KARMA IN VÃLLABHA VEDÃNTA KARMA IN VˆLLABHA...

Theory of Karma is very important concept inall Indian schools of thought, except that ofC~rv~ka i.e. Materialism (Foundations of

Hinduism, p. 140). It is law of merits and demerits of actions. Itstates that every individual soul must reap the fruits of his ownactions, good or bad, right or wrong. It follows logically fromthe law of universal causation, which means that every causemust produce its effect and every effect must be produced byits cause. Karma' word denotes actions and its fruit us well. Italso denotes performance of rituals. It is voluntary or willedaction. According to fruit yielding stage, the Karma can besaid of three kinds, viz., Pr~rabdha (past Karma which hasstarted yielding fruit), sañdrcita (accumulated) andSañciyam~ba (Karma being accumulated presently). Karmais performed in three modes, i.e. K~yika (physical), V~cika(Verbal) and M~nasika (Mental).

With this general idea about K~rma, it would be interestingto see the source of Karma. V~llabha system believes that`God is everything' and God becomes everything (… Æ˙h…®…i…‰EÚ…™……«EÚ…Æ‰h… * + ¥…EfiÚi…®…‰¥… … Æ˙h…®…i…‰, ∫…÷¥…h…» ∫…¥……« h… + … i…ËV…∫…… x… *Anu. 1.4.26). The question therefore arises, that if God iseverything, God is (™…l……I…“Æ∆ EÚi……«Æ˙®…x……‰I™… n v…¶…¥…x…∫…®…™…‰ n v…¶…¥… i…B¥…®…‰¥… •…¿… n˘ EÚ…™…«∫…®…™…‰ ∫¥…™…®…‰¥… ∫…¥…» ¶…¥… i… * Anu 2-1-24) God isindividual Souls (J§va) and God is the world, then, who is thereto commit the deeds and where is the question of committinggood and bad deeds producing fruits accordingly. Anubh~syahas described the source of Karma. Jiva basically is the part(AmÑa) of the God, and still j§va does not have all the qualitiesof God, like omnipotence, omnipresence etc. Why so ? It isbecause, j§va's six lordly qualities are concealed, when j§vaseparates from the God. (+∆∂…∂S……™…®… * EÚl…®…∫™… n÷& J…i¥…®…¬ * +∫™…V…“¥…∫™… B‰∑…™……« n˘ i…Æ˙…‰ Ω˛i…®…¬ * i…j… Ω‰i…÷& …Æ˙… ¶…v™……x……i…¬ * …Æ˙∫™…

KARMA IN VÃLLABHA VEDÃNTA

n Dr. Mrs. Sunanda Y. ShastriDept. of Sanskrit, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad.

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KARMA IN VÃLLABHA VEDÃNTA 1

2 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006

¶…M…¥…i……‰% ¶…i……‰ v™……x…∆ ∫¥…∫™… Bi…∫™… S… ∫…¥…«i……‰ ¶……‰M…‰SUÙ… * i…∫®……n˘“∑…Æ‰SUÙ™…… V…“¥…∫™… ¶…M…¥…r˘®…« i…Æ˙…‰¶……¥…&* Anu. 3.2.5) It is God's and J§va's will to enjoy the sense objects. This enjoyment isnot possible if the J§va is in its pure form of Bliss. Therefore, six lordly qualities of j§vaare concealed by the will of God. J§va in relation to world is `enjoyer' (¶……‰Ci……), andrelation to the God, J§va is enjoyed' (¶……‰M™…), and God is enjoyer. It is like mother-childrelation. When mother feeds child, the child is enjoyer in the first place. Seeing thechild contented, mother becomes happy, though she has not eaten anything herself.Here, in relation to food, child is enjoyer and in relation to child, mother is `enjoyer'and child is enjoyed' (¶……‰M™…). Mother is the enjoyer (¶……‰Ci……) of happiness through child.Similarly, j§va enjoys in the world and is enjoyer (¶……‰Ci……) and in turn J§va is enjoyed'(¶……‰M™…) also, because the God enjoys the j§va through j§va's enjoyment. These six ordlyqualities are - B‰∑…™…« (Lordlyiness); ¥…“™…« (power), ™…∂… (fame), ∏…“ (grace), Y……x…(knowledge) and ¥…ËÆ˙…M™… (detachment). Concealment of each of these qualitiesdegrades j§va more to the Worldly level. concealment Of B‰∑…™…« (lordliness) leads J§va tohelplessness and dependence. Concealment of ¥…“™…« (Power/ Vigour) makes J§va toendure all kinds of Sorrows. Concealment of ™…∂… (Fame) makes J§va inferior orillfamed. Concealment of ∏…“ (grace) invites the calamities like birth and death.Concealment of Knowledge creates notion "I" regarding the body and j§va startsthinking otherwise, that world is real and there is not such thing as Brahman.Concealment of ¥…ËÆ˙…M™… (detachment) Makes j§va attached to the Sense objects.(B‰∑…™……«i…‰Æ˙…‰¶……¥…… q˘ x…i¥…®…¬ * ¥…“™…« i…Æ˙…‰¶……¥……i…¬ ∫…¥…«n÷&J…∫…Ω˛x…®…¬ * ™…∂……Œ∫i…Æ˙…‰¶……¥……i…¬ ∫…¥…«Ω˛“x…i¥…®…¬ *∏…“ i…Æ˙…‰¶……¥……i…¬ V…x®…… n˘ ∫…¥……«…n¬ ¥…π…™…i¥…®…¬ * Y……x… i…Æ˙…‰¶……¥……n¬ n‰Ω˛… n˘π…÷ +Ω˛®§…÷ r˘&, ∫…¥…« ¥…… Æ˙i…Y……x…\S…+…∫®……Æ˙∫… Ω˛i…∫™…‰¥… * ¥…ËÆ˙…M™…… i…Æ˙…‰¶……¥……n¬ ¥…π…™……∫… Ci…& * Anu. 3.2.5.) When this concealmentof divine qualities cease and they become revealed, then j§va attains it's true nature ofpure Bliss. J§va becomes J§va in the first place, because 'Biliss ' aspect is concealed(+…x…n˘…∆∂…∫i…÷ …⁄¥…«®…‰¥… i…Æ˙…‰ Ω˛i……‰ ™…‰x… V…“¥…¶……¥…& * Anu. 3.2.5) and that is why j§va has desires(+i… B¥… EÚ…®…®…™…& * (Anu. 3.2.5.). Bliss does not have any desires (+EÚ…®…∞¸…i¥……n˘…x…xn˘∫™…Anu 3.2.5.). The original and innermost hidden nature of j§va, i.e. `Bliss' cannot berevealed due to the concealment of six lordly qualities. J§va's activities - Karma -cannot be - called totally - independent or `Leela' (exalted sport). J§va becomesdependent of causes of sorrow, like fear, actions, ego and mineness. Thereby, j§vabecomes helpess and strives to be tree from fear like those who are afraid, strives tofulfil the desires and becomes proud due to ego. Thus, j§va becomes dependent andthat is why scriptures instruct the means of liberation (Patr~valambana. P.259).Scriptures can only speak about ¥… v…- x…π…‰v… (dos and don'ts), but c~nnot make j§va tofollow it. Only the God who is present within as Antary~m§ (inner soul) can do it. Untilthe individual soul cannot become one with the God, j§va cannot experience the Bliss,and until the Bliss is experienced, the six lordly qualities also are not revealed. Thus,the bondage of good and bad Karma becomes unbreakable (…j……¥…±…∆§…x…, P 261).

J§va has no hope of liberation, if the bondage of Karma becomes unbreakable.There has to be some solution to this problem, The solution is, apart from, j§va beingpart of the God and all the diving qualities having concealed, j§va is not totallydependent or bonded. J§va is partially independent. J§va is doer of all the actions he

performs as an agent. Scriptures declare j§va so. (EÚi……« ∂……∫j……l…«¥…k¥……i…¬ and EÚi……« V…“¥…B¥… * (Anu. 2-3-33). J§va is not puppet in destiny's hands. All the 'dos-and-don'ts'( ¥… v… x…π…‰v…) prescribed in the scriptures are for j§va, since, j§va has to attain its loststate of pure Bliss. Scriptures show him right way to help j§va in his endeavor. Theserules are clearly not for Brahman, which is beyond every blemish and they cannotalso be for the unconscious "V…b' world, since it cannot follow or Understand them. (V…“¥…®…‰¥…… v…EfiÚi™… ¥…‰n‰ +¶™…÷n˘™… x…&∏…‰™…∫…°Ú±……l…» ∫…¥……« h… EÚ®……« h… ¥… Ω˛i…… x… * •…¿…‰x…÷…™……‰M……i…¬ *V…b˜∫™……∂…C™…i¥……i…¬ * Anu 2-3-33).

V~llabhas believe that, Karma, JZ~na (Knowledge) and Bhakti (devotion), thesethree are the means to achieve four Purus~rthas, Viz., v…®…«, +l…« and ®……‰I…. Thesemeans are to be followed by the three kinds of eligible (+… v…EÚ… Æ˙) persons, Viz.,lowest, middle and the best. The lowest usually follow Karmam~rga. The middle onesfollow & Y……x…®……M…«- path of knowledge and the best ones follow Bhaktim~rga - path ofdevotion. (∏…÷ i…ÃΩ EÚ®…«Y……x…¶… Ci…& ∫……I……i…Æ˙®…Æ˙…¶…‰n‰x… …÷Ø˚π……l…«∫……v…x…i¥…‰x… Ω“x…®…v™…®……‰k…®… + v…EÚ… Æ˙h…&|… i… EÚi…«¥™…i¥…‰x… |… i………n˘™… i… * Anu 4-1-1). The best fruit of liberation can be attained onlythrough the path of Knowledge and path of Bhakti, therefore, whatever is to beperformed, should be in that direction only.

Karma and its fruit can be carried forward from one birth to another, if the rebirthis there. In the third chapter of Anubh~sya, five divine oblations are discussed. Whena person dies, his soul goes through five stages before he attains the next bodyuseful for his further spiritual progress. leading to liberation. (i…j… |…l…®…‰ ……n‰ V…“¥…∫™…•…¿Y……x……Ë… ™…EÚ V…x®… ¥…S……™…«i…‰ * i…j… …⁄¥…«V…x®… x… x…&EÚ…®…™…Y…EÚi…÷«& Y……x…Æ˙ Ω˛i…∫™… ®…h…‰ Y……x……¶……¥…‰x…™…Y…… n˘¥™…Ci™…¶……¥……n¬ ¶…⁄i…∫…∆∫EÚ…Æ˙EÚ B¥… ™…Y……‰ V……i… < i… x…&EÚ…®…i¥……SS… i…n˘… v…EÚ… Æ˙n‰¥…… v…x……x™…‰¥…¶…⁄i……x…“ i… i…‰ n‰¥……∫i…j… i…j… Ω÷i¥…… i…∫™… ∂…Æ˙“Æ∆ ∫…®……n˘™…xi…“ i…, "…\S…®™……Ω÷i……¥………& …÷Ø˚π…¥…S…∫……‰ ¶…¥…Œxi…'< i… ∏…÷ i…& (UÙ…-5-3-3) Anu 3-1-1). The one, who has performed good Karma likeSacrifices desirelessly, but not obtained the Supreme Knowledge before death - hissacrifices do not bear the fruit of liberation immediately after death. But, notetheless,the j§va is eligible (+ v…EÚ… Æ˙) to obtain proper body in order to attain SupremeKnowledge. The Soul being desireless, i.e., soul doesn't even have the desire forliberation, the gods help him to obtain the proper body. In this process, soul has totravel by v…⁄®…®……M…« - path of smoke. He attains Candraloka. After the fruit of goodKarma remains a little, gods put his oblation in the fire called rain. J§va returns in formof rain, eventually transforms into food, etc. and finally is born again with proper bodyuseful in attaining the Knowledge. These divine oblations are discussed, at length inCh~ndogya Upanisad. Endorsement to this Ch~ndogya view in Anubh~sya clearlyindicate that Karma' has a definite place in the V~llabha ved~nta, Obtaining a properbody useful in attaining Knowledge is the fruit of desireless Karma' in the past, Thus,the fruit of Karma path, is rebirth, and that also many times over. This also indicatesthat V~llabhas have accepted Pr~rabdha, SaZcita and SaZciyamana Karma.Otherwise, rebirth cannot be explained. To Support their view about rebirth in the pathof karma, Anubh~sya has quoted number of Ðruti Sentences. (∏…÷i……Ë EÚ®…«®……M…Ê …÷x…V…«x®…+∫…EfiÚn÷˘… n˘∂™…i…‰) (Anu 4-1-1). The Ðruti sentences are as follows --



(1) B¥…®…‰¥……™…∆ ∂……Æ˙“Æ˙ +…i®…¶™……‰%R¬ÛM…‰¶™…& ∫…®|…®…÷S™… …÷x…& |… i…x™……™…∆ |… i…™……‰x™……p˘¥… i… |……h……™…Ë¥…* §…fiΩ˛ (3-3-36). Thus this infinite entity, completely Separating itself from the parts ofbody, again hastens back in the same way (as before) to particular bodies for thespecial manifestation of vital force.

