Kendali Proses Deasidifikasi dalam Pemurnian Minyak Sawit … · 65 Boyd HW, R Westfall, SF Stasch....
Transcript of Kendali Proses Deasidifikasi dalam Pemurnian Minyak Sawit … · 65 Boyd HW, R Westfall, SF Stasch....
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Lampiran 1 Konsentrasi sodium hidroksida pada derajat Baume yang berbeda*)
Derajat Baume Konsentrasi sodium hidroksida (%)
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
6.57
8.00
9.50
11.06
12.68
14.36
16.09
17.87
19.70
21.58
23.50 *)
Hui (1996)
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Lampiran 2 Karakterisasi bahan baku (CPO) untuk tahap uji coba deasidifikasi
CPO Kadar ALB
(%)
Kadar Karoten
(mg/kg) Kadar Air (%)
Bilangan
Peroksida
(meq/kg)
Bilangan Iod
Bilangan
Penyabunan
(mg KOH/g)
Warna*)
Y + R
CPO 1 3.89 580.89 0.17 3.33 53.43 198.50 30 10
CPO 2 4.18 580.89 0.29 1.00 53.87 199.31 30 10
CPO 3 3.99 580.89 0.34 3.00 52.67 198.58 30 10
CPO 4 3.89 561.35 0.23 2.99 53.32 198.88 30 10
CPO 5 4.01 550.41 0.23 3.33 53.22 198.87 30 10
CPO 6 3.89 529.99 0.25 2.00 54.21 193.40 30 10
Rata-
rata 3.97 ± 2.88 564.07 ± 3.72 0.26 ± 29.31 2.61 ± 40.88 53.45 ± 0.93 197.92 ± 0.18 30 10
*) Y = Yellow; R = Red
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Lampiran 3 Hasil analisis sifat fisiko kimia CPO dan NRPO tahap uji coba deasidifikasi minyak sawit merah skala pilot plant
Perlakuan Kadar ALB (%)
Kadar Karoten
(mg/kg) Kadar air (%)
Bilangan Peroksida
(meq/kg)
U1*)
U2 U3 U1 U2 U1 U2 U3 U1 U2 U3
CPO 1 3.92 3.83 3.92 563.46 598.32 0.17 0.17 0.17 2.00 3.99 4.00
Rata-rata**)
3.89 ± 1.40 580.89 ± 4.24 0.17 ± 1.23 3.33 ± 34.68
Deasidifikasi;
[NaOH] = 16oBe;
Ekses 7.5%
NaOH; RPM =
56
0.82 0.82 0.82 517.76 521.66 0.20 0.23 0.23 1.99 1.00 2.00
Rata-rata 0.82 ± 0.00 519.71 ± 0.53 0.22 ± 7.87 1.66 ± 34.57
CPO 2 4.18 4.18 4.18 563.46 598.32 0.30 0.30 0.27 1.00 1.00 1.00
Rata-rata 4.18 ± 0.00 580.89 ± 0.04 0.29 ± 5.84 1.00 ± 0.06
Deasidifikasi;
[NaOH] = 16oBe;
Ekses 20%
NaOH; RPM =
56
0.16 0.16 0.16 539.44 528.52 0.18 0.15 0.17 2.00 2.00 1.00
Rata-rata 0.16 ± 0.00 533.98 ± 1.45 0.17 ± 9.17 1.66 ± 34.76 *)
ulangan **)
rata-rata ± standar deviasi
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Lampiran 3 Lanjutan
Perlakuan Kadar ALB (%)
Kadar Karoten
(mg/kg) Kadar air (%)
Bilangan Peroksida
(meq/kg)
U1 U2 U3 U1 U2 U1 U2 U3 U1 U2 U3
CPO 3 4.02 3.93 4.02 563.46 598.32 0.34 0.35 0.34 3.00 3.00 2.99
Rata-rata 3.99 ± 1.35 580.89 ± 4.24 0.34 ± 2.63 3.00 ± 0.13
Deasidifikasi;
[NaOH] = 16oBe;
Ekses 15%
NaOH; RPM =
56
0.25 0.25 0.25 530.41 514.74 0.30 0.30 0.30 1.00 1.00 1.00
Rata-rata 0.25 ± 0.00 522.57 ± 2.12 0.30 ± 0.00 1.00 ± 0.21
CPO 4 4.00 4.01 4.02 549.32 551.49 0.24 0.21 0.24 3.00 3.00 2.99
Rata-rata 4.01 ± 0.20 550.41 ± 0.28 0.23 ± 7.73 3.00 ± 0.07
Deasidifikasi;
[NaOH] = 16oBe;
Ekses 17.5%
NaOH; RPM =
56
0.13 0.13 0.13 483.98 482.09 0.58 0.54 0.55 4.00 4.00 4.00
Rata-rata 0.13 ± 0.00 483.03 ± 0.28 0.55 ± 4.00 4.00 ± 0.00
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Lampiran 3 Lanjutan
Perlakuan Kadar ALB (%) Kadar Karoten (ppm) Kadar air (%)
Bilangan Peroksida
(meq/kg)
U1 U2 U3 U1 U2 U1 U2 U3 U1 U2 U3
CPO 5 3.88 3.88 3.88 532.16 527.82 0.24 0.25 0.25 2.00 2.00 2.00
