KEELE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF EARTH SCIENCES & GEOGRAPHY STANDARD BEDROCK GEOLOGICAL MAPPING SYMBOLS

All geological line styles and symbols are for use on 1:10000 scale field-slips and fair-copy maps unless otherwise stated.

1. Localities (field-slip only)

2. Geological boundaries

2.3 Structural boundaries

2.3 Structural boundaries (cont.)

3. Structural symbols

001 sdst

sdst

Black ink - positioned on the map with the dot at the centre of the observation. A lithological code should be provided in all cases and refers to the point of observation specifically.

Red ink (field-slips), black ink (faircopy). Symbols should be placed on the map as close to the point of measurement as possible. Planar symbols should be placed with the centre of the strike bar on the point of measurement; linear symbols should be placed with the point of the arrow head on the point of measurement. The strike bar or shaft of the symbol should measure 5 - 7 mm in length. Where more than one type of structural measurement is recorded at one point, symbols should be placed with the following precedence: Bedding; fault plane; other planar measurements; lineations

Black ink - thin line (01 Pen).

Black ink - thin line (01 Pen).

Red or black ink (fieldslip), black ink (faircopy) - thick line (03 Pen)

Red or black ink (field-slip), black ink (faircopy) - thick line (03 Pen)

Note: All structural boundary symbols may be shown as inferred or conjectural when appropriate.

Fault, sense of movement unknown

Dip of fault plane, in degrees

Vertical fault plane

Fault termination

Point of zero throw where down-thrown side changes along strike

Zone of brecciation associated with fault

Zone of shearing associated with fault

Normal fault, ticks on down-thrown side, throw in metres

Reverse (thrust) fault, barbs on hanging-wall side

Strike-slip fault, arrows indicate sense of movement

Spot observationNote: May be used only were the unit has been described fully from previous localities and where there is nothing else of geological significance to record.

Numbered locality

Observed boundary

Unconformity (dots on the younger side)

Inclined strata, dip in degrees

Cross-bedding, inclination of foresets, dip in degrees

Generalised dip of inclined strata, in degrees

Horizontal strata

Vertical strata

Undulating inclined strata

Undulating vertical strata

Overturned and inclined strata, dip in degrees

Overturned and horizontal strata

Inclined strata, way up uncertain, dip in degrees

Strike of strata, direction of dip unknown

Direction of younging as indicated by: F-cross-bedding, G-graded bedding, S-sole marks, GP-geopetal structures.

Note: Symbol may be used at a larger size and without letter to indicate general younging direction across the map.

Inferred boundary

Conjectural boundary (Faircopy only)

Boundaries should be positioned as accurately as possible. In situations where clarity is compromised, the position and depiction of geological boundaries takes precedence over all other symbols.

2.1 Conformable geological boundaries

2.2 Unconformities

3.1 Sedimentary rocksNote: An observed boundary can be positioned accurately to within the mapping resolution (10m for 1:10000 maps) based on outcrop data. Inferred boundaries should be used where outcrop data do not allow the positioning to within the mapping resolution, or where secondary evidence has been used to position the boundary.

55

60

90

30

30

30

Inclined foliation of unspecified origin, dip in degrees

Horizontal foliation of unspecified origin

Vertical foliation of unspecified origin

3.3 Metamorphic rocks

30

20C

20

F

Inclined primary planar fabric, dip in degrees

Horizontal primary planar fabric

Vertical primary planar fabric

Overturned primary planar fabric, dip in degrees

Strike of primary planar fabric, direction of dip unknown

Dip of igneous contact

Inclined primary crystal alignment, plunge in degrees

Horizontal primary crystal alignment

Vertical primary crystal alignment

3.2 Igneous rocks

30

30

30

30

Note: Cleavage / schistosity symbols may be combined with qualifiers for type, relative age and relevant lithology. Types of cleavage are denoted by: S-slaty, C-crenulation, F-fracture, P-pressure solution. Relative age is denoted by a number. Lithology is denoted by a lithological code.

Eg: Inclined crenulation cleavage in mudstone, 2nd deformational episode:

80

80C.2 mdst

Inclined cleavage / schistosity, dip in degrees

Horizontal cleavage / schistosity

Vertical cleavage / schistosity

Undulating inclined cleavage / schistosity

Strike of cleavage / schistosity, direction of dip unknown

3.4 Cleavage / Schistosity

Inclined joint, dip in degrees

Horizontal joint

Vertical joint

3.5 Joints & fractures80

Note: Unconformities may be shown as inferred or conjectural when appropriate.

