Kent Lundgren next level solutions

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Wi-Fi Technology

NCC Workshop, 2003Kent Lundgren

Wi-Fi Technology

NCC Workshop, 2003Kent Lundgren

Kent Lundgren next level solutions Apr 10, 2023

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Outline

• Introduction and Scope• Wi-Fi Protocols• Wi-Fi vs. Bluetooth• Wi-Fi vs. Cellular• Hotspot Drivers• Hotspot Players• Backhaul• WISPs• Wi-WAN Solution• Conclusions


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Wi-Fi Introduction

• Simple, cheap and ubiquitous• Great solution for

– Home LAN– Office LAN– Periodic Event LAN, conferences, trade shows

• When applied to a large area Internet service business, challenges arise:– Access Points get very large in number.– Build-out, Management & Maintenance become

exponentially complex. – Internet Access operating cost dwarfs equipment cost.


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Wi-Fi Market Size

The Analysys Group, 2002; Europe 2007 is Harris Estimate

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Users growing from 600K to 21.5M in US

Revenue growing from $134M to $3B in US

U.S.

Europe

Strong User Base Translates into Strong Revenue Growth

Number of Users (millions)

Revenue ($ millions)


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802.11 (Wi-Fi) Protocol Comparison802.11 802.11b 802.11g

(draft)802.11a

Standard Approved July 1997 Sept 1999 Still in Development

Sept 1999

Available Spectrum 83.5MHz 83.5MHz 83.5MHz 580MHz

Frequency of Operation 2.400-2.483GHz

2.400-2.483GHz

2.400-2.483GHz

5.150-5.350GHz

5.470-5.850GHz

Non-Overlapping Channels

3 3 3 4+ (Asia)

13 (US)

19 (Europe)

Modulation Technology FHSS

DSSS

CCK CCK,

OFDM

OFDM

Data Rate per Channel 1, 2 5.5, 11 6, 9, 12, 18,24, 36, 48, 54

6, 9, 12, 18,24, 36, 48, 54

Max UDP Throughput(1500 byte)

1.7 Mbps 7.1 Mbps 19.5 Mbps 29.2 Mbps

Max TCP/IP Throughput (1500 byte)

1.6 Mbps 5.9 Mbps 14.4 Mbps 24.4 Mbps

802.11i = temporal key integrity protocol – may replace WEP 802.11x = authentication protocol


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Pluses & Minuses+ -

802.11b • Accepted Wi-Fi Standard • Millions of devices (lowest price)• Laptops shipping with Wi-Fi WLAN cards inside• Cell phones shipping with .11b devices inside

• Limited to 7.1 Mbps • Microwave ovens and cordless phones operate on 2.4 GHz• Straight 802.11b not suited outdoors primary due to hidden node issues • Only 3 co-located channels

802.11a • High speed (29.2 Mbps)• Less crowded 5 GHz radio channels• Good for Office WLANs• Since it is OFDM, it has good multi-path tolerance for reflections found in almost all indoor installations.

• Range and wall penetration not as good as 2.4 GHz frequencies• Only get higher thru-put when very close to AP• Receiver sensitivity much worse than .11b; less TX power•Cordless Phone use of this band is growing• Not good for outdoors unless modified

802.11g •High speed (19.5 Mbps)• Talks to both .11g and .11b devices in the same wireless network• Greater indoor range and wall penetration than .11a devices

• When 11b devices are present in g/b mode, thru-put suffers • Only 3 co-located channels (same for .11b)• Microwave ovens, cordless phones, TV cameras, baby monitors, etc operate on 2.4 GHz• Not suitable for outdoors


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• Do not use home-brewed 802.11a/b/g systems outdoors. Expect severe interference from those who do at 2.4 GHz.

• 802.11a’s biggest advantage, generous spectral allocation (in the US), outweighs its disadvantages.

Recommendations


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Different Markets & Roles

high power & long range

medium power & medium range

low power & short range

WPAN• BT• HomeRF

IEEE 802.11

GSM, CDMA, GPRS, etc.

x0M

x00MxKM

• Bluetooth– Designed for quick, seamless,

short-range networks– Features low power

consumption, small protocol stack,robust data & voice transfer

– Cheap price– Good choice for WPAN

(Wireless Personal Area Networks)

• 802.11– Designed for infrequent mobility,

IP-based data transmission– Medium range and high data

rate– At least 10x the price of

bluetooth– Good choice for WLAN


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Wi-Fi vs. Cellular

• Cellular comes from the Telecom World– Slow standardization and long product lifecycle (decades)

• Circuit switched• Trunk lines and exchanges are digital TDM

– 2.5G/3G data networks are hybrid approaches• Circuit-switched voice• Packet data

• Wi-Fi comes from the Networking World– Rapid product life cycles – Internet is the backbone, with a wireless edge

• IP from the core to the edge• Contention-based MAC lowers client cost

– IP is the dominant networking standard, while FDDI, Token Ring, Frame Relay, ATM have had limited impact


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Wi-Fi & Cellular: Voice and Data

11Fait accompli. 2nd

generation cellular voice systems have very successfully

deployed since the mid-1990s.

44Emerging, but carriers

in poor financial health, 3G handsets expensive and bulky,

demand unclear.

33Emerging. Initial

applications likely in enterprise and industry

verticals.

22In progress. WLAN

deployments increasing at 50-70%

CAGR for the next few years.