Rata-rata 3.88 ± 0.01 529.99 ± 0.58 0.25 ± 2.83 2.00 ± 0.06
Deasidifikasi;
[NaOH] = 16oBe;
Ekses 17.5%
NaOH; RPM =
56
0.10 0.10 0.10 530.25 531.52 0.42 0.43 0.39 2.00 2.00 2.00
Rata-rata 0.10 ± 0.00 530.89 ± 0.17 0.41 ± 4.96 2.00 ± 0.03
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Lampiran 3 Lanjutan
Perlakuan Bilangan iod
Bilangan penyabunan
(mg KOH/g) Oil loss
(%)
Refining
factor
Rendemen
(%)
Warna
U1 U2 U3 U1 U2 U3 Y + R
CPO 1 53.08 53.89 53.32 198.97 198.32 198.21 30 10
Rata-rata 53.43 ± 0.77 198.50 ± 0.21
Deasidifikasi;
[NaOH] =
16oBe; excess
7.5% NaOH;
RPM = 56
51.78 51.50 51.72 193.41 193.31 193.00 42.17 10.83 60.17
Rata-rata 51.66 ± 0.29 193.24 ± 0.11
CPO 2 53.17 54.03 54.42 200.22 198.38 199.33 30 10
Rata-rata 53.87 ± 1.18 199.31 ± 0.46
Deasidifikasi;
[NaOH] =
16oBe; excess
20% NaOH;
RPM = 56
53.30 53.71 53.26 203.95 206.69 201.58 25.83 6.18 77.40
Rata-rata 53.42 ± 0.47 204.07 ± 1.25
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Lampiran 3 Lanjutan
Perlakuan Bilangan iod
Bilangan penyabunan
(mg KOH/g) Oil loss
(%)
Refining
factor
Rendemen
(%)
Warna
U1 U2 U3 U1 U2 U3 Y + R
CPO 3 53.01 52.88 52.15 198.30 198.70 198.47 30 10
Rata-rata 52.68 ± 0.88 198.58 ± 0.10
Deasidifikasi;
[NaOH] =
16oBe; excess
15% NaOH;
RPM = 56
52.58 52.36 52.46 201.15 194.84 198.41 18.30 4.61 85.06
Rata-rata 52.47 ± 0.21 198.13 ± 1.60
CPO 4 53.29 54.36 52.01 198.17 199.70 198.75 30 10
Rata-rata 53.22 ± 2.21 198.87 ± 0.39
Deasidifikasi;
[NaOH] =
16oBe; excess
17.5% NaOH;
RPM = 56
53.27 53.99 55.36 195.78 194.89 201.01 14.58 3.64 88.98
Rata-rata 54.21 ± 1.95 197.23 ± 1.68
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Lampiran 3 Lanjutan
Perlakuan Bilangan iod
Bilangan penyabunan
(mg KOH/ g) Oil loss
(%)
Refining
factor
Rendemen
(%)
Warna
U1 U2 U3 U1 U2 U3 Y + R
CPO 6 54.39 54.47 54.06 193.04 191.21 195.94 30 10
Rata-rata 54.31 ± 0.40 193.40 ± 1.23
Deasidifikasi;
[NaOH] =
16oBe; excess
17.5% NaOH;
RPM = 56
53.27 53.99 55.36 195.78 194.89 201.01 14.58 3.64 88.98
Rata-rata 54.21 ± 1.95 197.23 ± 1.68
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Lampiran 4 Perhitungan recovery karoten tahap uji coba deasidifikasi minyak sawit merah skala pilot plant
% Excess Berat CPO
(bk)*
Karoten CPO
(mg/kg)
Berat NRPO
(bk)
Karoten NRPO
(mg/kg)
Recovery Karoten
(%)
7.5 59.90 580.89 52.70 519.71 78.71
15 59.80 580.89 49.00 522.57 73.71
17.5 59.86 483.98 51.25 483.79 85.58
17.5 59.85 530.89 50.60 530.89 84.54
20 59.83 580.89 50.51 533.98 77.60
* : bk = berat kering
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Lampiran 5 Perubahan kadar air, kadar asam lemak bebas, dan kadar karoten selama proses degumming
Percobaan
Kadar air (%) Kadar Asam Lemak
Bebas (%) Kadar Karoten (mg/kg)
sebelum
degumming
setelah
degumming
sebelum
degumming
setelah
degumming
sebelum
degumming
setelah
degumming
reduksi
karoten (%)
CPO 1 0.25 1.76 4.01 14.17 531.27 508.46 4.29
CPO 2 0.10 0.80 3.61 6.49 669.42 651.60 2.66
CPO 3 0.18 0.58 3.89 8.36 513.35 497.30 3.13
CPO 4 0.20 0.81 3.93 8.74 530.15 509.35 3.92
CPO 5 0.19 0.73 3.88 9.13 515.68 496.52 3.71
CPO 6 0.18 0.49 3.81 5.39 597.60 578.40 3.21
CPO 7 0.10 0.25 3.47 4.16 687.82 658.12 4.32
CPO 8 0.16 0.50 3.53 6.65 694.70 666.48 4.06