KEELE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF EARTH SCIENCES & GEOGRAPHY

STANDARD GEOLOGICAL MAPPING SYMBOLS

Plunging lineation, plunge in degrees

Horizontal lineation

Vertical lineation

A minor fault causes little or no modification to the outcrop pattern at the scale of the map. (For faults that modify the outcrop pattern, see section 2.2 Structural boundaries.)

A major fold is one that significantly distributes the rock outcrop on the scale of the map; on 1:10000 scale maps they have wavelengths measurable in hundreds of metres.Red or black ink (field-slip), black ink (fair-copy) - thick line (0.2 - 0.5 mm)

Note: All major fold symbols can be shown with dashed (inferred) line style to indicate positional accuracy. Fold shape ornaments (antiform, synform, anticline, syncline etc.) can be more widely spaced along the length of the line than shown in these examples.

A major fold is one that significantly distributes the rock outcrop on the scale of the map; on 1:10000 scale maps they have wavelengths measurable in hundreds of metres.Red or black ink (field-slip), black ink (fair-copy) - thick line (0.2 - 0.5 mm)

Note: The attitude of the axial plane, the plunge of the fold axis, and the phase of deformation may be shown with additional symbols.

Eg: Axial plane trace of major syncline, 2nd phase:

Eg: Axial plane trace of major anticline showing dip direction and amount of dip of axial plane:

Eg: Axial plane trace of major syncline, vertical axial plane, 3rd phase:

Eg: Axial plane trace of major anticline, axial plane dip in degrees, 2nd phase, showing direction and amount of plunge of the axis:

Eg: Axial plane trace of major syncline, axial plane dip in degrees, 2nd phase, horizontal axis:

A minor fold causes little or no modification to the outcrop pattern at the scale of the map; on a 1:10000 scale map they have wavelengths of no more than a few metres. (For folds that modify the outcrop pattern, see Section 4. Structural trends.)

Note: Lineation symbols may be combined with qualifiers to indicate type and relative age. Types of lineation are denoted by: L-mineral lineation (with relevant mineral abbreviation as a prefix, eg: qL for quartz), B-boudins, I-intersection lineation, C-crenulation lineation, SL-slickensides, groves or striations. Relative age is denoted by a number.

Eg: Plunging boudinage lineation, 2nd deformation episode:

Note: Minor fold axial plane symbols may be combined with qualifiers to indicate type and relative age (phase). Types are denoted by: U-open, K-kink, IS-isonclinal, T-tight, CL-close. The phase is denoted by a number.

Eg: Inclined axial plane of tight minor fold, 2nd phase of deformation:

Note: Minor fold axis symbols may be combined with qualifiers to indicate type and relative age (phase) as above.

Eg: Plunging axis of open minor anticline, 3rd phase, plunge in degrees:

Note: Intersection lineations can be further qualified to show the relative ages of the two intersecting surfaces eg:

Use 0 to denote bedding eg:

3.6 Minor faults

4. Structural fold trends

4. Structural fold trends (cont.)3.7 Minor folds

3.6 Lineations

Dip of fault plane, in degrees (may be combined with reverse fault symbol also)

Strike of axial plane of minor fold, direction of dip unknown

Vertical fault plane

Normal fault, box on down-thrown side, throw in metres

Inclined axial plane of minor fold, dip in degrees

Plunging axis of minor fold, plunge in degrees

Axial plane trace of major syncline

Horizontal axis of minor fold

Axial plane trace of major anticline

Vertical axis of minor fold

Axial plane trace of major synform

Axial plane trace of major antiform

Axial plane trace of closely spaced major anticline / syncline pair

Axial plane trace of closely spaced major antiform / synform pair

Trace of upper hinge of major monocline (barbs on steep limb)

Trace of lower hinge of major monocline (barbs on steep limb)

Axial plane trace of major vertical fold (arrow towards closure)

Axial plane trace of major recumbent fold (arrow towards closure)

Plunging axis of minor anticline, plunge in degrees

Plunging axis of minor syncline, plunge in degrees

Horizontal axis of minor anticline

Horizontal axis of minor syncline

Horizontal axis of minor monoform

Reverse (thrust) fault, barb on hanging-wall side

Horizontal axial plane of minor fold

Strike slip fault, arrows indicated sense of movement

Vertical plane of minor fold

3. Structural symbols (cont.)

30

30B.2

30I.1/2

30I.3/0

2

2

602

90

70

70T.2

20

20

20

U.3

20 2

65

20

2

65

2

65

3

Complied by the School of Earth Sciences and Geography for use by geology students at all degree levels. Based on the British Geological Survey ‘Black Book’ of standard mapping symbols with additions from the staff of the School of Earth Sciences and Geography, Keele University. Except where expressly stated otherwise, all symbols shown here are used on standard published products of BGS. Symbols and line styles may differ in meaning in USGS or other national survey publications. © 2011 Keele University.