2.5/3G

802.11

Cellular

WLAN

Voice Data


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Hot Spot Drivers

• Wi-Fi CPE is [will be] “free”– Integrated into next generation PCs and PDAs– Very different from other access solutions– Access business cases normally very sensitive to CPE costs

• Mobility/Portability is a “killer” application in itself…we learned that from voice

• Early adopters are business users– They can pay– They have no other roaming “data communications “ options

• Except “3G”…. but what and where is it?– “Killer” application is remote corporate LAN access

• Adoption of 802.11a– Big speed jump, lots more spectrum


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Anticipated Wi-Fi Deployment

• Phase 1 - Early deployments, isolated sites• Airports, the odd hotel, convention halls• low user density & low speed user access rates

(primarily 802.11b)

• Phase 2 - Full deployments: network build-outs, coverage driven

• Consolidations to gain coverage and broader service portfolios, fixed and mobile carriers get involved– Dependable coverage and availability– Advanced roaming services & agreements– Stable, predictable pricing


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WISP WISP Hotspot OperatorHotspot Operator

AAA / RADIUS Proxy Server

VPN / AAAServer

Roaming RADIUS NETwork Server

Optional Roaming Intermediary

Broker or Settlement Services

Global Roaming AAAServices Network

Home Entity Home Entity (such as User’s Corporation (such as User’s Corporation

or Service Provider)or Service Provider)

AAA ROAMing

Server

Central Policy / Authentication

Database

Mobile / Nomadic User

AgreementAgreementAgreementAgreement

Home Entities: • Definition: “who the Mobile / Nomadic

User has a billing relationship and account with (may not be a Wireless Hot Spot Operator)”

• Examples are: Corporations, Carriers, and WISPs Themselves

HotspotsHotspots

• Maintain security association with their nomadic user (Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting)

• Additional roaming revenues from users

without having to deploy WLAN infrastructure

Hot Spot Players


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VPN / AAAServer



Broker or Settlement/Clearinghouse




AAA ROAMing

Server


Database



Roaming Intermediaries:• Definition: “participate in the Authentication and

Accounting Process between multiple Hotspot Operators and various Home Entities”

• Examples are: Remote Access (dialup) Providersand Settlement (cellular) Carriers/Providers

HotspotsHotspots

• Provides Home Entities with aggregated WLAN secure hotspot locations for their users

• Provides WISP Hotspot Operators with aggregated customer base of already provisioned nomadic users

Hot Spot Players, con’t.


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VPN / AAAServer







AAA ROAMing

Server


Database



WISP Hotspot Operators: • Definition: “deploys public access WLAN

networks (e.g., Wi-Fi) and public access control gateway functionality”

• Example locations: airports, restaurants, hotel rooms, company lobbies, conference rooms, apartments

HotspotsHotspots

• Providing WLAN access attracts customers

• Roaming brings additional revenues without cost of customer acquisition / provisioning

• Cost sensitive infrastructure build out



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Hotspot Operator’s Hotspot Operator’s Network Operations CenterNetwork Operations Center


Wireless Access Point

Cell 1Cell 1

Hotspot 1Hotspot 1



Cell 2Cell 2

Hotspot 2Hotspot 2

VPN / AAAServer







AAA ROAMing

Server

Firewall & VPN Server


Database

IPSEC or PPTP VPN

NomadicUser

Login as [email protected]

BillingBilling

Roaming Roaming Revenue Revenue $ $

Cell 2Cell 2


Cell 1Cell 1



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Hot Spot Challenges

• Security

• Quality of Service

• Roaming/Billing

• Revenue Model

• Backhaul


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Typical Indoor Hot Spot Configuration

.... or wireline backhaul alternative

• Traffic is not Pier-2-Pier Within the HotSpot (as is the case with LANs)

• Aside from stat-gain, all traffic in the HotSpot is Egress/Ingress through the HotSpot BackHaul Link

• No local caching or mail serving

High Speed Backhaul is required to avoid

– traffic flattening

– poor performance of VoIP, VIDoIP, etc

– poor “user experience”


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E1/DSL Backhaul (~1Mbps)

Wifi Bandwidth (~ >10Mbps)802.11a/b blend

Hot Spot Backhaul Bottleneck

Hot Spot Internet access only as good as the backhaul


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Wired vs. Wireless Backhaul

• Wired bandwidth is expensive when you can get it.• Licensed wireless is less costly, reliable, more

flexible and scales well.– Supplied by emerging Wireless Wide Area Network

(Wi-WAN) operators, aka Wireless ISPs (WISPs)


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Cellular Backhaul

WISP (Wi-WAN) Market Segments

E1 / Fractional E1 Business Services

Backhaul of Wi-Fi™ Hot Spots

Residential & SOHO

MTU Building Access

LE WISP Backhaul

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

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) ) )

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= MB Airlink protocol

= Proprietary WWAN protocol

= WiFi protocol

IP POP

MB BASESTATION

MB REMOTESTATION

ODU / IDU

WWAN PMPREPEATER

ACCESSPOINTS

ACCESSPOINTS

WWAN BASESTATION

10,000 METERS 1,000 METERS 50 METERS

Wi-WAN Using Modified Wi-Fi Extension Outdoors

• Licensed 3.5 GHz for reliable line-of-site backhaul• Modified Wi-Fi gives WISPs: a) better reach, b) higher

throughput, and c) solution to “hidden node” problem..


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Conclusions

• Higher bandwidth and generous spectral allocations (in the US) favor 802.11a.

• Standard Wi-Fi is problematic outdoors.

• Residential market is exploding now.

• Office market will grow when security is enhanced (802.11i), boosting 802.11a.

• Hotspot market will grow as roaming, billing, authentication, revenue model, and backhaul challenges are met.

• Licensed wireless is best solution for Wi-Fi backhaul.

Kent Lundgren next level solutions

Technology

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