the total monthly work input can therefore be computed by multiplying the quantity of each work input as required with the frequency of the work required to maintain the entire section in a single month.Therefore, thequantity for a specificworkduring amonthcanbecalculatedbyusing the followingformula.

MonthlyQuantity=Quantityofworkforanentiresection×CN

The relationship between CN and the monthly quantity is shown in Figure 5-7. The frequency of the work will vary depending upon the period (dry or wet) as shown in Table 5-20.

Num

ber

of L

abor

ers

25 days

N/25personsN(No.ofLabors)=SRUQxA

In case CN (Cycle Number) = 1

Num

ber

of L

abor

ers

12.5 days 12.5 days

N/12.5personsN=SRUQxA N=SRUQxA

In case CN (Cycle Number) =2

Figure 5-7 Relation between CN and Monthly Quantity of PBC Works



Table 5-20 CNs during IMP, Wet Period and Dry Period

Phase 3

Target Service Level Compliance

50% 75% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

SRUQTarget50% of

Area under IMP

25% of Area under IMP, 50% of Area under

Normal; Respective

CN

25% of Area under IMP, 75% of Area under

Normal; Respective

CN

100% of Area under

Normal; Respective

CN

100% of Area under

Normal; Respective

CN

100% of Area under

Normal; Respective

CN

100% of Area under

Normal; Respective

CN

100% of Area under

Normal; Respective

CN

100% of Area

under low; Respective

CN

100% of Area


CN

100% of Area


CN

100% of Area


CN

5.3.5.6 Miscellaneous Costs for Labor Based Works

The list indicated in Table 5-21 covers miscellaneous costs such as tools, equipment and safety gears required for completing the 6 Major Labour Based works. In order to estimate miscellaneous costs, a trial cost computation was carried out as shown in Table 5-22. The result suggests that it is necessary to allow 5.0% of the cost of total workers consisting of foreman, supervisors, and labourers as miscellaneous costs.

Hence, COSTES for PBC 2015 adopts 5% as the default value for the percentage add-on to the total cost for workers, in lieu of quantifying and calculating the cost one by one.

Table 5-21 Miscellaneous Costs

Item Unit Rate Q’ty Remark

Miscellaneous Expenses % 5 Cost of Foremen, Supervisors, and Labourers The default value of COSTES for PBC 2015

Table 5-22 Cost Computation for Miscellaneous Costs per 100 Laborers in One Year

Item Unit Quantity Rate (KSH) Amount (KSH) Remarks

Safety Jacket Pcs 100 300 30,000 100pcs/year

Helmet Pcs 100 1,000 100,000 100pcs/year

Safety Boots Pcs 100 2,500 250,000 100pcs/year

Safety Cones Pcs 20 250 5,000 60pcs/3years

Grass Slasher Pcs 200 700 140,000 200pcs/year

Wheel barrow Pcs 40 3,000 120,000 40pcs/year

Shovel Pcs 20 500 10,000 20pcs/year

Hoe Pcs 20 800 16,000 20pcs/year

Fork foe Pcs 10 1,000 10,000 20pcs/2years

Pick-axe Pcs 2 800 1,600 6pcs/3yeas

Rake Pcs 20 300 6,000 20pcs/year

Broom Pcs 600 150 90,000 50pcs/month

Machete Pcs 5 600 3,000 5pcs/year

Tape Measure Pcs 2 200 400 2pcs/year

Total 782,000 (a)

% 3.7% (a)/(b)%

Labourer Man days 30,000 450 13,500,000 100*25days*12 months

Foreman Man months 40 40,000 1,600,000 3.33*12 months

Supervisor Man months 120 50,000 6,000,000 10*12 months

Workers Total 21,100,000 (b)



5.3.6 EstimatingCostoftheOtherPBCWorksThe Other PBC Works are works and services which are required to be carried out during the duration of a PBC project for the cost of which is not computed under either Selected 6 On-Carriageway Works or 6 Major Labor Based Works. The Other PBC Works are essentially on-carriageway activity and covers the required maintenanceinputsunderVisibilityandTrafficInformationonRoadUserComfortandunderDrainageCapabilityand Maintenance and Other Structures under Road Durability. They involve use of machineries, labor and materials,suchasrepairofstructures,repairofroadfurniture,repairofroadprofileandwidthandrepairofembankment and slopes. Unlike Selected 6 On-Carriageway Works, the Other PBC Works may not be the principal works prevalent in Kenya for road maintenance and likely to have a small degree of cost impact from the cost estimation point of view.

All service criteria applicable for the other PBC Works are listed in Table 5-24.

This section covers how to derive the cost of the Other PBC Works.

As “Other PBC Works” are essentially non-labor based works but are a combination of supply of materials; effective use of machineries; and labor service being a supplemental portion, a style of cost estimation similar to Selected 6 On-Carriageway Works is introduced. At the same time, it must be understood that occurrence of “Other PBCWorks” is difficult to predict as same as for Selected On-CarriagewayWorks, accuracy inquantificationofwork inputsremains lowunlessdataontheseworksunderpastPBCprojectsaregatheredsufficiently.

As such data collection has not been carried out, three ways of deriving the cost are presented in the Manual.

1. Bottom-up Method: Identify work outputs, quantify work inputs, compute the volume of resources required, obtain unit rates for each resource and derive the cost for the work;

2. QuotationsbasedMethod: Identifyworkoutputs, quantifywork inputs,obtainquotations for thework outputs and derive the cost for the work; and,

3. Percentages based Method: Based on the past performance, quantify work inputs based on the percentage of the Direct Cost excluding the cost of Instructed Works and derive the cost for the work.

From the point of cost estimation accuracy, the Bottom-up Method is the most effective and preferred method. However,sincethere isnosufficientdatabasetobackupthefrequencyofoccurrenceofOtherPBCWorksand on-site survey to supplement information is time consuming, the Manual recommends introduction of Percentages based Method at the initial stage, then gradually transferring to either Bottom-up Method and QuotationsbasedMethoduponbuildingasufficientdatabase.

COSTES for PBC 2018 is compatible with all the three methods presented above.

Table 5-23 Estimating Cost of Other PBC Works

Method Key Elements Remarks

1 Bottom-up Method

1. Thecostestimationadministratorprovidesdatabaseonidentificationofworkinputs on likely defects, conversion of productivity to work inputs and unit rates.

2. The cost estimator is required to estimate the presurveyed quantity of defects likely to occur during the contract duration

For future application. How- ever COSTES for PBC 2018 is compatible

2. Quotationsbased Method

1. Thecostestimationadministratorprovidesdatabaseonidentificationofworkinputs on likely defects.

2. The cost estimator is required to estimate the presurveyed quantity of defects likely to occur during the contract duration.

3. The cost estimator is required to obtain quotations

For future application. How- ever COSTES for PBC 2018 is compatible

3. Percentages based Method

1. The percentage of the cost of work over the cost of the Direct Cost excluding the Instructed Works is established from past performance.

The preferred method by the Manual. COSTES for PBC 2018 is compatible



The presurveyed quantity of defects likely to occur during the contract duration can be computed using the following formula;

Presurveyed Quantity = Simple Quantity x Damage Probability x Contract Duration

This is based on understanding that defects likely to occur are of random occurrence and the level of damage is also random.

By monitoring and recording defects occurrence of past PBC projects and compiling them into the damage inventory, the record of repair works such as on on-carriageway and off-carriageway damages and road furniture damage can be fed back in a database system to be provided by the cost estimation administrator.

ThePresurveyedQuantitymaybecomputedbymultiplyingthesimplequantitywiththedamageprobabilitystored in the database maintained by the cost estimator.

In case, the damage probability is set higher than the reality, the cost estimate will be higher and in case, the damage probability is set lower than the reality, cost estimate will fall short of what is actually required. In order to minimize occurrence of such, it is a high priority to collect vital costs information as quick as possible.

The Manual recommends that works utilizing such presurveyed quantities should be treated not as “Other PBC Works”, but as a part of Instructed Works so that the risk is borne by the road agency. This measure should be taken until such a time that a stable database of “Other PBC Works” is available. The other option will be to adopt the Percentage based Method using the previous record under PBC projects.

Example:

Pavement Repair due to ravelling SimpleQuantity(PavedArea)1,000m2×Damage Probability 0.5%= PresurveyedQuantity5m2/Year

Km Post repair: SimpleQuantity(KmPosts)100nos.xDamageProbability0.3%=PresurveyedQuantity0.3nos/Year

As indicated in Table 5-24, Selected 6 On-Carriageway Works and Major 6 Labor Based Works only covers less than majority of service criteria.



Table 5-24 List of service Criteria and Cost Estimation

Service Category Service Scope Check Element Defect Cost Estimation

Road Usability Passability PavementObstruction on passage Patrol and Self Inspection

Obstruction on overhead clearance 6 Major Labour Based Works

Road User Comfort

Smooth and Safe Traffic

Pavement

Unclean Pavement 6 Major Labour Based Works

Pavement too rough for use Patrol and Self Inspection

Potholes Selected 6 On-Carriageway Works

Cracking in surface (Alligator, Transverse and Longitudinal) Selected 6 On-Carriageway Works

Corrugations Selected 6 On-Carriageway Works

Rutting Other PBC Works

Loss of camber Selected 6 On-Carriageway Works

Heaving/Shoving Other PBC Works

Bleeding Other PBC Works

Glazing Other PBC Works

Ravelling Other PBC Works

Stripping/Fretting Other PBC Works

Edge Damage Selected 6 On-Carriageway Works

Erosion Guliies Other PBC Works

Soft Spots Selected 6 On-Carriageway Works

Loss of gravel depth Selected 6 On-Carriageway Works

Cracking in concrete pavement Selected 6 On-Carriageway Works

Shoulder

Damage on Interlocking paving blocks Other PBC Works

Damaged(scoured/rutted/Depressed/potholed)pavedshoulders

Other PBC Works

Damaged(scoured/rutted/Depressed/potholed)unpavedshoulders

Other PBC Works

Shoulder-carriageway step Other PBC Works

Median

Unclean Median 6 Major Labour Based Works

Ponding and spillage 6 Major Labour Based Works

Poorly maintained vegetation 6 Major Labour Based Works

Footpath/Cycleway Obstruction due to soil, debris, trash, rocks, fallen trees 6 Major Labour Based Works

Footbridge Broken footbridge steps Other PBC Works

VisibilitySight Distance Availability Patrol and Self Inspection

Street Lighting Twoormoreconsecutivelightsnotfunctioning/missing Other PBC Works

TrafficInformation

Signage

Absenceofrelevantwarningsigns/mandatorysigns Other PBC Works

Absence of relevant information signs, edge marker post, guide post, Kilometer post

Other PBC Works

Absenceofrelevanttraffissignals Other PBC Works

Road Works advance warning signs

Absenceofrelevantwarningsigns/obscuredbyvegetation Other PBC Works

Road Marking Fadedmarking,damagedroadreflectors Selected 6 On-Carriageway Works

Road Durability

Drainage Capability

Side Drains,Mitres Drains,Cut off Drains(Lined)

Obstruction due to silt, sediments, debris, soil, materials washed after storm

6 Major Labour Based Works

Side Drains,Mitres Drains,Cut off Drains(Unlined)

Culverts and Drifts

Obstructions due to debris 6 Major Labour Based Works

Obstruction due to structural damage Other PBC Works

Obstruction due to broken culvert Other PBC Works

Scour checks,gabions and other erosion protection Srtuctures

Erosion due to malfunction of the structures Other PBC Works

Manholes and gulley pots Blockedmanholes/Obstructionsduetodebris Other PBC Works

Vegetation Control

Vegetation free zone Unwanted vegetation on the vegetation free zone 6 Major Labour Based Works

Inner vegetation zoneOvergrown vegetation 6 Major Labour Based Works

Overhanging branches 6 Major Labour Based Works

Trees within ROWSelf sown tree of nuisance >1m high 6 Major Labour Based Works

Dead tree that presents a risk of falling onto the road 6 Major Labour Based Works

Maintenance of other structures

Concrete structures Structual deterioration Other PBC Works

Steel strucures Structual deterioration, leaking structures Other PBC Works

Bridge expansion joints Debrisimpendingjointmovement/damagingthejoint Other PBC Works

Guardrail/Pedestrianrail Damaged/missingguardrails Selected 6 On-Carriageway Works

Riverbeds Obstructions due to debris or inappropriate vegetation 6 Major Labour Based Works

Slope StabilityEmbarkment Slopes Possible slope failure Other PBC Works

Slopes in Cuts Possible slope failure Other PBC Works



5.3.7 EstimatingHaulageCostThis section cover how cost estimation is performed on the Haulage Cost.

The haulage cost is the cost required for transporting materials, labour and equipment to and from the site. For cost estimation purpose, two options of using either a 2-ton truck or a single pick-up truck are provided as indicated in Table 5-25.

Cost estimation is based on the formation as indicated in Table 5-26. Unit rates in Appendix 2 will be used for cost computation.

Table 5-25 SRUQ for Vehicles (Per Month)

Vehicles Quantity Applicable for Remarks

Truck(2-ton,flatbed) 1 For general roads This is the default setting for COSTES for PBC 2018. (25 working days/month onhire based)

Including transport of removed earth, weeds and other materials generated from the site.

Pick up 1 For minor or local roads where trucks are not widely used.(25workingdays/monthorhirebased)

Table 5-26 Cost for Vehicles for General Maintenance WorksDescription Truck (Flat bed, 2 ton)Unit MonthQuantity 1

Item Specs Unit Unit Rate Quantity Amount Remarks

Vehicle Truck (2.5-5ton) Unit Appendix 2 1

Fuel Litre 4km/litre

Driver Persons 1

Description Unit Quantity

Pick up Month 1

Item Specs Unit Unit Rate Quantity Amount Remarks

Vehicle Pick up (Double Cab) Unit Appendix 2 1

Fuel Litre 10km/litre

Driver Persons 1

5.3.8 EstimatingCostofInstructedWorksIn Kenya, in case a section of the road network is decided to be maintained by a Performance Based road maintenance contract, rehabilitation works under the instructed works is required at the onset of the contract to bringtheroadsectionuptopredefinedservicelevelsasillustratedinFig. 5-8. Upon completion of the Instructed Works during the Initial Mobilization Period, then the PBC Works can begin.



Figure 5-8 Relationship Instructed Works and PBC Works

The Instructed Works are essentially both on-carriageway and off-carriageway activities and they cover the required maintenance inputs under various service levels established under Road Usability, Road User Comfort andRoadDurabilitysothattherehabilitatedlevelmeetsandexceedallaspectsofpredefinedservicelevels.

Since the Instructed Works are measured on site after completion, and the responsibility for setting quantities for each work item is by the road agency, the scope of the Instructed Works should be determined carefully by a group of engineering professionals to assist the cost estimator in charge.

Similarly, for the Other PBC Works, this Manual presents three ways of deriving the cost as presented below:

1. Bottom-up Method using COSTES 2017 as the Base for Unit Rates: Most of the scope of the Instructed Works is covered by CEM 2017. This method is to utilize work rates generated by CEM 2017 to COSTESforPBC2018.OnemustbeawarethatthebasecostofCEM2017isFY2016/17.

2. QuotationsbasedMethod:QuotationscanbeobtainedforthewholescopeoftheInstructedWorksbut can be time consuming. Using such rates and using quantities set by the group of engineering professionals, the amount of Instructed Works can be computed.

3. Percentages based Method: Using past performance, the percentage of the cost of Instructed Works can be used to compute the amount of the Instructed Works.

COSTES for PBC 2018 is compatible with all the three methods presented above.

5.4 EstimatingProcedureonIndirectCost/Overhead&Profit

5.4.1 IndirectCostThe Manual recommends a percentage of Indirect Cost as 30% over the Direct Cost. (This is the default value usedinCOSTESforPBC2018.)ThecontentofIndirectCostisclassifiedin Table 5-27.

The percentage is based on past road construction contracts in Kenya.



5.4.2 Overhead&ProfitSimilarly,asin5.4.1,theManualrecommendsapercentageoftheOverhead/Profitas10%overthesummationof the Direct Cost and the Indirect Cost. (This is the default value used in COSTES for PBC 2018.) The content ofOverhead/Profitisclassifiedin Table 5-27.

This percentage is also based on other past road construction contracts in Kenya.

ItistobenotedthattheprofitmarginsandoverheadsincludeonlythoseincurredbytheContractorbutnottheClient.

ThedefaultvaluesofpercentageforIndirectCostandOverheadandProfitshouldbemodifiedoncecomprehensivesurvey has been conducted.

Table 5-27 Construction Project Content Table in Japan

Indirect Cost Site Establishment Labour Camp

Water for Camp

Electricity for Camp

Access Road

Site Management SiteStaffSalary/Allowances/SocialCharges

OfficeExpensesincludingWater&Electricity

General Safety Measures

Human Resource Management Cost and so on.

OverheadandProfit Overhead HeadOfficeManagementCost

HOStaffSalary/Allowances/SocialCharges

Director’s Remuneration

Corporate Social Charges

Advertisement and Publicity

Profit Profit

5.5 EstimatingProcedureonVAT

All of the costs are summed up to derive the Project Cost, which is the sum of the Direct Cost, the Indirect CostandOverhead&Profit.TheapplicableVATrateisusedtocomputethecostofVATasapercentageoftheproject cost.16% VAT is set as the default value in COSTES for PBC 2018. In case, VAT percentage is changed bythegovernment,VATpercentagecanbemodifiedaccordingly.

5.6 CostEstimationReminder

Cost estimation exercise is a skilful technique on how to derive at an accurate cost of a project to be implemented in future, utilizing data obtained from similar projects and breaking down the project cost into smaller cost elements by pre-determined cost structures which enables to deliver a unit price so that an amount for that cost can be computed with a quantity.

When more research is put into this exercise, the dominant factors which determine the cost elements become clear to the cost estimator. Therefore, periodic research on cost is recommended.

Another reminder is that for cost estimation, standardization is a tool for cost estimators to obtain the initial figureandcostestimationprovidesyouwithacostwhichistypicalforquantitiesandprojectconditionswhichyou indicated. Therefore, special precaution is required in case the project you are performing cost estimation has some unique elements for which nothing has been factored in under the existing cost estimation system.


Appendices


Appendix 1: Cost Estimation System for PBC 2018 for Government Cost Estimators

1. Introduction1.1. What is the COST Estimation System for PBC?The web-based COST Estimation System for PBC or “iCOSTES” is a program to create cost estimation sheets by minimum input of the contract condition. Current version can easily calculate the following items:

1. Self-Inspection (Road Patrol)2. PBC Works;

a. Selected Six On-Carriageway Works;i. Road Marking, Repair of Concrete Structures, Pothole Repair, Guardrail Repair /

Replacement and Crack Sealing.

b. Labour Based Works;i. Grass Cutting, Cross Culvert Desilting, Catch Basin Desilting; Lined Side Ditch Desilting,

Unlined Side Ditch Desilting, and Carriageway Cleaning

c. Other PBC Worksd. Haulage Cost

3. Instructed Works4. Indirect Cost5. OverheadandProfit6. VAT

1.2. Concept of the calculation inside COSTES for PBCCOSTES calculates cost estimation of the project considering the cost structure as shown in Figure A1-1.1 below. Details of the cost structure are presented in clause 5.2 of the manual.

Direct CostPBC Works Instructed Works

Indirect CostOverheadandProfit

VAT

Figure A1-1.1 – Cost Structure from COSTES 2018

1. Direct work Cost (Clause1.5&5.2ofCostEstimationManualforRoadMaintenanceunderPerformanceBased Contracts Vol.2). Based on the contract conditions, works quantity and unit price, COSTES calculates “Direct Cost” first. Cost of PBCWorks,Other PBCWorks, Haulage Cost and InstructedWorks areregistered as direct costs.

2. Indirect Cost (Clause1.5&5.4.1ofCostEstimationManualforRoadMaintenanceunderPerformanceBased Contracts Vol.2). Indirect Cost is calculated as a percentage of direct cost.

3. Overhead and Profit (Clause 1.5 & 5.4.2 of Cost Estimation Manual for Road Maintenance underPerformanceBasedContractsVol.2).Overhead andProfit are calculated as percentagesof the sumofdirect cost and indirect cost.

4. Calculate VAT (Clause1.5&5.5ofCostEstimationManual forRoadMaintenanceunderPerformanceBased Contracts Vol.2)

VAT is calculated as a percentage (currently 16%) of the sum of direct cost, indirect cost, and overhead and profit.

APPENDIX 1


2. iCOSTESProgramOutline2.1. System Requirements

1. iCOSTES is a web-based program and works in most of the web browsers. Ensure that your web browser is up to date and that you have a good internet connection for your computer.

2. In order to access the web-based program, kindly contact your agency ICT administrator. Once access is granted by the administrator, enter the web address and your email and the password then click on the Sign me in button to access internal functionality.

3. Microsoft Excel version 2007 or later and a pdf reader Theoutputfile,whichwillbeautomaticallydownloadedonceyoucreatetheoutputinthesystem,isin pdf format but can be processed in excel.

2.2. Program Structure and Work FlowInput data and output of the iCOSTES is shown in Figure A1-2.1. Users have to input very basic contract conditionsonly.Afterinput,iCOSTESautomaticallyseeksproperproductivityrates(SRUQs),unitprices,and unit quantities per km, if necessary. Then, iCOSTES automatically generates a cost estimation sheets inPDFformat.Byadministrator’sconfiguration,Exceloutputcanbegenerated.Usersarethereforesavedfrom precise cost searches and making complicated excel worksheets.