Red ink (field-slips), black ink (faircopy). Symbols should be placed on the map as close to the point of measurement as possible. Planar symbols should be placed with the centre of the strike bar on the point of measurement; linear symbols should be placed with the point of the arrow head on the point of measurement. The strike bar or shaft of the symbol should measure 5 - 7 mm in length. Where more than one type of structural measurement is recorded at one point, symbols should be placed with the following precedence: Bedding; fault plane; other planar measurements; lineations

KEELE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF EARTH SCIENCES & GEOGRAPHY

STANDARD GEOLOGICAL MAPPING SYMBOLS

5.1 Topographical featuresBlue ink - thin line (01 Pen). Topographical features are shown on the field-slip only.

8.1 Sedimentary rocks

8.2 Igneous rocks

5.2 Man-made featuresBlack ink - thin line (01 Pen). All occurrences should be shown on field-slip, significant occurrences should be shown on faircopy.

Green ink - thin line (01 Pen)

5. Feature mapping symbols 6. Bedrock exposure limits (field-slip only)

8. Lithological abreviations

Break in slope, convex upwards (ornament on steep side)

Break in slope, concave upwards (ornament on steep side)

Ridge

Valley or natural ditch

Break of slope at base of dip slope

Note: Ornaments on feature lines may be placed further apart than shown here.

Spring (arrow in direction of flow) Mudstone

Andesite / Basaltic andesite

Calcareous mudstone (marl)

Rhyolite / Dacite

Pyroclastic rocks (prefix A-agglomerate, B-breccia, L-lapillistone, C-coarse tuff, F-fine tuff)

Bedrock dip slope (arrow should cover full map extent)

Chert

Granite / Granodiorite

Sink (swallow) hole Siltstone

Coal

Natural depressionSandstone

Glauconitic limestone / sandstone

Conglomerate

Marsh, bog or waterlogged groundGranule or pebble grade siliciclastics, pebbly sandstone

Basalt / Alkali basalt

Slope of constant gradient, shallow (not a dip slope)Limestone

Volcaniclastic sandstone / mudstone / siltstone

Slope of constant gradient, steep (not a dip slope)

Dolostone

Dolerite / Alkali dolerite

Quartz dolerite

Convex upwards slope, no clear break of slope

Concave upwards slope, no clear break of slope

Breccia

Gabbro

Adit or mine entrance, active. Orientation shows direction of entry

Adit or mine entrance, abandoned. Orientation shows direction of entry

Adit or mine entrance, abandoned. Direction uncertain

Limit of bedrock exposure (lithology / lithostratigraphy colour is more intense in the area of exposure)

Small, isolated bedrock exposure with lithology / lithostratigraphy indicated

Note: adit symbols are placed with the entrance at the tip of the arrow head.

Borehole, exact site uncertain

Water well / borehole

Pit or mine shaft, active

Pit or mine shaft, abandoned

Pit or mine shaft, abandoned, site uncertain

Borehole

w

sdst

7.1 Fossil HorizonsFossil horizons or thin, fossil-rich units of geological importance to the interpretation of the map may be shown with thick line (03 Pen) as:

Black ink. Used in addition to colour to clarify the lithology / lithostratigraphy of the unit on both field-slips and fair-copy maps. For use with localities, spot lithologies or structural symbols on the field-slip only.

7.2 Intra-igneous / metamorphic limits

7.3 Mineral veins and seams

7. Other symbols

Marine band

Base of lava flow

Note: May be shown with the thick line dashed (inferred) if appropriate.

Note: Mineral veins and seams may be shown with dashed line (inferred) if appropriate.

Lingular band

Margin of one igneous rock cross-cutting another, cross marks on the side of the younger rock

Brachiopod band

Coral band

Margin of metamorphic aureole, crosses towards intrusion

Algal band

Limit of migmatisation, arrows towards migmatites

Limit of granite vein complex, ornament towards area of veining

Limit of pegmatitie vein complex, ornament towards area of veining

Dyke with igneous rock code, spacing indicates thickness

Metamorphic zone boundary with mineral or zone number

Coal, ironstone, oil shale or gypsum seam, name on the younger side

Mineral vein, dip in degrees, showing vein name and principal ore

M M

L L

B B

C C

A A

LM

al 4

LOWER FOOT

SIKE Pb

60

7.4 Geological sampling (field-slip only)

Trenched section (alignment & length shown by lines)