CPO 9 0.13 0.20 3.49 4.40 688.52 672.07 2.39
CPO 10 0.08 0.21 3.54 4.24 675.95 651.85 3.57
CPO 11 0.10 0.24 3.55 4.43 685.43 660.08 3.70
CPO 12 0.07 0.47 3.55 9.11 682.91 661.91 3.07
CPO 13 0.10 0.32 3.55 5.16 695.53 678.33 2.47
Rata-rata 0.14 0.57 3.68 6.96 628.33 606.96 3.42
SD 0.06 0.42 0.19 2.90 77.56 76.16 0.66
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Lampiran 6 Karakterisasi sifat fisiko kimia CPO pada tahap optimasi deasidifikasi minyak sawit merah skala pilot plant
CPO Kadar ALB
(%)
Kadar karoten
(mg/kg) Kadar Air (%)
Bilangan
Peroksida
(meq/kg)
Bilangan Iod
Bilangan
Penyabunan
(mg KOH/ g)
Warna
Y + R
CPO 1 4.01 529.69 0.25 2.00 54.31 196.52 20 11
CPO 2 3.96 514.70 0.31 1.00 52.86 197.15 30 9
CPO 3 3.89 512.33 0.18 2.00 53.74 200.66 30 10
CPO 4 3.61 669.42 0.10 2.92 50.54 199.23 20 12.2
CPO 5 3.88 515.68 0.19 1.00 53.39 200.57 32 10
CPO 6 3.81 571.19 0.18 1.00 53.28 199.14 20 11
CPO 7 3.47 687.82 0.10 2.00 52.31 199.89 20 12
CPO 8 3.53 694.70 0.16 2.00 50.57 198.68 20 12
CPO 9 3.49 688.52 0.13 1.00 50.54 198.66 20 12
CPO 10 3.54 675.95 0.08 1.00 51.00 199.30 20 12
CPO 11 3.55 685.43 0.10 2.92 49.81 198.86 20 13
CPO 12 3.55 682.91 0.07 2.92 50.71 198.48 20 13
CPO 13 3.55 695.53 0.10 2.92 50.39 197.92 20 13
Rata-rata 3.68 ± 5.30 624.91 ± 12.92 0.15 ± 0.43 1.90 ± 0.30 51.80 ± 0.01 198.85 ± 0.01 22.46 11.55
83
Lampiran 7 Hasil analisis sifat fisiko kimia CPO dan NRPO tahap optimasi proses deasidifikasi minyak sawit merah skala pilot plant
Perlakuan Kadar ALB (%) Kadar Karoten (mg/kg) Kadar air (%) Rendemen
(%)
Refining
factor
Oil loss
(%) U1 U2 U3 U1 U1 U3 U1 U2 U3
CPO 1 4.02 3.98 4.02 526.43 531.10 536.28 0.26 0.25 0.26
Rata-rata 4.01 ± 0.66 531.27 ± 0.93 0.25 ± 1.04
Deasidifikasi
59oC, 25 menit
0.10 0.10 0.10 536.43 534.93 535.89 0.48 0.49 0.48 88.20 3.83 15.33
Rata-rata 0.10 ± 0.00 535.75 ± 0.14 0.48 ± 0.75
CPO 2 3.97 3.93 3.97 516.61 517.93 514.69 0.30 0.31 0.31
Rata-rata 3.96 ± 0.66 516.41 ± 0.32 0.31 ± 1.83
Deasidifikasi
59oC, 25 menit
0.10 0.10 0.10 519.92 521.49 523.14 0.63 0.65 0.63 88.50 3.79 15.00
Rata-rata 0.10 ± 0.00 521.52 ± 0.31 0.63 ± 1.88
84
Lampiran 7 Lanjutan
Perlakuan Kadar ALB (%) Kadar Karoten (mg/kg) Kadar air (%) Rendemen
(%)
Refining
factor
Oil loss
(%) U1 U2 U3 U1 U1 U3 U1 U2 U3
CPO 3 3.89 3.89 3.88 508.26 511.18 520.63 0.18 0.17 0.18
Rata-rata 3.88 ± 0.01 513.35 ± 1.26 0.18 ± 3.94
Deasidifikasi
59oC, 25 menit
0.10 0.10 0.10 511.88 507.59 518.53 0.61 0.62 0.61 89.74 3.54 13.75
Rata-rata 0.10 ± 0.00 512.67 ± 1.07 0.61 ± 0.43
CPO 4 3.63 3.58 3.62 668.91 665.09 674.26 0.10 0.10 0.10
Rata-rata 3.61 ± 0.73 669.42 ± 0.69 0.10 ± 0.00
Deasidifikasi
59oC, 25 menit
0.12 0.12 0.12 666.70 674.47 674.58 0.88 0.88 0.89 91.29 3.32 12.00
Rata-rata 0.12 ± 0.00 671.92 ± 0.67 0.88 ± 0.96
CPO 5 3.93 3.84 3.88 513.08 518.89 515.06 0.19 0.19 0.19
Rata-rata 3.88 ± 1.15 515.68 ± 0.57 0.19 ± 1.05
Deasidifikasi
59oC, 25 menit
0.10 0.10 0.10 528.21 528.11 517.20 0.52 0.52 0.52 89.56 3.59 13.92
Rata-rata 0.10 ± 0.00 522.71 ± 1.21 0.52 ± 0.30
85
Lampiran 7 Lanjutan
Perlakuan Kadar ALB (%) Kadar Karoten (mg/kg) Kadar air (%) Rendemen
(%)
Refining
factor
Oil loss
(%) U1 U2 U3 U1 U1 U3 U1 U2 U3
CPO 6 3.79 3.79 3.84 570.76 569.81 573.00 0.19 0.17 0.18