Menu and Login

I-COSTES Web Application E-mail address and Password

Manage Estimations

Dashboard for Authorities Create New Estimation

ContractCondition/QuantityDataInput

COSTES Contract Condition Editor Contractcondition/RoadInformation/ContractPeriod/Quantityinput

RoadPatrol(SelfControlUnit)/HaulageCost

Road Patrol and Haulage Cost SCUinput/PatrolFrequency/Haulagecost/HaulageFrequency

UnitPriceConfirmation

sidebarl.UnitPriceConfirmation Labour&VehicleUnitpriceandpercentageconfirmation

Other PBC Works (optional)

Other PBC Works Editor SelectrequiredWorkitemandinput/modifyprice&quantity

Instructed Works (Optional)

COSTES Instructed Works Editor SelectInstructedWorkItemandinput/modifyprice&quantity

Machinery Based Items

Machinery Based Items Editor Select work item to use, modify decision ratio and PBC works ratio

Output

PDFFormat/Excelformat(optional)

(Legend)

Procedure

Program Window Name User Input

Figure A1-2.1 Basic Data input and Program flow inside the iCOSTES

APPENDIX 1


3. ProgramStepandUserInput

3.1. Login – “Welcome to iCOSTES”

Open your web browser and type the web address http://costes.qooetu.com/login then press enter. The iCOSTESloginpagewillopenwhereyouwillputintherequiredfieldsofregisteredemailaddressandpassword.This is as shown in Figure A1-3.1.

Figure A1-3.1 iCOSTES Login Page

ATTENTION: For first time users kindly communicate with your ICT administrator of your agency. TheAuthorities dashboard page will load as shown in Figure A1-3.2. To create a new estimation, click on the navigation panel, click on the Manage Estimation drop down options and select Create new Estimation.

Figure A1-3.2 Authorities Dashboard

APPENDIX 1


3.2. Contract Data Input – “COSTES Contract Condition Editor”

IntheCOSTESContractConditionEditorwindow,theuserisrequiredtofillinthedetailsasshowninFigureA1-3.3.

AfterallthedetailsarefilledclickontheSaveInputDataiconwhichwillautomaticallysaveallyourinputsandproceedtothenextwindow.AlleditablefieldsshouldbefilledoutotherwiseiCOSTESwillnotproceedtothenext window.

Figure A1-3.3 iCOSTES Contract Condition Editor

InputfieldsandtheirexplanationarelistedinTableA1-3.2.

APPENDIX 1


Table A1-3.2 Contract Condition Input

Input Filed Input Data Type Description

Road Authority Selection Select user’s road authority

Region Selection of the two options Selection of one of the two grouped regions

Year Select year Selected the database year to use in the cost estimation

Age of the Road Numeric Type the age of the pavement. Decimal input is possible.

Tender Number, Road name, Place of Work Type Text Type information based on the condition

Total Project Length Numeric Type Project Length by kilometres

Road Type, Age of the Road, Off-carriageway Width, Number of Lanes

Numeric/Selection Not available (Option for On-carriageway Work Items)

Contract Periods: Dry Period and Wet Period (Clause 5.3.1.2 of Cost Estimation Manual for Road Maintenance under Performance Based Contracts Vol.2)

Numeric Type Project Length by month Decimal input is possible. Default value for Initial Mobilization Period (IMP) is 3 months. Respective work frequency setting is available.

Work Frequency by Period (Clause 5.3.4.4 of Cost Estimation Manual for Road Maintenance under Performance Based Contracts Vol.2)

Numeric Number of frequencies per month for the 6 Major Labour Based Works. Decimal input is possible (e.g. 0.5 means oncepertwomonths).Userscandefinefrequencybyeachperiod.

Users should prepare the size of the maintained area and the work frequency for each of the six major labor- based work items to obtain the quantity input i.e., based on the kind of data, users can choose input method from one of the following methods. The detail of the quantity input is described in Clause 5.3.1.3 of Cost Estimation Manual for Road Maintenance under Performance Based Contracts Volume 2.

Table A1-3.3 Quantity Input Method

Input Method Description Site Survey

Use Km Standardized Quantity

By using project length, iCOSTES automatically calculates quantity using standardizedquantityregisterin iCOSTES.Nospecificquantity isneededbutestimation accuracy is relatively low.

Not Required(Refer Project length)

SimpleQuantityFill out the blank with total quantity including both maintained and non- maintainedarea.Estimationaccuracy ismoderatebutofficialshave tocollectdata by on-site survey

Required

ActualQuantity

Fill out the blank with actual quantity. Estimation accuracy is the best among the three inputmethods.However,classificationof facilitiesonwhether theyaresubject to maintenance or not is necessary during on-site survey to obtain the size of maintained area.

Required

Independent Selection Select input method independently. Depends on each input method

3.3. Road Patrol and Haulage Cost Window

Users can modify the road patrol (Self Control Unit) and haulage inputs by editing tables shown in Figure A1-3.4. The details are shown in Clauses 5.3.3 and 5.3.7 of Cost Estimation Manual for Road Maintenance under Performance Based Contracts Vol.2.

APPENDIX 1


Figure A1-3.4 iCOSTES Road Patrol and Haulage Cost Window

Table A1-3.4 Road Patrol and Haulage cost input

Input Filed Input Data Type Description

Frequency of Self Control Unit (Road Patrol) (Clause 5.3.3 of Cost Estimation Manual for Road Maintenance under Performance Based Contracts Vol.2)

Numeric Number of frequencies per day. Decimal input is possible (ex. 0.5 means once every two days)

Haulage Frequency Numeric Number of frequencies per day. Decimal input is possible (e.g. 1

meansone-wayhaulage/2meansoneroundtrip)

Default values of the SCU and Haulage cost are set in the system. If the box is checked, this content is the elementofSCU/HaulageUnit thatwillbeused incostestimation.Defaultvalue (30days)assumesthatSCUpatrols the roads every day and 25days means that the haulage works are carried out on all days of the week except on Sunday. Number and working days can be changed based on the condition.

Table A1-3.5 Command list and their Descriptions

Command Description

“Back to Contract Window” Back to Contract Condition Editor

“ProceedtoUnitPrice/RatioConfirmation” ProceedtotheUnitPriceandPercentageconfirmation

“Quit” Exit entirely from the Estimation

1

APPENDIX 1


3.4. Unit Price and Percentage Confirmation

Userscanmodifyandcheckunitpriceandratioby“UnitPrice/RatioConfirmation”windowshowninFigureA1-3.5. The default unit prices and ratios are set for the region selected in COSTES contract condition editor window. However, users can modify each value.

CAUTION! If logging in as a Contractor,“UnitPriceSet”selectionisnotshownandallfieldsareblank.Contractorhastofilloutallunitpricesfromtheirownexperienceandinformationfromthesitevisitsandsurveys. Contractor can choose from “percentage input” or “input by cash amount” for Indirect Cost and OverheadProfitcalculation.

Figure A1-3.5 Unit Price and Percentage Confirmation Window

Table A1-3.6 Fields and their Descriptions

Field Description ManualUnit Price Set (Only Road Authorities) COSTES has a unit price database of listed area.Unit Price ConfirmUnitPrice.Changethemifnecessary.Miscellaneous (%) 5.3.4.5Indirect Cost (%) COSTES has a default ratio for every road authority. 5.4.1Overhead&Profit(%) Check and change if necessary. 5.4.2VAT (%) 5.5

APPENDIX 1


Table A1-3.6 Command list and their Descriptions

Command Description

Recall Default value:If default value set is required, press this button to recall. Defaultvaluesetisdefinedbyarea.

Save Changes Save current inputsProceed to Other PBC Other Works Editor Proceed to other PBC work EditorBack to Contract Condition Editor Back to the Contract Condition Editor form.

3.5 Other PBC Works (Optional) – “COSTES PBC Works Editor”There are various kinds of maintenance work except for the selected 6 on-carriageway works and the six major Labour Based works. Therefore, iCOSTES has prepared other PBC work item list based on the “Other PBC Works” in Table 5-24 of Cost Estimation Manual for Road Maintenance under Performance Based Contracts Vol.2. Users can select necessary work item(s) and specify price. If other PBC works are not necessary, users can skip this editing process.

Detail explanation is in Table 4.1 and 5.3.6 of Cost Estimation Manual for Road Maintenance under Performance Based Contracts Volume 2, respectively.

Figure A1-3.6 Other PBC Works Editor Window

Table A1-3.8 Fields and their Descriptions

Field DescriptionItemsinYear/anyYears If checked, all item list is selectable no matter the year when the item is registered. If not checked,

item list of selected year only is subject to selection.Region/Pavement/Scope/Item Selectfromtoptobottomtofilterworkitem

As for the Price Input, users can select one of three methods shown in Table A1-3.9. Other commands are listed in Table A1-3.10.

APPENDIX 1


Table A1-3.9 Input method options for Other PBC Works

Option Description

Percentages based method Calculated by the product of the sum of six major labour based works’ cost by constant ratio. Default value is 5 percent.

Quotationsbasedmethod-“Use own unit price and quantity”

Ifuserswanttouseownunitpriceandquantity,usersshouldselectthisoptiontoenablespecificinput.

Quotationsbasedmethod- “Use lump-sum price”

If users want to lump-sum price such as quotation, choose this option and specify lump-sum price, quantity input is not possible.

Table A1-3.10 Commands and their Descriptions on PBC other works editor

Command Description

“Add/Refresh”Additemstothelistbasedontheconditionsandvaluesspecifiedabove.Ifanitemisselectedinthegridandquantity/priceischanged,thisitemisrefreshed.

“Delete Selected Item” Remove items from the list.“Create Output” Create output“Back to Gateway” Back to Contact Condition Editor“Instructed Works” Proceed to Instructed Works Editor“Quit” Exit entirely from the Estimation

3.6 Instructed Works (Optional) – “COSTES Instructed Works Editor”

In addition to PBC Other Works, roads require various kinds of special works. COSTES 2018 refers to them as “Instructed works” and users can select necessary work items and input quantities and prices. Editor image is showninFigureA1-3.7andcommands/itemsarelistedinTableA1-3.11andTableA1-3.12.Clause5.3.7ofCostEstimation Manual for Road Maintenance under Performance Based Contracts Vol.2 describes the detail.

CAUTION! If logging in as a Contractor, COSTES does not present default unit price. Therefore, users have to input unit price and quantities, or one set of lump-sum price.

Figure A1-3.7 COSTES Instructed Works Editor

APPENDIX 1


Table A1-3.11 Items and their Descriptions

Command Description

ItemsinYear/AnyYearsIf checked, all item list is selectable no matter the year when the item is registered. If not checked, item list of selected year only is subject to selection

Category/WorkItemName SelectfromtoptobottomtofilterandselectworkitemItemQuantity Specificquantityofselectedworkitem.Unitisspecifiedinthewindow.

Other commands are listed in Table A1-3.12.

Table A1-3.12 Commands on PBC (COSTES Instructed Works Editor) and their Descriptions

Command Description

“Add/Refresh”Additemstothelistbasedontheconditionsandvaluesspecifiedabove.Ifanitemisselectedinthegridandquantity/priceischanged,thisitemisrefreshed.

“Delete Selected Item” Remove items from the list.

“Create Output” Create output.

“Other PBC Works Editor” Back to the Other PBC works editor.

“Back to Gateway” Back to Contact Condition Editor.

“Quit” Exit entirely from the Estimation.

3.7 Machinery Based Items (Optional) – “Machinery Based items editor”

In addition to PBC major 6 Labour based works, other works have been included to cater for on- carriageway and are referred to as “Machinery Based Items” in the iCOSTES. Users can select work items among the selected 6 machinery based work items, modify their PBC works ratio and decision ratio. Editor image is shown in Figure A1-3.8andcommands/itemsarelistedinTable3.13andTable3.14.Clause5.3.4ofCostEstimationManualforRoad Maintenance under Performance Based Contracts Vol.2 describes the detail.

CAUTION! If logging in as a Contractor, COSTES does not present default unit price. Therefore, users have to input unit price and quantities, or one set of lump-sum price.

APPENDIX 1


Table 3-13 Items and their descriptionsCommand Description

Items with latest value If checked, all item list is selectable using data registered. If not checked, item list of selected year only is subject to selection.

Recall Default If default value set is required, press this button to recall.Search Typeaspecificworkitemtobedisplayedandediting

Action clickontheicon,anewwindowpopsuptoenableeditingofthemachineryworkitems:theroadclassification,the input method, PBC works ratio and decision ratio, then click apply

Table 3-14 Commands on PBC (Machinery Based works editor) and their DescriptionsCommand Description

“Add/Refresh” Additemstothelistbasedontheconditionsandvaluesspecifiedabove.Ifanitemisselectedinthegridandquantity/priceischanged,thisitemisrefreshed.

“Delete Selected Item” Remove items from the list.“Create Output” Create output“Other PBC Works Editor” Back to the Other PBC works editor“Instructed Works” Back to the instructed works editor“Back to Gateway” Back to Contact Condition Editor“Quit” Exit entirely from the Estimation

APPENDIX 1


4. iCOSTESforPBCOUTPUT

4.1 Cover Page

Figure A1-4.1 – Cover page

The Cover Page contains basic conditions of the contract such as names, project length, contents of item, work period, etc…

APPENDIX 1


4.2 Summary Contents

Summary Contents is a table of main estimation items. Basic structure is shown in Table A1-4.1. Each detail explanation is in Clause 1.4 and 5.2. of Cost Estimation Manual for Road Maintenance under Performance Based Contracts Vol.2. Figure A1-4.2 summarizes the methodology used for cost estimation.

Table A1-4.1 Summary Contents

Item CostTotal Project Cost (VAT(16% Inclusive) 13 = 11+12Project Cost 11 = 8+9+10

Direct Cost 8 = 6+7PBC Works 6 = 1+2+3+4+5

Selected 6 On-Carriageway Works 16 Major Labor Based Works 2Other PBC Works 3Patrol and Self Inspection 4Haulage Cost for 6 Major Labor Based Works 5

Instructed Works 7Indirect Cost 9Overhead&Profit 10

VAT(16%) 12

Figure A1-4.2 Calculation Image of Summary Contents

APPENDIX 1


4.3 Detail Contents (A):

“DetailedContents(A)”isasummarycalculationtabletoshowingquantitiesbymonthsthatareclassifiedintoIMP, Wet Period and Dry Period. The unit for IMP is indicated as “1” regardless of the duration; and the units for Dry and Wet periods are given as “times” (Table A1-4.2 and Figure A1-4.3 below). This is because working frequency varies by site situation and contract conditions. Another reason is because “Detail contents (B)” summarizes work price per TIME and not month. If work frequency is one time every two month and duration is six months, maintenancetimesis6/2=3times.

Table A1-4.2 – Sample output of a Detail Content (A)

Figure A1-4.3 - Output structure of Detail Contents (A)

Description Unit Quantity Unit Rate Amount Remarks

IMP Month I a A = a*1

Wet Period Month II b B = b*II

Dry Period Month III c C = c*III

Total Amount A +B+C+D

iCOSTES Output — Detail Contents (A)

6 Major Labour Based Works = 6 Sheets

APPENDIX 1


4.4. Detail Contents (B):

“Detail Contents (B)” summarizes how much and how many resources are expended for a time (cycle) of each maintenance work.

Items of Self Control Unit Inspection (SCU) are; machinery cost (pick up vehicle), material cost (fuel) and necessary labor cost (SCU Leader, Inspector and driver). Miscellaneous cost will be calculated as a product of percentages and labour costs. Table A1-4.3 and Figure A1-4.5 represent images of SCU. Detailed information is in clause 5.3.5 of Cost Estimation Manual for Road Maintenance under Performance Based Contracts Vol.2.

Table A1-4.3 Sample output of a Detail Contents (B) (SCU)


SCU Leader month I a A = a*1

SCU Inspector month II b B = b*II

Driver (Pick Up) month III c C = c*III

Vehicle (Pick Up) Car IV d D = d*IV

Fuel Lit V e E = e*V

Miscellaneous Expenses % VI f F = d*(A+B+C) Manual 5.3.4.3

Total Sum of (A to F)

iCOSTES Output: Self Inspection (SCU)

Figure A1-4.4 Image of SCU calculation.

APPENDIX 1


COSTES calculates costs as the list of labour costs for six major labour-based work items. Sample output and its image are shown in Table A1-4.4 and Figure A1-4.5, respectively.

Table A1-4.4 A sample Detail Contents (B) output for six major labour based works.


Foreman Persons I a A = a*1 I=III/90

Supervisor Persons II b B = b*II II+III/30

Labour Persons III c C = c*III

Miscellaneous Expenses % IV d D = d*(A+B+C)

Total Amount A+B+C+D Per month

iCOSTES Output: Detail Contents (B)

Miscellaneous Expenses:In order to avoid too much precise cost estimation, cost for simple tools or materials is calculated as a ratio of Labour,SupervisorandForemancosts,e.g.,paper,measurementdevices,pylons(cones),flagsetc.

Figure A1-4.5 Image of Detail calculation of 6 Major Labour Based Works.

Basic quantity calculation formula by input method is shown in Table A1-4.5. 25 days is the number of working days per a month.

APPENDIX 1


Table A1-4.5 Input method and labour quantity calculation formula

Input Method Labor quantity (per month) calculation FORMULA

UsekmStandardizedQuantities Projectlength*Standardizedquantityperkm*SimpleSRUQ(P/R)*25days

SimpleQuantities Simplequantity*SimpleSRUQ(P/R)*25days

ActualQuantities Actualquantity*ActualSRUQ(P/R)*25days

For Haulage cost, the structure of the table is similar to that of SCU. However, necessary contents vary by situation. Table A4-4.6 shows a sample and Figure A1-4.6 illustrates its calculation image, which contains miscellaneous cost, vehicle cost, fuel cost and labour cost for driver. Clause 5.3.7 of Cost Estimation Manual for Road Maintenance under Performance Based Contracts Vol.2 has more detail of the estimation structure.

Table A1-4.6 Sample output of Haulage cost detail

Figure A1-4.6 Calculation Procedure of Haulage cost.


Vehicle (2 ton Truck) Car I a A = a*1

Fuel Lit II b B = b*II

Driver (Truck) month III c C = c*III length*frequency:fuelefficiency*truck working days

Miscellaneous Expenses % IV d D = d*IV Manual 5.3.4.3

Total Amount E = e*(A+B+C+D)

iCOSTES Output — Haulage Cost

APPENDIX 1


4.5. Other PBC Works Summary and Instructed Works Summary

Other than the 6 Major Labour Based works, Cost estimation for Other PBC Works and Instructed Works are necessary if they are part of the contract. The information required is already set up in COSTES window and their outputs are shown in Table A1-4.7 and Table A1-4.8 below. The total price is sent to the “Table of Summary contents” directly.

Table A1-4.7 Other PBC Works Summary; sample output (Clause 5.3.6 of the manual)

Other PBC Works Summary Direct Cost of Six Major Works: 2122516

ID Work Category Work Item Unit Quantity Unit Price Price Remarks

10.1 F) Road Furniture Warningsigns/Mandatorysigns Percent 5.00 2,122,516 106,125 Estimate as the ratio of 6 major Labor Based Works, Category Road Durability

10.1 F) Road Furniture Information signs, Edge marker posts, Guide posts, Kilometre Post

Percent 5.00 2,122,516 106,125 Estimate as the ratio of 6 major Labor Based Works, Category Road Durability

10.1 F) Road Furniture TrafficSignals Percent 5.00 2,122,516 106,125 Estimate as the ratio of 6 major Labor Based Works, Category Road Durability

10.1 F) Road Furniture Street Lighting Percent 5.00 2,122,516 106,125 Estimate as the ratio of 6 major Labor Based Works, Category Road Durability

10.1 F) Road Furniture RoadMarkings/Roadstuds Percent 5.00 2,122,516 106,125 Estimate as the ratio of 6 major Labor Based Works, Category Road Durability

10.1 F) Road Furniture Guardrails and Pedestrian rails Percent 5.00 2,122,516 106,125 Estimate as the ratio of 6 major Labor Based Works, Category Road Durability

Sub total 637,750

Table A1-4.8 Instructed works Summary; sample output (Clause 5.3.8 of the manual)

Instructed Works Summary Direct Cost of Six Major Works: 2122516

ID Work Category Work Item Unit Quanitity Unit Price Price Remarks

07.05.001 07. Excavation and Filling for Structure

Excavate for structure in soft material (manual)

m3 10.00 251 2,510 Use Registered Unit Price, Description: Excavate manually soft material for structures.


Gabion installation m2 10.00 628 6,280 Use Registered Unit Price, Description: Provide and place Macaferri or equivalent gabion boxes (2m*1m* 1m

08.70.005. 07. Excavation and Filling for Structure

RockfilltoGabions m3 10.00 2,190 21,900 Use Registered Unit Price, Description: Provide and placerockfilltogabions.


Stone pitching m2 10.00 3,278 32,780 Use Registered Unit Price, Description: Provide stone pitching including grouting of ratio 1:4 cement to mortar

Sub total 63,470

APPENDIX 1


5. Conclusion

COSTESforPBC2018hasbeendevelopedforroadmaintenanceengineersandofficialsofKenyanroadagenciesto enable them easily get a standard cost for road maintenance. For contractors, COSTES will help in making their estimation faster and easier for bidding purposes.