(2) ∫i…‰x…Ë¥… |…t…‰i…‰x…Ëπ… +…i®…… x…πGÚ…®… i… * (§…fi 4-4-2) By the help of that light this selfdeparts.

(3) i…∆ ¥…t…EÚ®…«h…“ ∫…®…x¥……Æ˙¶…‰i…‰ …⁄¥…«|…Y…… S… * (4-4-2 §…fi. =.) Meditation, work andprevious impressions follow it.

(4) i…n¬ ™…l…… i…fih…V…±……™…÷E‰Ú... BEÚ®…‰¥……™…∆ …÷∞¸π… <n∆ ∂…Æ˙“Æ∆ x…Ω˛i™… + ¥…t…∆ M…®… ™…˘i¥…… +x™…x…¬x…¥…i…Æ∆ EÚ±™……h…∞¸…∆ i…x…÷ …j™…∆ ¥…… M……xv…¥…» ¥…… •……¿∆ ¥…… |……V………i™…∆ ¥…… nË¥…∆ ¥…… ®……x…÷π…∆ ¥……x™…‰¶™……‰ ¥……¶…⁄i…‰¶™……‰ < i… * (§…fi. =. 4-4-3)

just as a leech dwelling in grass goes to the end of grass, catches anotherSupport----- So does this self, setting the body aside - making it senseless, Create,another a newer, better form, fit for the manes, or the Celestial minstrels, or the godsor Vir~j or Hiranyagarbha or other beings.

(5) |……™……xi…∆ EÚ®…«h…∫i…∫™… ™…i…¬ - EÚ\S…‰Ω˛ EÚÆ˙…‰i™…™…∆ i…∫®……±……‰EÚ…i…¬ …÷x…Æ‰ i™…∫®…Ë ±……‰EÚ…™… EÚ®…«h…< i… * (§…fi. 4-4-6.)

Experiencing in the other world, the end of whatever work it does in this life, itcomes from that world again to this world for new work.

These Ðruti statements are further supported by the Ðruti sentence "™…l……EÚ… Æ˙™…l……S…… Æ˙ i…l…… ¶…¥… i…, ∫……v…÷EÚ… Æ˙ ∫……v…÷¶…«¥… i…, ………EÚ… Æ˙ …………‰ ¶…¥… i…, …÷h™…& …÷h™…‰x… EÚ®…«h…… ¶…¥… i…,………& ………‰x… * (§…fi 3. 4-4-5) i.e. one reaps the fruits of one's deeds, if one does gooddeeds, he attains merit, if one does bad, he becomes sinner. One can guess theKarma of previous birth from the Karma of present existence, which leads to believethat rebirth is necessary for them, Who belong to Karmam~rga. Those who performKarma in detached way, Karma becomes helpful for them in their spiritual progress,but this Karma cannot help in avoiding rebirth. There is no proof for that (¥…i…«®……x…V…x®…EÚ®…«h……‰&…⁄¥…«V…x®…∫…∆§…Œxv… EÚ®……«x…÷®………EÚi¥…∆ ¥…ni…“ i… EÚÃ®…h…& …÷x…V…«x®… +…¥…∂™…EÚ ®… i… Y……™…i…‰ * ... x…¥…fik…®……M…«“«™…∫™…… ™…i…∫™… Y……x……‰…EÚi…fi«i¥…®……j…∆ x… i…÷ V…x®… x…¥…i…«EÚi¥…∆ ®……x……¶……¥……i…¬ *(Anu 4-1-1).

In the Tattv~rthad§panibandha, the Karma is enumerated of twelve Kinds, viz (1)S~tivika, (2) R~jasa, (3) T~masa (4) Sattvika - S~ttvik~ (5) Sattvika - R~jasa (6)S~ttvika T~maga, (7) R~jasa S~ttvika (8) R~jasa- R~jasa, (9) R~jasa - T~masa, (10)T~masa - S~ttvika, (11) T~masa - R~jasa, and (12) T~masa - T~masa - Those whoperform S~ttvika Karma according to Ðrutis, obtain heaven and is encircled bybeautiful women and aeroplanes.

∫……Œk¥…EÚ& ∫……Œk¥…E‰Ú EÚ®…« ™…l……∏…÷ i……Æ˙& EfiÚi…“ *∫¥…M…«±……‰EÚ∫i…∫™… ∫…r˘v™…‰n¬ ¥…®……x…∫j…“ ¶…Æ˙…¥…fii…& ** (i….n˘“. x…. 258)

Those who perform R~jasa Karma become happy in this world.

Æ˙…V…∫… EÚ®…« E÷Ú¥……«h……‰ ®…‰¥……« n˘∫…÷J…¶……M…¬ ¶…¥…‰i…¬‰ (i….n˘“ x…. 260)Those who performch. T~masa Karma become happy in the Nether world i.e.

……i……±….

i……®…∫…∆ EÚ®…« E÷Ú¥……«h…& ……i……±…‰ ∫…÷J…¶……M…¬ ¶…¥…‰i…¬ (i….n˘“. x…. 260)Thus, the other kinds also get fruit accordingly. Basically, Karma is performed

because of lack of perfect understanding and there emerges three kinds of Karma,Viz. S~tvika, R~jasa and T~masa.

+™…l……Y……x…i…& EÚ®…« E÷Ú¥……«h…… ª… ¶… ¥…v…… ®…i……& * (i……. x…. 247)Those who perform T~masa and R~jasa Karma, they may obtain sin, and those

who perform S~ttvika Karma should earn merit, But S~ttvika Karma and merit earnedthereby does not help to attain liberation, S~ttvika Karma only obtains heaven andthat also for some time and not permanently. When the merit earned earlier is over,then that j§va dives from there. He takes birth among good people with help of theremainder part of the Karma fruit. Bhagavadgita (9-21) also says that, after meritbecomes diminished, j§va comes back to the earth.

i…‰ i…∆ ¶…÷Ci¥…… ∫¥…M…«iM…‰E∆Ú ¥…∂……±…∆I…“h…‰ …÷h™…‰ ®…i™…«±……‰E∆Ú ¥…∂…Œxi… *B¥…∆ j…™…“v…®…«®…x…÷|……z……- M…i……M…i…∆ EÚ…®…EÚ…®…… ±…¶…xi…‰ **∫……Œk¥…EÚEÚÆ˙h…Ë∂S… V……™…®……x…®… … Y……x…∆ |…EfiÚ i…EËÚ¥…±™…®…‰¥… +¥…M……Ω˛i…‰, x…i…÷ •…¿EËÚ¥…±™…®…¬ * On

+…¥…Æ˙h…¶…R¬ÛM…]ı“EÚ… (257, ∫…¥…« x…h…«™… i….n˘“. x….)The Karma, according to V~llabhas, is one of the dhidaivika power of the God.

These powers are manifest in the Aksarabrahman. These powers remain dormantuntill the Karma is performed. Once the action is performed, the dormant Karmapower becomes activated. (7)

P~th of Karma, according to V~llabha's is fourfold, viz, Ðrautakarma (Karmaprescribed by Vedas), Sm~rtaKarma (Karma prescribed by Smrtis), Paur~mikaKarma and Varn~Ñrama Karma. Ðrauta Karma is propitiating the fire thinking thatdifferent Gods are being propitiated. Because of performing different sacrifices, theyattain different deities in S~yujya Mukti.

(i…k…n‰¥……‰……∫…EÚ…x……®……V…x®……‰……∫…x…‰ °Ú±…®…¬ *i…k…i∫……™…÷V™…Ø˚…… n˘ ¥…‰n˘…‰HÚ…x……®…x…‰EÚv…… ** i….n˘“. x…. 265.

¥…‰n˘…‰HÚ…x……®…+C™……n˘“x……∆ n‰¥……‰……∫…x…§…÷r¬™…… +ŒMx…Ω˛…‰j…… Ω˛ |…EÚÆ˙h…‰ ¶…‰n˘§…÷r‰Ã¥…t®……x…i¥……i…¬ i…k…n¬n‰¥…i…… ∫……™…÷V™…®…¬ *)

Those who pray and worship the gods like Durg~, Ganapati etc. as described indifferent Pur~nas are the Paur~nikas and worshipping thus is Paur~nika Karma.Deities in PaÁc~yatana also are Paur~nika deities . The fruit of Paur~nika Karma alsois S~yujya Mukti (liberation). (……ËÆ˙… h…EÚ…x……∆ S… i…l…… i….n˘“. x…. 265; ……ËÆ˙… h…EÚ…n÷M……«M…h…… i…|…¶…fii…™…& * i….n“. x…. 265). Sm~rta Karma is code of conduct prescribed in theSmrtis, Varn~Ñramakarma is the Karma prescribed for different varnas and ~Ñramas.Here, Vallabh~c~rya says that, since multiple deities are worshipped in Karmam~rgaand Karma is of importance in worshipping so, the fruit thereby is according toKarmam~rga only. The fruit of =……∫…x…… will not be there'. (BEÚn˘… §…Ω÷n‰¥…i……‰……∫…x……™……∆EÚ®…«|……v……x™……i…¬ EÚ®…«®……M…‘™…®…‰¥… °Ú±…∆, x……‰……∫…x…… °Ú±…®…¬ * i….n˘“. x…. 266).

Karmam~rga is, indeed, unfathomable. It cannot be surmised even by Brahm~.It is because, when some actions are prescribed by the Scriptures. Many prohibited



actions come simultaneously along with it, and vice versa, therefore, even afterperforming certain actions, it is difficult to say, which action will yield what kind offruit. The cause of such situation is God only. Gold Himself being in form of Karma,`He will reveal Himself, by His own Will. The presence of God in form of action doesnot implicate lack of fruit, Fruit of action is necessarily there. Karma performed untildeath yields fruit. (i….n˘“. x…. 268. EÚ®…«h…“ ¥…v™…∆∂…‰ x… π…r˘… x… ∫…Ω˛ª…∆ …i…Œxi… * i…l…… x… π…r‰ ¥… Ω˛i…… x… * i…‰x… EÚ∫™… °Ú±…∆ ¶…¥…‰ n˘ i… ∫…¥…Êπ……®…‰¥… ∂…R¬ÛEÚ… * i…j… Ω‰i…÷®……Ω˛ <«∑…Æ˙i¥…… n˘ i… *EÚ®…«∫¥…∞¸…“ ¶…M…¥……x…“∑…Æ˙& ∫¥…‰SUÙ™…… ÀEÚ∞¸……‰% ¶…¥™…HÚ…‰ ¶…¥…‰ n˘ i… x… Y……™…i…‰ * +i……‰ ¥… v…¥™…«l…« < i… x…,°Ú±…∆ i…÷ x…™…i…®…¬ * i…j…… … n‰Ω˛…¥…∫……x…‰ ™…i… EÚ®…« i…n‰¥… °Ú±…n˘…™…EÚ®…¬ * i…n˘“ x…. 268.).

One really cannot, Say in what way the will of God would be revealed. If thegrace of God is there, then the fruit would be good and if God is angry, the fruit ofKarma is bad.

Thus, the final giver of fruit (EÚ®…«°Ú±…|…n˘…i……) is God only, God is every thing, i.e.Karma is God, doer is God, fruit of Karma is God and the giver of fruit also is God. Thefreedom from Karma and its fruit depends on God's grace according to V~llabhas.The best means of liberation is Bhakti. Other means of liberation are for lesser eligible(+ v…EÚ… Æ˙) j§vas. They worship in order to obtain the fruit. The fruit of karma - whetherhere or hereafter - is bestowed by the God only. (i…SS… °Ú±…n…i…fii¥… B¥… ∫…®¶…¥…i…“ i… * +i…<«∑…Æ˙…n‰¥… °Ú±…∆ ¶…¥… i… ™…œiEÚŒ\S…q‰ Ω˛E∆Ú ……Æ˙±……Ë EÚE∆Ú ¥…… Anu 3-2-38). The doubt May arise that,if God is capable to give the fruit and He is the fruit, then why he inspires J§vas toperform Karma ? The answer is, God propells j§va to perform Karma, so thatinjunctions and prohibitions prescribed in the scripture are not rendered meaningless.(An 4.2-3-41)

Bibliography -

1. Tattvh~chrthad§panibandha - Part 1, Ðri Vallabh~carya. Sri Vallabhavidyapith- Sri Vitthaleshprabrhucharanashrama Trust, Kolhapur, V. S. 2039.

2. Ðrimad Brahmasãtr~nubh~syam - Guj. - Tr - Dr. A. D. Shastri, ParshvaPublication, Ahmedabad - 1998.