Rata-rata 3.81 ± 0.67 571.19 ± 0.29 0.18 ± 3.91
Deasidifikasi
59oC, 11 menit
0.15 0.15 0.15 588.22 582.42 579.81 0.67 0.68 0.70 90.70 3.35 12.75
Rata-rata 0.15 ± 0.00 584.02 ± 0.74 0.69 ± 2.35
CPO 7 3.49 3.45 3.49 693.00 686.65 683.79 0.10 0.10 0.10
Rata-rata 3.47 ± 0.71 687.82 ± 0.69 0.10 ± 1.19
Deasidifikasi
59oC, 39 menit
0.16 0.16 0.16 695.49 688.02 694.53 0.80 0.79 0.78 91.12 3.46 12.00
Rata-rata 0.16 ± 0.00 692.68 ± 0.59 0.79 ± 1.35
CPO 8 3.54 3.53 3.54 705.22 698.36 680.53 0.16 0.15 0.16
Rata-rata 3.53 ± 0.04 694.70 ± 1.83 0.16 ± 0.74
Deasidifikasi
75oC, 25 menit
0.17 0.17 0.17 681.34 681.34 679.55 0.34 0.32 0.32 88.89 4.03 14.25
Rata-rata 0.17 ± 0.00 680.74 ± 0.15 0.33 ± 3.02
86
Lampiran 7 Lanjutan
Perlakuan Kadar ALB (%) Kadar Karoten (mg/kg) Kadar air (%) Rendemen
(%)
Refining
factor
Oil loss
(%) U1 U2 U3 U1 U1 U3 U1 U2 U3
CPO 9 3.49 3.49 3.49 684.61 691.32 689.63 0.12 0.12 0.13
Rata-rata 3.49 ± 0.00 688.52 ± 0.51 0.13 ± 4.53
Deasidifikasi
70oC, 15 menit
0.22 0.22 0.22 693.92 685.43 680.91 0.54 0.55 0.56 91.35 3.39 11.83
Rata-rata 0.22 ± 0.00 686.75 ± 0.96 0.55 ± 2.47
CPO 10 3.54 3.54 3.54 676.95 681.61 669.29 0.08 0.08 0.09
Rata-rata 3.54 ± 0.02 675.95 ± 0.92 0.08 ± 4.76
Deasidifikasi
70oC, 35 menit
0.20 0.20 0.20 656.54 651.75 653.97 0.42 0.44 0.44 90.10 3.70 13.08
Rata-rata 0.20 ± 0.00 654.09 ± 0.37 0.43 ± 2.80
CPO 11 3.53 3.55 3.55 686.26 683.38 686.65 0.11 0.10 0.10
Rata-rata 3.55 ± 0.30 685.43 ± 0.26 0.10 ± 6.37
Deasidifikasi
48oC, 35 menit
0.15 0.15 0.15 694.62 693.30 689.82 1.05 1.05 1.05 89.25 3.92 13.92
Rata-rata 0.15 ± 0.00 692.58 ± 0.36 1.05 ± 0.29
87
Lampiran 7 Lanjutan
Perlakuan Kadar ALB (%) Kadar Karoten (mg/kg) Kadar air (%) Rendemen
(%)
Refining
factor
Oil loss
(%) U1 U2 U3 U1 U1 U3 U1 U2 U3
CPO 12 3.55 3.55 3.55 702.87 675.60 670.25 0.07 0.07 0.07
Rata-rata 3.55 ± 0.02 682.91 ± 2.56 0.07 ± 2.78
Deasidifikasi
48oC, 15 menit
0.20 0.20 0.20 712.33 700.56 694.36 0.88 0.88 0.87 89.51 3.85 13.67
Rata-rata 0.20 ± 0.29 702.42 ± 1.30 0.87 ± 0.93
CPO 13 3.55 3.55 3.55 700.45 687.61 698.54 0.11 0.09 0.10
Rata-rata 3.55 ± 0.02 695.53 ± 1.00 0.10 ± 7.36
Deasidifikasi
43oC, 25 menit
0.12 0.12 0.12 719.57 721.50 708.94 0.92 0.92 0.91 82.17 5.84 20.75
Rata-rata 0.12 ± 0.00 716.67 ± 0.94 0.92 ± 0.71
88
Lampiran 7 Lanjutan
Perlakuan
Bilangan Peroksida
(meq/kg) Bilangan iod
Bilangan penyabunan
(mg KOH/g) Warna
U1 U2 U3 U1 U2 U3 U1 U2 U3 Y + R
CPO 1 2.00 2.00 2.00 54.39 54.47 54.06 197.04 196.89 195.62 20 11
Rata-rata 2.00 ± 0.03 54.31 ± 0.40 196.52 ± 0.40
CPO 2 1.00 1.00 1.00 52.68 53.67 52.23 197.09 198.37 196.00 30 9
Rata-rata 1.00 ± 0.00 52.86 ± 1.40 197.15 ± 0.60
CPO 3 2.00 2.00 2.00 54.64 53.34 53.25 201.50 200.19 200.31 30 10
Rata-rata 2.00 ± 0.05 53.74 ± 1.44 200.66 ± 0.36
CPO 4 2.92 2.92 2.92 50.49 50.52 50.62 198.58 200.20 198.92 20 12.2
Rata-rata 2.92 ± 0.03 50.54 ± 0.14 199.23 ± 0.43
CPO 5 1.00 1.00 1.00 53.46 53.49 53.22 201.44 199.88 200.39 32 10
Rata-rata 1.00 ± 0.00 53.39 ± 0.27 200.57 ± 0.40
89
Lampiran 7 Lanjutan
Perlakuan
Bilangan Peroksida
(meq/kg) Bilangan iod
Bilangan penyabunan
(mg KOH/g) Warna
U1 U2 U3 U1 U2 U3 U1 U2 U3 Y + R
CPO 6 1.00 1.00 1.00 53.01 53.30 53.55 198.21 200.29 198.92 20 11
Rata-rata 1.00 ± 0.00 53.28 ± 0.50 199.14 ± 0.53