Machinery Based Works Summary : Road Age : 1 years, Road Type :Paved, Project Term : 12 months, Project Road Length : 41.3 km

Machinery Based Works Summary

ID Work Item Work Difficuly level Usage Input Qty Units Qty/km FacilityQuantity PBCRatio DecisionRatio Quantification Unit Price Price Remarks 1 Road Marking Road Marking for AC Use Simple m^2 20 826 2 1 1652 934 1542968 Program Maintenance, Standard Quantity per

crossing_orroundabout * #pofPlaces(PreCntractSurvey) is IdearlQ_approx_20m^2/km(Assuption)

2 Road Marking Road Marking for DBST Not Use Simple m^2 20 826 2 0 0 2270 0 Program Maintenance, Standard Quantity percrossing_orroundabout * #pofPlaces(PreCntractSurvey) is Idearl

Q_approx_20m^2/km(Assuption) 3 Grading and Gravelling Light Grading (Grading and Compaction) Not Use Simple m^3 672.4 27770.12 2 0 0 13 0 No Data KeRRA 4 Grading and Gravelling Regravelling (Gravelling and Compaction with

gravelling) Not Use Simple m^3 672.4 27770.12 2 0 0 1393 0 No Data KeRRA

5 Concrete Repair Culvert installation 600m Use Simple m 25.9 1069.67 0.01 1 10.7 10699 114443.99 survey data 6 Concrete Repair Headwall construction Use Simple pair 3.3 136.29 0.01 1 1.36 21725 29609 survey data 7 Pothole Repair Cold Mix AC (Manufactured) Use Simple m^3 38.246 1579.5598 0 0.2 0 79960 0 survey data 8 Pothole Repair Cold Miix AC (made in site/place) Use Simple m^3 38.246 1579.5598 0 0.8 0 44800 0 survey data 9 Pothole Repair Hot Mix AC Not Use Simple m^3 38.246 1579.5598 0 0 0 26940 0 survey data 10 Guardrail Straightening of beams Use Simple m 149.8 6186.74 0.01 0.45 27.84 1362 37918.53 survey data 11 Guardrail Straightening of beams and realignment of posts Use Simple m 149.8 6186.74 0.01 0.45 27.84 1549 43124.67 survey data 12 Guardrail Replacing of beams and realignment of posts Use Simple m 149.8 6186.74 0.01 0.1 6.19 9142 56559.18 survey data 13 Crack Sealing Crack Sealing Use Simple m/10000m2/year 0 0 0 1 0 333 0 Contract Length(m) Unit Price= Japanese SRUQ

Total 1,824,623

54

APPENDIX 2


COST ESTIMATION PARAMETERS 2018

App

endi

x 2:

C

ost E

stim

atio

n Pa

ram

eter

s 20

18

Appendix2-1:Dataset

1.

Sele

cted

6 O

n-Ca

rria

gew

ay W

orks

und

er P

BC

KeNHA(2lanes)

SimpleQty/km

Uni

t Pric

eq2

PBC

Wor

ks

Tota

l Cos

tPB

C W

orks

COST/km-month

Wor

k Ite

ms

Cat

egor

y

Che

ck

Box

(Yes/

No)

Wor

k Ite

ms

Uni

t

Con

-tr

act

Leng

th

(km

)

Sim

ple

Qty/

kmBa

sed

by

Nai

robi

, K

isum

u &Mom

-ba

sa

Oth

er

Are

a

Che

ck

Box

(Yes/

No)

Co-efficientfactors

[β] P

BC

Wor

ks

Ratio(%/

year

)

Bas

ed b

y[FQ]

Faci

lity

Qty

[d2]

de

ci-

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Ratio

[q2]

=

[β]*[EQ]*[d2]

Quantification

for

PBC

Nai

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ssum

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(b

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vey

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re c

ontr

act)

934

988

--

200.

00%ProgrammedMaintenance2times/Year

(E

very

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010

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200

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400

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(bet

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2,48

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0.00

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(E

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0.0

00

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Gra

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and

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%M

onito

ry S

urve

y3,

228

0%0.

00

00

0

☑Re

plac

ing

of b

eam

s an

d re

alig

nmen

t of p

osts

m20

161.

4su

rvey

dat

a9,

142

9,14

2□


1.00

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y3,

228

0%0.

00

00

0

2016

1.4

surv

ey d

ata

9,14

29,

142


0.75

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y3,

228

10%

2.4

22,1

3322

,133

9292

2016

1.4

surv

ey d

ata

9,14

29,

142

□RoadClassification:B, C

0.50

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y3,

228

0%0.

00

00

0

Cra

ck

Seal

ing

☑C

rack

Sea

ling

m20

-=

Con

trac

t Len

gth(

m)

UnitPrice=JapaneseSRUQ

333

333

□Ro

ad a

ge: 0

-3 y

ears

-AssumedQty

0m/month

00%

0.0

00

00

20-

=C

ontr

act L

engt

h(m

) UnitPrice=JapaneseSRUQ

333

333

☑Ro

ad a

ge: 4

-6 y

ears

-AssumedQty

25m/month×12month

300

100%

300.

099

,900

99,9

0041

641

6

20-

=C

ontr

act L

engt

h(m


333

333

□Ro

ad a

ge: 7

and

abo

ve-

AssumedQty

100m/month×12month

1,20

00%

0.0

00

00

1,35

2,95

91,

430,

850

5,63

75,

962

55

APPENDIX 2

VOLUME 2: MANUAL FOR GOVERNMENT COST ESTIMATORS


KeNHA(2*2lanes)

SimpleQty/km

Uni

t Pric

eq2

PBC

Wor

ks

Tota

l Cos

tPB

C W

orks

COST/km-month

Wor

k Ite

ms

Cat

egor

y

Che

ck

Box

(Yes/

No)

WorkItems(WorkDifficultyLevel)

Uni

t

Con

-tr

act

Leng

th

(km

)

simpl

e Qty

/km

Base

d by

Nai

robi

, K

isum

u &Mom

-ba

sa

Oth

er

Are

a

Che

ck

Box

(Yes/

No)

Co-efficientfactors

[β]

PBC

W

orks

Ratio(%/

year

)

Base

d by

[FQ]

Faci

lity

Qty

[d2]

de

ci-

sion

Ratio

[q2]

=

[β]*[EQ]

*[d2

] Quantification

for

PBC

Nai

robi

, Kisumu&

Mom

basa

Oth

er

Are

a

Nai

robi

, K

isum

u &Mom

-ba

sa

Oth

er

Are

a

Road

M

arki

ng

☑Ro

ad M

arki

ng fo

r Sm

ooth

Pav

emen

tm

220

40.0

Prog

ram

med

Mai

nten

ance

, A

ssum

ptio

n ⇒　Q≒20m^2/km

(b

ette

r to

sur

vey

befo

re c

ontr

act)

934

988

--

200.


(E

very

6 m

onth

s）80

010

0%1,

600.

01,

494,

400

1,58

0,80

06,

227

6,58

7

□Ro

ad M

arki

ng fo

r Su

rfac

e D

ress

ed P

avem

ent

m2

2040

.0Pr

ogra

mm

ed M

aint

enan

ce,

Ass

umpt


(b

ette

r to

sur

vey

befo

re c

ontr

act)

2,27

02,

482

--

200.


(E

very

6 m

onth

s）80

00%

0.0

00

00

Gra

ding

and

G

rave

lling

□Li

ght G

radi

ng (G

radi

ng a

nd C

ompa

ctio

n)m

320

1344

.8N

o D

ata:

KeR

RA*2

1313

--

200.


(Eve

ry 6

mon

ths）

26,8

960%

0.0

00

00

□Re

grav

ellin

g (G

rave

lling

and

Com

pact

ion

with

gra

velli

ng)

m3

2013

44.8

No

Dat

a: K

eRRA

*21,

393

1,39

3-

-20

0.00


(Eve

ry 6

mon

ths）

26,8

960%

0.0

00

00

Con

cret

e St

ruct

ure

☑C

ulve

rt in

stal

latio

n φ

600m

m20

53.2

surv

ey d

ata

10,6

999,

419

--

1.00

%N

o Su

rvey

dat

a th

e m

inim

um a

mou

nt s

hall

be s

et1,

064

100%

10.6

113,

837

100,

218

474

418

☑H

eadw

all c

onst

ruct

ion

pair

204.

6su

rvey

dat

a21

,725

18,2

56-

-1.

00%

No

Surv

ey d

ata

the

min

imum

am

ount

sha

ll be

set

9210

0%0.

919

,987

16,7

9683

70

Poth

ole

Repa

ir

☑C

old

Mix

AC

(Man

ufac

ture

d)m

320

76.5

No

Dat

a: K

eHN

A 2

Lane

*279

,960

92,8

40□

Road

age

: 0-3

yea

rs0.

00%

Mon

itory

Sur

vey

1,53

00%

0.0

00

00

2076

.5N

o D

ata:

KeH

NA

2La

ne*2

79,9

6092

,840

☑Ro

ad a

ge: 4

-6 y

ears

1.00

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y1,

530

20%

3.1

244,

652

284,

061

1,01

91,

184

2076

.5N

o D

ata:

KeH

NA

2La

ne*2

79,9

6092

,840

□Ro

ad a

ge: 7

and

abo

ve5.

00%

Mon

itory

Sur

vey

1,53

00%

0.0

00

00

☑ColdMiixAC(madeinsite/place)

m3

2076

.5N

o D

ata:

KeH

NA

2La

ne*2

44,8

0048

,500

□Ro

ad a

ge: 0

-3 y

ears

0.00

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y1,

530

0%0.

00

00

0

2076

.5N

o D

ata:

KeH

NA

2La

ne*2

44,8

0048

,500

☑Ro

ad a

ge: 4

-6 y

ears

1.00

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y1,

530

80%

12.2

548,

295

593,

578

2,28

52,

473

2076

.5N

o D

ata:

KeH

NA

2La

ne*2

44,8

0048

,500

□Ro

ad a

ge: 7

and

abo

ve5.

00%

Mon

itory

Sur

vey

1,53

00%

0.0

00

00

□H

ot M

ix A

Cm

320

76.5

No

Dat

a: K

eHN

A 2

Lane

*226

,940

29,7

20□

Road

age

: 0-3

yea

rs0.

00%

Mon

itory

Sur

vey

1,53

00%

0.0

00

00

2076

.5N

o D

ata:

KeH

NA

2La

ne*2

26,9

4029

,720

☑Ro

ad a

ge: 4

-6 y

ears

1.00

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y1,

530

0%0.

00

00

0

2076

.5N

o D

ata:

KeH

NA

2La

ne*2

26,9

4029

,720

□Ro

ad a

ge: 7

and

abo

ve5.

00%

Mon

itory

Sur

vey

1,53

00%

0.0

00

00

Gua

rdra

il

☑St

raig

hten

ing

of b

eam

sm

2026

6.1

surv

ey d

ata

1,36

21,

349


1.00

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y5,

322

0%0.

00

00

0

2026

6.1

surv

ey d

ata

1,36

21,

349


0.75

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y5,

322

45%

18.0

24,4

6424

,230

102

101

2026

6.1

surv

ey d

ata

1,36

21,

349


0.50

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y5,

322

0%0.

00

00

0

☑St

raig

hten

ing

of b

eam

s an

d re

alig

nmen

t of p

osts

m20

266.

1su

rvey

dat

a1,

549

1,49

8□


1.00

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y5,

322

0%0.

00

00

0

2026

6.1

surv

ey d

ata

1,54

91,

498


0.75

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y5,

322

45%

18.0

27,8

2326

,907

116

112

2026

6.1

surv

ey d

ata

1,54

91,

498


0.50

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y5,

322

0%0.

00

00

0

☑Re

plac

ing

of b

eam

s an

d re

alig

nmen

t of p

osts

m20

266.

1su

rvey

dat

a9,

142

9,14

2□


1.00

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y5,

322

0%0.

00

00

0

2026

6.1

surv

ey d

ata

9,14

29,

142


0.75

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y5,

322

10%

4.0

36,4

9036

,490

152

152

2026

6.1

surv

ey d

ata

9,14

29,

142


0.50

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y5,

322

0%0.

00

00

0

Cra

ck

Seal

ing

☑C

rack

Sea

ling

m20

-=

Con

trac

t Len

gth(

m)


333

333

□Ro

ad a

ge: 0

-3 y

ears

-AssumedQty:0m/mounth

00%

0.0

00

00

20-

=C

ontr

act L

engt

h(m


333

333

☑Ro

ad a

ge: 4

-6 y

ears

-AssumedQty:25m/month×12month

300

100%

300.

099

,900

99,9

0041

641

6

20-

=C

ontr

act L

engt

h(m


333

333

□Ro

ad a

ge: 7

and

abo

ve-

AssumedQty:100m/mounth×12month

1,20

00%

0.0

00

00

2,60

9,84

82,

762,

980

10,8

7411

,512

56

APPENDIX 2



KURA

SimpleQty/km

Uni

t Pric

eq2

PBC

Wor

ks

Tota

l Cos

t

PBC

Wor

ks

CO

ST

/km-month

Wor

k Ite

ms

Cat

egor

y

Che

ck

Box

(Yes/

No)

Wor

k Ite

ms

(WorkDifficultyLevel)

Uni

t

Con

-tr

act

Leng

th

(km

)

Sim

ple

Qty

/km

Base

d by

Nai

robi

, K

isum

u &Mom

-ba

sa

Oth

er

Are

a

Che

ck

Box

(Yes/

No)

Co-efficientfactors

[β] P

BC

Wor

ks

Ratio(%/

year

)

Base

d by

[FQ]

Faci

lity

Qty

[d2]

de

cisio

n Ra

tio

[q2]

=

[β]*[EQ]*[d2]

Quantification

for

PBC

Nai

robi

, Kisumu&

Mom

basa

Oth

er

Are

a

Nai

robi

, Kisumu&

Mom

basa

Oth

er

Are

a

Road

M

arki

ng☑

Road

Mar

king

for

Smoo

th P

avem

ent

m2

2020

.0Pr

ogra

mm

ed M

aint

enan

ce,

Ass

umpt


(b

ette

r to

sur

vey

befo

re c

ontr

act)

934

988

--

200.

00%

ProgrammedMaintenance2times/

Year

(Eve

ry 6

mon

ths）

400

100%

800.

074

7,20

079

0,40

03,

113

3,29

3

□Ro

ad M

arki

ng fo

r Su

rfac

e D

ress

ed P

avem

ent

m2

2020

.0Pr

ogra

mm

ed M

aint

enan

ce,

Ass

umpt


(b

ette

r to

sur

vey

befo

re c

ontr

act)

2,27

02,

482

--

200.

00%


Year

(Eve

ry 6

mon

ths）

400

0%0.

00

00

0

Gra

ding

and

G

rave

lling

□Li

ght G

radi

ng (G

radi

ng a

nd C

ompa

ctio

n)m

320

672.

4N

o D

ata:

KeR

RA13

13-

-20

0.00

%ProgrammedMaintenance2times/

Yea

(Eve

ry 6

mon

ths）

13,4

480%

0.0

00

00

□Re

grav

ellin

g (G

rave

lling

and

Com

pact

ion

with

gra

velli

ng)

m3

2067

2.4

No

Dat

a: K

eRRA

1,39

31,

393

--

200.

00%


Year

(Eve

ry 6

mon

ths）

13,4

480%

0.0

00

00

Con

cret

e St

ruct

ure

☑C

ulve

rt in

stal

latio

n φ

600m

m20

25.9

surv

ey d

ata

10,6

999,

419

--

1.00

%N

o Su

rvey

dat

a. T

he m

inim

um a

mou

nt

shal

l be

set

518

100%

5.2

55,4

2148

,790

231

203

☑H

eadw

all c

onst

ruct

ion

pair

203.

3su

rvey

dat

a21

,725

18,2

56-

-1.

00%

No

Surv

ey d

ata.

The

min

imum

am

ount

sh

all b

e se

t66

100%

0.7

14,3

3912

,049

6050

Poth

ole

Repa

ir☑

Col

d M

ix A

C (M

anuf

actu

red)

m3

2038

.2N

o D

ata:

KeH

NA

2La

ne79

,960

92,8

40□

Road

age

: 0-3

yea

rs0.

00%

Mon

itory

Sur

vey

765

0%0.

00

00

0

2038

.2N

o D

ata:

KeH

NA

2La

ne79

,960

92,8

40☑

Road

age

: 4-6

yea

rs1.

00%

Mon

itory

Sur

vey

765

20%

1.5

122,

326

142,

030

510

592

2038

.2N

o D

ata:

KeH

NA

2La

ne79

,960

92,8

40□

Road

age

: 7 a

nd a

bove

5.00

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y76

50%

0.0

00

00


m3

2038

.2N

o D

ata:

KeH

NA

2La

ne44

,800

48,5

00□

Road

age

: 0-3

yea

rs0.

00%

Mon

itory

Sur

vey

765

0%0.

00

00

0

2038

.2N

o D

ata:

KeH

NA

2La

ne44

,800

48,5

00☑

Road

age

: 4-6

yea

rs1.

00%

Mon

itory

Sur

vey

765

80%

6.1

274,

147

296,

789

1,14

21,

237

2038

.2N

o D

ata:

KeH

NA

2La

ne44

,800

48,5

00□

Road

age

: 7 a

nd a

bove

5.00

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y76

50%

0.0

00

00

□H

ot M

ix A

Cm

320

38.2

No

Dat

a: K

eHN

A 2

Lane

26,9

4029

,720

□Ro

ad a

ge: 0

-3 y

ears

0.00

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y76

50%

0.0

00

00

2038

.2N

o D

ata:

KeH

NA

2La

ne26

,940

29,7

20☑

Road

age

: 4-6

yea

rs1.

00%

Mon

itory

Sur

vey

765

0%0.

00

00

0

2038

.2N

o D

ata:

KeH

NA

2La

ne26

,940

29,7

20□

Road

age

: 7 a

nd a

bove

5.00

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y76

50%

0.0

00

00

Gua

rdra

il☑

Stra

ight

enin

g of

bea

ms

m20

149.

8su

rvey

dat

a1,

362

1,34

9□


1.00

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y2,

996

0%0.

00

00

0

2014

9.8

surv

ey d

ata

1,36

21,

349


0.75

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y2,

996

45%

10.1

13,7

7213

,640

5757

2014

9.8

surv

ey d

ata

1,36

21,

349


0.50

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y2,

996

0%0.

00

00

0

☑St

raig

hten

ing

of b

eam

s an

d re

alig

nmen

t of p

osts

m20

149.

8su

rvey

dat

a1,

549

1,49

8□


1.00

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y2,

996

0%0.

00

00

0

2014

9.8

surv

ey d

ata

1,54

91,

498


0.75

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y2,

996

45%

10.1

15,6

6315

,147

6563

2014

9.8

surv

ey d

ata

1,54

91,

498


0.50

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y2,

996

0%0.

00

00

0

☑Re

plac

ing

of b

eam

s an

d re

alig

nmen

t of p

osts

m20

149.

8su

rvey

dat

a9,

142

9,14

2□


1.00

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y2,

996

0%0.

00

00

0

2014

9.8

surv

ey d

ata

9,14

29,

142


0.75

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y2,

996

10%

2.2

20,5

4220

,542

8686

2014

9.8

surv

ey d

ata

9,14

29,

142


0.50

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y2,

996

0%0.

00

00

0

Cra

ck

Seal

ing

☑C

rack

Sea

ling

m20

-=

Con

trac

t Len

gth(

m)


333

333

□Ro

ad a

ge: 0

-3 y

ears

-AssumedQty

0m/month

00%

0.0

00

00

20-

=C

ontr

act L

engt

h(m


333

333

☑Ro

ad a

ge: 4

-6 y

ears

-AssumedQty

25m/month×12month

300

100%

300.

099

,900

99,9

0041

641

6

20-

=C

ontr

act L

engt

h(m


333

333

□Ro

ad a

ge: 7

and

abo

ve-

AssumedQty

100m/month×12month

1,20

00%

0.0

00

00

1,36

3,30

91,

439,

288

5,68

05,

997

57

APPENDIX 2



KeRRA(Paved)

SimpleQty/km

Uni

t Pric

eq2

PBC

Wor

ks

Tota

l Cos

t

PBC

Wor

ks

CO

ST

/km-month

Wor

k Ite

ms

Cat

egor

y

Che

ck

Box

(Yes/

No)

Wor

k Ite

ms


Uni

t

Con

-tr

act

Leng

th

(km

)

simpl

e Qty/

kmBa

sed

by

Nai

robi

, K

isum

u &Mom

-ba

sa

Oth

er

Are

a

Che

ck

Box

(Yes/

No)

Co-efficientfactors

[β] P

BC

Wor

ks

Ratio

(%/year)

Base

d by

[FQ]

Faci

lity

Qty

[d2]

de

ci-

sion

Ratio

[q2]

=[β]*[EQ]*[d2]

Quantification

for

PBC

Nai

robi

, Kisumu&

Mom

basa

Oth

er

Are

a

Nai

robi

, K

isum

u &Mom

-ba

sa

Oth

er

Are

a

Road

M

arki

ng

□Ro

ad M

arki

ng fo

r Sm

ooth

Pav

emen

tm

220

20.0

Prog

ram

med

Mai

nten

ance

, A

ssum

ptio

n ⇒　Q≒20m^2/km

(b

ette

r to

sur

vey

befo

re c

ontr

act)

934

988

--

200.

00%

ProgrammedMaintenance2times/Year

(E

very

6 m

onth

s）40

00%

0.0

00

00

☑Ro

ad M

arki

ng fo

r Su

rfac

e D

ress

ed P

avem

ent

m2

2020

.0Pr

ogra

mm

ed M

aint

enan

ce,

Ass

umpt


(b

ette

r to

sur

vey

befo

re c

ontr

act)

2,27

02,

482

--

200.

00%


(E

very

6 m

onth

s）40

010

0%80

0.0

1,81

6,00

01,

985,

600

7,56

78,

273

Gra

ding

and

G

rave

lling

□Li

ght G

radi

ng (G

radi

ng a

nd C

ompa

ctio

n)m

320

672.

4N

o D

ata:

KeR

RA13

13-

-20

0.00


(E

very

6 m

onth

s）13

,448

0%0.

00

00

0

□Re

grav

ellin

g (G

rave

lling

and

Com

pact

ion

with

gra

velli

ng)

m3

2067

2.4

No

Dat

a: K

eRRA

1,39

31,

393

--

200.

00%


(E

very

6 m

onth

s）13

,448

0%0.

00

00

0

Con

cret

e St

ruct

ure

☑C

ulve

rt in

stal

latio

n φ

600m

m20

23.1

surv

ey d

ata

10,6

999,

419

--

1.00

%N

o Su

rvey

dat

a. T

he m

inim

um a

mou

nt

shal

l be

set

462

100%

4.6

49,4

2943

,516

206

181

☑H

eadw

all c

onst

ruct

ion

pair

205.