3. Patr~valambanam - Ðri Vallabh~c~rya, Sri VallabhaVidyapith - Shri Vitthaleshprabhucharana Trust, Kolhapur, V.S. 2052.

4. The Brhad~ranyaka Upanisad - Eng. Tr., Sri Ramkrishan Math, Madras.1992.

THE FORM AND THE PECULIARITIES OFTHE INDIAN PHILOSOPHY

ACCORDING TO ACHARYA SHREEANANDSHANKAR DHRUVA

n Dr. Dilip CharanLecturer : Department of Philosophy, Gujarat university, Ahmedabad.

The reformation that began in India underthe influence of the Western renaissance,could not be widely accepted and the chiefest

reason for the objection was that it was against theIndian religious mind. Instead of this, there began a novelreligion based social movement in the country. In Gujarat,Anandshankar Dhruva (1869-1942) firmly believed in thisideology of Manibhai Nabhubhai Dwivedi. Anandshankar’sprime concern has been to rethink and re-establish theIndian spiritual heritage. According to him, philosophy is :

“... the intellectual thought on thefundamental philosophical form beyond theapparent form of the thing.”

(Shukla : 1998 : Dharmavichar, 17)

Manifesting this definition of philosophy,Anandshankar accepts it as a cluster of ethics andaesthetics. He further enumerates the form and field ofphilosophy in the following terms :

“Philosophy is an eye to observe theworld, and as it is with the “gyani” it isalso necessary for all. It is doubtful tocoin that philosophy is a branch ofknowledge just like the other fields. Infact, philosophy enters every sphere ofknowledge because it is in the foundationof everything... philosophy is present evenin the roots and the meanings of historyand science also.” [Sahityavichar : 78]

2

THE FORM AND THE PECULIARITIES OF THE INDIAN PHILOSOPHY 7


So by receiving philosophy in a wider perspective, Anandshankar clearlybrings forward its relationship with the life in general.

In one of his essays, “Apanun Tatvagyan” Anandshankar signifies theIndian philosophy by maintaining that the Indian philosophy is one of hermajor prides. His analysis of the Indian philosophy with the help of thehistorical methods ontologically proves that ours is the living philosophy,full of ‘chaitanya’ and it is capable of playing major role in thephilosophical growth of the universe. Anandshankar is a staunch believer ofthe idea that Indian philosophy is not a static one, but it is ever changingand growing. He puts this idea as :

“The philosophy of India is not a suddenly found oldskeleton, but a constant “vedkalin” living identity, full of“chaitanya” which has been growing perpetually. Therefore,instead of praising its body merely, the emergence of itssoul should be more concerntrated upon.”

[Dharmavichar : 439]

Thus, our philosophy according to Anandshankar, is not a shatteredknowledge but a perpetual thing which can withstand and support the modernWestern philosophy also. Such an Indian tradition peculiarly involves religion,philosophy and literature in its body itself. A group of Western philosophersopines that this tradition is somewhat faulty because of its permanent, deepattachment with religion. But Anandshankar more convincing replies that thefusion of religion and philosophy is quite natural as the content of these bothis singular in nature. According to him :

It is philosophy’s prime function to examine and realisethe religious truth, while religion shows and implements inlife the view that the universe is based ‘ë’ [“dhruv”] uponthe philosophical truth. So, the real success is there wherethey coalesce naturally. [Dharmavichar : 20]

Further, Anandshankar emphasises to have religion and philosophy asdivergent aspects in the West has historical background rather thanphilosophical. He provides strong historical supports to this statement bymentioning that Europe took its religion from Palestine while its philosophywas taken from Greece. As a result, these both remained alienated fromeach other. However, the initial principles of the Christianity were formulatedunder the impact of Greek philosophy only. Even, during the Middle Agesalso the Christian missionaries were under the powerful influence ofAristotle. But as Anandshankar postulates, gradually the principles ofChristianity lost their grip over the philosophical base and the reciprocaloppositions began to appear. At that particular juncture, some religious

authorities parted religion and philosophy to prevent their mutual conflict.Anandshankar is firmly against this partition which he calls as “krutrim”and “mithya”.

By analysing both the Indian and Occidental origin of philosophy inthis manner, Anandshankar establishes the apparent non-opposite aspectsof Indian philosophy as the natural and unavoidable ones. From the veda/upanishad era to the Renaissance, literature has been performing as themedium in imparting knowledge in the fields of religion and philosophy.Anandshankar states :

... Indian philosophy ... is reflected in the oldestvedpurana books’ poetic talents. This is philosophy’sbhushan-not a dushan. [Dharmvichar : 24]

Anandshankar is a staunch critic of the Western concept where avery limited epistemological understanding prevails : the method asknowledge. This concept had been in practice during the Middle Agessince the Aristotelian era and in the modern times also the same limitedepistemological understanding persists under the influence of Kant.Anandshankar maintains that this obstinacy regarding the dependence ofknowledge on method is altogether improper if the very form of theknowledge is taken into consideration. For him, the knowledge is a livingphenomenon and it can grow only under restrainless full-freedom. Not onlythis, almost all the major epistemological results have emerged not throughthe strict methodological thinking, but through a natural divyadarshan. Sucha divyadarshan includes in itself the poetic genius as one of its forms.Thus, philosophy is not attainable (sadhya) merely to the philosophers, butto the poets as well. W.B. Yeats, an Irish poet, is of the same opinionwhen he propounds :

“Whatever of philosophy has been made, poetry aloneis permanent.” [Dharmavichar : 21]

Or, to quote DEAN INGE, the renowned modern English philosopher :

Have not the profoundest institution of faith been oftenwrapped up in poetical myths and symbols ... ? ... Andhave not the greatest philosopher been more than halfpoets ? We values Spinoza not for his geometricalmetaphysics but for the flashes of vision in which the amorintellectualist make him a “God drunken man”. Plato is forever unintelligible till we read him as a prophet and prose-poet and cease to hunt for a system in his writings.[Dharmavichar : 21]

Apart form this Western connotations, Anandshankar exemplifies theemergence of philosophy in Indian poetic genius also. He mentioned the



term udgith of upanishad where udgith stand for “the spoken”. To him, it ismore beautiful, gorgeous and meaningful to imagine the maker of theuniverse as a poet or musician rather than a potter or watch repairer.

So, the expression of the philosophical truth is not restricted by anystatic system. It is, on the country independent to get itself expressed.This very thought is the essential peculiarity of the Indian philosophy.

Some Western philosophers disagree with the Indian concepts of theAbsolute where its form is taken up as nirakar and shabdatit. They alsocall this as a major drawback in the Indian philosophy. However, accordingto Anandshankar, the form of the Absolute itself and limitations of thehuman epistemology necessitate to have such a concept. So,Anandshankar notes :

Whenever there is a religious vision in accepting theAbsolute whether of this world or the other - there will beno way out except achintya. And form this achintya it self.neti-neti is originated.

[Dharmavichar : 452]

Thus, Anandshankar precisely proves the very subtlest form of theAbsolute by exemplifying at a great length, and it is because of thissubtlety that there are differences in describing the Absolute. The humanintellect, because of its limitations, fails to understand the whole of theAbsolute. Therefore, the Indian philosophers have sought for neti-neti toavoid the conflicts in understanding the form of the Absolute. As theAbsolute is an object of experience rather than of intellect, any descriptionregarding it would end in singularity.

Anandshankar, moreover, does not approve of the Westernphilosophical concept that philosophy should be taken up according to thehistorical chronologies. For him, the thought can be arranged without theapplication of any imaginative historical structure. So he outrightly rejectsthe Hegelian formula of historical method in philosophy. Instead of this,Anandshankar examines the Indian philosophy without such fixed formula.Then he shows the growth of the different thought-flows which, according tohim, ultimately mingle in Shakracharya’s kevaladvaita.

It is quite clear through a variety of examples that Anandshankarprominently emerges as a forerunner of the Indian philosophical truth. Hisontological dealing with the fundamental concepts like the IndianRenaissance, the Absolute, the system of neti-neti, chaitanya, kevaladvaitaetc. are extremely minute and precise. Further his interpretation of theIndian and the ontological concept of philosophy establish him as anunrivalled interpreter of such conflicting issues. His very idea, that religion

and philosophy are a sweet fusion instead of a confusion, speaks out in anut-shell the clarity of his vision. Again when he propounds the possibilitiesthat the philosophical truth can well be expressed through the poeticgenius, he almost succeeds in answering the perpetual conflict betweenphilosophy and poetry. Anandshankar’s defence of the Indian concept ofneti-neti in defining the Absolute is a gem of his thinking. He humblystrengthens the idea that the limitations of the human brain hurdle andpossible universal meaning of the Absolute. Anandshankar thus firmlymaintains that the complete flow of the Indian philosophical thoughtultimately meets the greater flow of Shree Shankaracharya’s kevaladvaita.Notes :1) The present paper is based on the two presidential lectures delivered

by Acharya Shree Anandshankar Dhruva at “The Indian PhilosophicalCongress” in 1926 [Banares] and 1928 [Madaras] respectively.

Bibliogrphy

Anandshankar Dhruva, 1959, Dharmvarnan, 3rd Edition, Vadodara : OrientialInstitute.

Anandshankar Dhruva, 1969, Hindu Dharma ni Balapothi, 4th Edition, Mumbai :Sastu Sahitya Vardhak Karyalaya.

Anandshankar Dhruva, 1960, Hindu Ved Dharma, 1st Edition, Vadodara :Oriental Institute.

Pathak, Ramnarayan V. eds. 1966, Anandshankar Dhruva - Sahityavichar,Ahmedabad : Gurjar Grantha Ratna Karyalaya.

Shukla, Yaswant. eds. 1998, An Anandshankar Dhruva Shreni - Dharmavichar -1 & 2, Gandhinagar : Gujarat Sahitya Akademi



EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP - NATUREAND CONCEPTUALIZATION*

n Dr. Amrut J. BharvadLecturer, Dept. of Education, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad

ABSTRACT :

All educational institutions have certain people in theleadership positions. Only few of the them are privileged tohave leaders in leadership positions. Other have eitheradministratiors or managers.

Administrators manage rules, regulations and protocols.Managers manage tasks and people. Leaders manage dreamsand visions.

Leaders create much large work space with their owndreams and visions., Leaders inspire and influence people inthe organization to cherish dream, construct adn move into thefuture. `Leaders create and change cultures.' Managers livewith them. Leaders are also people who have the capacity tomotivate and inspire others to think beyond their currentframework to what is desirable, necessary and possible.

Leaders in leadership positions can be by design ordefault. The corporate world and even private enterprises ineducation choose persons with leadership skills and qualitiesfor leadership positions.

One of the commonly known typologies classifeisleadership into theree categories, namely the authoritarian, thedemocratic and the laize - fair.

Organizational leadership is function of official positionand personal skills, official position makes one a designated`leader' through placement in the organizational hierarchy,couples with financial and administrative powers.

There is a fairly large body of Indian research literature onleadership in general and in education in particular. Almost allresearch studies and assessment of leadership skills and stylesare influenced by the west.

3

Experimental College of Education Prantij(Affiliated to Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan)

&

Rajasthan Council for Educational Administration & Management (RCEAM)

International Conference

on

`Educational Leadership in Pluralistic Society'

(12-13 November-, 2005, Prantij)

Educational Leadership - Nature and conceptualization

By Amrut J. Bharvad Lecturer, Dept. of Education, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad

INTRODUCTIONAll educational institutions have certain people in the leadership positions.

Only few of them are privileged to have leaders in leadership positions. Others haveeither administrators or managers.

Administrators manage rules, regulations and protocols. Managers managetasks and people. Leaders manage dreams and visions.

Leaders Manage Vision and dreams

Managers Manage tasks and People

Administrator Manage rulesregulations protocols

Workspace of administrators, managers and leaders.Administrators operate within the small circle tied down by rules, regulations

and protocols. Managers operate in larger work space; they subsume administrationwith primary concern for tasks and people in the organization as they exist. Leaderscreate much large work space with their own dreams and visions; they subsume both

* A research paper presented at International Conference on “EducationalLeadership in Pluralistic Society” at Experimental College of Education, Prantijon12th & 13th November 2005.

EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP - NATURE 13


administrators and managers as much as they contribute to realization of their dreamsand visions of the organizations. Leaders inspire and influence people in the organiza-tion to cherish dream, construct and move into the future “Leaders create and changecultures” (Schein, 1992); managers live with them “Leaders are also people who havethe capacity to motivate and inspire others to think beyond their current frameworksto what is desirable, necessary and possible. They enjoy the spirit and energy, creat-ing optimal environment for information, quality and enterprise. They change mind-sets and practice and gain co-operation and commitment, even in an environmentinitially characterized by low trust and low morale. They redefine and reform organiza-tions”. (Latcham and Hanna 2001). ‘Robbins and Finley (1997) credit organizationalchange to talented leadership’, whether in the top levels of the organization or theteam levels.CHOICES FOR LEADERSHIP POSITIONS

Leaders in leadership positions can be by design or default. The corporateworld and even private enterprises in education choose persons with leadership skillsand qualities for leadership positions. The choice of leaders for leadership positions insuch cases is by design. This is not so in case of state-funded and state controlledinstitutions. The selection and placement of people in leadership positions in thestate managed schools, colleges and universities do not take into account leardershipskills as a requirement. Exceptions apart, the appointments, in schools and colleges,to the position of headmaster or principal is by and large according to seniority.ORGANIZATIONAL LIFE AND LEADERSHIP

Leadership (effectiveness) is also related to the stage of development of anorganization. Organizations are conceptualized and established, they grow, stabilizeand decay; they redefine goals, tasks and processes, and being a new journey. Clarkclassified organizational life into four periods.Formative Period – the founding vision is present; however, there are no formal

definitions. Experimentation and innovation usually take place during thistime.

Rapid Growth Period – Growth and gains are sustained through direction and co-ordination. Change is centered on the purpose of the organization and othermain stream business.

Mature Period – Growth levels are off during this period. Changes are needed tomaintain what has been established and to assure the maximum gains areachieved.

Declining Period – This period includes though objectives and compassionate imple-mentation. The goal is to get out of the old and move into something new.

LEADERSHIP TYPOLOGIESOne of the commonly known typologies classifies leadership into three

categories, namely the authoritarian, the democratic and the laize-faire. The firstcategory of heads of institutions decide what to do, when to do, how to do, etc. all bythemselves and instruct others to carry out. The second category of heads of institutionspose problems to others in the organization, ask their views, seek solution ideas,

formulate solutions on the basis of their views and get them revalidated; they alsoseek others’ View on how to do when to do and even who would do. The third categoryof heads of institutions leave things to happen.

Baddaracco and Ellsworth (1989) offer another typology for understandingleadership roles. Leadership roles are guided by one of the three philosophies namelypolitical, attractive and values driven:

Ø The political leader is a strategist; he adjusts his vision o the future andmutually defines goals with the inherent resistance to change within theorganization; he is aware and conscious of such resistances.

Ø The directive leader directs the organization towards a well – defined goalbased on SWOT, that is assessment of organizational strengths, weaknesses,opportunities and threats; he takes key-decisions personally. He relies uponstructure and system to control decision while challenging the conventionalwisdom.

Ø The values driven leader is a pace – setter, leading by example, throughwalking the talk. He demonstrates values for the followers, emphasizing onoverall organizational purpose rather then one’s own self – interest.

Accordingly, they identified four style, namely directive (high concern for task but lowconcern for relationship), coaching (high concern for task and high concern forrelationship), supporting or participating (high concern for relationship but low con-cern for task) and delegating style (low concern for both task and relationship).

Ø In the directive style, the leader tends to dictate.Ø In the coaching style, he or she primarily acts as a coach to ensure

accomplishment of goals. This is an important style for the heads ofthe institution while introducing innovation and change.

Ø In the participating style, the leader involves himself or herself alongwith the followers in actually carrying out the tasks with the mainobjective of keeping the people happy.

Ø In the delegating style, the leader trusts his/her followers, and al-lows members to take responsibility along with rights to innovate,change and redefine their roles.

The emotional intelligence guru, Daniel Goleman (2002) made a refreshingcontribution in the understanding of leadership and the dynamics of the relationshipbetween the leader and his/her follower in his books, Primal Leadership and The NewLeaders. His basic thrust is on leading with emotional intelligence’ by generatingresonance with the followers. Accordingly, he classified leadership styles into resonantand dissonant styles. Visionary Leadership style is the most positive as it movespeople towards shared dreams when changes require a new vision and a clear direction.

Ø Coaching Style is highly positive since it connects personal goalswith organizational vision.

Ø Affiliative Style makes positive impact by connecting people to eachother.

Ø Democratic Style also exerts positive impact since it values people’s

EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP - NATURE 15


input and gets commitment through participation.In the Indian paradigm, human nature is governed by three qualities namely sattvik,

rajasik and tamasik. According to this theory, every individual has all the three qualitiesbut in different proportions; also for the same individual at some point of time onequality may be dominant over the other two.

Ø Sattuik quality stands for knowledge, illumination, sense of dutywithout attachment,

Ø Rajasik quality stands for action, high energy, urge to dominate othersand material possession, etc.

Ø Tamosik quality implies lethargy, inertia, ignorance, lack of interest,etc.

The dominance of the rajasik quality is likely to make one an authoritarian leader;the tamasik quality is likely to make a person laize-faire, and sattvik quality is likelyto make a person democratic and the delegative. The Western theories of power andauthority fit into the Indian paradigm very well.CONCLUSION

There is a fairly large body of Indian research literature on leadership, ingeneral and in education in particular. Almost all research studies and assessmentsof leadership skills and styles arc based on the use of tools made in the west likeLBDQ and LEAD Questionnaires. Just as the FPS system cannot generate data incentimeters and grams, the leadership measurement tools developed in the westernworld have only helped measuring Indian leaders against western norms. Indian leadershave been measured against ‘initiating structure’ and ‘consideration’ in LBDQ or interms of the four styles proposed by Hersey and Blanchard. Such measurements donot represent 6thos, culture and intricacies of Indian leadership in Indian institutions.Deriving strength from the western researches, it is important and necessary to carryout qualitative analysis of leadership behavior of the Indian leaders in education tounderstand what leadership attributes and styles works in building Indian institutions.

REFERENCEBaddaracco, J. L. and Ellasworth, R.R:. (1989), Leadership and quest for Integrity ,

Harvard Business School press, Boston, MA.Bhatnagar R. P.; Bhatnagar A. B. and Agrawal Vidhya: (1995), Educational

Administration, Surya publication, MeerutBuch Piloo, Sharma M. and Rai Kamal : (1973), Diagnosing School Personality,

Center of Advanced Study in Education, Baroda.Hughes J. M.: (1957), Human Relations in Educational Organizations, Harper and

Brothers, New York.Mukhopadhyay, Marmar: (2001), Total Quality Management in Education , NIEPA,

New Delhi.Mukhopadhyay, Marmar: (2004), Leadership for Institution Building in Education ,

Society for educational Research and Development, Baroda.Shuster A. H. and Westizer : (1958) Leadership in School Administration and

Supervision , Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston.

STUDY OF PERSONALITY TRAITS OFALCOHOLIC AND NON-ALCOHOLIC PERSONS

n Mukesh S. PrajapatiLecturer, S. V. College, Ahmedabad

n Dr. Ashwin B. JansariHead & Reader, Dept. Psychology, Guj. Uni., Ahmedabad.

ABSTRACT :

An attempt is made to study the relation of alcoholicnon-alcoholic persons with personality factors. Thesample consisted of 60 persons in Ahmedabad of which30 where alcoholic and 30 were non-alcoholic.Personality traits of persons were measured by usingBhargav's Dimension Personality inventory. The datawas analysed by using `t' test technique. The studyrevealed that there was significant relationship betweenalcoholic and non-alcoholic persons and their personalitytraits. Alcoholic persons showed more suspiciousnessthen non-alcoholic persons.INTRODUCTION :

Physicians regard alcoholism as a disease broughton by some problem inside the body such as a geneticdefect. Psychologist attribute alcoholism to the alcoholicpersonality, which includes being antisocial, beingdependant on others, and being tough and aggressive.To sociologist, alcoholism develops from a socialsituation where psychologically, vulnerable individualsare pressured by drinking companions to drink heavity,or from a culture that encourages people to use alcoholto alleviate personal problems.

Most psychologists, psychoanalysts andpsychiatrists attribute alcoholism to one or more negativepersonality traits. A large number of these traits havebeen identified. They include being antisocial,

4

STUDY OF PERSONALITY TRAITS OF ALCOHOLIC AND... 17


manipulative, attention - seeking, rebellious, impulsive, egocentric, gregarious,hyperactive, passive-dependant, depressed, anxious, hysterical,hypochondria-cal, ambivalent and hostile. Alcoholic are also assumed tohave weak ego, poor self-concept, low frustration tolerance, the illusion ofomnipotence, castration, anxiety, neurotic guilt, schizoid withdrawal, or sexualimmaturity. These are only a faw personality deficits that have supposedlybeen found in alcoholics. (Thio, 1987).

Rangaswamy (1983) concluded that the positive relationships betweenlife stress and consumption of alcohol and other drugs. Dubey (1994) resultsimply that alcoholics faced major life stress and daily minor pressures,problems and difficulties to a greater extent as compared to the recoveringand non-alcoholics. Gunthey (1997) have found that adjustment problems inthe area of health, social emotional would be more sevene in drug users.Tomasson (2004) showed that women with problem of alcohol abuse workingin nursing homes have significant medical problems and psycho-socialmorbidity that was not reflected in their sick leave.

Chandra (2004) have observed alcohol dependants scored significantlyhigh in temperament, dimension of novelty seeking harm avoidance andcharacter dimension of self-transcendence and low in self-directedness andcooperativeness. Rao (2004) reported that the psychological distress was adistinctive function of excessive alcohol consumption and that it woulddisappedar with abstinence from alcohol consumption.

However, there seems to be hardly any systematic research onpersonality traits of alcohol and non-alcoholic persons. Hence, the presentinvestigation attempts to examine these aspects.

OBJECTIVE OF STUDY :

The objective of study is to find out the relationships betweenpersonality traits of alcoholic and non-alcoholic persons.

HYPOTHESIS :

There is no significant mean difference in personality traits ofalcoholic and non-alcoholic persons.

METHOD

Sample : The Sample sonsisted of 60 males - 30 alcoholic and 30Non-alcoholic residing in the city of Ahmedabad of Gujarat. The age rangewas 18 to 50.

Tool : The dimensional personality Inventory (D.P.I.) HIndi developedby Bhargav (1998). It consists of 60 statements which measures sixpersonality dimensions. Each personality traits is measured by 10 itemsthrough three response alternatives - yes, undecided and no. it measurespersonality dimensions of the adult persons. AVerage test - retest reliability

have been obtained 0.68 for six dimensions. The validity of D.P.I. with Sen'sPTI is 0.93. Also found satisfactory validity of DPI with Kapoor's 16 P.F.questionnaire form A.

Procedure :

Male alcoholic and non-alcoholic who are residing in Ahmedabadwere randomly selected and administered Bhargav's DPI. The ob-tained data from respondents has been analysed with the help of `t'test (Levin, 1986) to sutdy the effect of variables.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION :Table 1

Mean, S.D, and `t' value of personality traits of Alcoholic and non-alcoholic male.

No. Personality Factors Alcoholic Non- `t` Level ofAlcohlic Value significant

Mean & Mean &SD SD

1. Activity-Passivity 15.53 15.73 0.29 Non Signi.2.56 2.74

2. Enthusiastic-non 12.97 13.70 0.72 Non Signi.enthusiastic 4.00 3.88

3. Assertive- 11.00 11.23 0.27 Non Signi.Submissive 3.19 3.54

4. Suspicious-trusting 10.40 7.03 2.48 Significant*5.99 4.49

5. Depressive non- 12.00 11.70 0.33 Non Signi.depressive 3.87 3.22

6. Emotional instability 11.27 10.60 0.49 Non Signi.and emotional 5.53 5.04stability

* 0.05 level

TAble - 1 showed no significant effects of Activity - Passivity Enthusiastic - nonenthusiastic, Assertive - Submissive, Depressive non-depressive and Emotionalinstability and emotional stability on alcoholic and non-alcoholic persons. But there issignificant effect of Suspicaious trusting personality traits on alcoholic and non-alcoholic persons. The `t' value 2.48 has been found significant at 0.05 level. Fromtable it could be observed that the mean scores for alcoholic and non-alcoholic were10.40 and 7.03 respectively. The difference between two mean is 3.37. The resultsthus further showe that the alcoholic person showed more suspiciousness than nonalcoholic persons.

The reasons for more suspiciousness in alcoholic persons probably is due toaddiiction. Modern life is full of stress and strains. The Alcoholic get very littleopportunity of enjoyment, satisfaction, peace and happiness in their life. They arealso emotionally unstable as compared to non-alcoholic. Alcoholic adjusts

STUDY OF PERSONALITY TRAITS OF ALCOHOLIC AND... 19


unsatisfactorily towards their home surrounding.5 They also show unsatisfactorysocial adjustment. So they become more suspicious. High score shows the paranoidtendency of the individual which is reflected in his suspicious nature about others,apprehensive, no faith in others, blaming others for his all failures and non achievementfeeling misconception of people about himself.