Photographs of, or from, this locality (with number)

Rock sample or thin-section number

Fossil locality

Surface section (letter refers to notes or related data)

S12345

P12345

A

mdst

slst

sdst

pest

lmst

dlst

br

ch

cm

c

gtl / gts

cg

sv / mv / slv

A BA / A

B AB / B

D AD / D

qD

GE

G DG / G

R DR / R

FZ

KEELE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF EARTH SCIENCES & GEOGRAPHY

STANDARD SUPERFICIAL GEOLOGICAL MAPPING SYMBOLS

9.1 Deposit boundariesBlack ink - thin line (01 Pen). Deposit boundaries are shown on both the field-slip and the faircopy.

9.2 Landforms Blue ink - thin line (01 Pen). All occurrences should be shown on field-slip, significant occurrences are shown on fair-copy. Landform symbols can be used for air-photograph interpretation also.

Black ink, symbol 2 - 3 mm in diameter

Black ink - thin line (01 Pen). Deposit boundaries are shown on both the fieldslip and the faircopy map. Boundaries may be dashed if their position is uncertain.

9. Superficial Mapping Symbols (Geoscience) 9.3 Deposit symbols

10 Artificial ground mapping symbols

9.3.1 Mass-movement & Residual Deposits

9.3.3 Alluvial / fluvial Deposits

9.3.4 Glacial Deposits

9.3.4 Marine, coastal and lacustrine Deposits

9.3.4 Organic & chemical Deposits

9.3.4 Miscellaneous Deposits

9.4 Bedrock and superficial fractionation

9.3.2 Aeolian Deposits

Superficial deposit boundary

Margin of area of erratics (the ‘e’ should be placed the right way up when viewed from the erratics)

Closed hollow (kettle hole)

Outer edge of terrace

Back feature of terrace (arrowheads on uphill side)

Back feature of former lake margin (arrowheads on uphill side)

Back feature of former coastline (arrowheads on uphill side)

Glacial striae (bar shows orientation)

Glacial striae with inferred direction of flow (arrow)

Crag and tail feature (arrow shows direction of flow)

Roche moutonnee (rounded edge up-flow)

Roche moutonnee with striae (rounded edge up-flow)

Glacial meltwater channel (arrow shows direction of fall of the channel bottom)

Buried channel (arrow shows direction of fall of the channel bottom)

Glacial meltwater channel margins

Margins of buried channel

Note: The symbols for glacial striae, grag and tail, and roche moutonee should be placed with the symbol centred over the point of observation (not with the head of the arrow there).

Base of mound

Crestline of elongate mound (spot at highest point)

Crestline of linear feature

Axis of large-scale glacial flute

Crestline of esker

Form line

Talus

Alluvium

Glacio-fluvial undifferentiated deposits

Marine deposits, undifferentiated

Peat

Sand and gravel of uncertain origin/age

Worked ground

Infilled ground

Loess

Talus cone

Warp

Glacio-fluvial deltaic deposits

Tidal flats

Diatomite

Erratic (where ‘X’ is a letter explained in the key)

Made ground

Small area of worked ground

Small area of made ground

Small area of infilled ground

Small quarry or pit

Blown sand

Blockfield

Alluvial fan deposits

Glacio-fluvial ice-contact deposits (inc. Esker)

Shoreface and beach deposits

Tufa or travertine

Glacio-lacustrine deposits

Saltmarsh

Lacustrine deposits, undifferentiated

Older blown sand

Head

River terrace (undifferentiated)

Glacio-fluvial sheet deposits (Inc. Sandur)

Bank deposits

Hummocky glacial deposits (inc. Moraine)

Coastal barrier (sand dunes)

Lacustrine delta deposits

Wash-over fan

Lacustrine shoreface and beach deposits

Regolith

River terrace (numbered)

Glacio-marine deposits

Tidal river deposits

Till (MO - melt-out, FW - flow, L - Lodgement, D - Def.)

Glacial deposits, undifferentiated

Duricrust

Note: River terraces are numbered in order of increasing relative age. An appropriate alphabetical superscript should be used if the terrace is named. Where terraces of different age can not be correlated consistently the undifferentiated symbol should be used and the back features of individual terraces marked with a back feature symbol.

T

L

C

T

D

h

hR

W

U

T1

IC

ST

D

FT

S

B

RI

SM

CB

WO

S

x

x

Where superficial deposits overly bedrock. The symbol indicates the superficial deposit at surface and the bedrock lithology / lithostratigraphy at rockhead: other superficial deposits may intervene.

BB

e e