4su

rvey

dat

a21

,725

18,2

56-

-1.

00%

No

Surv

ey d

ata.

The

min

imum

am

ount

sh

all b

e se

t10

810

0%1.

123

,463

19,7

1698

82

Poth

ole

Repa

ir

☑C

old

Mix

AC

(Man

ufac

ture

d)m

320

36.4

surv

ey d

ata

79,9

6092

,840

□Ro

ad a

ge: 0

-3 y

ears

0.00

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y72

80%

0.0

00

00

2036

.4su

rvey

dat

a79

,960

92,8

40☑

Road

age

: 4-6

yea

rs1.

00%

Mon

itory

Sur

vey

728

20%

1.5

116,

422

135,

175

485

563

2036

.4su

rvey

dat

a79

,960

92,8

40□

Road

age

: 7 a

nd a

bove

5.00

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y72

80%

0.0

00

00


m3

2036

.4su

rvey

dat

a44

,800

48,5

00□

Road

age

: 0-3

yea

rs0.

00%

Mon

itory

Sur

vey

728

0%0.

00

00

0

2036

.4su

rvey

dat

a44

,800

48,5

00☑

Road

age

: 4-6

yea

rs1.

00%

Mon

itory

Sur

vey

728

80%

5.8

260,

915

282,

464

1,08

71,

177

2036

.4su

rvey

dat

a44

,800

48,5

00□

Road

age

: 7 a

nd a

bove

5.00

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y72

80%

0.0

00

00

□H

ot M

ix A

Cm

320

36.4

surv

ey d

ata

26,9

4029

,720

□Ro

ad a

ge: 0

-3 y

ears

0.00

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y72

80%

0.0

00

00

2036

.4su

rvey

dat

a26

,940

29,7

20☑

Road

age

: 4-6

yea

rs1.

00%

Mon

itory

Sur

vey

728

0%0.

00

00

0

2036

.4su

rvey

dat

a26

,940

29,7

20□

Road

age

: 7 a

nd a

bove

5.00

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y72

80%

0.0

00

00

Gua

rdra

il

☑St

raig

hten

ing

of b

eam

sm

2031

.2su

rvey

dat

a1,

362

1,34

9□


1.00

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y62

40%

0.0

00

00

2031

.2su

rvey

dat

a1,

362

1,34

9☑

RoadClassification:A

0.75

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y62

445

%2.

12,

868

2,84

112

12

2031

.2su

rvey

dat

a1,

362

1,34

9□

RoadClassification:B,C

0.50

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y62

40%

0.0

00

00

☑St

raig

hten

ing

of b

eam

s an

d re

alig

nmen

t of p

osts

m20

31.2

surv

ey d

ata

1,54

91,

498


1.00

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y62

40%

0.0

00

00

2031

.2su

rvey

dat

a1,

549

1,49

8☑


0.75

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y62

445

%2.

13,

262

3,15

514

13

2031

.2su

rvey

dat

a1,

549

1,49

8□


0.50

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y62

40%

0.0

00

00

☑Re

plac

ing

of b

eam

s an

d re

alig

nmen

t of p

osts

m20

31.2

surv

ey d

ata

9,14

29,

142


1.00

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y62

40%

0.0

00

00

2031

.2su

rvey

dat

a9,

142

9,14

2☑


0.75

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y62

410

%0.

54,

278

4,27

818

18

2031

.2su

rvey

dat

a9,

142

9,14

2□


0.50

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y62

40%

0.0

00

00

Cra

ck

Seal

ing

☑C

rack

Sea

ling

m20

-=

Con

trac

t Len

gth(

m)


333

333

□Ro

ad a

ge: 0

-3 y

ears

-AssumptedQty:0m/mounth

00%

0.0

00

00

20-

=C

ontr

act L

engt

h(m


333

333

☑Ro

ad a

ge: 4

-6 y

ears

-AssumptedQty:25m/month×12month

300

100%

300.

099

,900

99,9

0041

641

6

20-

=C

ontr

act L

engt

h(m


333

333

□Ro

ad a

ge: 7

and

abo

ve-

AssumptedQty:100m/mounth×12month

1,20

00%

0.0

00

00

2,37

6,53

82,

576,

646

9,90

210

,736

58

APPENDIX 2



KeRRA(Unpaved)

SimpleQty/km

Uni

t Pric

eq2

PBC

Wor

ks

Tota

l Cos

t

PBC

Wor

ks

CO

ST

/km-month

Wor

k Ite

ms

Cat

egor

y

Che

ck

Box

(Yes/

No)

Wor

k Ite

ms


Uni

t

Con

-tr

act

Leng

th

(km

)

simpl

e Qty

/km

Bas

ed b

y

Nai

robi

, K

isum

u &Mom

-ba

sa

Oth

er

Are

a

Che

ck

Box

(Yes/

No)

Co-efficientfactors

[β] P

BC

Wor

ks

Ratio(%/

year

)

Bas

ed b

y[FQ]

Faci

lity

Qty

[d2]

de

ci-

sion

Ratio

[q2]

=[β]*[EQ]*[d2]

Quantification

for

PBC

Nai

robi

, Kisumu&

Mom

basa

Oth

er

Are

a

Nai

robi

, K

isum

u &Mom

-ba

sa

Oth

er

Are

a

Road

M

arki

ng

□Ro

ad M

arki

ng fo

r Sm

ooth

Pav

emen

tm

220

20.0

Prog

ram

med

Mai

nten

ance

, A

ssum

ptio

n ⇒　Q≒20m^2/km

(b

ette

r to

sur

vey

befo

re c

ontr

act)

934

988

--

200.


(E

very

6 m

onth

s）40

00%

0.0

00

00

□Ro

ad M

arki

ng fo

r Su

rfac

e D

ress

ed P

avem

ent

m2

2020

.0Pr

ogra

mm

ed M

aint

enan

ce,

Ass

umpt


(b

ette

r to

sur

vey

befo

re c

ontr

act)

2,27

02,

482

--

200.


(E

very

6 m

onth

s）40

00%

0.0

00

00

Gra

ding

and

G

rave

lling

☑Li

ght G

radi

ng (G

radi

ng a

nd C

ompa

ctio

n)m

320

672.

4su

rvey

dat

a13

13-

-20

0.00


(E

very

6 m

onth

s）13

,448

50%

13,4

48.0

174,

824

174,

824

728

728

☑Re

grav

ellin

g (G

rave

lling

and

Com

pact

ion

with

gra

velli

ng)

m3

2067

2.4

surv

ey d

ata

1,39

31,

393

--

200.


(E

very

6 m

onth

s）13

,448

50%

13,4

48.0

18,7

33,0

6418

,733

,064

78,0

5478

,054

Con

cret

e St

ruct

ure

☑C

ulve

rt in

stal

latio

n φ

600m

m20

4.0

surv

ey d

ata

10,6

999,

419

--

1.00

%N

o Su

rvey

dat

a th

e m

inim

um a

mou

nt s

hall

be s

et80

100%

0.8

8,55

97,

535

3631

☑H

eadw

all c

onst

ruct

ion

pair

200.

7su

rvey

dat

a21

,725

18,2

56-

-1.

00%

No

Surv

ey d

ata

the

min

imum

am

ount

sha

ll be

set

1410

0%0.

13,

042

2,55

613

11

Poth

ole

Repa

ir

□C

old

Mix

AC

(Man

ufac

ture

d)m

320

36.4

No

Dat

a: K

eRRA

pav

ed79

,960

92,8

40□

Road

age

: 0-3

yea

rs0.

00%

Mon

itory

Sur

vey

728

0%0.

00

00

0

2036

.4N

o D

ata:

KeR

RA p

aved

79,9

6092

,840

☑Ro

ad a

ge: 4

-6 y

ears

1.00

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y72

80%

0.0

00

00

2036

.4N

o D

ata:

KeR

RA p

aved

79,9

6092

,840

□Ro

ad a

ge: 7

and

abo

ve5.

00%

Mon

itory

Sur

vey

728

0%0.

00

00

0

□ColdMiixAC(madeinsite/place)

m3

2036

.4N

o D

ata:

KeR

RA p

aved

44,8

0048

,500

□Ro

ad a

ge: 0

-3 y

ears

0.00

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y72

80%

0.0

00

00

2036

.4N

o D

ata:

KeR

RA p

aved

44,8

0048

,500

☑Ro

ad a

ge: 4

-6 y

ears

1.00

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y72

80%

0.0

00

00

2036

.4N

o D

ata:

KeR

RA p

aved

44,8

0048

,500

□Ro

ad a

ge: 7

and

abo

ve5.

00%

Mon

itory

Sur

vey

728

0%0.

00

00

0

□H

ot M

ix A

Cm

320

36.4

No

Dat

a: K

eRRA

pav

ed26

,940

29,7

20□

Road

age

: 0-3

yea

rs0.

00%

Mon

itory

Sur

vey

728

0%0.

00

00

0

2036

.4N

o D

ata:

KeR

RA p

aved

26,9

4029

,720

☑Ro

ad a

ge: 4

-6 y

ears

1.00

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y72

80%

0.0

00

00

2036

.4N

o D

ata:

KeR

RA p

aved

26,9

4029

,720

□Ro

ad a

ge: 7

and

abo

ve5.

00%

Mon

itory

Sur

vey

728

0%0.

00

00

0

Gua

rdra

il

☑St

raig

hten

ing

of b

eam

sm

2031

.2N

o D

ata:

KeR

RA p

aved

1,36

21,

349


1.00

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y62

40%

0.0

00

00

2031

.2N

o D

ata:

KeR

RA p

aved

1,36

21,

349


0.75

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y62

445

%2.

12,

868

2,84

112

12

2031

.2N

o D

ata:

KeR

RA p

aved

1,36

21,

349


0.50

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y62

40%

0.0

00

00

☑St

raig

hten

ing

of b

eam

s an

d re

alig

nmen

t of p

osts

m20

31.2

No

Dat

a: K

eRRA

pav

ed1,

549

1,49

8□


1.00

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y62

40%

0.0

00

00

2031

.2N

o D

ata:

KeR

RA p

aved

1,54

91,

498


0.75

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y62

445

%2.

13,

262

3,15

514

13

2031

.2N

o D

ata:

KeR

RA p

aved

1,54

91,

498


0.50

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y62

40%

0.0

00

00

☑Re

plac

ing

of b

eam

s an

d re

alig

nmen

t of p

osts

m20

31.2

No

Dat

a: K

eRRA

pav

ed9,

142

9,14

2□


1.00

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y62

40%

0.0

00

00

2031

.2N

o D

ata:

KeR

RA p

aved

9,14

29,

142


0.75

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y62

410

%0.

54,

278

4,27

818

18

2031

.2N

o D

ata:

KeR

RA p

aved

9,14

29,

142


0.50

%M

onito

ry S

urve

y62

40%

0.0

00

00

Cra

ck

Seal

ing

□C

rack

Sea

ling

m20

-=

Con

trac

t Len

gth(

m)


333

333

□Ro

ad a

ge: 0

-3 y

ears

-AssumptedQty:0m/mounth

00%

0.0

00

00

20-

=C

ontr

act L

engt

h(m


333

333

☑Ro

ad a

ge: 4

-6 y

ears

-AssumptedQty:25m/month×12month

300

0%0.

00

00

0

20-

=C

ontr

act L

engt

h(m


333

333

□Ro

ad a

ge: 7

and

abo

ve-

AssumptedQty:100m/mounth×12month

1,20

00%

0.0

00

00

18,9

29,8

9818

,928

,253

78,8

7578

,868

59

APPENDIX 2



KWS

SimpleQty/km

Uni

t Pric

eq2

PBC

Wor

ks

Tota

l Cos

t

PBC

Wor

ks

CO

ST

/km-month

Wor

k Ite

ms

Cat

egor

y

Che

ck

Box

(Yes/

No)

Wor

k Ite

ms


Uni

tC

ontr

act

Leng

th

(km

)

simpl

e Qty/

kmBa

sed

by

Nai

robi

, K

isum

u &Mom

-ba

sa

Oth

er

Are

a

Che

ck

Box

(Yes/

No)

Co-efficientfactors

[β]

PBC

W

orks

Ratio(%/

year

)

Base

d by

[FQ]

Faci

lity

Qty

[d2]

de

ci-

sion

Ratio

[q2]

=

[β]*[EQ]*[d2]

Quantification

for

PBC

Nai

robi

, Kisumu&

Mom

basa

Oth

er A

rea

Nai

robi

, Kisumu&

Mom

-ba

sa

Oth

er

Are

a

Road

M

arki

ng

□Ro

ad M

arki

ng fo

r Sm

ooth

Pav

emen

tm

220

20.0

Prog

ram

med

Mai

nten

ance

, A

ssum

ptio

n ⇒　Q≒20m^2/km

(b

ette

r to

sur

vey

befo

re c

ontr

act)

934

988

--

200.


(E

very

6 m

onth

s）40

00%

0.0

00

00

□Ro

ad M

arki

ng fo

r Su

rfac

e D

ress

ed P

avem

ent

m2

2020

.0Pr

ogra

mm

ed M

aint

enan

ce,

Ass

umpt


(b

ette

r to

sur

vey

befo

re c

ontr

act)

2,27

02,

482

--

200.


(E

very

6 m

onth

s）40

00%

0.0

00

00

Gra

ding

and

G

rave

lling

☑Li

ght G

radi

ng (G

radi

ng a

nd C

ompa

ctio

n)m

320

1050

.0su

rvey

dat

a13

13-

-20

0.00


(E

very

6 m

onth

s）21

,000

50%

21,0

00.0

273,

000

273,

000

1,13

81,

138

☑Re

grav

ellin

g (G

rave

lling

and

Com

pact

ion

with

gr

avel

ling)

m3

2010

50.0

surv

ey d

ata

1,39

31,

393

--

200.


(E

very

6 m

onth

s）21

,000

50%

21,0

00.0

29,2

53,0

0029

,253

,000

121,

888

121,

888

Con

cret

e St

ruct

ure

☑C

ulve

rt in

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60

APPENDIX 2



2. 6 Major Labour Based Works

Road Authority Project Work Item

IMP /Routine

Dry /Wet

WDL Year Quantity /1km

SRUQ (Simple)

SRUQ2 (Actual)

KeNHA（2+Lanes) P-1 GC IMP Dry Heavy 2017 12110 0.0009 0.0028

KeNHA（2+Lanes) P-1 GC RMP Wet Normal 2017 12110 0.0007 0.0022

KeNHA（2+Lanes) P-1 GC RMP Dry Light 2017 12110 0.0004 0.0011

KeNHA（2+Lanes) P-1 CC IMP Dry Heavy 2017 200 0.3628 0.5624

KeNHA（2+Lanes) P-1 CC RMP Wet Normal 2017 200 0.0116 0.0180

KeNHA（2+Lanes) P-1 CC RMP Dry Light 2017 200 0.0065 0.0100

KeNHA（2+Lanes) P-1 CB RMP Dry Heavy 2017 20 0.2634 0.7902

KeNHA（2+Lanes) P-1 CB RMP Wet Normal 2017 20 0.0667 0.2000

KeNHA（2+Lanes) P-1 CB RMP Dry Light 2017 20 0.0144 0.0432

KeNHA（2+Lanes) P-1 LD IMP Dry Heavy 2017 400 0.0141 0.0283

KeNHA（2+Lanes) P-1 LD RMP Wet Normal 2017 400 0.0080 0.0160

KeNHA（2+Lanes) P-1 LD RMP Dry Light 2017 400 0.0010 0.0020

KeNHA（2+Lanes) P-1 UD IMP Dry Heavy 2017 2800 0.0245 0.0691

KeNHA（2+Lanes) P-1 UD RMP Wet Normal 2017 2800 0.0131 0.0370

KeNHA（2+Lanes) P-1 UD RMP Dry Light 2017 2800 0.0092 0.0260

KeNHA（2+Lanes) P-1 CW IMP Dry Heavy 2017 4000 0.0165 0.0515

KeNHA（2+Lanes) P-1 CW RMP Wet Normal 2017 4000 0.0007 0.0022

KeNHA（2+Lanes) P-1 CW RMP Dry Light 2017 4000 0.0006 0.0018

KURA P-1 GC IMP Dry Heavy 2017 6819 0.0009 0.0028

KURA P-1 GC RMP Wet Normal 2017 6819 0.0007 0.0022

KURA P-1 GC RMP Dry Light 2017 6819 0.0004 0.0011

KURA P-1 CC IMP Dry Heavy 2017 100 0.3628 0.5624

KURA P-1 CC RMP Wet Normal 2017 100 0.0116 0.0180

KURA P-1 CC RMP Dry Light 2017 100 0.0065 0.0100

KURA P-1 CB IMP Dry Heavy 2017 50 0.2634 0.7902

KURA P-1 CB RMP Wet Normal 2017 50 0.0667 0.2000

KURA P-1 CB RMP Dry Light 2017 50 0.0144 0.0432

KURA P-1 LD IMP Dry Heavy 2017 1400 0.0141 0.0283

KURA P-1 LD RMP Wet Normal 2017 1400 0.0080 0.0160

KURA P-1 LD RMP Dry Light 2017 1400 0.0010 0.0020

KURA P-1 UD IMP Dry Heavy 2017 200 0.0245 0.0691

KURA P-1 UD RMP Wet Normal 2017 200 0.0131 0.0370

KURA P-1 UD RMP Dry Light 2017 200 0.0092 0.0260

KURA P-1 CW IMP Dry Heavy 2017 2000 0.0165 0.0515

KURA P-1 CW RMP Wet Normal 2017 2000 0.0007 0.0022

KURA P-1 CW RMP Dry Light 2017 2000 0.0006 0.0018

KeRRA (Unpaved) P-1 GC IMP Dry Heavy 2017 2310 0.0009 0.0028

KeRRA (Unpaved) P-1 GC RMP Wet Normal 2017 2310 0.0007 0.0022

KeRRA (Unpaved) P-1 GC RMP Dry Light 2017 2310 0.0004 0.0011

KeRRA (Unpaved) P-1 CC IMP Dry Heavy 2017 10 0.3628 0.5624

KeRRA (Unpaved) P-1 CC RMP Wet Normal 2017 10 0.0116 0.0180

KeRRA (Unpaved) P-1 CC RMP Dry Light 2017 10 0.0065 0.0100

KeRRA (Unpaved) P-1 CB IMP Dry Heavy 2017 10 0.2634 0.7902

KeRRA (Unpaved) P-1 CB RMP Wet Normal 2017 10 0.0667 0.2000

KeRRA (Unpaved) P-1 CB RMP Dry Light 2017 10 0.0144 0.0432

KeRRA (Unpaved) P-1 UD IMP Dry Heavy 2017 1800 0.0245 0.0691

KeRRA (Unpaved) P-1 UD RMP Wet Normal 2017 1800 0.0131 0.0370

61

APPENDIX 2



Road Authority Project Work Item

IMP /Routine

Dry /Wet

WDL Year Quantity /1km

SRUQ (Simple)

SRUQ2 (Actual)