REFERENCES Bhargav, M. (1998) Dimensional Personality Inventory, Agra Nandani Enterprises. Chandra, A. and Khess, C.R.T. (2004) Personality Dimensions Of Patients with

Alcohol Dependence. A study Using TCL. India, Journal of Social Psychiatry 20(1-4) 59-62

Dubey, S.N. and G. Vijya Kumar (1994) Environmental Stress and Alcoholism.Indian Journal of Applied Psycology 31 (1) 39-43

Gunthey, R.K. and Jain Manisha (1997) Family environmental and AdjustmentProblem of drug users Prachi Journal of Psycho-Cultural Dimensions. 13 (2)91-95.1

Levin, R.I. (1986) Statistics for management New Delhi, Prentice Hall of India. Rangaswamy, K. (1983) Personality, life events and Alcoholism Indian Journal

of Clinical psychology. 10 (1) 179-182 Rao, M.C., Shivkumar, K. and Kaljaperumw, V.G. (2004) The relationship

between the psychological Distress and Alcohol dependance. Indian Journal ofSocial Psychiatry 2 (1-4) 54 - 58

Thio Alex (1987) Deviant Behaviour New York, Harper and Row publishers. Tomasson, K., Gurmarsdoffir, H. and Rafrudothip, G (2004) Correlations of

probable Alcohol Abuse among women working in nursing homes. Journal ofPublic Health. 32 (1) 47 - 52.

CHALLENGES TO TEACHING OFENGLISH IN TRIBAL AREAS

n Dr. Jagdish S. JoshiReader, Academic Staff College, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad

Present paper is a part of my presentation atU.G.C. sponsored two day seminar on‘Teaching of English in Tribal Areas”, organised

by The Arts college, Shamlaji. The subject needs attention.There are various challenges to Teaching of English in TribalAreas.

Ø The first challenge is not teaching of English butteaching or literacy itself.

I would like to draw your attention to some facts aboutliteracy rates of India.

The present chart shows data about literacy rate ofIndia in 2001.

Persons Males Females

Total 359,284,417 229,531,935 129,752,482

Literacy Rate 52.21% 64.13% 39.29%

Rural 226,144,087 151,216,579 74,927,508

Literacy Rate 44.69% 57.87% 30.62%

Urban 133,140,330 78,315,356 54,824,974

Literacy Rate 73.08% 81.09% 64.05%

The difference between literacy rates of Urban and Rural areasis remarkable. Let’s have a look at literacy rate of tribal areas.

Tribal Education in India: Report by National Institute

5

CHALLENGES TO TEACHING OF ENGLISH IN TRIBAL AREAS 21


of Education (India), Tribal Education Unit - Tribal Education Unit, Dept. ofAdult Education (Page 68) reads:

“Literacy rate of tribal areas is only 8.54 per cent as againstthe general literacy rate of 24 per cent.”

And, “According to the census figures, the gap between the generalpopulation including the Scheduled Tribes and the Scheduled Tribeswas 18.15% in 1971, 19.88% in 1981 and 22.61% in 1991. Since theScheduled Tribes, who constituted about 8.1% of the totalpopulations according to 1991 census, are also included in the generalpopulation, in actual terms, the gap in the literacy rate is much higher.”(http://www.achrweb.org/Review/2004/30-04.htm)

It is evident form the above mentioned data that literacy rate of theTribal Areas is very low compared to other areas.

Ø The drop out rate is also very high in tribal areas compared to other areas.The drop out rate is apparently high in the higher education. Because

the problems of adjustments grow, the drop out rate increases with thestudent’s growth. The capacity to earn grows and opportunity to learn issnatched.

Ø They are very poor in the language of the state: Gujarati language. The peopleof tribal areas have their special dialect or in some way their special language.Some of them are not able to converse in Gujarati. There is a need to teachGujarati and then we can talk about teaching of other languages.

Ø They have to learn three to four languages:1. Mother tongue,2. Gujarati3. Hindi, and4. English

People living in non-tribal areas learn Hindi as their second languagebut the people living in tribal areas learn Gujarati as second language. Englishis generally third language for the people in areas other than tribal but it is notthe case with the people of tribal areas.

As the present paper is focused on challenges to teaching of English intribal areas, let’s talk about it precisely.Challenges:The challenges may broadly be divided into four groups:LearnerEnglish LanguageGovernment / Policy makerTeacher

LearnerØ Do they feel need to learn English? Why should they learn English?Ø In most of the cases it is made compulsory. But at what level it is compulsory.

Most probably at graduation level.

Ø They do not have to use English in day to day work.Ø No awarenessØ Lack of interest.Ø No Motivation.

English LanguageØ Spelling and pronunciationØ Structure of language is different than mother tongueØ Atmosphere

Government / Policy makerØ Infrastructure (College building, library, language laboratory, audio-visual aids,

online help, internet etc.)Ø The biggest challenge: teacher is not available in some casesØ Similar syllabus even for tribal areasØ Larger group of learnersØ Tribal areas are treated same as other areas as far as teaching of English is

concernedTeacher

Ø Sometimes teacher makes English more difficult.Ø Teaching approaches / methodsØ Exam orientated attitudeØ Giving ready notes or guidesØ Students feed backØ B-stream (In some of the cases teacher has to teach A B C D in first year

class of college)Ø Not familiar with the local language, problem of communicationØ Poor attendance of studentsØ About 80% of the population migrate in near by areas for short time in particular

seasons for work.Ø They want to earn not to learn

Suggestions:ü They do not feel that they should learn English because they do not know

importance of English. Teacher’s role is very crucial here. He has to bemotivator. He has to make them aware about importance of English. Heshould make them realise what English can do for them. He has to preparethem to learn English.

ü Tribal People have the knowledge for which people may spend millions ofrupees. They can utilize the knowledge and earn from the world only if theyhave English.

ü English as a key to world market.ü They can recognise Ayurved (Herbal) products, give them scientific knowledge

about it. Teach them to market them.ü People have interest in tribal living and social life of tribal people. They can

spread and promote it through English language.



ü There are many things which should be registered under Patent, we shouldgive them knowledge about it. English is useful in it.

ü They are near to nature. There are many places of tourist attraction in tribalareas of India. Tribal people can become better Tourist Guide: e.g. About fiftytribal people are prepared to work as tourist guides from nearby area ofKevadiya Colony. They earning fairly well.

ü Bambu Articles and such other articles and their marketing through internetcan be taught.

ü English is compulsory at college level. They have freedom to leave Englishtill 12th Standard but it becomes compulsory in college. So they get frightened.If we want to teach them English it should be introduced from the very firststandard.

ü It is true that they do not use English in day to day work. But with the spreadof technology, it will come. I know that they do not have access to many ofour domestic articles. New inventions and domestic articles should beintroduced to them. New English words will go to them with T.V., Computeretc.

ü We should create interest, motivation and awareness. We should identifytheir needs and accordingly can suggest how English can be helpful to themin fulfilling their needs.

ü Unlearning is not a problem for them because they do not have any learningabout it. It is easier to teach when they have not learnt wrong.

ü English teacher in the class says, “English is very difficult language”. I askfor whom? Teacher or student. What is your role? To make what you teachdifficult or easy? The person who can help better is teacher. You can make iteasy or difficult.

ü Teacher should use such an approach or method where balance can bemaintained between all the necessary skills for learning language: Listening,Speaking, Writing and Reading. methods like Modified-communicativeapproach should be used to teach English. Do not be rigid to one approachbut modify it according to local needs. Do not hesitate to invite suggestionsfrom students and try experiments.

ü Attitude in language teaching must not be exam oriented. It should be learneroriented. It should be practiced for teaching something not passing exams.Exam oriented attitude can give us only marks not skills. The present erademands skills not only mark sheet.

ü Specially designed syllabus.ü Teacher should learn local language.ü They should be taught in small groups or on a one-to-one basisü Materials should be designed to extend individual abilitiesü Planning and delivering inclusive lessons.ü Equip teachers with appropriate strategies (teaching materials, on-line support,

etc), on a subject basis, enabling them to make necessary provisions for

students to increase their confidence and competence in these areasü Enable students to take fuller advantage of class based lessons to bring

them to the point where they can take fuller advantage of class based lessonsü Provide foundation courses in Englishü Communication gap between English teacher and student must be lessened.ü Vocational trainingsü Complexes must be removedü Use of latest IT equipments

In nutshell “Sarva Gunam Kanchanam Aasti”, if one feels that he will getsomething he will work. If we can prove that English is a key to their goal, they willlearn. I never mean to say that we should give them subsidies, free education, freeboarding, free lodging or something like that. This free policy stops them from workingor growing. I remember the story of “Sargava Ni Singo” The guest who cut the tree.We should show them the way to be competent through learning English.



TUGHLAQ: CHAOS INTERNAL ANDEXTERNAL

n Prof. Dhananjay R. Betai*Dept . of English, Shri Sahajananda College, Ahmedabad.

Girish Karnad has been unanimously recognizedand acclaimed as one of the foremost playwrightsof the modern Indian theatre. If one notes that

his career as a man of the theatre spans over forty years, hemay be regarded as a moderately prolific writer with only elevenplays to his credit. Though not many in number, the plays areextremely rich in the ever-seething volcanic eruptions of themost fundamental and naked human impulses and theirmultifaceted and perpetual clashes which defy easyconclusions. But they are contained within well-knit limits ofrigorously controlled and delicately balanced dramaticstructures. The source of Karnad’s tremendous creative energylies in this unique synthesis of feeling and form as will beindicated by the following analysis.

Karnad utilizes in his plays, materials borrowed fromfolktales, myths and history. Yayati (1961) and The Fire andthe Rain (1994) utilize myths. Hayavadana (1971) andNagmandala ( 1989) and Bali: The Sacrifice (2004) are basedon folktales. Tughlaq, (1964) Tale-Danda (1990) and TheDreams of Tipu Sultan (1997) have historical material for theirplot-structure. Karnad’s only play with a social setting andcontemporary story is Anjumallige ( 1978). His more recentplays cast in the form of the monologue are Flowers ( 2004)and Broken Images (2004). The first monologue has a themefrom folklore. The second monologue concretizes the problemsof the writers in regional languages.

Tughlaq, published in 1964 is Karnad’s second play.It has been very successful on the stage in Kannada, Bengali,Marathi and English productions. Commenting on its hypnoticappeal Samartha Vasshishta notes:

“In its canvas and treatment,Tughlaq is both huge and contemporary. It is a

6

tale of the crumbling to ashes of the dreams and aspirations of anoverambitious, yet considerably virtuous king. Contemporary, in thesense, that one can see flashes of Tughlaqi (almost a proverb now inHindi) attitude-callous yet well-meaning- in contemporary politicalstructures too. It was long after I had read Tughlaq that I realized itwas more than what I was taking it to be. More than a great plot,gripping characters, beautiful speeches and a pinch of history. Despitethe foolishness of deciding to shift the capital of India from Delhi toDaultabad to ‘centralize administration’; despite the high-headednessof making copper coins equal in value to silver dinars; despite theshamelessness of designing a conspiracy to kill his own brother andfather at prayer hour; what is remarkable and relatively unknown, inthe much-infamous character of Tughlaq is the willingness to work forhis people and to ensure their happiness; the courage to take initiativein the direction of communal-equality; and a keenly observing andever-diligent mind. The disappointment at the end when he is notunderstood by his people and followers is obvious. And Karnad capturesit all beautifully in his inimitable style.”

Karnad borrowed from history his material for this play. The basic historicalfacts of the life of Muhammad Tughlaq are as under. Muhammad who came to powerin 1325 was a diligent ruler. He attempted to systematize and regulate the revenueand expenditure of the provinces of his kingdom. His next step was the creation of thedepartment of agriculture. Its chief objective was to bring uncultivated land undercultivation.

* Lecturer Shri Sahajanand College, AhmedabadAn important political experiment of Muhammad Tughlaq was the transfer of

the capital from Delhi to Devagiri which he renamed Daultabad. Having decided themeasure, he ordered the transfer of the capital and also the people of Delhi to Daultabadwith all their belongings. He made commendable arrangements for the comfort of thepeople during their journey form Delhi to Daultabad. It is said, temporary huts wereset up along the seven hundred mile road and free food and drink were supplied.Shady trees were also said to have been planted; but these could have hardly affordedany shelter to the travellers, for they could not have grown up in such a short time.The people suffered tremendously from fatigue, privation and mental agony. Many ofthem died on the way and many more on reaching their destination. The scheme wasa complete failure, not because the transfer of the capital was undesirable and withoutprecedent and should not have been undertaken, but because the Sultan failed to seethat the only desirable thing to do was to shift the court. Courtiers, officers, and bigmerchants and traders would themselves have sooner or later accompanied the courtto Daultabad. The Sultan did not realize that people would not abandon their homesand hearth except in extreme and unavoidable circumstances. The people of Delhi,who loved their city as their ancestral abode, were no exception to this rule. Thirdly,the Muslim population of Delhi was unwilling to live in Hindu surroundings in the

TUGHLAQ: CHAOS INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL 27


South. Fourthly, Delhi was without doubt, a better place for the capital of Indian thanDaultabad, which could not have successfully controlled distant provinces like Bengalor Punjab. Above all, it was very difficult, if not impossible for the government to resistthe Mongols from Daultabad and protect the northwestern frontier of the country fromtheir attacks. In fairness to the Sultan it must be added that as soon as he saw thatthe scheme had failed, he ordered the people to return from Daultabad to their homesin Delhi. But Daultabad now became a deserted town, while Delhi was only partiallypopulated. It did not regain its former prosperity for years to come.