CPO 7 2.00 2.00 2.00 52.62 52.52 51.78 199.06 200.11 200.52 20 12
Rata-rata 2.00 ± 0.05 52.31 ± 0.88 199.89 ± 0.38
CPO 8 2.00 2.00 2.00 50.75 50.45 50.51 198.72 198.49 198.84 20 12
Rata-rata 2.00 ± 0.03 50.57 ± 0.31 198.68 ± 0.09
CPO 9 1.00 1.00 1.00 50.40 50.25 50.96 199.07 198.64 198.28 20 12
Rata-rata 1.00 ± 0.06 50.54 ± 0.74 198.66 ± 0.20
CPO 10 1.00 1.00 1.00 51.07 51.08 50.84 198.72 200.40 198.79 20 12
Rata-rata 1.00 ± 0.06 51.00 ± 0.26 199.30 ± 0.48
90
Lampiran 7 Lanjutan
Perlakuan
Bilangan Peroksida
(meq/kg) Bilangan iod
Bilangan penyabunan
(mg KOH/g) Warna
U1 U2 U3 U1 U2 U3 U1 U2 U3 Y + R
CPO 11 2.92 2.92 2.92 49.75 49.99 49.71 198.73 198.94 198.92 20 13
Rata-rata 2.92 ± 0.03 49.81 ± 0.31 198.86 ± 0.06
CPO 12 2.92 2.92 2.92 50.54 50.95 50.64 198.32 198.30 198.82 20 13
Rata-rata 2.92 ± 0.04 50.71 ± 0.42 198.48 ± 0.15
CPO 13 2.92 2.92 2.92 50.63 50.48 50.08 198.97 197.63 197.15 20 13
Rata-rata 2.92 ± 0.08 50.39 ± 0.57 197.92 ± 0.47
91
Lampiran 8 Perhitungan recovery karoten (%) tahap optimasi deasidifikasi minyak sawit merah
skala pilot plant
Perlakuan Suhu reaksi
(oC)
Waktu reaksi
(menit)
Berat CPO
(bk)
Berat NRPO
(bk)
Recovery
Karoten (%)
1 48 15 59.96 51.35 88.09
2 70 15 59.93 52.61 87.57
3 48 35 59.94 51.11 86.16
4 70 35 59.95 51.93 83.81
5 43 25 59.94 47.55 81.74
6 75 25 59.91 51.28 83.88
7 59 11 59.89 51.99 87.42
8 59 39 59.94 52.29 85.69
9 59 25 59.85 50.56 85.18
10 59 25 59.82 50.68 85.56
11 59 25 59.88 50.60 85.92
12 59 25 59.94 52.33 87.64
13 59 25 59.89 51.38 86.97
92
Lampiran 9 Perhitungan optimasi reduksi kadar asam lemak bebas (ALB) dengan perlakuan suhu dan waktu reaksi
Coding Coefficients for the Independent Variables
Factor Subtracted off Divided by
X1 59.000000 16.000000
X2 25.000000 14.000000
Response Surface for Variable Y: Reduksi ALB
Response Mean 95.985308
Root MSE 0.838274
R-Square 0.7703
Coef. of Variation 0.8733
Degrees
of Type I Sum
Regression Freedom of Squares R-Square F-Ratio Prob > F
Linear 2 2.635940 0.1231 1.876 0.2227
Quadratic 2 13.772291 0.6432 9.800 0.0094
Crossproduct 1 0.086436 0.0040 0.123 0.7361
Total Regress 5 16.494666 0.7703 4.695 0.0336
93
Lampiran 9 Lanjutan
Degrees
of Sum of
Residual Freedom Squares Mean Square
Total Error 7 4.918918 0.702703
Parameter
Degrees Estimate
of Parameter Standard T for H0: from Coded
Parameter Freedom Estimate Error Parameter=0 Prob > |T| Data
INTERCEPT 1 62.879729 10.752263 5.848 0.0006 97.286172
X1 1 0.932719 0.312771 2.982 0.0205 -0.797944
X2 1 0.654839 0.278477 2.352 0.0510 0.198192
X1*X1 1 -0.008044 0.002515 -3.199 0.0151 -2.059241
X2*X1 1 -0.001336 0.003810 -0.351 0.7361 -0.299345
X2*X2 1 -0.011237 0.003232 -3.476 0.0103 -2.202401
Degrees
of Sum of
Factor Freedom Squares Mean Square F-Ratio Prob > F
X1 3 9.754161 3.251387 4.627 0.0436 Suhu (oC)
X2 3 8.736486 2.912162 4.144 0.0554 Waktu (menit)
94
Lampiran 9 Lanjutan
Canonical Analysis of Response Surface (based on coded data)
Critical Value
Factor Coded Uncoded
X1 -0.197995 55.832073 Suhu (oC)
X2 0.058450 25.818301 Waktu (menit)
Predicted value at stationary point 97.370958
Eigenvectors
Eigenvalues X1 X2
-1.964912 0.846003 -0.533178
-2.296729 0.533178 0.846003
Stationary point is a maximum.