KeRRA (Unpaved) P-1 UD RMP Dry Light 2017 1800 0.0092 0.0260

KWS P-1 GC IMP Dry Heavy 2017 2310 0.0009 0.0028

KWS P-1 GC RMP Wet Normal 2017 2310 0.0007 0.0022

KWS P-1 GC RMP Dry Light 2017 2310 0.0004 0.0011

KWS P-1 CC IMP Dry Heavy 2017 10 0.3628 0.5624

KWS P-1 CC RMP Wet Normal 2017 10 0.0116 0.0180

KWS P-1 CC RMP Dry Light 2017 10 0.0065 0.0100

KWS P-1 CB IMP Dry Heavy 2017 10 0.2634 0.7902

KWS P-1 CB RMP Wet Normal 2017 10 0.0667 0.2000

KWS P-1 CB RMP Dry Light 2017 10 0.0144 0.0432

KWS P-1 UD IMP Dry Heavy 2017 1800 0.0245 0.0691

KWS P-1 UD RMP Wet Normal 2017 1800 0.0131 0.0370

KWS P-1 UD RMP Dry Light 2017 1800 0.0092 0.0260

KeNHA P-1 GC IMP Dry Heavy 2017 6055 0.0009 0.0028

KeNHA P-1 GC RMP Wet Normal 2017 6055 0.0007 0.0022

KeNHA P-1 GC RMP Dry Light 2017 6055 0.0004 0.0011

KeNHA P-1 CC IMP Dry Heavy 2017 100 0.3628 0.5624

KeNHA P-1 CC RMP Wet Normal 2017 100 0.0116 0.0180

KeNHA P-1 CC RMP Dry Light 2017 100 0.0065 0.0100

KeNHA P-1 CB IMP Dry Heavy 2017 10 0.2634 0.7902

KeNHA P-1 CB RMP Wet Normal 2017 10 0.0667 0.2000

KeNHA P-1 CB RMP Dry Light 2017 10 0.0144 0.0432

KeNHA P-1 LD IMP Dry Heavy 2017 200 0.0141 0.0283

KeNHA P-1 LD RMP Wet Normal 2017 200 0.0080 0.0160

KeNHA P-1 LD RMP Dry Light 2017 200 0.0010 0.0020

KeNHA P-1 UD IMP Dry Heavy 2017 1400 0.0245 0.0691

KeNHA P-1 UD RMP Wet Normal 2017 1400 0.0131 0.0370

KeNHA P-1 UD RMP Dry Light 2017 1400 0.0092 0.0260

KeNHA P-1 CW IMP Dry Heavy 2017 2000 0.0165 0.0515

KeNHA P-1 CW RMP Wet Normal 2017 2000 0.0007 0.0022

KeNHA P-1 CW RMP Dry Light 2017 2000 0.0006 0.0018

KeRRA (Paved) P-1 GC IMP Dry Heavy 2017 2310 0.0009 0.0028

KeRRA (Paved) P-1 GC RMP Wet Normal 2017 2310 0.0007 0.0022

KeRRA (Paved) P-1 GC RMP Dry Light 2017 2310 0.0004 0.0011

KeRRA (Paved) P-1 CC IMP Dry Heavy 2017 10 0.3628 0.5624

KeRRA (Paved) P-1 CC RMP Wet Normal 2017 10 0.0116 0.0180

KeRRA (Paved) P-1 CC RMP Dry Light 2017 10 0.0065 0.0100

KeRRA (Paved) P-1 CB IMP Dry Heavy 2017 10 0.2634 0.7902

KeRRA (Paved) P-1 CB RMP Wet Normal 2017 10 0.0667 0.2000

KeRRA (Paved) P-1 CB RMP Dry Light 2017 10 0.0144 0.0432

KeRRA (Paved) P-1 UD IMP Dry Heavy 2017 1800 0.0245 0.0691

KeRRA (Paved) P-1 UD RMP Wet Normal 2017 1800 0.0131 0.0370

KeRRA (Paved) P-1 UD RMP Dry Light 2017 1800 0.0092 0.0260

KeRRA (Paved) P-1 CW IMP Dry Heavy 2017 2000 0.0165 0.0515

KeRRA (Paved) P-1 CW RMP Wet Normal 2017 2000 0.0007 0.0022

KeRRA (Paved) P-1 CW RMP Dry Light 2017 2000 0.0006 0.0018

62

APPENDIX 2



Appendix2-2: SummaryResults2018

1. Selected 6 On-Carriageway Works

SRUQsandP/Rsofselected6On-CarriagewayWorks

Machinery Productivity

Item Machineries SRUQ UnitsSurvey CEM 2017

SRUQ P/R SRUQ P/R

1 Grading and Regravelling Motor grader No-day/m2 0.00013 7,754.89 0.000069 14,545.45

2 Patching

Asphalt Cutter No-day/m2 0.0045 222.50 0.0025 400.00

Sprayer No-day/m2 0.000053 18,918.92 0.0037 269.36

Roller No-day/m2 0.0002 5,000.00 0.0034 295.20

3 Resealing Asphaltfinisher No-day/m3 0.0116 86.40 0.025 40.00

4 Road MarkingRoad marking machine

No-day/m2 0.0019 528.63 0.0117 85.41

5 Repair on Concrete Structures Concrete mixer No-day/m3 0.055 18.18 - -

6 GuardrailRepair/Replacement N/A - - - - -

Labor Productivity

Item Categories SRUQ UnitsSurvey CEM 2017

SRUQ P/R SRUQ P/R

1 Grading and Regravelling Unskilled Labor person-day/m3 0.0014 714.29 0.07 14.29

Artisans person-day/m3 - - - -

Supervisor person-day/m3 0.0036 277.78 0.016 62.50

2 Patching Unskilled Labor person-day/m2 0.034 33.33 0.0013 769.23

Supervisor person-day/m2 0.0054 185.19 0.0004 2,500.00

3 Resealing

4 Road Marking Unskilled Labor person-day/m2 0.015 66.89 0.083 12.00

Artisans person-day/m2 - - 0.064 15.65

Supervisor person-day/m2 0.00044 225.23 0.028 36.00

5 Repair on Concrete Structures - Headwall a

Unskilled Labor person-day/1no. 2.3188 0.43 3.2248 0.31

Artisans person-day/1no. 0.5539 1.81 4.5978 0.22

Supervisor person-day/1no. 0.0852 11.74 1.769 0.57

Repair on Concrete Structures -Culvert installation b

Unskilled Labor person-day/m 0.9002 1.11 0.879 1.14

Artisans person-day/m 0.2407 4.16 1.353 0.74

Supervisor person-day/m 0.03174 31.51 0.5065 1.97

6 GuardrailRepair/Replacement Unskilled Labor Personday/m 0.0874c 11.00 - -

Artisans Personday/m 0.104c 9.62 - -

Supervisor Personday/m 0.3073c 3.25 - -

63

APPENDIX 2



UnitPriceCalculationTablesI. Grading and regravelling

Light Grading

No. M001-1

Work Category Grading

Code 10.50.003

Work Item Name Light Grading

Description Trim with motor grader existing carriageway to camber, including slopes and ditches

Unit m3

Quantity 5

NAIROBI,KISUMU&MOMBASA OTHER AREAS

Code Name Type UnitUnit price

(Ksh)Quantity

Sum (Ksh)

Unit price (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks

22.50.007 Skilled Labour: Overseer

Foreman Person Day

1,014 0.0144 14.65 971 0.0144 14.03 Based on average productivity in Kenya

22.50.002 Unskilled labour Person Day

416 0.0072 2.98 411 0.0072 2.95 Based on average productivity in Kenya

M1 Motor Grader driving 131hp Day 22,246 0.0020 44.09 22,239 0.0020 44.07 Based on average productivity in Kenya

Subtotal 61.72 61.05

Miscellaneous Cost % 5 3.09 5 3.05 % of Subtotal

Total 64.80 64.10

Per unit 13.00 12.80 Total/Quantity

Note 1. The quantities are based on M.o.P.W.:2011: Activity No. 1050004

2. The unit price does not include haulage cost.

3. Miscellaenous cost is for general reusable equipment to execute the work. (e.g. hand tools, scaffoldings, safety gears)

M1 Motor Grader Driving Per day

Code Name Type UnitUnit rate

(Ksh)Quantity

Sum (Ksh)

Unit rate (Ksh)

QuantitySum

(Ksh)Remarks


Person Day

1,014 1.00 1,014 971 1.00 971

1day=7 hours =0.143 day (=1hour) * 2 (operator + mechanic) = 0.25

22.74.002 Fuel Diesel litre 89.8 177.23 15,915 90 177.23 15,951 Based on average productivity in Kenya

22.63.012Motor Grader (e.g. CAT 112F): 100 - 130 HP

0 day 5,317 1.00 5,317 5,317 1.00 5,317 Based on average productivity in Kenya

Miscellaneous Cost % - 0.00 - 0.00

Total 22,246 22,239

64

APPENDIX 2



Regravelling

No. M001-2Work Category Gravelling

Code 10.60.001Work Item Name Regravelling

Description Prepare for road formation and provide, place spread, shape and compact with wateringUnit m3

Quantity 5



(Ksh)Quantity

Sum (Ksh)

Unit price (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks


Foreman Person Day

1,014 0.007 7.16 971 0.007 6.86 Based on average productivity in Kenya


416 0.018 7.29 411 0.018 7.20 Based on average productivity in Kenya

22.72.102 Gravel material (murram)

m³ 960 6.000 5,760.00 960 6.000 5,760.00 Based on average productivity in Kenya

M1 Motor Grader driving 131hp Hour 51,839 0.006 300.93 51,827 0.006 300.86 Based on average productivity in Kenya

M2 Roller driving 130hp Hour 129,206 0.004 506.47 129,386 0.004 507.18 Based on average productivity in Kenya

M3 Water tanker driving 10t Hour 68,480 0.001 51.74 68,600 0.001 51.83 Based on average productivity in Kenya

Subtotal 6,633.59 6,633.92

Miscellaneous Cost % 5 331.68 5 331.70 % of Subtotal

Total 6,965.27 6,965.62

Per unit 1,393.10 1,393.10 Total/Quantity

Note 1. Thequantitiesarebasedonfieldsurvey.

2. The unit price does not include haulage cost. 3. Miscellaenous cost is for general reusable equipment to execute the work. (e.g. hand tools, scaffoldings, safety gears)

M1 Motor Grader driving Per hour


(Ksh)Quantity

Sum (Ksh)

Unit rate (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks

22.50.101 Skilled Labour: Operator

Person Day

1014 0.143 145 971 0.143 139 1day=7 hours 0.143 day (=1hour) *2 (operator + mechanic) = 0.25

22.74.002 Fuel Diesel Hour 89.78 20.34 1,827 90 20.34 1,831 Based on average productivity in Kenya

22.63.012 Motor Grader (e.g. CAT 112F): 100 - 130 HP

0 Hour 5,434 1.00 5,434 5,434 1.00 5,434 Based on average productivity in Kenya


total 7,406 7,404

M2 Roller driving Per hour


(Ksh)Quantity

Sum (Ksh)

Unit rate (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks


Person Day

1014 0.143 145 971 0.143 139 1day=7 hours 1 hour=0.143 day

22.74.002 Fuel Diesel Hour 89.78 144.754 12,996 90 144.754 13,028 Based on average fuel efficiency per horse-powerinJapan0.084l/hp*130hp=10.92l

22.64.005 Road Roller 10T,130Hp

day 5,317 1.000 5,317 5,317 1.000 5,317 Based on average productivity in Kenya


total 18,458 18,484

65

APPENDIX 2



M3 water tanker driving Per hour


(Ksh)Quantity

Sum (Ksh)

Unit rate (Ksh)

Quantity Sum (Ksh) Remarks


Person Day

1014 0.143 0.01497 971 0.143 0.014971day=7 hours 1 hour=0.143 day

22.74.002 Fuel Diesel Hour 89.78 78 7,003 90 78 7,020

Based on average fuelefficiencyper horsepower in Japan 0.04ℓ/hp*180hp=7.2ℓ

22.62.015Water Tanker: 6000 - 8000 Lt.

0 Hour 1,780 1 1,780 1,780 1 1,780 Based on average productivity in Kenya

22.70.003 water m3 1,000 1 1,000 1,000 1 1,000 Temporarily estimated quantity

Miscellaneous Cost % - 0 - 0

Total 9,783 9,800

66

APPENDIX 2



II. Patching

Pothole Patching – Hot Mix AC

No. M002-1Work Category Pavement Repairing

Code 16.50.001Work Item Name Pothole Patching – Hot Mix AC

Description Repair potholes on bituminous surface by hot bituminous mixture (5 cm thickness)Unit m2

Quantity 100 (thickness=5cm) (5 m3)


Code Name Type UnitUnit Price

(Ksh)Quantity

Sum (Ksh)

Unit Price (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks

B1Pothole Cutting and Cleaning

m2 163 100 16,300 213 100 21,300

B2 Pothole Patching m2 1,184 100 118,400 1,273 100 127,300

Subtotal 134,700 148,600

Total per unit 1,347 1,486

Note 1. The Unit price does not include haulage cost

B1 Pothole Cutting and CleaningUnit m2

Quantity 100


(Ksh)Quantity

Sum (Ksh)

Unit price (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks


Foreman Person Day

1014 0.000 0 971 0.000 0

22.50.005 Artisans G2 Supervisor Person Day

819 0.360 295 787 0.360 283


416 2.500 1,040 411 2.500 1,027

M1 Asphalt cutter driving

Hour 775 18.29 14,175 1,036 18.29 18,948 Based on a unit pothole of 50cm *50cm * 5cm thickness. Cut length: 0.5*4=2m for 0.25m2 (for 100m2, cut length=800m) 800m/43.7322mperhour = 18.29 hrs.

Subtotal 15,510 20,259 Miscellaneous Cost

% 5 775 5 1,013 % of subtotal

Total 16,285 21,272 Per unit 163 213 Total/Quantity

M1 Asphalt cutter driving Per hour


(Ksh)Quantity

Sum (Ksh)

Unit price (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks


Person Day

1014 0.143 145 971 0.143 139 1 day = 7 hours 1 hour = 0.143 day

22.74.002 Fuel Diesel litre 89.78 1.451 130 90 1.451 131

22.67.109Asphalt/Bitumencutter

0 Hour 500 1 500 767 1 767

Miscellaneous Cost % 0 0 0 0 Total 775 1,036

67

APPENDIX 2



B2 Pothole PatchingUnit m2

Quantity 100


(Ksh)Quantity

Sum (Ksh)

Unit price (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks

22.50.007 Skilled Labour: Overseer Person Day

1014 0 971 0

22.50.005 Artisans G2 Person Day

819 0.175 143 787 0.175 138


416 0.949 395 411 0.949 390

22.73.003 Premix - AC Type I (hot) m3 18,413 5.500 101,272 19,800 5.500 108,900 5*1.1 (loss margin) = 5.5

22.73.012 MC 30 Bitumen litre 98 99.00 9,702 108 99.00 10,692 1kg = 1 litre 90 * 1.1 (loss margin) = 99

M2 Sprayer driving Hour 647 0.037 24 642 0.037 24 M3 Truck Driving Hour 2,103 0.170 357 2,098 0.170 356 M4 Roller driving Hour 6,442 0.140 901 5,212 0.140 729 Subtotal 112,793 121,228 Miscellaneous Cost % 5 5,640 5 6,061 % of subtotal Total 118,433 127,290 Per unit 1,184 1,273 Total/Quantity

M2 Sprayer driving Per hour


(Ksh)Quantity

Sum (Ksh)

Unit price (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks


Person Day

1014 0.143 145 971 0.143 139 1day = 7 hours 1hour = 0.143 day


416 0 411 0

22.74.002 Fuel Diesel litre 89.78 1.030 92 90 1.030 93 Basedonaveragefuelefficiencyper horsepower in Japan 0.151ℓ/hp*6.8hp=1.03ℓ

22.67.004 BitumenSprayerH/Operated

200L Hour 410 1 410 410 1 410

Miscellaneous Cost % 0 0 0 0 Total 647 642

M3 Truck driving Per hour


(Ksh)Quantity

Sum (Ksh)

Unit price (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks

22.50.101 Skilled Labour: Operator Person Day


22.74.002 Fuel Diesel litre 89.78 5.320 478 90 5.320 479 Basedonaveragefuelefficien-cy per horsepower in Japan 0.041ℓ/hp*133hp=5.32ℓ

22.61.101 Truck Flat bed : 2.5-5 tons 0 Hour 1480 1 1,480 1480 1 1,480 Miscellaneous Cost % 0 0 0 0Total 2,103 2,098



(Ksh)Quantity

Sum (Ksh)

Unit price (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks

22.50.101 Skilled Labour: Operator Person Day 1014 0.143 145 971 0.143 139 1day = 7 hours 1hour = 0.143 day

22.50.002 Unskilled labour Person Day 416 0 411 0 22.74.002 Fuel Diesel litre 89.78 10.92 980 90 10.92 983 Based on average fuel

efficiencyperhorse-power in Japan 0.084ℓ/hp*130hp=10.92ℓ

22.64.004 Single drum steel Vibrator roller: 9-10T, 130 HP

0 Hour 5317 1 5,317 4090 1 4,090

Miscellaneous Cost % 0 0 0 0Total 6,442 5,212

68

APPENDIX 2



Pothole Patching – Cold Mix AC (manufactured)


Code 16.50.004Work Item Name Pothole Patching – Cold Mix AC

Description Repair potholes on bituminous surface by cold bituminous mixture (5 cm thickness)Unit m2




(Ksh)Quantity Sum (Ksh)

Unit Price (Ksh)



m2 40 100 4,000 48 100 4,800

B2 Pothole Patching m2 3,958 100 395,800 4,594 100 459,400

Subtotal 399,800 464,200

Total per unit 3,998 4,642



Quantity 100


(Ksh)Quantity

Sum (Ksh)

Unit price (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks


ForemanPerson Day

1014 0 971 0

22.50.005 Artisans G2 SupervisorPerson Day

819 0.360 295 787 0.360 283


416 2.500 1,040 411 2.500 1,027


Hour 775 3.146 2,438 1,036 3.146 3,259 Based on a unit pothole of 50cm *50cm * 5cm thickness. Cut length: 0.5*4=2m for 0.25m2 (for 100m2, cut length=800m) 800m/43.7322mperhour = 18.29 hrs.

Subtotal 3,773 4,570

Miscellaneous Cost

% 5 189 5 229 % of subtotal

Total 3,962 4,799

Per unit 40 48 Total/Quantity




Unit price (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks


Person Day


22.74.002 Fuel Diesel litre 89.78 1.451 130 90 1.451 131


0 Hour 500 1 500 767 1 767

Miscellaneous Cost % 0 0 0 0 Total 775 1,036

69

APPENDIX 2



B2 Pothole Patching

Unit m2

Quantity 100

Code Name Type UnitUnit price (Ksh)

Quantity Sum (Ksh)Unit price (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks


Person Day

1014 0.000 0 971 0.000 0

22.50.005 Artisans G2Person Day

819 0.000 0 787 0.000 0

22.50.002 Unskilled labourPerson Day

416 0.949 395 411 0.949 390

22.73.003Premix - AC Type I (cold)

m3 66,528 5.500 365,904 77,400 5.500 425,700 5*1.1 (loss margin) = 5.5

22.73.012 MC 30 Bitumen litre 98 99.00 9,702 108 99.00 10,692 1kg = 1 litre 90 * 1.1 (loss margin) = 99

M2 Sprayer driving Hour 647 0.037 24 642 0.037 24 M3 Roller driving Hour 6,442 0.140 901 5,212 0.140 729 Subtotal 376,926 437,535 Miscellaneous Cost % 5 18,846 5 21,877 % of subtotal Total 395,772 459,411 Per unit 3,958 4,594 Total/Quantity



(Ksh)Quantity

Sum (Ksh)

Unit price (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks


Person Day



416 0 411 0

22.74.002 Fuel Diesel litre 89.78 1.030 92 90 1.030 93 Based on average fuelefficiencyperhorsepower in Japan 0.151ℓ/hp*6.8hp=1.03ℓ

22.67.004 BitumenSprayerH/Operated

200L Hour 410 1 410 410 1 410

Miscellaneous Cost % 0 0 0 0 Total 647 642



QuantitySum (Ksh)

Unit price (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks


Person Day



416 0 411 0

22.74.002 Fuel Diesel litre 89.78 10.92 980 90 10.92 983 Based on average fuelefficiencyperhorsepower in Japan 0.084ℓ/hp*130hp=10.92ℓ


0 Hour 5317 1 5,317 4090 1 4,090

Miscellaneous Cost

% 0 0 0 0

total 6,442 5,212

70

APPENDIX 2



Pothole Patching – Cold Mix AC (Made on site)


Code –Work Item Name Pothole Patching – Cold Mix AC (made on site)

Description Repair potholes on bituminous surface by cold bituminous mixture (5cm thickness)Unit m2





Unit Price (Ksh)



m2 161 100 16,100 199 100 19,900

B2 Pothole Patching m2 735 100 73,500 771 100 77,100

Subtotal 89,600 97,000

Total per unit 896 970



Quantity 100


(Ksh)Quantity

Sum (Ksh)

Unit price (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks


ForemanPerson Day

1014 0.243 246 971 0.000 0

22.50.005 Artisans G2 SupervisorPerson Day

819 0.360 295 787 0.000 0

22.50.002 Unskilled labourPerson Day

416 1.685 701 411 0.000 0


Hour 773 18.29 14,138 1,034 18.29 18,912 Based on a unit pothole of 50cm *50cm * 5cm thick-ness. Cut length: 0.5*4=2m for 0.25m2 (for 100m2, cut length=800m) 800m/43.7322mperhour = 18.29 hrs.

Subtotal 15,380 18,912 Miscellaneous Cost % 5 769 5 946 % of subtotalTotal 16,149 19,857 Per unit 161 199 Total/Quantity




Unit price (Ksh)



Person Day


22.74.002 Fuel Diesel litre 89.78 1.429 128 90 1.429 129 10 litres per day = 1.4286 litres per hour


0 Hour 500 1 500 767 1 767

Miscellaneous Cost

% 0 0 0 0

Total 773 1,034

71

APPENDIX 2



B2 Pothole PatchingUnit m2

Quantity 100


(Ksh)Quantity

Sum (Ksh)

Unit price (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks


Person Day

1014 0.057 58 971 0.000 0


819 0.000 0 787 0.000 0


416 0.467 194 411 0.000 0

22.72.016 Coarse aggregates (chippings) - 3/6mm

m3 1,360 1.788 2,431 1,792 1.788 3,203 density=2000l/m3. Qty=78l/2000l/m3 = 0.039 m3 for 2.1818 m2 = 1.7875 m3 for 100m2

22.72.017 Coarse aggregates (chippings) - 6/10mm

m3 1,840 0.963 1,771 1,792 0.963 1,725 Density=2000l/m3. Qty=42l/2000l/m3 = 0.021 m3 for 2.1818m2= 0.9625 m3 for 100 m2

22.73.006 Bituminous sealant (K-160)

m3 75500 0.825 62,288 83000 0.825 68,475 Density=1000l/m3. Qty=18l/1000l/m3 = 0.018 m3 for 2.1818m2= 0.825 m3 for 100 m2

M1 Mixer driving Hour 753 3.89 2,932 747 0.00 0 M2 Sprayer driving Hour 647 0.109 71 642 0.000 0 M3 Roller driving Hour 6,442 0.041 264 5,212 0.000 0 Subtotal 70,008 73,403 Miscellaneous Cost % 5 3,500 5 3,670 % of subtotal Total 73,509 77,073 Per unit 735 771 Total/Quantity

M1 Mixer driving Per hour


(Ksh)Quantity

Sum (Ksh)

Unit price (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks


Person Day



416 0.000 0 411 0.000 0

22.74.002 Fuel Diesel litre 89.78 0.429 38 90 0.429 39 3 litres per day= 0.4286 litres per hour

Concrete mixer Hour 570 1 570 570 1 570 Miscellaneous Cost % 0 0 0 0 Total 753 747




Unit price (Ksh)



Person Day



416 0 411 0

22.74.002 Fuel Diesel litre 89.78 1.030 92 90 1.030 93 Based on average fuelefficiencyperhorsepower in Japan 0.151ℓ/hp*6.8hp=1.03ℓ

22.67.004 Bitumen Sprayer H/Operated

200L Hour 410 1 410 410 1 410

Miscellaneous Cost

% 0 0 0 0

Total 647 642

72

APPENDIX 2





(Ksh)Quantity

Sum (Ksh)

Unit price (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks


Person Day



416 0 411 0

22.74.002 Fuel Diesel litre 89.78 10.92 980 90 10.92 983 Based on average fuel efficiencyperhorse-power in Japan 0.084ℓ/hp*130hp=10.92ℓ


0 Hour 5317 1 5,317 4090 1 4,090

Miscellaneous Cost % 0 0 0 0

Total 6,442 5,212

73

APPENDIX 2



III. Road Marking (Mechanical)

Road Marking on Smooth Pavement

No. M004-1Work Category Road Marking

Code –Work Item Name Road Markings - white thermoplastic paint

Description Renew faded or missing white road markings with thermoplastic materialUnit m2

Quantity 100




Unit rate (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks


Person Day

1014 0.444 450 971 0.444 431


819 0.000 0 787 0.000 0


416 1.495 622 411 1.495 615

22.79.006 Thermoplastic paint white

kg 318 163.31 51,934 349 163.31 56,996

ReflectingGlassBeads

kg 527.88 58.33 30,793 527.88 58.33 30,793

M1 Compressor Driving Day 7,055 0.06 292 7,054 0.06 291 for cleaningM2 Road Marking

Machine DrivingHour 715 1.119 800 709 1.119 793

M3 Melting pod driving Hour 2,148 1.132 2,431 2,299 1.132 2,602 M4 Truck driving 3~3.5t Hour 2,137 0.759 1,622 2,132 0.759 1,618 for Melting pod Subtotal 89,057 94,254 Miscellaneous Cost % - 5.00 4,453 - 5.00 4,713 % of subtotal Total 93,390 98,846 Per unit 934 988 Total/Quantity

Note 1. 2t truck is for hauling equipment and materials, 3~3.5t truck is for the fusion movement in the site.2. Quantityofmaterialsshallincludethelossmargin.3. Notincludingthetrafficcontrol,haulagecost.4. Miscellaneous Cost is for the minor equipment, materials and supplementary work such as primer, gas, stick chalk and so on.