Muhammad Tughlaq experimented in the field of coinage too. He promulgatedan order making copper coins the legal tender and putting these coins on par in valuewith gold and silver coins. He ordered that the people should use these coins in alltransactions just like gold and silver coins. But he took no steps to make the mint themonopoly of the State. So there was counterfeiting on a massive scale. The resultwas a great confusion and the Sultan was bewildered to see his scheme crumblingdown. He was compelled to withdraw the coins and to order the people to take fromthe royal treasury gold and silver pieces in exchange.

There were many rebellions during the reign of Muhammad Tughlaq. One ofthe most formidable was that of Ain-ul-Mulk, the governor of Awadh. He had heldimportant offices since the time of Ala-ud-din- Khilji and played a prominent role in thehistory of his time. He was a highly learned scholar and was well versed in theologyand jurisprudence. He subsequently wrote a book, entitled Munshat-I-Mahru or Insha-I-Mahru, which gives a good account of the administration of Tughlaq. He was one ofthe important men who could wield their sword and pen with equal felicity. Muhammadtransferred him from Awadh to Daultabad in 1340-41.Ain-ul-Mulk was made to believethat his transfer was a preliminary step towards his destruction. So he revolted. Buthe was defeated and taken a prisoner. He was dismissed and subjected to indignities.But as the Sultan was convinced that he was a half-hearted rebel, he spared his life.This then is the basic material explored in the play. The playwright presents only therebellion of Ain-ul-Mulk in some details. The rest are only hinted at to indicate thechaos, which is one of the central motifs of the play. The most important element ofthe play is Karnad’s concentration on the chaos within the inner universe of hisprotagonist.

Karnad dispenses with the traditional division of the play into acts. He presentsin a breathless and gripping succession of thirteen scenes, only seven years ofTughlaq’s tempestuous reign. He takes considerable freedom in shifting the scenesaccording to the pressure exerted by the immediate situations and mutually conflictingcharacters. The first impressive scene of the exposition establishes Karnad as amaster craftsman of the theatre commanding its subtlest elements. The openingaction is very firmly kept on the hard earth because the place is “the yard in front ofthe Chief Court of Justice in Delhi”. There crowd there symbolizes the commonhumanity, which is consistently ignored by the protagonist and his enemies alike.Here one encounters an Old Man and a Young Man. The difference in their age isobvious and so is the difference in their points of view about the Sultan whose entry is

delayed for some time. Young Man points out in simple but extremely hard-hittingwords the strange way in which prayer and violence are intertwined. He says,” nowyou pray five times a day because that’s the law and if you break it, you will haveofficers on your neck” It is ironic that prayer is imposed under a threat of violence.Such prayer can never be heart-felt and spontaneous and it will not have any efficacy.

At this point the idea of religious harmony propounded by Sultan is mockedat with an exchange of sardonic words between Hindu and Old Man. Hindu hasperhaps traditionally led a life of agony under oppressive Sultans. That motivates himto say that he does not need tax-exemption. He says,

“Look, when a Sultan kicks me in the teeth and says, ‘Payup you Hindu dog,’ I’m happy. I know I’m safe. But the momenta man comes along and says, ‘I know you are a Hindu, but youare also human being’-well that makes me nervous.”(Scene One,Page 6)

The reaction from the Old Man is equally hard hitting. He says,

“Beware of the Hindu who embraces you. Before you know what,he’ll turn Islam into another caste and call the Prophet anincarnation of his god.” (Scene One, Page 6)

Here is obviously a world in which religious identities are confused in anunanalysable manner.

An announcer’s entry and declaration about Vishnu Prasad, a Brahminwinning a case against the Sultan sound absolutely absurd against that lack of religiousharmony. Then appears Sultan, the protagonist of the play. In a pompous speech,packed with high-sounding words devoid of any real meaning he talks of justice andequality. He presents his idea in an image of fire:

“May this moment burn bright and light up our pathtowards greater justice, equality, progress and peace.”(Scene One,

Page 7)At this moment he declares his order of shifting the capital from Delhi to

Daultabad. He also gives a hint of the forces of disintegration gathering around hiskingdom:

“Delhi is too near the border and as you well knowits peace is never free from the fear of invaders.” (Scene One, Page

8) In his continuing pomposity he says that Daultabad, the city of Hindus will

stand as the symbol of unity of Muslims and Hindus. Having declared that the Sultangoes away from the form the scene leaving behind the people in a stunned condition.

Then follows a crucial revelation about the Sultan. He had fabricated anaccident in which his father died. It was time for prayer when the violent deed wasdone. So Sultan’s very accession to the throne was an outcome of bloodshed. It wasalso allied to pollution of prayer. These facts are revealed through partly hushed,



partly satiric dialogue among the common people with whom the opening scene hasopened. At their matter-of-fact level they continue to explore violence and its multipledimensions. As the Third Man says, Sheikh Imam –Ud-Din, a saint, mentioned in oneof his meetings in Kanpur, the violent deeds of Sultan. He says, “the audience wentwild and burnt down half of Kanpur.” This is an open and complete endorsement ofviolence. He also mentions that Sheikh has certain resemblance with Sultan. Thissubtle detail is significant. It is reflective of Sultan’s religious self with which he continuesto grapple with till the end of the play.

The crowd disperses. Then one encounters Aazam and Aziz, the comic pairwhose actions are going to run parallel to those of the Sultan. The meeting of thesefriends is sudden. Soon after the preliminaries of greetings Aazam tells Aziz to hidehis dagger: “Listen, Brahmins don’t carry daggers around like that.” It implies thatothers do. Through an apparently simple statement which creates light comic effectthe playwright reiterates the fundamental violence that governs the world of his play.Aziz is in the disguise of a Brahmin. He calls himself Vishnu Prasad. He bought apiece of confiscated land through a backdated contract and then filed a case againstthe officers of the Sultan. He won the case. The backdated contract went undetectedor perhaps it was duly registered by the corrupt administration of the Sultan. Theplaywright has given only the basic details. But these implications sound logical.They point out the corruption at the roots of the imaginative world being concretized infront of the audience. Aziz is proud of what he has achieved through deceit. He evenmocks at basically sincere idea of religious equality:

“A Muslim plaintiff against a Muslim king?

I mean where is then question of justice there?

Where is the equality between Hindus and Muslims?” (SceneOne, Page 12)

Aziz promises his friend more in the coming days. This comic pair is a traditionaldevice of the Kannada theatre. But Karnad integrates it into his imaginative world withthe obvious ease of a master artist.

Scene Two takes the action to the higher level, the palace. Here oneencounters the Sultan and his Step Mother. He is bent over a chessboard. His keeninterest in chess is indicative of his superlative intelligence. It also hints that he isgoing to play the political chess on a massive scale. The forces of violence are shownas gathering momentum. The Sultan informs his mother: “You see, my dear friendAin-ul-Mulk, the companion of my childhood, my fellow champion in chess, is at thisvery moment marching on Delhi.”

As an astute politician the Sultan is clear that the odds are heavily weighedagainst him because he has an army of only six thousand soldiers against an army ofthirty thousand commanded by his opponent. Here is the ruthless world of politics inwhich personal relationships are butchered in the game of survival and supremacy.Even when facing a critical situation the Sultan continues to be pompous whileexpressing his ideas about the welfare of the people:

“Come, my people, I am waiting for you. Confide in me yourworries. Let me share your joys. Let us laugh and cry togetherand then let us pray. Let us pray till our bodies melt and flowand our bloods turn into air.” (Scene Two, Page 15-16)

The image in the last sentence is suggestive of fire and burning. Such imagesthough simple in the immediate contexts are to assume wider ramifications in thetotal structure of the play. They imply forces of disintegration which are inherent in thebasic situations explored so far. Then follow a few very tense moments when theSultan refers to the rumours about his act of killing his own father. He commits acrime and then and enjoys the self-torture resulting from it.

The coming of Barani, a historian and Vizier Muhammad Najib opens upfurther dimensions of the political chess and violence associated with them. StepMother suggests that the Sultan ought to tell them about his game of chess. Thereply though given in perfectly normal way conveys in an absolutely well modulatedmanner, several motifs of the play:

“Barani is a historian-he is only interested in playing with the shadows of the dead. And Najib is a politician—he wants pawns of flesh and blood.” (Scene One,

Page 17) The motifs revealed are bloodshed, killing and death. The contrast between

Najib and Barani soon becomes obvious. Najib is a politician interested only in thestability of the Sultan’s rule. Barani on the other hand is an idealist. This establishesboth the characters. It also reflects two sides of the Sultan’s complex personality—the fantastically idealistic and the ruthlessly realistic. In the forward movement ofaction Sultan reiterates that he has committed the crimes of parricide and fratricide.His enjoyment of guilt is established as something that is ongoing: “I’ve just foundthat even this step-mother of mine thinks that I am a murderer.”

The immediate political problems are the invasion of Ain-ul-Mulk and theincreasing popularity of Sheikh Imam-Ud-Din. Najib once again projecting a realisticpoint of view suggests that they must get rid of the saint without making him a martyr.On the other hand Ain-ul-Mulk must be liquidated. As he puts it succinctly and hard-hittingly, “a traitor is a traitor, friend or saint, and he must be crushed.” He clarifiesthat his job is to be suspicious. That is an integral part of the political game he isplaying. He points out the resemblance between the Sultan and Sheikh. The Sultanhas to recognize his tremendous craftiness, which he has been consistently developingas a professional statesman: “you are a devil, Najib!” It is decided that the army willmarch on the next day because the Sultan “must play the game his own way.” In theclosing part of the scene, Step Mother talks to Barani and offers compact analysis ofthe Sultan’s character:

“But he is so impulsive-and when he gets intoone of his

moods I don’t know what he will do next.” (Scene Two, Page 22)



They also talk about the evil influence of Najib on the Sultan. Step Mother’sstatement, charged with sharp dramatic irony brings the scene to its conclusion. Shesays, “If he goes on like this, I won’t wish his fate even on a dog.”

Scene Three shows the Sultan intensely pitted against his toughest adversary,Sheikh-Imam-Ud-Din. The public meeting organized by the Sultan and to be addressedby Sheikh flops since nobody turns up. In the multiple contexts of the immediatesituation they analyze religion, politics, peace and war. Sheikh recognizes the Sultanas a scholar of eminence. He has to admit that he has “power, learning, intelligence.”The Sultan on the other hand offers vivid glimpse of his existential alienation and itstremendous pressure on his inner universe. He says he needs the word of god whenthe surrounding void pushes into his soul and starts putting out every burning lightthere. He and Sheikh are also aware of the lethal mixture of religion and politicsgetting more lethal with each passing moment. Sheikh says it will rip the Sultan intotwo. It is not that the Sultan is unaware of this: “And my kingdom too is what I am-torninto pieces by visions whose validity I can’t deny.”

In the further movement of action the Sultan continues to play the political gameon his own conditions. In the name of Islam he is able to convince Sheikh to act ashis peace envoy to met Ain-ul-Mulk. He has kept Sheikh’s robes of honour ready. Itsuggests that he has been all along sure of trapping Sheikh.

Scene Four opens with Shiab-Ud-Din trying to tell Step Mother not to worrymuch about the Sultan. He has been looking after the state in the Sultan’s absence.Soon Ratansingh, an important officer of the Sultan, appears on the scene and tellsthem about the death of Sheikh Imam-Ud-Din. They learn that “he was killed in thebattle.” The Sultan himself appears and gives his reaction to the death of the saint:

“It was a terrible sight. They brought his body into my tent and I felt - as though it was I who was lying dead there and that he was standing above me, looking at me. I should have been there-in his place.” (Scene Four, Page 34)

The playwright generates a sense of shock when he conveys that he let goAin-ul-Mulk because he was able to find a fault with one of the solutions of a problemin chess that he had worked out. Najib, the down to earth politician gives a realisticevolution of the Sultan’s apparently illogical step: “but that would be really tossinganother torch into the chaos at Avadh.” This is one more iterative image of fire thathints at potential of total destruction.

Then Ratansingh and Shiab-ud-Din are left alone. The conversation betweenthem reveals the darker and sinister side of the Sultan’s political game. Ratansinghwas with the Sultan on the front. While Sheikh was about to meet Ain-ul-Mulk, theSultan’s army hiding in the hills close by gave a trumpet sound for charging. Insteadof a talk of peace a terrible battle ensued. That led to instantaneous death of Sheikh:“Arrows poured into him within minutes he looked a gory human porcupine.” AsRatansingh rightly puts it,” Sheikh Imam-ud-Din was murdered you know. In coldblood!” At this stage of action Sultan has an upper hand in his political chess. Hesurvives on his own conditions.