95
Lampiran 10 Perhitungan optimasi recovery karoten (%) dengan perlakuan suhu dan waktu reaksi
Coding Coefficients for the Independent Variables
Factor Subtracted off Divided by
X1 59.000000 16.000000
X2 25.000000 14.000000
Response Surface for Variable Y: Recovery karoten (%)
Response Mean 85.817383
Root MSE 1.471906
R-Square 0.6250
Coef. of Variation 1.7152
Degrees
of Type I Sum
Regression Freedom of Squares R-Square F-Ratio Prob > F
Linear 2 8.298964 0.2052 1.915 0.2171
Quadratic 2 16.143771 0.3992 3.726 0.0791
Crossproduct 1 0.831605 0.0206 0.384 0.5552
Total Regress 5 25.274340 0.6250 2.333 0.1499
96
Lampiran 10 Lanjutan
Degrees
of Sum of
Residual Freedom Squares Mean Square
Total Error 7 15.165547 2.166507
Parameter
Degrees Estimate
of Parameter Standard T for H0: from Coded
Parameter Freedom Estimate Error Parameter=0 Prob > |T| Data
INTERCEPT 1 49.802118 18.879657 2.638 0.0335 86.265171
X1 1 1.338924 0.549188 2.438 0.0449 0.044292
X2 1 -0.147032 0.488971 -0.301 0.7724 -1.432444
X1*X1 1 -0.010445 0.004415 -2.366 0.0499 -2.673959
X2*X1 1 -0.004145 0.006690 -0.620 0.5552 -0.928504
X2*X2 1 0.005786 0.005676 1.019 0.3420 1.133960
Degrees
of Sum of
Factor Freedom Squares Mean Square F-Ratio Prob > F
X1 3 12.963486 4.321162 1.995 0.2035 Suhu
X2 3 11.373953 3.791318 1.750 0.2438 Waktu
97
Lampiran 10 Lanjutan
Canonical Analysis of Response Surface (based on coded data)
Critical Value
Factor Coded Uncoded
X1 -0.094650 57.485596 Suhu
X2 0.592860 33.300046 Waktu
Predicted value at stationary point 85.838456
Eigenvectors
Eigenvalues X1 X2
1.189744 -0.119299 0.992858
-2.729742 0.992858 0.119299
Stationary point is a saddle point.
98
Lampiran 11 Perhitungan optimasi rendemen (%) dengan perlakuan suhu dan waktu reaksi
Coding Coefficients for the Independent Variables
Factor Subtracted off Divided by
X1 59.000000 16.000000
X2 25.000000 14.000000
Response Surface for Variable Y: Rendemen
Response Mean 89.252385
Root MSE 1.608766
R-Square 0.7288
Coef. of Variation 1.8025
Degrees
of Type I Sum
Regression Freedom of Squares R-Square F-Ratio Prob > F
Linear 2 19.037743 0.2850 3.678 0.0810
Quadratic 2 29.402759 0.4401 5.680 0.0342
Crossproduct 1 0.246016 0.0037 0.0951 0.7668
Total Regress 5 48.686518 0.7288 3.762 0.0566
99
Lampiran 11 Lanjutan
Degrees
of Sum of
Residual Freedom Squares Mean Square
Total Error 7 18.116899 2.588128
Parameter
Degrees Estimate
of Parameter Standard T for H0: from Coded
Parameter Freedom Estimate Error Parameter=0 Prob > |T| Data
INTERCEPT 1 43.458712 20.635120 2.106 0.0732 89.471758
X1 1 1.624153 0.600252 2.706 0.0304 2.203084
X2 1 -0.462955 0.534436 -0.866 0.4151 -0.195399
X1*X1 1 -0.012119 0.004826 -2.511 0.0403 -3.102582
X2*X1 1 -0.002255 0.007313 -0.308 0.7668 -0.505018
X2*X2 1 0.011640 0.006204 1.876 0.1027 2.281503
Degrees
of Sum of
Factor Freedom Squares Mean Square F-Ratio Prob > F
X1 3 35.452175 11.817392 4.566 0.0449 Suhu (oC)
X2 3 9.512529 3.170843 1.225 0.3696 Waktu (menit)
100
Lampiran 11 Lanjutan
Canonical Analysis of Response Surface (based on coded data)
Critical Value
Factor Coded Uncoded
X1 0.348417 64.574670 Suhu (oC)
X2 0.081384 26.139377 Waktu (menit)
Predicted value at stationary point 89.847602
Eigenvectors
Eigenvalues X1 X2
2.293319 -0.046745 0.998907
-3.114399 0.998907 0.046745
Stationary point is a saddle point.