M1 Compressor Driving Per Day


(Ksh)Quantity

Sum (Ksh)

Unit rate (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks


Person Day

1,014 0.143 145 971 0.143 139 1day = 7 hours 1hour = 0.143day

22.74.002 Fuel Diesel litre 89.78 3.613 324 90.00 3.613 32522.67.108 Air compressor 150CFM,

4250LPMDay 4,600 1 4,600 4,600 1 4,600

Miscellaneous Cost % - 0 0 - 0 0 Total 5,069 5,064

74

APPENDIX 2



M2 Road Marking Machine Driving Per hour



Unit rate (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks


Person Day


22.65.008 Road Marking Machine

Hour 570 1 570 570 1 570

Miscellaneous Cost % - 0 0 - 0 0

Total 715 709

M3 Melting pod driving Per hour



Unit rate (Ksh)



Person Day

1,014 1.132 1,148 971 1.132 1,099 1day = 7 hours 1hour = 0.143day

22.65.101 Melting pod (for paint) 200 - 350kg

Hour 1,000 1 1,000 1,200 1 1,200





Unit rate (Ksh)



Person Day


22.74.002 Fuel Diesel litre 89.78 5.700 512 90.00 5.700 513 0.041ℓ/hp*133hp=5.32ℓ

22.61.101 Truck Flat bed: 2.5 - 5 tons

0 Hour 1,480 1 1,480 1,480 1 1,480

Miscellaneous Cost

% - 0 0 - 0 0

Total 2,137 2,132

75

APPENDIX 2



Road Marking on Surface Dressed pavement

No. M004-2Work Category Road Marking

Code –Work Item Name Road Markings - white thermoplastic paint

Description Renew faded or missing white road markings with thermoplastic materialUnit m2

Quantity 100



(Ksh)Quantity

Sum (Ksh)

Unit rate (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks


Person Day

1014 0.604 613 971 0.604 587 Based on average productivity in Kenya


819 0.000 0 787 0.000 0 Based on average productivity in Kenya


416 1.253 521 411 3.876 1,593 Based on average productivity in Kenya

22.79.006 Thermoplastic paint white

kg 318 894.446 284,434 349 894.446 312,162 Based on average productivity in Kenya

ReflectingGlassBeads

kg 527.88 9.94 5,247 527.88 9.94 5,247 Based on average productivity in Kenya

M1 Compressor Driving Day 4,745 0.35 1,656 4,739 0.35 1,654 for cleaningM2 Road Marking

Machine DrivingHour 715 0.349 250 709 0.349 247

M3 Melting pod driving Hour 1,145 0.349 400 1,339 0.349 467 M4 Truck driving 3~3.5t Hour 2,103 0.349 734 2,098 0.349 732 for Melting pod

Subtotal 293,949 321.703 Miscellaneous Cost % - 5.00 14,697 - 5.00 16,085 % of subtotalTotal 337,689 337,788 Per unit 3,086 3,378 Total/Quantity

Note 1. 2t truck is for hauling equipment and materials, 3~3.5t truck is for the fusion movement in the site.2. Quantityofmaterialsshallincludethelossmargin.3. Notincludingthetrafficcontrol,haulagecost.4. Miscellaneous Cost is for the minor equipment, materials and supplementary work such as primer, gas, stick chalk and so on.

M1 Compressor Driving Per Day


(Ksh)Quantity

Sum (Ksh)

Unit rate (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks


Person Day


22.74.002 Fuel Diesel litre 89.78 0.002 0 90.00 0.002 0

22.67.108 Air compressor 150CFM, 4250LPM

Day 4,600 1 4,600 4,600 1 4,600


Total 4,745 4,739

M2 Road Marking Machine Driving Per hour



Unit rate (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks


Person Day


22.65.008 Road Marking Machine

Hour 570 1 570 570 1 570


Total 715 709

76

APPENDIX 2



M3 Melting pod driving Per hour


(Ksh)Quantity

Sum (Ksh)

Unit rate (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks



22.65.101 Melting pod (for paint) 200 - 350kg

Hour 1,000 1 1,000 1,200 1 1,200




(Ksh)Quantity

Sum (Ksh)

Unit rate (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks



22.74.002 Fuel Diesel litre 89.78 5.32 512 90.00 5.32 513 0.041ℓ/hp*133hp=5.32ℓ

22.61.101 Truck Flat bed: 2.5-5 Tons 0 Hour 1,480 1 1,480 1,480 1 1,480 Miscellaneous Cost % - 0 0 - 0 0 Total 2,103 2,098

77

APPENDIX 2



IV. Repair on concrete structures

Pipe Culvert 600mm Dia. Installation

No. M005-1Work Category Pipe Culvert Installation

Code 08.60.025Work Item Name Culvert Installation – 600mm with surround

Description Provide, lay and joint pipe culvert of 600mm in diameter with surroundUnit m

Quantity 10



(Ksh)Quantity

Sum (Ksh)

Unit price (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks

B1 Blinding m³ 9,519 0.52 4,926 9,219 0.52 4,771 Volume of concrete : 10m*0.9m*0.05m + 0.9m*0.3m*0.05m*5No

B2 Installation m 4,101 10 41,010 365 10 3,650

B3 Form work m² 551 19 10,469 21 19 399 (0.6 + 0.05*2 + 0.15 (top surrounding) + 0.1 (bottom surrounding)) * 2 (both sides) * 10 = 19.0

B4 Concrete mixing, placing and curing

m³ 8,172 5.0 40,860 7,906 5.0 39,530 0.5 (standard volume for surround and bed) * 10 = 5

Subtotal 97,265 48,350 Miscellaneous Cost 10.0 9,727 10.0 4,835 Total 106,992 53,185 Per unit 10,699 5,318 Total/QuantityNote 1. The quantities are based on standard drawings

2. The unit price does not include haulage cost.3. Theunitcostincludesblindingforbaseandconcreteformworkbutnotexcavatingandfilling.4. Miscellaenous cost is for general reusable equipment to execute the work. (e.g. hand tools, scaffoldings, safety gears)

- 5%: clearing, cleaning, earthwork, base and surfacing works, simple street furniture works (e.g. marking, sign installation) - 10%: concrete works, structural works, complicated street furniture works (e.g. Microtunneling, street lamp works)

B1 BlindingC15/20Unit m³Quantity 10



Unit price (Ksh)



Person Day

1014 6.80 6,898 971 6.80 6,605


819 1.94 1,592 787 1.94 1,530


416 9.20 3,827 411 9.20 3,781


Person Day

1014 1.62 1,642 971 1.62 1,573 For Concrete Mixer

22.70.004 Cement (ordinary Portland)

Kg 18 2365.00 42,570 19 2365.00 44,935 2150*1.1 (loss margin) = 2365

22.69.009 Fine aggregates (sand)

m³ 2270 5.06 11,486 1854 5.06 9,381 4.6*1.1 (loss margin) = 5.06

22.70.002 Graded aggregates (ballast)

m³ 1716.25 10.12 17,368 1440 10.12 14,573 9.2*1.1 (loss margin) = 10.12

22.70.003 Water m³ 1000 2.99 2,993 1000 2.99 2,993 1.1 loss margin included

22.74.999 Fuel Petrol litre 101.05 11.34 1,145.69 101.05 11.34 1,145.69 Fuel for Concrete Mixer

22.67.997 Concrete mixer Hour 500 11.34 5,668.93 500 11.34 5,668.93 Total 95,192 92,186 Per unit 9,519 9,219 Total/Quantity

78

APPENDIX 2



B2 InstallationQuantity 10


(Ksh)Quantity

Sum (Ksh)

Unit price (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks

22.50.007 Skilled Labour: Overseer Person Day 1014 0.00 0 971 0.00 0 22.50.005 Artisans G2 Person Day 819 1.71 1,404 787 1.71 1,349 22.50.002 Unskilled labour Person Day 416 5.14 2,139 411 5.14 2,114 22.72.002 Precast concrete culvert

- 600mmm 3747 10 37,470 19 10 190

Total 41,013 3,653 Per unit 4,101 365 Total/Quantity

B3 Form workUnit m²Quantity 100


(Ksh)Quantity

Sum (Ksh)

Unit price (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks

22.50.007 Skilled Labour: Overseer Person Day 1014 0.00 0 971 0.00 0 22.50.005 Artisans G2 Person Day 819 1.06 871 787 1.06 837 22.50.002 Unskilled labour Person Day 416 3.19 1,327 411 3.19 1,311

22.78.102 Wooden formwork panel m²882 60.00 52,920 327 0.00 0 50 * 1.2 (loss mar-

gin) = 60 To be re-used second time

Total 55,117 2,147 Per unit 551 21 Total/Quantity

B4 Concrete mixing, placing and curingUnit m³Quantity 1


(Ksh)Quantity

Sum (Ksh)

Unit price (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks

22.50.007 Skilled Labour: Overseer Person Day 1014 0.06 64 971 0.06 62 22.50.005 Artisans G2 Person Day 819 0.10 81 787 0.10 78 22.50.002 Unskilled labour Person Day 416 0.65 271 411 0.65 268 22.50.101 Skilled Labour: Operator Person Day 1014 0.07 76 971 0.07 72 For Concrete Mixer


Kg 18 236.50 4,257 19 236.50 4,494 215*1.1 (loss margin) = 236.5

22.69.009 Fine aggregates(sand) m³ 2270 0.51 1,149 1854 0.51 938 0.46*1.1 (loss margin) = 0.506


m³ 1716.25 1.01 1,737 1440 1.01 1,457 0.92*1.1 (loss margin) = 1.012

22.70.003 Water m³ 1000 0.27 270 1000 0.27 270 1.1 loss margin included

22.74.999 Fuel Petrol litre 101.05 0.44 44.90 101.05 0.44 44.90 Fuel for Concrete Mixer

22.67.997 Concrete mixer Hour 500 0.44 222.18 500 0.44 222.18 B6 Concrete curing m³ 0 1 0 0 1 0

Total 8,172 7,906Per unit 8,172 7,906 Total/Quantity

B5 Concrete curingUn\it m³Quantity 10


(Ksh)Quantity

Sum (Ksh)

Unit price (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks

22.50.007 Skilled Labour: Overseer Person Day 1014 0.00 0 971 0.00 0 22.50.005 Artisans G2 Person Day 819 0.00 0 787 0.00 0 22.50.002 Unskilled labour Person Day 416 0.00 0 411 0.00 0 22.70.003 Water m³ 1000 0.00 0 1000 0.00 0 1.1 loss margin

included Total - - Per unit - - Total/Quantity

79

APPENDIX 2



Pipe Culvert 600mm Dia. Headwall Repair

No. M005-2Work Category Headwall Construction

Code 08.60.019aWork Item Name Headwall Construction for 600mm pipe culvert

Description Provide, lay and joint pipe culvert of 600mm in diameter with surround Reconstruct or repair damaged headwall (wing wall and apron) for 600mm pipe culvert to prevent the collapse and the potential slip of the material and pavement above the culvert.

Unit No. (a pair)Quantity 1



(Ksh)Quantity

Sum (Ksh)

Unit price (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks

B1 Form work and Reinforcement

m² 678 9.3 6,333 343 9.3 3,204 Formwork for headwall and wingwalls = 9.34 SM

B2 Concrete Mixing, Placing and Curing

m³ 10,873 1.2 13,417 10,853 1.2 13,393 Concrete Required for wingwalls and headwall = 1.234 CM

Subtotal 19,750 16,596 Miscellaneous Cost % 10 1,975 10 1,660 % of subtotalTotal (per unit) 21,725 18,256

Note 1. The quantities are based on standard drawings

2. The unit price does not include haulage cost.3. Theunitcostincludesgravellingforbaseandconcreteformworkbutnotexcavatingandfilling.4. Head wall construction is assumed to include that of wingwalls and aprons. For detail, refer to the standard drawing

B1 Formwork and ReinforcementUnit m²Quantity 100


(Ksh)Quantity

Sum (Ksh)

Unit price (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks

22.50.007 Skilled Labour: Overseer Person Day 1014 0.00 0 971 0.00 0 22.50.005 Artisans G2 Person Day 819 4.42 3,623 787 4.42 3,482 22.50.002 Unskilled labour Person Day 416 15.63 6,502 411 15.63 6,423 22.78.102 Wooden formwork panel m² 882 60.00 52,920 327 60.00 19,620 50 * 1.2 (loss

margin) = 60 To be reused second time

22.77.001 Mesh wire 8’ x 4’ gauge 18 m² 299 15.78 4,718 300 15.78 4,734 Total 67,763 34,259 Per unit 678 343 Total/Quantity

80

APPENDIX 2



B2 Unit m³Quantity 10


QuantitySum (Ksh)

Unit price (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks


Person Day 1014 0.89 899 971 0.89 861

22.50.005 Artisans G2 Person Day 819 1.36 1,114 787 1.36 1,070 22.50.002 Unskilled labour Person Day 416 8.59 3,573 411 8.59 3,530 22.50.101 Skilled Labour:

OperatorPerson Day 1014 1.04 1,056 971 1.04 1,011


Kg 18 4015.00 72,270 19 4015.00 76,285 3650*1.1 (loss margin) = 4015

22.69.009 Fine aggregates (sand)

m³ 2270 4.18 9,489 1854 4.18 7,750 3.8*1.1 (loss margin) = 4.18


m³ 1716.25 8.36 14,348 1440 8.36 12,038 7.6*1.1 (loss margin) = 8.36

22.70.003 Water m³ 1000 1.99 1,988 1000 1.99 1,988 1.1 loss margin included

22.74.999 Fuel Petrol litre 101.05 5.84 590.51 101.05 5.84 590.51 Fuel for Concrete Mixer

22.67.997 Concrete mixer Hour 500 6.81 3,403.82 500 6.81 3,403.82 B6 Concrete curing 0 10.00 0.00 0 10.00 0.00 Subtotal 108,730 108,528 Total 108,730 108,528 Per unit 10,873 10,853 Total/Quantity

B3 Concrete curingUnit m³Quantity 10


(Ksh)Quantity

Sum (Ksh)

Unit price (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks

22.50.007 Skilled Labour: Overseer Person Day 1014 0.00 0 971 0.00 0 22.50.005 Artisans G2 Person Day 819 0.00 0 787 0.00 0 22.50.002 Unskilled labour Person Day 416 0.00 0 411 0.00 0 22.70.003 Water m³ 1000 0.00 0 1000 0.00 0 1.1 loss margin included

Total - - Per unit 0 0 Total/Quantity

81

APPENDIX 2



V. Guardrail repair/ replacement

Guardrail repair by straightening of beams

No. M006-1

Work Category On-Carriageway work items for PBC

Code —

Work Item Name Guardrail Repair

Description Removal of damaged guardrail and replacement with the straightened beam

Unit m

Quantity 4



(Ksh)Quantity

Sum (Ksh)

Unit rate (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks

B1Removal&Fixing&Realignment of posts

m 1,106 4.000 4,422 1,100 4.000 4,402 Based on average productivity in kenya

B2 Straightening of Beam m 44 4.000 176 44 4.000 176 Based on average productivity in kenya

B3 Spacers Repair No 424 2.000 848 409 2.000 818 Based on average productivity in kenya

5,447 5,396

Total 5,447 5,396

Per unit 1,362 1,349 Total/Quantity

Note:1. 2ton truck is for hauling guardrail material and equipment and tool.

2. Quantityformaterialsshallincludethelossmargin.

3. Noincludingthetrafficcontrol

4. Miscellaneous Cost is for the equipment and tools of repair.

B1 Removal&Fixing&realignmentofposts

Unit m

Quantity 4


(Ksh)Quantity

Sum (Ksh)

Unit rate (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks

22.50.007 Skilled labour: Overseer Supervisor Person Day 1,014 0.105 107 971 0.105 102 Based on average productivity in kenya

22.50.005 Artisans General Person Day 819 0.243 199 787 0.243 191 Based on average productivity in kenya

22.50.002 Unskilled labour Person Day 416 0.175 73 411 0.175 72 Based on average productivity in kenya

Bolts New No 150 14 2,053 150 14 2,053 Based on average productivity in kenya

M1 Truck driving Day 14,727 0.108 1,588 14,676 0.108 1,583 Based on average productivity in kenya


Miscellaneous Cost % - 10 402 - 10 400 % of subtotal

Total 4,422 4,402




(Ksh)Quantity

Sum (Ksh)

Unit rate (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks

22.50.101 Skilled labour: Operator Person Day 1,014 0.143 145 971 0.143 1391day = 7 hours 1hour = 0.143day

22.74.002 Fuel Diesel Person Day 90.0 5.32 479 90 5.32 478Basedonaveragefuelefficiency per horsepower in Japan 0.041l/hp*133hp=5.32ℓ

22.61.101 Truck 2 Ton Hour 1,480 1 1,480 1,480 1 1,480 Based on average productivity in kenya


Total 2,104 2,097

82

APPENDIX 2



B2 Beam Straightening

Unit m

Quantity 4

Code Name Type UnitUnit rate (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Unit rate (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks




M1 Beam Straightener day 73,340 0.002 155 73,297 0.002 155 Quotationrate

Subtotal 160 160


Total 176 176


Note Miscellaneous costs include:

M1 Beam Straightening Per hour


(Ksh)Quantity

Sum (Ksh)

Unit rate (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks

22.50.101 Skilled labour: Operator #N/A 1,014 0.143 145 971 0.143 1391day = 7 hours 1hour = 0.143day

Electicity Kw/h 15 22.00 332 15 22.00 332 Based on average productivity in kenya

Beam Straightener Hour 10,000 1 10,000 10,000 1 10,000 Quotationrate


Total 10,477 10,471

B3 Spacer repair

Unit No

Quantity 1


QuantitySum (Ksh)

Unit rate (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks




Subtotal 386 372


Total 424 409


Note: Miscellaneous costs include: Welding equipment, welding rods, anvil and 10kg hammer

83

APPENDIX 2



Guardrail repair by straightening of beams and realignment of posts

No. M006-2


Cod —


Description Removal of damaged guardrail, replacement with the straightened beam and Realignment of Posts

Unit m

Quantity 4




Unit rate (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks

B1Removal&Fixing&Realignment of posts

m 1,293 4.000 5,170 1,288 4.000 5,152 Based on average productivity in kenya

B2 Straightening of Beam m 44 4.000 176 44 4.000 176 Based on average productivity in kenya

B3 Spacers Repair No 424 2.000 848 409 2.000 818 Based on average productivity in kenya

6,195 6,146

Total 6,195 6,146


Note:

1. 2ton truck is for hauling guardrail material and equipment and tool.




