Keane Griffith Review Ed24 Monitory Democracy Media Saturised

8/13/2019 Keane Griffith Review Ed24 Monitory Democracy Media Saturised

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/keane-griffith-review-ed24-monitory-democracy-media-saturised 1/23

From Griffith REVIEW Edition 24: Participation Society © Copyright 2009 Griffith University & the author.

Essay:

Monitory democracy and

media-saturated societies Author:

John Keane

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1 The adjective ‘monitory’ derived from the mediaeval monitoria [from monere, to warn]. It entered

Middle English in the shape of monitorie and from there it wended its way into the modern Englishlanguage in the mid-fifteenth century to refer to the process of giving or conveying a warning of animpending danger, or an admonition to someone to refrain from a specified course of action consideredoffensive. It was first used within the Church to refer to a letter or letters (known as ‘monitories’) sent bya bishop or a pope or an ecclesiastical court who acted in the capacity of a ‘monitor’. The family ofwords ‘monitor’, ‘monition’ and ‘monitory’ was soon used for more secular or this-worldly purposes. Themonitor was one or that which admonishes others about their conduct. The word ‘monitor’ was alsoused in school settings to refer to a senior pupil expected to perform special duties, such as that of

keeping order, or (if the pupil was particularly bright or gifted) acting as a teacher to a junior class. Amonitor also came to mean an early warning device; it was said as well to be a species of African and

Australian and New Guinean lizard that was friendly to humans because it gave warning of thewhereabouts of crocodiles. Still later, the word ‘monitor’ came to be associated with communicationdevices. It referred to a receiver, such as a speaker or a television screen, that is used to check thequality or content of an electronic transmission; and in the world of computing and computer science, a‘monitor’ either refers to a video display or to a programme that observes, or supervises or controls theactivities of other programmes. In more recent years, not unconnected with the emergence of monitorydemocracy, ‘to monitor’ became a commonplace verb to describe the process of systematicallychecking the content or quality of something, as when a city authority monitors the local drinking waterfor impurities, or a group of scientific experts monitors the population of an endangered species.

2 The point can be put like this: if the principles of representative democracy turned ‘the people’ of

assembly democracy into a more distant judge of how well representatives performed, then monitory

democracy exposes the fiction of a unified ‘sovereign people’. The dynamic structures of monitorydemocracy daily serve as barriers against the uncontrolled worship of ‘the people’, or what might bedubbed demolatry. Monitory democracy demonstrates that the world is made up of many demoi , andthat particular societies are made up of flesh-and-blood people who have different interests, and whotherefore do not necessarily see eye to eye. It could be said that monitory democracy democratises –publicly exposes - the whole principle of ‘the sovereign people’ as a pompous fiction; at best, it turns itinto a handy reference device that most people know to be just that: a useful political fiction. There areindeed times when the fiction of ‘the people’ serves as a monitoring principle, as a former Justice of theFederal Constitutional Court in Germany, Dieter Grimm has explained: ‘The circumstances are rare inwhich the fiction of “the demos” is needed as a reminder that those who make the laws are not thesource of their ultimate legitimacy. Democracies need public power; but they need as well to place limitson the exercise of public power by invoking “the people” as a fictional subject to whom collectivelybinding powers are attributed: a “Zurechnungssubjekt ” that is not itself capable of acting, but whichserves as a democratic necessity because it makes accountability meaningful’ (interview, Berlin,November 23, 2006).



3 It is worth remembering that the word scrutiny originally meant ‘to sort rubbish’, from the Latin scrutari ,

meaning ‘to search’, and from scruta, ‘rubbish’

4 Reference would be useful for this, url or other

5 Jonathan Zittrain full ref

Keane Griffith Review Ed24 Monitory Democracy Media Saturised

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