Scene Five opens some further dimensions of the lethal combination of religionand politics already mentioned. Here one comes across a group of Amirs, Sayyidsand others opposed to the idea of transferring the capital to Daultabad. Shiab-Ud-Dinand Ratansingh are also present in the meeting. The issues discussed are Hindu-Muslim opposition, taxes on gambling, jumbling of religion and politics, prayer and itssanctity. Those present in the meeting agree that they must do away with the Sultan.Ratansingh gives a stunningly simple but effective idea-the Sultan must be killed atthe prayer time. The idea of not polluting the prayer is placed. But it is roughly andsardonically rejected. Thereby the polluted world of the play is further sullied:

Sheikh: You can’t pollute the time of prayer.It’s a sacred time. We can’t stain it with theblood of a Mussulman.

Amir II: Oh come, we can always make up later. Do penancefor it. (Scene

Five, Page 44-45)This is the condition of prayer in Muhammad’s kingdom. Its pollution and penance

are treated with indifference, even total callousness. Then the conspiracy gets itsfinal shape. Even after that, Shiab-Ud-Din is haunted by uncertainty: “Must we dothis, Ratan? Must we?” This is indeed a point of tremendously tantalizing suspensein the breathless continuity of play. The reader, a willing captive of the author ispushed further into the blood-dripping world created with ferocious intensity.

Scene Six is crucial in a number of ways. It projects how the Sultan escapesfrom a major conspiracy that could have led to his death. It also establishes morefully that now onwards the Sultan can survive only by butchering his enemies. In theopining of the scene the Sultan welcomes the Amirs in a matter of fact way. Hereiterates his intention of shifting the capital to Daultabad. He says a saint namedGhiyaas-Ud-Din is to come to Daultabad to bless him and his people. The moreshocking declaration is that the state is going to have copper currency. Sultan continueswith his usual high-flown rhetoric and declares, “I have hopes of building a new futurefor India.” Soon it is the prayer time. For a few minutes it is felt that Sultan is close tohis death. He begins to pray in an absolutely self-confident manner. Hindu soldiersoverpower his opponents. The Amirs are frozen with total fear. Sultan has once againplayed his political chess in an adroit manner. He finishes his prayer and then facesShiab-Ud-Din, the leader of the conspirators. He declares with cold cruelty thatRatansingh had exposed the conspiracy and was then put to death by him. Shiab-Ud-Din is in a condition of ultimate desperation. Sultan’s wrath reaches its climax,the ultimate frenzy in which he stabs his enemy with terrible ferocity. But a fewmoments after that he questions the contradictions inherent in this extremely complexsituation:

“Tell me Barani, will my reignbe nothing more than a tortured



scream which will stab the night andmelt away in silence?” (Scene Six,Page 52)

Even at this critical moment he soon regains his composure and begins toattend to the situation in a matter of fact way. He passes an order that will have far-reaching effects, apart from concluding the immediate problem: “Najib, see that everyman involved in this is caught and beheaded.” He goes a step further and says thateveryone present on the scene, including the Hindu soldiers who saved Sultan mustbe beheaded to keep the matter secret. But he is absolutely callous about it:

“It does mean more corpses. But thenthat will make the show more impressive.” (Scene Six, Page 53)

The scene closes on a grim note when Sultan bans the prayer in his kingdom.The scene had the potential of becoming sensational melodrama. But the playwrighthas maintained the artistic equilibrium and explored violence as it cuts in countlessdirections. Here is a situation diametrically opposite to the high ideals Sultan hadexpressed in Scene I. That is the irony of Sultan’s fate and that of his fast disintegratingkingdom.

In Scene Seven, maintaining the dramatic flexibility, the action is set at acamp on the Delhi-Daultabad route. There are corpses everywhere indicating thehaunting presence of death in the play. Aziz and Aazam appear on the scene again,talking of death in a very light hearted and humorous way. They encounter a man fromDelhi who has seven children without getting married. He describes the job he hasbeen holding- the job of guarding the dead bodies in the palace yard. Here death ispresented in the most gruesome and nauseating manner. Aziz describes that man asa real stoic. At this moment of the most sardonic dark comedy, Aziz declares hisintention of joining politics. As he puts it: “It’s a beautiful world-wealth, success,position, and power-and yet it’s full of brainless people with not an idea in their head.”

He declares by the end of the scene that he will counterfeit copper coins andthat emphasizes one more dimension of the disintegration of Tughlaq’s kingdom.

When Scene Eight begins, there is a passage of five years. The capital ofSultan’s kingdom is now Daultabad. It is night symbolizing the darkness now prevailingin the kingdom. We encounter an Old Man and a Young Man acting as sentries. Theirmatter of fact talk has many references to death, an obsessive presence in the play.The road from Daultabad to Delhi is “a snake that bit a whole city to death.” The OldMan’s father “died of a broken heart.” His son died when he was six years old. Themoment of his death is caught in a vivid visual image: “The fine dust that hung in theair, as fine as silk, it covered him like a silken shroud.” The Old Man describes thefrightening passage within the fort. His description presents a haunting image ofdeath that gobbles everything:

“Yes, it’s a long passage, a big passage, coiled like an enormous hollow inside the belly of the fort. And we shall be far, far happier when that python breaks out and swallows everything in sight-every man, woman,

child and beast.” (Scene Eight, Page 62) Here it is hinted that for the people in the imaginative world of the play, life is so

full of horror that death is preferable to it. Then Sultan appears on the scene. In spiteof his apparent, external composure he is confused and broken inside as his longspeech indicates. Having travelled along the blazing path of violence he is compelledto admit:

“But in the last four years I have seen only the woodsclinging to the earth, heard only the howl of wildwolves and answering bay of street dogs.” (Scene Eight, Page 64)

He finds it impossible to communicate with others. He suffers from self-pity. Hesuffers from a honeycomb of diseases. He wants “to give up this futile see-saw” of thepolitical game, describing himself as a patient beyond any possibility of cure:

“Don’t you see-this patient racked by fever and crazed by the fear of the enveloping vultures, can’t be separated from me? Don’t you see that the only way I can abdicate is by killing myself?I could have crawled forward on my knees and elbows. But

what can you do when every moment you expect a beak to dig into you and tear a muscle out?” (Scene Eight, Page 66)This man is totally different from the one whom the reader or the audience

encountered at the beginning of the play. Earlier he was upright, idealistic, talking ofdoing great things for his kingdom. At the present moment he is totally disintegratedand he knows it. The scene closes with the news that, “Vizier Muhammad Najib isdead.”

Scene Nine again introduces Aazam and Aziz and their violent antics. Theytalk about crimes in their usual sardonic manner. In their verbal acrobatics death ispresent. At one point Aziz projects what may be termed as his philosophy of crimes:

“One should be able to rob a man and then staythere to punish him for getting robbed. That’scalled ‘class’-that’s being a real king!” (Scene Nine, Page 69)

That is an incisively cutting remark against the crimes of the Sultan himself.Then Ghiyaas-Ud-Din is brought on to the stage. He boasts of his holy ancestry andtries to dominate over both Aziz and Aazam. However, Aziz is intelligent enough tosee that the miserable man in front of him is a dummy being brought by the Sultan toconsolidate his position once again. He has a sudden idea and that makes himdecide to kill Ghiyaas-Ud-Din. The man tries in vain to run away. Aziz kills Ghiyaas-Ud-Din offstage and that makes Aazam cry. The response given by Aziz applies tothe total world of the play in general and to the deeds of the Sultan in particular:

“You have seen enough corpses to last you seven lives. You have stuffed them with straw, practiced obscenities on them.”

(Scene Nine, Page 73)He takes a robe, puts it on because he intends to go to Daultabad in place of

Ghiyaas-Ud-Din. His singing and dancing at the end of the scene reiterate the ultimateabsurdity of violence so graphically portrayed in the play.



Scene Ten shows the Sultan with Step Mother. His words contain manycontradictions, which reflect his inner disintegration getting worse every moment. Hisorder of dumping copper coins in the rose garden has annihilated it completely. In theface of this specific destruction and overall disintegration so apparent in his kingdom,he talks of his unrealized and unrealizable dreams:

“Now I don’t need a rose garden. I built it to be a poem. I wanted every thorn in it to prick and quicken the senses. But I don’t need these airy trappings now; a funeral has no need for a separate symbol.” (Scene Ten, Page 76)

Here a reference to funeral once again re-emphasizes the shadow of deathlooming large over the entire play. The exchange between the Sultan and Step Motherexamines countless dimensions of killing and their outcome. She condemns Najib inthe severest words and in a momentary excitement declares, “I had him poisoned.”The Sultan refuses to believe her. But she is adamant and compels him to believe her.The task turns out to be easy because the Sultan is at the highest point of histension. So he says that the murders he committed were not futile:

“They gave me what I wanted-power, strength to shape my thoughts, strength to act,, strength to recognize myself.” (Scene Ten, Page 78)

Soon he orders her to be stoned to death and thereby the central violence in theplay becomes more gruesome. After she is dragged away by the soldiers he confessesto himself the futility of violence and that shows his realization of the absolutemeaninglessness of bloodshed and the doom it leads to:

“God, God in Heaven, please help me. Please don’t letgo my hand. My skin drips with blood and I don’t knowhow much of it is mine and how much of others. I started in Yourpath, Lord, why am I wandering naked in this desert

now? I started in search of You. Why am I become a pig rolling in the mud? Raise me. Clean me. Cover me with Your Infinite Mercy.” (Scene Ten, Page 79-80)The Sultan has been playing havoc with prayer and now it loses its meaning and

efficacy at one of the most critical moments of his life. The coming of Barani closesthe scene with the Sultan’s admission that he knows he is “teetering on the brink ofmadness.” He has also realized that his mother’s death is futile.

There is an announcement before Scene Eleven commences. It says thatprayers will recommence with the coming of a saviour, Ghiyaas-Ud-Din. All the citizensare enjoined to pray five times everyday. Then the action is taken back to the level ofthe common man. There is a crowd of citizens outside the palace. They vehementlyreject the idea of prayer. They want food. Every common man has a tale of misery tonarrate. There are nauseating references to what people eat just in order to survive.The “people are eating barks of trees.” Then it is said, crowding near a butcher’s shopthey “catch the blood spurting from the slaughtered beasts and drink it!” The Sultan’sdream about a fine kingdom is now reduced to nothing. Then he himself enters

accompanied by Aziz dressed as Ghiyaas-Ud-Din. He continues to be pompouswhile referring to prayer. He addresses the disguised man and says,

“We have waited long, Your Holiness, and our sins have become shadows that entwine round our feet. They have dumbness and deprived us of prayer.” (Scene Eleven,

Page 84)But the idea of praying under the leadership of the supposed saviour fails. The

Hindu Woman of Scene VII recognizes Aziz. But she does not attract any attention inthe crowd of hungry people. Soon riots break out complicating further the all-pervadingchaos prevailing in the kingdom.

Scene Twelve shows a brief exchange between Aziz and Aazam. Azizcontinues to be calm and confident. He enjoys the comforts being offered to him. Theirony of the situation is that this supposed saviour is himself a sinner as the audienceknows. This has a reflection on the Sultan. In the beginning he made tall claims thatamounted to declaring that he would be the saviour of his people. But he has emergedas the cruellest sinner. Aziz clearly starts emerging as the Sultan’s parallel. SinceAazam has heard stories of violence going on, he is extremely terrified. He has bribedtwo servants of the palace to bring two horses so that they might be able to escape.Aziz completely rejects the idea of escaping. He is not bothered even by the fact thatthe mad Sultan goes to the heaps of the copper coins every night and takes them intohis fists and then lets them trickle. It is implied that all the dreams of the Sultan havetrickled out of his fingers. Aazam, terrified out of his wits leaves the palace in the faceof grave danger.