101
Lampiran 12 Perhitungan suhu dan waktu optimum sebagai salah satu pertimbangan dalam penentuan kondisi untuk tahap validasi dengan
superimposed menggunakan SAS
Coding Coefficients for the Independent Variables
Factor Subtracted off Divided by
X1 59.000000 16.000000
X2 25.000000 14.000000
Response Surface for Variable Y: Respon optimum
Response Mean 271.055075
Root MSE 2.374494
R-Square 0.7709
Coef. of Variation 0.8760
Degrees
of Type I Sum
Regression Freedom of Squares R-Square F-Ratio Prob > F
Linear 2 16.432663 0.0954 1.457 0.2957
Quadratic 2 113.453428 0.6587 10.061 0.0087
Crossproduct 1 2.896545 0.0168 0.514 0.4967
Total Regress 5 132.782636 0.7709 4.710 0.0333
102
Lampiran 12 Lanjutan
Degrees
of Sum of
Residual Freedom Squares Mean Square
Total Error 7 39.467539 5.638220
Parameter
Degrees Estimate
of Parameter Standard T for H0: from Coded
Parameter Freedom Estimate Error Parameter=0 Prob > |T| Data
INTERCEPT 1 156.140560 30.456857 5.127 0.0014 273.023101
X1 1 3.895796 0.885956 4.397 0.0032 1.449432
X2 1 0.044852 0.788813 0.0569 0.9562 -1.429651
X1*X1 1 -0.030609 0.007123 -4.297 0.0036 -7.835782
X2*X1 1 -0.007736 0.010793 -0.717 0.4967 -1.732868
X2*X2 1 0.006189 0.009156 0.676 0.5208 1.213062
Degrees
of Sum of
Factor Freedom Squares Mean Square F-Ratio Prob > F
X1 3 115.184388 38.394796 6.810 0.0175 Suhu
103
X2 3 13.731594 4.577198 0.812 0.5266 Waktu
Lampiran 12 lanjutan
Canonical Analysis of Response Surface (based on coded data)
Critical Value
Factor Coded Uncoded
X1 0.025329 59.405268 Suhu
X2 0.607365 33.503110 Waktu
Predicted value at stationary point 272.607297
Eigenvectors
Eigenvalues X1 X2
1.295277 -0.094464 0.995528
-7.917996 0.995528 0.094464
Stationary point is a saddle point.
104
Lampiran 13 Hasil analisis sifat fisiko kimia CPO dan NRPO tahap validasi proses deasidifikasi minyak sawit merah skala pilot plant
Perlakuan Kadar ALB (%) Kadar Karoten (mg/kg) Kadar air (%) Rendemen
(%)
Refining
factor
Oil loss
(%) U1 U2 U3 U1 U1 U3 U1 U2 U3
CPO 1 3.49 3.49 3.53 455.36 458.27 455.91 0.12 0.13 0.13
Rata-rata 3.50 ± 0.74 456.51 ± 0.34 0.13 ± 3.67
Degumming 8.60 8.60 8.83 443.63 447.54 444.07 0.73 0.73 0.70
Rata-rata 8.68 ± 1.50 445.08 ± 0.48 0.72 ± 2.26
Deasidifikasi
61oC, 26 menit
0.12 0.12 0.12 470.60 447.48 455.27 0.70 0.69 0.68 90.16 3.71 13.00
Rata-rata 0.12 ± 0.00 457.78 ± 2.57 0.69 ± 1.54
CPO 2 3.58 3.58 3.58 458.18 451.60 454.81 0.16 0.16 0.15
Rata-rata 3.58 ± 0.04 454.86 ± 0.72 0.15 ± 4.19
Degumming 4.96 4.92 4.96 445.68 441.92 449.13 0.50 0.49 0.50
Rata-rata 4.95 ± 0.51 445.58 ± 0.81 0.50 ± 1.45
Deasidifikasi
61oC, 26 menit
0.14 0.15 0.15 463.92 470.15 470.60 0.49 0.51 0.50 90.92 3.45 12.33
Rata-rata 0.14 ± 4.84 468.23 ± 0.80 0.50 ± 2.12
105
Lampiran 13 Lanjutan
Perlakuan Kadar ALB (%) Kadar Karoten (mg/kg) Kadar air (%) Rendemen
(%)
Refining
factor
Oil loss
(%) U1 U2 U3 U1 U1 U3 U1 U2 U3
CPO 3 3.49 3.49 3.49 449.63 447.28 444.28 0.14 0.13 0.12
Rata-rata 3.49 ± 0.03 447.06 ± 0.60 0.13 ± 7.81
Degumming 6.18 5.96 5.96 433.22 440.97 436.18 0.45 0.52 0.53
Rata-rata 6.03 ± 2.06 436.79 ± 0.89 0.50 ± 8.21
Deasidifikasi
61oC, 26 menit
0.15 0.15 0.15 459.56 456.64 451.89 0.68 0.71 0.72 89.45 3.92 13.67
Rata-rata 0.15 ± 0.00 456.03 ± 0.85 0.70 ± 2.85
CPO 4 3.52 3.52 3.52 460.10 466.79 450.56 0.15 0.15 0.15
Rata-rata 3.52 ± 0.02 459.15 ± 1.78 0.15 ± 0.76
Degumming 5.31 5.28 5.22 445.68 446.64 449.52 0.77 0.74 0.79
Rata-rata 5.27 ± 0.84 447.28 ± 0.45 0.77 ± 3.22
Deasidifikasi
61oC, 26 menit