B1 Removal&Fixing&realignmentofposts

Unit m

Quantity 4


(Ksh)Quantity

Sum (Ksh)

Unit rate (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks




Bolts New No 150 14 2,053 150 14 2,053 Based on average productivity in kenya

Concrete Placing m3 10,624 0.064 680 10,624 0.064 680

M1 Truck driving Day 14,719 0.108 1,588 14,676 0.108 1,583 Based on average productivity in kenya



Total 5,170 5,152




(Ksh)Quantity

Sum (Ksh)

Unit rate (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks


22.74.002 Fuel Diesel Person Day 90.0 5.32 479 90 5.32 478Basedonaveragefuelefficiency per horsepower in Japan 0.041l/hp*133hp=5.32ℓ

22.61.101 Truck 2 Ton Hour 1,480 1 1,480 1,480 1 1,480 Based on average productivity in kenya


Total 2,104 2,097

84

APPENDIX 2



B2 Beam Straightening

Unit m

Quantity 4


(Ksh)Quantity

Sum (Ksh)

Unit rate (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks




M1 Beam Straightener day 73,340 0.002 155 73,297 0.002 155 Quotationrate

Subtotal 160 160


Total 176 176


Note Miscellaneous costs include:

M1 Beam Straightening Per hour


(Ksh)Quantity

Sum (Ksh)

Unit rate (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks

22.50.101 Skilled labour: Operator #N/A 1,014 0.143 145 971 0.143 1391day = 7 hours 1hour = 0.143day

Electicity Kw/h 15 22.00 332 15 22.00 332 Based on average productivity in kenya

Beam Straightener Hour 10,000 1 10,000 10,000 1 10,000 Quotationrate


Total 10,477 10,471

B3 Spacer repair

Unit No

Quantity 1


(Ksh)Quantity

Sum (Ksh)

Unit rate (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks




Subtotal 386 372


Total 424 409


Note: Miscellaneous costs include: Welding equipment, welding rods, anvil and 10kg hammer

85

APPENDIX 2



Guardrail replacement and realignment of posts

No. M006-3


Cod —


Description Complete removal and installation with new guardrail beam, posts and spacers

Unit m

Quantity 4



QuantitySum (Ksh)

Unit rate (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks

22.50.007 Skilled labour: Overseer Supervisor Person Day 1,014 0.045 46 971 0.045 44 Based on average productivity in Kenya

22.50.005 Artisans General Person Day 819 0.179 146 787 0.179 141 Based on average productivity in Kenya

22.50.002 Unskilled labour Person Day 416 0.329 137 414 0.329 136 Based on average productivity in Kenya

Guardrail Beam No 10,000 1 10,000 10,000 1 10,000

Concrete posts 2m No 5,200 2 10,400 5,200 2 10,400

Spacers No 3,500 2 7,000 3,500 2 7,000

Bolts No 150 19 2,850 150 19 2,850 Based on average productivity in Kenya

No. 114 Concrete placing m^3 10,624 0.128 1,360 10,624 0.128 1,360 Based on average productivity in Kenya

M1 Truck driving Day 14,727 0.108 1,588 14,622 0.108 1,577 Based on average productivity in Kenya

Subtotal 33,527 33,507

Miscellaneous Cost % - 10 3,353 - 10 3,351 % of subtotal

Total 36,880 36,858


Note:

1. 2ton truck is for hauling guardrail material and equipment and tool.






QuantitySum (Ksh)

Unit rate (Ksh)

QuantitySum (Ksh)

Remarks


22.74.002 Fuel Diesel litre 90.0 5.32 479 90 5.32 478Basedonaveragefuelefficiencyperhorsepower in Japan 0.041l/hp*133hp=5.32ℓ

22.61.101 Truck 2 Ton Hour 1,480 1 1,480 1,480 1 1,480 Based on average productivity in Kenya


Total 2,104 2,089

86

APPENDIX 2



2. 6 Major Labour Based Works

SRUQsandP/Rsof6MajorLabourBasedWorks

(Simple)

Work item Unit Level P/R (Simple) Unit SRUQ (Simple) Unit

Grass Cutting m2

Heavy 1,062.6

m2/pd

0.0009

m2/pdNormal 1,367.3 0.0007Light 2,723.4 0.0004Ave 1,470.9 0.0007

Cross Culvert m

Heavy 2.8

m/pd

0.3628

m/pdNormal 86.0 0.0116Light 155.0 0.0065Ave 7.9 0.1270

Catch Basin2.52m²(ave.)/pcs

pcs

Heavy 3.8

pcs/pd

0.2634

pcs/pdNormal 15.0 0.0667Light 69.5 0.0144Ave 8.7 0.1148

Lined Side Ditch m

Heavy 71.1

m/pd

0.0141

m/pdNormal 125.7 0.0080Light 1,009.3 0.0010Ave. 130.4 0.0077

Unlined Side Ditch m

Heavy 40.8

m/pd

0.0245

m/pdNormal 76.1 0.0131Light 108.4 0.0092Ave. 64.0 0.0156

Carriageway Cleaning m2

Heavy 60.7

m2/pd

0.0165

m2/pdNormal 1,438.3 0.0007Light 1,764.4 0.0006Ave. 169.2 0.0059

* use for COSTES(Actual)

Work Items Unit WDL P/R (Actual) Unit SRUQ (Actual) Unit

Grass Cutting m²

Heavy 354.20

m2/per-d

0.0028

per-d/m2Normal 455.78 0.0022Low 907.80 0.0011Ave 490.29 0.0020

Cross Culvert De-Silting m

Heavy 1.78

m/per-d

0.5624

per-d/mNormal 55.47 0.0180Low 100.00 0.0100Ave 5.08 0.1968

Catch Basin De-silting 2.52m²(ave.)/pcs

pcs

Heavy 1.27

pcs/per-d

0.7902

per-d/pcsNormal 5.00 0.2000Low 23.15 0.0432Ave 2.90 0.3445

Lined Side Ditch m

Heavy 35.39

m/per-d

0.0283


Un-Lined Side Ditch m

Heavy 14.47

m/per-d

0.0691


Carriageway Cleaning m²

Heavy 19.40

m2/per-d

0.0515

per-d/m2Normal 459.51 0.0022Low 563.72 0.0018Ave 54.05 0.0185

87

APPENDIX 2



3. KM Standardized Quantities for Each Road Authority

KeNHA (Single Carriageway)


Grass Cutting m2 6055 33% 2,018.3 Cross Culvert m 100 65% 64.5 Catch Basin Pcs 10 33% 3.3 Lined Ditch m 200 50% 99.5 Unlined Ditch m 1400 35% 496.5 Carriageway m2 2000 32% 639.0

Note: Figures are from survey on the Paved Road.

KeNHA (Dual Carriageway)


Grass Cutting m2 12110 33% 4,036.7 Cross Culvert m 200 65% 129.0 Catch Basin Pcs 20 34% 6.7 Lined Ditch m 400 50% 199.0 Unlined Ditch m 2800 35% 992.9 Carriageway m2 4000 32% 1,278.0


KURA


Grass Cutting m2 6819 33% 2,273.0 Cross Culvert m 100 65% 64.5 Catch Basin Pcs 50 33% 16.7 Lined Ditch m 1400 50% 696.5 Unlined Ditch m 200 35% 70.9 Carriageway m2 2000 32% 639.0


KeRRA (Paved)


Grass Cutting m2 2310 33% 770.0 Cross Culvert m 10 65% 6.5 Catch Basin Pcs 10 33% 3.3 Lined Ditch m — — —Unlined Ditch m 1800 35% 638.3 Carriageway m2 2000 32% 639.0

KeRRA (Unpaved)


Grass Cutting m2 2310 33% 770.0 Cross Culvert m 10 65% 6.5 Catch Basin Pcs 10 33% 3.3 Lined Ditch m — — —Unlined Ditch m 1800 35% 638.3 Carriageway m2 — — —

88

APPENDIX 2



KWS


Grass Cutting m2 2310 33% 770.0 Cross Culvert m 10 65% 6.5 Catch Basin pcs 10 33% 3.3 Lined Ditch m — — —Unlined Ditch m 1800 35% 638.3 Carriageway m2 — — —

Note: Figures are from survey on the Unpaved Road.

89

APPENDIX 2



4. Unit Rate

Category Item Unit Rate RemarksNairobi,

Mombasa,

Kisumu

Other

Areas

Labor Unskilled Labor Ksh/day 622.00 571.45 General LabourerForeman Ksh/month 35,548.65 30,597.85 ArtisanGII×1.5Supervisor Ksh/month 43,753.50 38,605.65 ArtisanGI×1.5iii

SCU Leader KSH/month 43,753.50 38,605.65 ArtisanGI×1.5SCU Inspector KSH/month 35,548.65 30,597.85 ArtisanGII×1.5Driver (Pick up) KSH/month 21,942.30 17,982.10 DriverDriver (Truck) KSH/month 29,169.00 25,737.10 Driver

Machinery Cost

(Dry Rate)

Motor Grader Ksh/hour 5,434 M&TMoRHireRateVibratory Steel wheel roller Ksh/hour 5,317 M&TMoRHireRatePedestrian Roller Ksh/hour 1,150 M&TMoRHireRatePneumatic Roller Ksh/hour 3,650 M&TMoRHireRateAsphalt Cutter Ksh/hour 500 M&TMoRHireRateBitumen Sprayer Ksh/hour 410 M&TMoRHireRateRoad Marking Machine Ksh/hour 570 M&TMoRHireRateMelting Pod Ksh/hour 1,000 M&TMoRHireRateAir Compressor Ksh/hour 4,600 M&TMoRHireRateConcrete Mixer Ksh/hour 370 M&TMoRHireRateAsphalt Finisher Ksh/hour 7,500 M&TMoRHireRate

Vehicle Cost iv

(Dry rate)

Truck (2 ton) KSH/month 191,800 Truckflat-bed(2.5-5ton)Pick up (Double Cabin) KSH/month 88,200 Pick Up (4x4)

Material Cost Gravel (murram) Ksh/m3 960 CEM 2017; Nairobi, Mombasa, KisumuPremix AC Ksh/m3 18,413 CEM 2017; Nairobi, Mombasa, KisumuBitumen Emulsion ksh/litre 79.6 CEM 2017; Nairobi, Mombasa, KisumuThermoplastic Paint Ksh/kg 318 CEM 2017; Nairobi, Mombasa, KisumuGlass Beads Ksh/kgFine Aggregates Ksh/m3 2,270 CEM 2017; Nairobi, Mombasa, KisumuGraded Aggregates Ksh/m3 1,716 CEM 2017; Nairobi, Mombasa, Kisumu

Fuel Costv Diesel Ksh/litre 108.10 Price listed is for Nairobi region. Price

for other regions vary from region to

regionPetrol Ksh/litre 116.70

Fuel

Consumption

Motor Grader Km/litreTruck Km/litreVibratory Steel wheel roller Km/litrePedestrian Roller Km/litrePneumatic Roller Km/litreAsphalt Cutter Km/litreBitumen Sprayer Km/litreRoad Marking Machine Km/litreMelting Pod Km/litreAir Compressor Km/litreConcrete Mixer Km/litreAsphalt Finisher Km/litre

Notei. For the Labour Category, rates obtained from COLUMN 2 in the SPECIAL ISSUE, Kenya Gazette Supplement No. 107, Legislative

Supplement No. 52, LEGAL NOTICE NO. 111, 14th July, 2017. ii. For the Labour Category, rates obtained from COLUMN 4 in the SPECIAL ISSUE, Kenya Gazette Supplement No. 107, Legislative

Supplement No. 52, LEGAL NOTICE NO. 111, 14th July, 2017. Column 3 has been used to estimate General labour rate in the case of Other

90

APPENDIX 2



Areas after considering the market rates. iii. Factor for market price iv. Fees of Mechanical and Technical Services of MOTI Mechanical and Transport Division

Truckflat-bed(2.5-5ton);(1,480×7hrs×25days+3000×5days×0.7iii) = 191,800 Pick Up (4x4); 1,050×4hrs×30days×0.7iii = 88,200

v. Pump Price for Sep-Oct 2018 from Energy Regulatory Commission

5. Percentage Add-ons (%)

Item Miscellaneous Costs Indirect Cost OverheadandProfit VAT

% 5.0 30 10 16.0

Appendix 3: Example of Cost Estimation by iCOSTES for PBC 2018

__________________________________________________________________________________________________ Fisical year 2017-2018

Project Name: KURA Trial Project 1

Road Name: KURA Sample Road

Place of Work: KURA TRIAL ROAD 1

Total Length: 41.3Km

Contents of Work: PBC WorksSelf Inspection 41.3 KmGrass Cutting 41.3Km 281,625m2 (KM Standardized Quantity Input)Cross Culvert Desilting 41.3Km 4,130m (KM Standardized Quantity Input)Catch Basin Desilting 41.3Km 2,065pcs(KM Standardized Quantity Input)Line Side Ditch Desilting 41.3Km 57,820m(KM Standardized Quantity Input)UnLine Side Ditch Desilting 41.3Km 8,260m(KM Standardized Quantity Input)Carriageway Cleaning 41.3Km 82,600m2(KM Standardized Quantity Input)Other PBC Works 41.3 KmInstructed Works 41.3 Km

Work Period : 12months(Initial Mobilization Period;3months; Wet Period :4months; Dry Period :5 months)

Database Version: 2017

Road Agency: Kenya Urban Road Authority(KURA)

Summary ContentsCategory Type of Works Unit Quantity Unit Price Price Remarks

Total Project Cost(VAT 16% Inclusive) Unit 1 22,520,291 45,440/km/monthProject Cost(VAT 16% Exclusive) Unit 1 19,414,044Direct Cost+Indirect Cost

+Overhead & ProfitProject Cost w/o Overhead & Profit Unit 1 17,649,131Direct Cost+Indirect Cost

Direct Cost Unit 1 15,400,878Pbc works+Instructedworks+Haulage Cost

PBC Works Unit 1 12,444,232 25,109/Km/month Selected six Machinery BasedWorks

LS 1 1,824,623A-1

Grass Cutting Month 12 984,441A-2 Cross Culvert Desilting Month 12 1,117,912A-3 Catch Basin Desilting Month 12 762,050A-4 Line Side Ditch Desilting Month 12 1,801,281A-5 Unline Side Ditch Desilting Month 12 623,707A-6 Carriageway Cleaning Month 12 1,118,216A-7 Other PBC Works LS 1 1,922,282 1,922,282Other PBC Works Summary

Patrol and self Inspectionunder Road Safety

Month 12 2,289,720A-8

Haulage Cost of 6 MajorLabour Based Work

Month 12 2,893,176A-9

Instructed Works LS 1 63,470 63,470Instructed Works Summary

Indirect Cost % 30 4,072,876Direct Cost*30%Overhead & Profit % 10 1,764,913(Direct Cost+Indirect

Cost)*10%VAT16% % 16 3,106,247Project Cost *16%

92

APPENDIX 3


EXAMPLE OF COST ESTIMATION BY ICOSTES FOR PBC 2018

Selected Six Machinery Based Works Detail Contents(A)

KES 1,824,623 (Unit /12months)

Item Specs Unit Quantity Unit Price Price Remarks Road Marking Road Marking for AC m^2 1652 934 1542968 Simple Quantity Concrete Repair Culvert installation 600m m 10.7 10699 114443.99 Simple Quantity Concrete Repair Headwall construction pair 1.36 21725 29609 Simple Quantity Pothole Repair Cold Mix AC (Manufactured) m^3 0 79960 0 No Facility Pothole Repair Cold Miix AC (made in

site/place)m^3 0 44800 0 No Facility

Guardrail Straightening of beams m 27.84 1362 37918.53 Simple Quantity Guardrail Straightening of beams and

realignment of postsm 27.84 1549 43124.67 Simple Quantity

Guardrail Replacing of beams andrealignment of posts

m 6.19 9142 56559.18 Simple Quantity

Crack Sealing Crack Sealing m/10000m2/year 0 333 0 No Facility

Total 1,824,623

A-1

Grass Cutting Detail Contents(A)

KES 984,441 (Unit /12 months)

Item Specs Unit Quantity Unit Price Price Remarks IMP Period Times 1 162,445 162,445 B-2

(Unit :1 time/3months) WET Period Times 4 126,264 505,056 B-3

(Unit :1 time/4months) DRY Period Times 5 63,388 316,940 B-4

(Unit :1 time/5months)

Total 984,441

A-2

Cross Culvert Desilting Detail Contents(A)

KES 1,117,912 (Unit /12 months)





Total 1,117,912

A-3

Catch Basin Desilting Detail Contents(A)






Total 762,050

A-4

93

APPENDIX 3



Patrol and Self Inspection Under Road Safety Detail Contents(A)


Item Specs Unit Quantity Unit Price Price Remarks Self Inspection (Self Control Unit)

months 12 190,810 2,289,720 B-1

Total 2,289,720

A-8

Lined Side Ditch Desilting Detail Contents(A)



(Unit :1 time/3months) WET Period Times 4 281,907 1,127,628 B-12



Total 1,801,281

A-5

Unlined Side Ditch Desilting Detail Contents(A)






Total 623,707

A-6

Carriageway Cleaning Detail Contents(A)






Total 1,118,216

A-7

94

APPENDIX 3



Haulage Cost Detail Contents(A)


Item Specs Unit Quantity Unit Price Price Remarks Haulage Cost months 12 241,098 2,893,176 B-20

Total 2,893,176

A-9

Self inspection Detail Contents(B)

KES 190,810 (Unit /months{Conditions ;41.3km ,1.0times/day})

Item Specs Unit Quantity Unit Price Price Remarks SCU Leader Month 1 37,079 37,079 1 Persons/month ,workingdays :30 days SCU Inspector Month 1 30,126 30,126 1 Persons/month ,workingdays :30 days Driver(Pick Up) Month 1 18,595 18,595 1 Persons/month ,workingdays :30 days Vehicle(Pick Up) number 1 88,200 88,200 1Pickup /month ,workingdays :30 days Fuel Lit 123.9 101 12,520 41.3km *1times/days*10km/lit *30days Miscellaneous Cost % 5 85,800 4,290 5% of Personnel Cost

Total 190,810

B-1

Grass Cutting(IMP) Detail Contents(B)

KES 162,445 (Unit / time{Conditions;StandardizedQuantity} )

Item Specs Unit Quantity Unit Price Price Remarks Labour Day 265.037 527 139,701 0.9411Persons/1000units*6819m2/Km(Standaized

Q'ty)*41.3km(Heavy),UnitPrice:2017 data Supervisor Month 0.118 37,079 4,375 Labour /90/25 Foreman Month 0.353 30,126 10,634 Labour /30/25 Miscellaneous Cost % 5 154,710 7,735 5% of Personnel Cost

Total 162,445

B-2

Grass Cutting(WET) Detail Contents(B)



Q'ty)*41.3km(Normal),UnitPrice:2017 data Supervisor Month 0.092 37,079 3,411 Labour /90/25 Foreman Month 0.275 30,126 8,284 Labour /30/25 Miscellaneous Cost % 5 120,252 6,012 5% of Personnel Cost

Total 126,264

B-3

95

APPENDIX 3



Grass Cutting(DRY) Detail Contents(B)



Q'ty)*41.3km(Light),UnitPrice:2017 data Supervisor Month 0.046 37,079 1,705 Labour /90/25 Foreman Month 0.138 30,126 4,157 Labour /30/25 Miscellaneous Cost % 5 60,370 3,018 5% of Personnel Cost

Total 63,388

B-4

Cross Culvert Desilting(IMP) Detail Contents(B)




Total 918,450

B-5

Cross Culvert Desilting(WET) Detail Contents(B)



Q'ty)*41.3km(Normal),UnitPrice:2017 data Supervisor Month 0.021 37,079 778 Labour /90/25 Foreman Month 0.064 30,126 1,928 Labour /30/25 Miscellaneous Cost % 5 28,027 1,401 5% of Personnel Cost

Total 29,428

B-6

Cross Culvert Desilting(DRY) Detail Contents(B)



Q'ty)*41.3km(Light),UnitPrice:2017 data Supervisor Month 0.012 37,079 444 Labour /90/25 Foreman Month 0.036 30,126 1,084 Labour /30/25 Miscellaneous Cost % 5 15,572 778 5% of Personnel Cost

Total 16,350

B-7

96

APPENDIX 3



Catch Basin Desilting(IMP) Detail Contents(B)




Total 333,381

B-8

Catch Basin Desilting(WET) Detail Contents(B)




Total 84,386

B-9

Catch Basin Desilting(DRY) Detail Contents(B)



Q'ty)*41.3km(Light),UnitPrice:2017 data Supervisor Month 0.013 37,079 482 Labour /90/25 Foreman Month 0.04 30,126 1,205 Labour /30/25 Miscellaneous Cost % 5 17,358 867 5% of Personnel Cost

Total 18,225

B-10

Lined Side Ditch Desilting(IMP) Detail Contents(B)




Total 498,248

B-11

97

APPENDIX 3



Lined Side Ditch Desilting(WET) Detail Contents(B)




Total 281,907

B-12

Lined Side Ditch Desilting(DRY) Detail Contents(B)



Q'ty)*41.3km(Light),UnitPrice:2017 data Supervisor Month 0.025 37,079 926 Labour /90/25 Foreman Month 0.076 30,126 2,289 Labour /30/25 Miscellaneous Cost % 5 33,411 1,670 5% of Personnel Cost

Total 35,081

B-13

Unlined Side Ditch Desilting(IMP) Detail Contents(B)




Total 124,044

B-14

Unlined Side Ditch Desilting(WET) Detail Contents(B)




Total 66,507

B-15

98

APPENDIX 3



Unlined Side Ditch Desilting(DRY) Detail Contents(B)



Q'ty)*41.3km(Light),UnitPrice:2017 data Supervisor Month 0.034 37,079 1,260 Labour /90/25 Foreman Month 0.102 30,126 3,072 Labour /30/25 Miscellaneous Cost % 5 44,502 2,225 5% of Personnel Cost

Total 46,727

B-16

Carriageway Cleaning(IMP) Detail Contents(B)




Total 833,848

B-17

Carriageway Cleaning(WET) Detail Contents(B)



Q'ty)*41.3km(Normal),UnitPrice:2017 data Supervisor Month 0.026 37,079 964 Labour /90/25 Foreman Month 0.077 30,126 2,319 Labour /30/25 Miscellaneous Cost % 5 33,555 1,677 5% of Personnel Cost

Total 35,232

B-18

Carriageway Cleaning(DRY) Detail Contents(B)



Q'ty)*41.3km(Light),UnitPrice:2017 data Supervisor Month 0.021 37,079 778 Labour /90/25 Foreman Month 0.062 30,126 1,867 Labour /30/25 Miscellaneous Cost % 5 27,322 1,366 5% of Personnel Cost

Total 28,688

B-19

99

APPENDIX 3



Haulage Cost Detail Contents(B)

KES 241,098 (Unit /months{Conditions ;41.3km ,1.0times/day})

Item Specs Unit Quantity Unit Price Price Remarks Vehicle (2 ton Truck) Number 1 191,800.00 191,800 1 Persons/month ,workingdays :25 days Driver(Truck) Month 1 24,719.50 24,719 1 Persons/month ,workingdays :25 days Diesel-Truck Lit 258.125 90.44 23,344 41.3km /4km/lit * 1times/day *25 days Miscellaneous Cost % 5 24,719.00 1,235 5% of Personnel Cost

Total 241,098

B-20

Other PBC Works Summary

ID Work Category Work Item Unit Quantity Unit Price Price Remarks 1 Road Durability Warning signs/Mandatory signs 0 320,380 Remarks 2 Road Durability Information signs, Edge marker posts, Guide

posts, Kilometre Post0 320,380 Remarks

3 Road Durability Traffic Signals 0 320,380 Remarks 4 Road Durability Street Lighting 0 320,380 Remarks 5 Road Durability Road Markings/Road studs 0 320,380 Remarks 6 Road Durability Guardrails and Pedestrian rails 0 320,380 Remarks

Total 1,922,282

Instructed Works Summary

ID Work Category Work Item Unit Quantity Unit Price Price Remarks 1 07. Excavation And Filling For Structure Excavate For Structure In Soft Material

(manual) m3 10 251 2,510 Remarks

2 07. Excavation And Filling For Structure Gabion Installation m2 10 628 6,280 Remarks 3 07. Excavation And Filling For Structure Rock Fill To Gabions m3 10 2,190 21,900 Remarks 4 07. Excavation And Filling For Structure Stone Pitching m2 10 3,278 32,780 Remarks

Total 63,470

Machinery Based Works Summary : Road Age : 1 years, Road Type :Paved, Project Term : 12 months, Project Road Length : 41.3 km

Machinery Based Works Summary

ID Work Item Work Difficuly level Usage Input Qty Units Qty/km FacilityQuantity PBCRatio DecisionRatio Quantification Unit Price Price Remarks 1 Road Marking Road Marking for AC Use Simple m^2 20 826 2 1 1652 934 1542968 Program Maintenance, Standard Quantity per

crossing_orroundabout * #pofPlaces(PreCntractSurvey) is IdearlQ_approx_20m^2/km(Assuption)

2 Road Marking Road Marking for DBST Not Use Simple m^2 20 826 2 0 0 2270 0 Program Maintenance, Standard Quantity percrossing_orroundabout * #pofPlaces(PreCntractSurvey) is Idearl

Q_approx_20m^2/km(Assuption) 3 Grading and Gravelling Light Grading (Grading and Compaction) Not Use Simple m^3 672.4 27770.12 2 0 0 13 0 No Data KeRRA 4 Grading and Gravelling Regravelling (Gravelling and Compaction with

gravelling) Not Use Simple m^3 672.4 27770.12 2 0 0 1393 0 No Data KeRRA

5 Concrete Repair Culvert installation 600m Use Simple m 25.9 1069.67 0.01 1 10.7 10699 114443.99 survey data 6 Concrete Repair Headwall construction Use Simple pair 3.3 136.29 0.01 1 1.36 21725 29609 survey data 7 Pothole Repair Cold Mix AC (Manufactured) Use Simple m^3 38.246 1579.5598 0 0.2 0 79960 0 survey data 8 Pothole Repair Cold Miix AC (made in site/place) Use Simple m^3 38.246 1579.5598 0 0.8 0 44800 0 survey data 9 Pothole Repair Hot Mix AC Not Use Simple m^3 38.246 1579.5598 0 0 0 26940 0 survey data 10 Guardrail Straightening of beams Use Simple m 149.8 6186.74 0.01 0.45 27.84 1362 37918.53 survey data 11 Guardrail Straightening of beams and realignment of posts Use Simple m 149.8 6186.74 0.01 0.45 27.84 1549 43124.67 survey data 12 Guardrail Replacing of beams and realignment of posts Use Simple m 149.8 6186.74 0.01 0.1 6.19 9142 56559.18 survey data 13 Crack Sealing Crack Sealing Use Simple m/10000m2/year 0 0 0 1 0 333 0 Contract Length(m) Unit Price= Japanese SRUQ

Total 1,824,623


Appendix4: DeterminationofparametersondeteriorationCriteriaofRoadMarking

In this appendix, 1. Survey method, 2. Survey for determination of damage probability β by Observation method, 3.SurveyforNewCriteriaforDeteriorationofRoadMarkingbyMesh/GridandRetro-reflectometermethod4. Evaluation methods of Survey Results are introduced. Among the introduced methods, observation method which is the cheapest and fastest is adopted for 2. Survey for determination of damage probability βandMesh/GridMethodandRetro-ReflectometerMethodisadoptedfor3.Survey for New Criteria for Deterioration of Road Marking by Mesh/Grid and Retro-reflectometer method. In future, it is expected that the proposed new criteria for the deterioration of road markings shown in Table A4-15 will be widely utilised in future for better evaluation of the road markings.

Survey Method

There are three method of survey for road markings, which are categorized by objective of the survey as following Table A4-1.

Table A4-1 Road Marking Survey Methods

Objective Observation Mesh/GridMethod Retro-ReflectometerMethodWearing Value

ReflectiveLuminanceValue

i) Observation Method

Observation Method is used to give the wearing values. In this method, the visual criteria is used to determine therankofaspecificpointusingthegridchartwhichratestheconditionofthemarkinginto5categories.Thechart ranks the condition of the road marking from C5 (good condition) to C1 (poor condition). Also, the dirt of the survey point is observed and rated as (0: No Dirt,1: Light, 2: Normal, 3: Heavy). The criteria is shown in Table 1-2.

The following are the procedures carried out during the study using this method;

i. Select suitable target points for the survey in different parts of the road. The selected points can be saved using the GPS essentials installed in the android phone for location purposes since the survey will be conducted on monthly basis on the same points.

ii. Observe the marking and dirt on the target point and rank the condition of the marking and the dirt using the grid chart provided.

iii. Record the values in the monitory survey sheet and take the photo of the surveyed point.

101

APPENDIX 4


DETERMINATION OF PARAMETERS ON DETERIORATION CRITERIA OF ROAD MARKING

Table A4-2 Deterioration Criteria of Observation Method for Road Marking

Deterioration Rank Sample Photos

C5

C4

C3

C2

C1

102

APPENDIX 4



2. Mesh/GridMethodMesh/GridMethodisusedtogivethewearingvalues.Thesurveyisconductedasperthefollowingprocedure.

i. Arectangulargriddivided intosquareunits (50mm×50mm) isplacedonthetargetpointwithpaint toidentify the wearing ratio using the grid chart provided.

ii. The wearing ratio will be measured by Mesh Method at each point. Place the Grid and classify the wearing percentage of paint at each square unit using the grid chart and record the values. Take photos of the condition of the marking.

COST SURVEY GUIDENOTES FOR PBC 72

2. Mesh/Grid Method

Mesh/Grid Method is used to give the wearing values. The survey shall be conducted as per the following procedure.

i. A rectangular grid divided into square units (50mm×50mm) is placed on the target point with paint to identify the wearing ratio using the grid chart provided.


iii. Compute the average of the value to get the wearing value

3. Retro-Reflectometer Method

A retroreflectometer machine as shown below is used to give the reflective values.

Figure xx: Retroreflectometer

The survey shall be conducted as per the following procedure.

i. Identify target section of survey i.e. roundabouts, humps, bus bays, straight road sections etc.

ii. Using the observation method, identify the deterioration ranks C1 to C5 for the target section.

iii. Compute the average of the value to get the wearing value.

3. Retro-ReflectometerMethodAretroreflectometermachineasshownbelowisusedtogivethereflectivevalues.

COST SURVEY GUIDENOTES FOR PBC 72

2. Mesh/Grid Method

Mesh/Grid Method is used to give the wearing values. The survey shall be conducted as per the following procedure.

i. A rectangular grid divided into square units (50mm×50mm) is placed on the target point with paint to identify the wearing ratio using the grid chart provided.


iii. Compute the average of the value to get the wearing value

3. Retro-Reflectometer Method

A retroreflectometer machine as shown below is used to give the reflective values.

Figure xx: Retroreflectometer

The survey shall be conducted as per the following procedure.



Figure A4-1 Retroreflectometer

103

APPENDIX 4



The survey is conducted as per the following procedure.



iii. Foreachdeteriorationrank,select3pointswherethereflectometermachinecanobtaintheirreflectivevaluesasshowninthefigurebelow.

73 COST SURVEY GUIDENOTES FOR PBC

Figure A4-2 Sample of 3 points selected on a deterioration rank C5 road section

iv. Measurethereflectiveluminancevaluesusingtheretroreflectometermachineateachpointin3steps, that is 1.) before sweeping, 2.) after sweeping with brush and 3.) after cleaning the points with water. Record the reading values in each step and take photos.

v. Repeatstepivabovetillreflectiveluminancevaluesforalldeteriorationranksareobtainedandrecorded.

104

APPENDIX 4



Survey for determination of damage probability β by Observation method

Based on the deterioration rank criteria C5-C1 shown in Table A4-2 for observation methods, the markings on the six different roads by type of marking had been monitored from May 29, 2018 to October 2, 2018. The type of the road markings are shown in Table A4-3.

Table A4-3 Type of Road Markings

Category Type of Road MarkingsStraight Road Markings (RMs) Center Line

Outer LineOther Road Markings (RMs) Roundabout

Zebra CrossingBus BayWarning PaintHumps

The results of monitoring are recorded as per the rule shown in Table A4-4.

Table A4-4 Criteria and Recorded Results

Criteria Recorded Results (Unit : Level)C5 5C4 4C3 3C2 2C1 1

The results of the monitoring by type on May 29, 2018 and October 2, 2018 are shown in Table A4-5

Table A4-5 Results of the Monitoring of Road Markings

Description Date Straight Line (S) Other Lines (O) All RM (S+O) Other Lines (O)Outer Line

Center Line

Round About

Zebra Crossing

Bus Bay Warning Paint

Humps Ave. Diff/month

Ave. Diff/month

Ngong Road 05/29/18 4.50 4.88 3.40 3.00 3.67 0.00 0.00 2.78 0.181 2.01 0.17810/02/18 3.75 4.13 3.00 1.50 2.00 0.00 0.00 2.05 1.30

Western Link Road 05/29/18 4.75 4.73 4.67 4.00 4.50 0.00 0.00 3.23 0.073 2.63 0.06710/02/18 4.50 4.27 4.33 4.00 3.50 0.00 0.00 2.94 2.37

Argwings Kodhek Road 05/29/18 5.00 4.50 5.00 4.00 0.00 0.00 4.00 3.21 0.125 2.60 0.15010/02/18 5.00 4.00 4.00 3.00 0.00 0.00 3.00 2.71 2.00

Commercial Street 05/29/18 2.50 3.14 0.00 1.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.02 0.028 0.30 0.00010/02/18 2.00 2.86 0.00 1.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.91 0.30

Southern Bypass 05/29/18 3.80 4.27 0.00 0.00 2.00 2.67 0.00 1.82 -0.063 0.93 -0.05010/02/18 4.20 4.64 0.00 0.00 4.00 1.67 0.00 2.07 1.13

Eastern Bypass 05/29/18 3.50 3.70 2.00 0.00 4.00 0.00 0.00 1.89 0.038 1.20 0.00010/02/18 2.75 3.40 3.00 0.00 3.00 0.00 0.00 1.74 1.20

Average without southern Bypass

05/29/18 4.05 4.19 3.01 2.50 2.43 0.44 0.80 2.43 0.089 1.75 0.07910/02/18 3.60 3.73 2.87 2.00 1.70 0.28 0.60 2.07 1.43

Difference(level)/4months 0.45 0.46 0.15 0.50 0.73 0.17 0.2 0.36 0.32 Difference(level)/month 0.11 0.11 0.04 0.13 0.18 0.04 0.05 0.09 0.09

The summary of the deterioration rate by type of Road Markings is shown in Table A4-6 and Figure A4-3. However, the data of the Southern Bypass is excluded from the average since the improvement works of the road markings were observed in this monitoring period.

105

APPENDIX 4



Table A4-6 Deterioration rate by RM type (level)

Group Type of Road Markings Deterioration Rate using the Observation MethodStraight RMs Outer Line 0.09

Center Line 0.11Other RMs Roundabout 0.03

Zebra Crossing 0.13Bus Bay 0.18Warning Paints 0.04Humps 0.05


0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.20

Outer Line Center Line Roundabout Zebra Bus Bay WarninigPaint

Humps

Dete

riora

tionn

Rate

per

Mon

th

Deterioration Rate of RM (c5 - c1) by Type of RM without Southern bypass (Level/month)

Figure A4-3 Deterioration rate on reflective luminance by RM (level)

ThesummaryofthedeteriorationrateofotherRMsonreflectiveluminancebyroadisshowninTableA4-7andFigure A4-4.

Table A4-7 Deterioration rate by road

Road Name Deterioration Rate Ngong 0.156Western Link 0.073Argwings Kodhek 0.125Commercial Street 0.028Souther Bypass -0.063Eastern Bypass 0.038

106

APPENDIX 4



Figure A4-4 Deterioration rate of other RMs on reflective luminance by road (level)

It is assumed that the maintenance of the road markings delineating the lanes are not required during PBC works since it is observed that the deterioration of the road markings delineating the lanes is much slower than other roadmarkings.Therefore,deteriorationrateonreflectiveluminanceofotherRMsissetinTable A4-8 based on Figure A4-4.

Table A4-8 Deterioration Rate of other RMs on reflective luminance (level / month)

Road Classification Road Name Deterioration Rate

N.A. All Roads 0.1level/month

The Ratio of the other roads markings over all the marking are set outlined in Table A4-9

Table A4-9 Proportion of other road marking

Road Classification Road Name Ratio

A: Urban Roads Western Link Road, Argwings Kodhek Road, Ngong Road 10%

B: Highway and Rural Road Thika Road, Southern Bypass, Northern Bypass, Eastern Bypass

3%

It is assumed that the average of values observed during observation method as shown in Table A4-3 is ranked C4,thenthePBCworksstart.Andwhenthelevelcomesdownuptoc1,maintenance/repaintingisrequired.Therefore, 3 levels down is required for the next repainting. It is also assumed that the maintenance of the straight RMs is not required as aforementioned.

Based on Table A4-8 and Table A4-9,DamageProbability(%/year)iscomputedasperTable A4-10.


-0.100

-0.050

0.000

0.050

0.100

0.150

0.200

Ngong Road WesternLink Road

ArgwingsKodhek

Road

CommercialStreet

SouthernBypass

EasternBypassDe

teri

orat

ion

Rate

per

Mon

th

Road Name

Deterioration Rate of other RMs(c5-c1) by road (Level/month)

107

APPENDIX 4



Table A4-10 Computation of Damage Probability βrm（%/month）

Road Classification

Period for next maintence(C4C1)

(%/month)of

other RMs

Ratio of other RMs over all

RMs

rm(%/month)of all RMs

rm(%/year)of all RMs

A B=1/A C (Table 2.416) D=B×C E=D×12

A 3levels/0.1=30 month

3.3%10% 0.33%/month 4.00%/year

B 3% 0.10%/month 1.20%/year

2. QuanitificationMethodSampleofquantificationofPBCworksonroadmarkingsisshowninTable A4-11.

Table A4-11 Sample Quantification PBC Works

NoWorkItem

TotalFQ rm

Quantity/year

Cotract Period

TotalQ’ty

Decision Rate

Q’tyfor

PBC

m2 % m2 years m2 % m2

A B C = A×B D E = C×D F G = E×F1 Straight RMs (Center,

Outer)

10,000 4.0 400m2 2 800m2 100% 800m22 Other RMs (Roundabout, Zebra, Bus Bay, Warning Paint, Humps)

SurveyforNewCriteriaforDeteriorationofRoadMarkingbyMesh/GridandRetro-reflectometermethodThesurveyonwearingratioandreflectiveluminancevalues(Rl:co-efficientofretroreflectedluminance;andQd:luminanceco-efficientunderdiffuseillumination)forroadmarkingsinwhiteandyellowat24pointsinNairobiwas conducted with MTRD to propose New Criteria for deterioration of Road Markings. The results and the correlationcurvesareshownintablesA4-12andA4-13andfiguresA4-5andA4-6forwhitelinesandyellowlines respectively.

108

APPENDIX 4



Table A4-12 Survey Results of White Line

Road Name Point Wearing Ratio RL Qd

Commercial Street 1 83.0 9 70



Southern Bypass 1 8.3 79 182






Western Link Road 1 44.5 12 62






Argwings Kodhek Road 1 7.8 55 102






Ralphe Bunch Road 1 5.0 33 87



y = -22.48ln(x) + 102.26R² = 0.3623

0102030405060708090

100110120130140150

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0

RL RL

Log. (RL)

Wearing Ratio

White

y = -33.2ln(x) + 193.3R² = 0.3797

0102030405060708090

100110120130140150160170180190200210220

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0

Qd Qd

Log. (Qd)

Wearing Ratio

White

y = -22.48ln(x) + 102.26R² = 0.3623

0102030405060708090

100110120130140150

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0

RL RL

Log. (RL)

Wearing Ratio

White

y = -33.2ln(x) + 193.3R² = 0.3797

0102030405060708090

100110120130140150160170180190200210220

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0

Qd Qd

Log. (Qd)

Wearing Ratio

White

Figure A4-5 Correlation Curve between Wearing Ratio and Reflective Luminance Value (White Line)

109

APPENDIX 4



Table A4-13 Survey Results of Yellow Line

Road Name Point Wearing Ratio RL Qd

























y = -5.848ln(x) + 47.325R² = 0.2015

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.

RL RL

Log. (RL)

Wearing Ratio

Yellow

y = -3.308ln(x) + 105.94R² = 0.041

0102030405060708090

100110120

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0

Qd QdLog. (Qd)

Wearing Ratio

Yellow

y = -5.848ln(x) + 47.325R² = 0.2015

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.

RL RL

Log. (RL)

Wearing Ratio

Yellow

y = -3.308ln(x) + 105.94R² = 0.041

0102030405060708090

100110120

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0

Qd QdLog. (Qd)

Wearing Ratio

Yellow

Figure A4-6 Correlation curve between Wearing Ratio and Reflective Luminance Value (Yellow Line)

Particularlythecorrelationcurveforwhiteline,itisobservedthatreflectiveluminancevaluedropsdrasticallywhilethewearingvaluedropsslowlyatthebeginningpartandthereflective luminancevaluedropslowlyatmiddle and ending part of the curve to form logarithmic correlation curve. It can be understood that the pealing ofglassbeadscontributedtoformthiscurve.Itmeansatthebeginningpartreflectiveluminancevaluedescendsdue to the pealing of glass beads while wearing value remains constant.

110

APPENDIX 4



Therefore, the coverage of the wearing ratio shall be small at the beginning and the coverage of the wearing ratio shall be big at the middle and end part of the curve. The proposed criteria for deterioration of Road Markings are shown below. Criteria for C5 refers to the criteria used in Japan.

Table A4-14 Criteria for deterioration of Road markings

Wearing Ratio

C5 0-5

C4 6-10

C3 11-25

C2 26-40

C1 41-

Basedonthesecriteriaandthecorrelationcurveshowninthefourgraphs,theproposedcriteriaofReflectiveluminance is as shown below:

Table A4-15 Proposed Criteria for Deterioration of Road Marking

White Yellow

Rank PictureWearing

ValueReflectiveValue

Rank PictureWearing

ValueReflectiveValue

Rl Qd RI Qd

5 0 ～5 66 140 5 0 ～5 38 101

4 6 ～10 50 117 4 6 ～10 34 98

3 11～25 30 86 3 11 ～25 29 95

2 26 ～40 19 71 2 26 ～40 26 94

1 41～ 1 41～

111

APPENDIX 4



Evaluation Methods of the survey results

Three evaluation methods are available based on the conducted survey due to the budget and time constraint. Three method are as follows.

Evaluation based on Observation Method

To evaluate the Road markings based on the wearing ratio surveyed with observation method. This evaluation is the cheapest and fastest. This method was being adopted for the determination of β as aforementioned.

Evaluation based on Mesh/Grid Method

ToevaluatetheRoadmarkingsbasedonthewearingratiosurveyedwithMesh/GridMethod.Thisevaluationisbetter quality than observation method. But, it will take more time to survey than observation method.

Evaluation based on Mesh/Grid Method and Retro-Reflectometer Method

Toevaluate theRoadmarkings basedon thewearing ratio surveyedwithMesh/GridMethod and reflectiveluminancevalue surveyedwithRetro-ReflectometerMethod.The lower level among two levelsdeterminedfrom two survey results is adopted. This method was being adopted for Proposed Criteria for Deterioration of Road Marking as aforementioned


Appendix5: InformationonVolume3forContractors’ReferenceUse

Cost Estimation Manual for Road Maintenance under Performance Based Contracts has 3 separate volumes.

Volume 1 for Cost Estimation Administrator

Volume 2 for Government Cost Estimators

Volume 3 for Contractors’ Reference Use

The computer system COSTES for PBC 2018 is to be used in conjunction with Volumes 1 and 2, whereas COSTES for PBC 2018 for Contractors is to be used especially for cost estimators from private contractors using Volume 3.

Since the Cost Estimation Manual for Road Maintenance under Performance Based Contracts has been developed essentiallyforusebygovernmentofficialsandVolume3hasbeenpreparedforreferenceusebycontractors,thefollowingrestrictionshavebeenplacedonVolume3tosafeguardinformationwhichshouldonlybeconfidentialtogovernmentofficials.

Restrictions placed on Volume 3 in comparison to Volumes 1 and 2

(This applies same as for COSTES for PBC 2018 for Contractors.)

1. Cost Estimation Parameters 2018 used in Volume 3 has no information on unit rates and percentage add-ons.However,Volume3has informationonproductivity ratessuchasSRUQsandP/Rsonly.Volumes 1 and 2 have all information.

In COSTES for PBC 2018, cost estimators for contractors are required to use their own unit rates and percentage add-ons to obtain the Project Cost.

2. For cost estimation for the 6 Major Labour Based Works, Volumes 1 and 2 includes three types of cost estimationincludingthetypeusingKMStandardizedQuantity.

3. Volume3doesnotincludethetypeusingKMStandardizedQuantity.

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