0.15 0.15 0.15 461.45 458.10 455.27 0.50 0.52 0.51 90.35 3.64 12.83
Rata-rata 0.15 ± 0.00 458.27 ± 0.67 0.51 ± 1.57
106
Lampiran 13 Lanjutan
Perlakuan Kadar ALB (%) Kadar Karoten (mg/kg) Kadar air (%) Rendemen
(%)
Refining
factor
Oil loss
(%) U1 U2 U3 U1 U1 U3 U1 U2 U3
CPO 5 3.96 4.00 4.00 478.75 483.53 486.85 0.13 0.14 0.14
Rata-rata 3.99 ± 0.64 483.04 ± 0.84 0.13 ± 2.59
Degumming 7.61 7.70 7.74 467.71 468.24 474.92 0.46 0.43 0.49
Rata-rata 7.68 ± 0.85 470.29 ± 0.85 0.46 ± 6.66
Deasidifikasi
61oC, 26 menit
0.10 0.10 0.10 484.51 481.15 481.62 0.49 0.50 0.49 89.92 3.43 13.67
Rata-rata 0.10 ± 0.00 482.43 ± 0.38 0.50 ± 1.23
107
Lampiran 13 Lanjutan
Perlakuan Bilangan Peroksida (meq/kg) Bilangan iod
Bilangan penyabunan
(mg KOH/g) Warna
U1 U2 U3 U1 U2 U3 U1 U2 U3 Y + R
CPO 1 3.00 3.00 3.00 52.36 52.07 52.54 197.66 197.23 197.41 30.00 11.00
Rata-rata 3.00 ± 0.04 52.32 ± 0.46 197.43 ± 0.11
Deasidifikasi
61oC, 26 menit
2.00 2.00 2.00 52.50 51.95 52.17 194.27 194.28 195.61 30.00 11.00
Rata-rata 2.00 ± 0.05 52.21 ± 0.53 194.72 ± 0.40
CPO 2 3.00 3.00 3.00 52.82 52.52 52.90 196.18 195.54 196.19 30.00 10.00
Rata-rata 3.00 ± 0.02 52.75 ± 0.39 195.97 ± 0.19
Deasidifikasi
61oC, 26 menit
2.00 2.00 2.00 52.45 53.25 52.68 192.86 191.89 193.06 30.00 11.00
Rata-rata 2.00 ± 0.05 52.80 ± 0.78 192.61 ± 0.32
CPO 3 2.00 2.00 2.00 53.03 52.84 52.82 194.84 194.15 194.63 30.00 10.30
Rata-rata 2.00 ± 0.03 52.90 ± 0.22 194.54 ± 0.18
Deasidifikasi
61oC, 26 menit
2.00 2.00 2.00 52.17 52.25 52.70 197.29 197.65 197.55 30.20 10.30
Rata-rata 2.00 ± 0.00 52.37 ± 0.55 197.50 ± 0.09
108
Lampiran 13 Lanjutan
Perlakuan Bilangan Peroksida (meq/kg) Bilangan iod
Bilangan penyabunan (mg
KOH/g) Warna
U1 U2 U3 U1 U2 U3 U1 U2 U3 Y + R
CPO 4 2.00 2.00 2.00 52.07 52.23 52.06 195.75 196.13 196.12 30.00 10.40
Rata-rata 2.00 ± 0.00 52.12 ± 0.18 196.00 ± 0.11
Deasidifikasi
61oC, 26 menit
2.00 2.00 2.00 51.79 51.59 52.17 195.82 198.80 195.78 30.00 10.40
Rata-rata 2.00 ± 0.03 51.85 ± 0.57 196.80 ± 0.88
CPO 5 3.00 3.00 3.00 53.84 53.68 53.59 199.03 197.66 197.51 30.00 10.00
Rata-rata 3.00 ± 0.00 53.70 ± 0.23 198.07 ± 0.42
Deasidifikasi
61oC, 26 menit
3.00 3.00 3.00 53.51 53.53 53.66 194.69 196.14 195.87 30.00 11.00
Rata-rata 3.00 ± 0.04 53.57 ± 0.15 195.57 ± 0.40
109
Lampiran 14 Karakterisasi sifat fisiko kimia CPO untuk tahap validasi proses deasidifikasi minyak sawit merah
No.
Kadar asam
lemak bebas
(%)
Kadar karoten
(mg/kg)
Kadar air
(%)
Bilangan
Peroksida
(meq/kg)
Bilangan Iod
Bilangan
Penyabunan
(mg KOH/g)
Warna
Y + R
1 3.50 456.51 0.13 3.00 52.32 197.43 30.00 11.00
2 3.58 454.86 0.15 3.00 52.75 195.97 30.00 10.00
3 3.49 447.06 0.13 2.00 52.90 194.54 30.00 10.30
4 3.52 459.15 0.15 2.00 52.12 196.00 30.00 10.40
5 3.99 483.04 0.13 3.00 53.70 198.07 30.00 10.00
Rata-rata 3.62 460.13 0.14 2.60 52.76 196.40 30.00 10.34
SD 0.21 13.58 0.01 0.55 0.61 1.38 0.00 0.41
110
Lampiran 15 Karakterisasi sifat fisiko kimia NRPO untuk tahap validasi proses deasidifikasi minyak sawit merah
No. Produk
(kg)
Kadar asam
lemak
bebas (%)
Kadar
karoten
(mg/kg)
Kadar air
(%)
Bilangan
Peroksida
(meq/kg)
Bilangan
Iod
Bilangan
Penyabunan
(mg KOH/g)
Warna
Y + R
1 52.20 0.12 457.78 0.69 2.00 52.21 194.72 30.00 11.00
2 52.60 0.14 468.23 0.50 2.00 52.80 192.61 30.00 11.00
3 51.80 0.15 456.03 0.70 2.00 52.37 197.50 30.20 10.30
4 52.30 0.15 458.27 0.51 2.00 51.85 196.80 30.00 10.40
5 51.80 0.10 484.51 0.50 3.00 53.57 195.57 30.00 11.00
Rata-rata 52.14 0.13 464.96 0.58 2.20 52.56 195.44 30.04 10.74
SD 0.34 0.02 11.92 0.11 0.45 0.66 1.91 0.09 0.36