Scene Thirteen opens with an exchange between Barani and the Sultan.Barani is about to leave to attend the funeral of his mother. The Sultan tortures him bysaying that she died in riots when his soldiers butchered everyone. His insistentobsession with death grows more intense with each new word he utters. Barani isrendered helpless against this grossly naked admission and endorsement of violence.A soldier enters and says that Aazam, the friend of Ghiyaas-ud-Din is murdered. TheSultan becomes the crooked, astute politician once against and suspects somethingbeyond a foul play. He tells the soldier to keep the news secret. He asks Barani towait for some time:

“You wanted to see history formed in front of your eyes, didn’t you? Just wait a few moments, and you’ll see not just the form but the coiled intestines of it.” (Scene Thirteen,

Page 91) He refers to Najib, the ruthless politician too: “Oh! Najib should have been here

now. He would have loved this farce.” Aziz appears and after very brief preliminaries,the Sultan challenges him about his “masquerade.” However, Aziz is not at all afraidof him. He traces his entire career and convincingly establishes that he has beenfollowing in the footsteps of the Sultan himself. Thereby he is able to establish thatthe Sultan’s reign has been absolutely corrupt and perpetually haunted by death. Hesays he and Aazam joined the Sultan’s officers as servants. He describes the job



they had:“We had to shift the corpses of all the rebels executed bythe state and hang them up for exhibition. Such famous kings, warriors and leaders of men passed through our hands then! Beautiful strong bodies and bodies eaten-up by corruption-all, all were stuffed with straw and went to the top of the poles. One day, suddenly I had arevelation. This was all human skin!” (Scene Thirteen, Page 94)

This is certainly true of the life of the people in the Sultan’s kingdom. Azizcontinues to be audacious and says flatly that he has “spent five years of his lifefitting every act, deed and thought” to the Sultan’s words. Here both the parallelactions converge. Remaining true to the pattern of absurdity, the Sultan appointsAziz as an officer in Khusru Malik’s army. But it is decided that Aziz will lead theprayer continuing his masquerade as Ghiyaas-ud-Din. A sinner leading prayer impliesits further pollution. Soon Muhammad declares that he would get his people back toDelhi. Barani, the historian is utterly confused. Even the Sultan knows that he is“pursuing a mirage or a fleeting shadow.” He also knows that he is not sane any moreand that his kingdom in on the brink of total disintegration. He sits on his throne andis soon asleep. The prayer, which is polluted in countless ways, closes the action.

The chess symbolism is already mentioned while analyzing the text in detail.It permeates all the major action of Muhammad. The political game is viewed in termsof chess. Both are marked by crookedness and cruelty of the ultimate extremes.After undergoing tremendously deep agony Muhammad realizes that it is an absurdgame in every way. But he is not able to fly away from it and that is the irony of hisfate. His complex character is enhanced by a number of other characters that reflectand reinforce several aspects of his character either directly or indirectly. SheikhImam-Ud-Din is the one who reflects Muhammad’s longing to understand religion,prayer and their efficacy in political life. Najib reflects the most ruthless politician inMuhammad. But the tracing of this patterning must not be carried too far. Muhammadinitiates countless actions, which have their roots exclusively in his own personality.These have disastrous consequences both for him and his kingdom. Similarly, death,bloodshed and killing are the motifs that find iterative expression through countlessactions, which are both literal and symbolic as already pointed out. One more reasonfor the appeal of this play lies in its contemporariness. At the time of its first publicationand staging it reflected the disorder in the political system of the Nehruvian era. Eventoday it sounds relevant for it can serve as a sardonic comment on any political leaderwith terrible contradictions, which in turn crush the common people with absolutecallousness. The play as whole possesses the dignity and intensity of major drama.With this play Karnad takes a giant leap, which is to lead him to a deeper explorationof the most fundamental aspects of human character and condition.

The page numbers refer to Collected Plays ( 2005) by Girish Karnad.

The Indian party system has undergone adramatic transformation in the last one andhalf decade. There has been an ideological shift

in party politics in the wake of new economic policy ofliberalization and globalization social bases of political partieshave shaken after the emergence of new soical and politicalforces, because of two reasons (1) Fragmentation of Indiansociety (2) Churning process of democratization of Indiansociety.

A quick out line of major trend in the party system in thelast one and half decade must include the followingdevelopments :1

(1) The single-most important development in this periodhas been the decline of the congress for long the inevitablemodel reference point of both political practice and theoreticalreflection on Indian politics. It is true that the congress has, inpurely electoral terms shown that it is capable of reboundingsuccessfully - witness the results of a number of Assemblyelections and also again retain of congress in power at thecentre of course in a coalition government But it has beendefinitively dislodged from the position of the centre aroundwhich all political calculations must of necessity revolve.

(2) The trend towards federalization of the party system,a trend already strong in the 1980s has been substantiallydeepened. It made its presence felt at the centre for the firsttime with the national front government in 1989, and has becomea trend that shows every sign of enduring consequently, despitecoalition and/or minority governments and related cabinetinstability at the centre, the state level has seen the maturingof bipolar party systems in a majority of states.

(3) This decade saw a sharp rise in political mobilizationon the basis of social cleavages based on a discriptive identities,in pariticular of religion and caste.

PARTY SYSTEM, PARTY POLITICS ANDCOALITION GOVERNMENT IN INDIA

n Prof. Saraman V. ZalaDept. of Political Science, School of Social Sciences

Gujarat University, Ahmedabad-09.

7

PARTY SYSTEM, PARTY POLITICS AND COALITION GOVERNMENT IN INDIA 39


(4) Central to parliamentary government is the process of government formationand the constitution of the cabinet. In this decade this process resulted in, Variously,majority coalition, minority coalition, minority coalition and single-party minoritygovernments In addition by rational anticipation of the verdict of a hung parliament, anumber of parties have veered towards what can well be labelled an alliance culture;Alliances have become part of the accepted rules of the game, rather than somethingto be restored to in exceptional moments.

However, the state level tells a significantly different story. The pattern revealedby state assembly election results is as follows :

(I) In a number of staes, the decline of the congress was caused by the growthof one or other party, resulting in a two-party system in which both congress and theother party have been able to form governments on their own. This is the case in M. P.Rajasthan, H. P., Gujarat, A. P. Orrissa and Assam.

(II) yet another set of states reveal a pattern that is not quite a two party system,but analogous to it in the sense that there exist two poles in the party system, withone or more parties clustered at each pole. This bipolar pattern occurred in Maharas-tra, Haryana, Tamilnadu, Kerala, West Bengal and Tripura. The last named threestates have evolved a stable bipolar system comprising of a left front coalition opposedby a congress or congress coalition some change in this pattern has occurred inBengal by the breaking away of Mamata Banerjee's Trinmul congress form the congressand her subsequent aligning at the national level with the B.J.P. but the consequentweakening of the congress has left the party system in the state essentially unalteredas a bipolar structure.

(III) A Multiparty system without a clear bipolar party system exists in U.P.,Karnataka, Jharkhand and Bihar. Of course Karnataka after weakening of the JantaDal In Karnataka and two-party pattern seems likely to be established there as well.

The term ``Coalition as it is generally used in political science2, is a directdescendant of the exiencies of a multi-party system in a democratic set-up. It is aphenomenon of a multiparty government where a number of minority parties join handsfor the purpose of running the government, which is otherwise not possible in ademocracy based on a one-party system. A coalition is formed when many splintergroups in a house agree to join hands on a common platform by sinking their broaddifferences and form a majority in the house. It is an astonishing chorus of discords.

Meaning and nature of coalition Politics

The term ``Coalition'' is derived from the Latin word ""Coalition'' Which is theverbal substantive of coalescere-co, which means together and aleceere, which meansto go or to grow to gether. According to the dictionary meaning coalition means an actof coalescing, or uniting into one body, a union of persons, states or an alliance. It isa combination of a body or parts into one whole. In the strict political sense the word""Coalition'' is used for an alliance or temporary for joint action of various powers orstates and also of the union into a single government of distince parties or membersof disctinct parties. According to ogg... ""the term coalition as employed in a politicalscense, commonly denotes a co-operative arrangement under which distinct politicalparties, or at all events members of such parties unite to form a government or ministry.''

The system of coalitions has certain important implications firstly coalitions areforms for the sake of some reward, material or psychic. Secondly , a coalition impliesthe existence of at least two partners. Thirdly, the underlying principle of a coalitionsystem stands on the simple fact of temporary conjunction of specific affair as coalitionplayers and groups dissolve, and form new ones lastly, the purpose of a coalitionadjustment is to seize power, it may seek to stake its claim for formation of a ministryor for pulling a ministry down.

In continental countries where there is multi-party system, coalitions are therule, not the exception There have usually been coalitions in France, Switzerlandatnd in Scandinavian Countries. There are multiplicity of parties which range from sixto seven in France and Germany and in these countries coalition provides a workablemeans where by the machinery of the state is efficaciously run.Coalition Government

Coalition government are quite common in India. It is shown that they arise as aresult of the electoral system and are subject to the sociopolitical conditions prevalentin the country. Apparently it seems that coalition governments at the centre are likelyto continue in view of the diversity of our polity and the nature of the electoral systemin India.

Our experience of multi-party governments until now is not happy one But thisinterpretation is highly ad-hoc and simplistic and onesided. If there is ideologicalcohesion and unanimity regarding programmes between coalition partners (parties)then these governments will be stable and strong striking examples we find are atstate level states like West Bengal and Kerala have ruled by left parties by democraticfronts.Coalition culture should be evolved 3

As India has entered in the era of coalition governments since late eighties(1989) at the centre questions have been raised over the stability and smoothgovernance of the coalitions with alliances coming to stay in the wake of fracturedverdicts political parties would evolve a ""Coalition Culture'' by learning to ""accommodate''and be ""Flexible' towards their partners to ensure a complete run of their government.The instances of stable coalitions in west Bengal and Kerala for over two decades arebefore us. Now we should develop a coalition culture at the national level. In analliance of parties with opposing ideologies, the partners should be able to accommodateand modify their programmes to arrive at decisions to move forward because perfor-mance is important as stability. Political parties will have to behave responsible inrunning coalitions.

Coalition politics can be made successful if :1. The Leaders of various Parties develop a culture of running coalition.

2. The alliance partners are accommodative to the programmes and ideologies.

3. The largest party of the coalition provide leadership, views and interest of smallergroups.

4. All allies participate in government.

5. If it is no possible, then support should be to a large group from a small groupoutside for more stable government.



6. All the parties in a coalition should be part of the government, the idea of anyone party giving outside support is not advisable coalition partners should havecommon programme in order to provide stability to the government.

7. There should be transperancy of Policy decisions.

8. There should be a concensus leader as a prime minister.

9. Coalition government should seek unconditional support from alliance partners.

10. To moniter the coalition government there must be a high power committee tocheck mat the indisciplined leaders and parties.

Two conditions have to be met for a coalition government to be effective :Coalitional partners must lose their hard ideological edge in order to be able to workwith other parties and they must lose some of their internal cohesion if the party is totake a view at the centre that on occasion goes against the interest of the party in thestate.

Fairly important dimentions of coalition government are conflict4 managementand conflict resolution among coalition partners opinion leaders are to have a tightrope walk to build up consensus while taking intricate policy decisions. Whenideological distances are not wide or partners are nearer policy formulations are easier.But in actual situations in the process of coalition bargaining leaders are often seento be manipulative. In a multi party coalition situation be it at political level or governmen-tal fold, political actors devise shrewd strategies to maximize benefits and thedistribution of the same. The coalition with the largest participation of parties ensurewider representation also. But political parties as they are, almost always vie witheach other for office. The party or parties extending support to the incoming coalitionstructure seek every possible opportunity to influence policy formulation processes ofthe coalition government.

In view of coalition situations for the past fifteen years in India and in several ofits constituent states like Uttar Pradesh, Maharastra, Karnataka, Bihar, Kerala andWest Bangal since late seventies the politicians across the national and state partiesas also the political analysis are crying hoarse that this trend of coalition governmentbuilding is irreversible and as we have finally entered into a totality of coalition era. Itis time that the system would ultimately result in the institutionalising of coalitiongovernment at the centre and the states. The systemic dynamics is delicate. TheProcess of coalition politics is seminal both in societal and political levels. Evenpolitical parties are to make coalition of interest and strategies pursuing their gamesof power grabbing and policy making as an alternative.

Coalition politics is not necessarily reflected in coalition government buildingIndian society has now been totally fractured in caste, communal linguistic and ethniclines. The delicate unity that existed before has been torn a part by sectarian statepolitician for their individual or party interests very often in most circumstances objective,ideological, or universal policy considerations are of marginal significance. They try tomobilize caste, communal and ethnic groups and their sentiments and attempt toforge a simple political coalition to form the government at the state levels and aspirefor larger payoffs in the central government. It is a two way bargaining process to

share largest possible gains at the central government and taking the opportunity tomaintain the freedom at the state level.

The government formed on the baiss of political coalition that have their roots ingenuine social coalition is never a weak formation even if it is of a shorter tenure. Butexcept in West Bengal and kerala to an extent, this is hardly a proposition in stateshaving coalition governments resulting from post poll coalition to grab office only. Theexamples at hand are Karnataka and Bihar (Before this present Nitishkumar government)as at present.

Indian experience in government making is unique and variegated. NOw since1989 it has been a recurrent phenomenon, minority coalition government survivingfrom outside support of political parties not joining the government. Strictly speakinga coalition government is formed when a number of parties like two three or more allparticipating in, as found in Turkey, Israel, Malaysia etc,. in the East or Europeancountries on the west, It is almost a regular feature there. In India this is few and farbetween and found only twicc in 1977 the Janata party regime and in 1998 and 1999the NDA regimes. All other formations are minority coalition governments supportedby other parties from outside formally or informally for reasons of their own politicalinterests. In 1979 Charan Singh's Janata party faction with a few others ruled for a fewmonths without facing parliament on the manipulative support of the Indira congress.

In 1989 Viswanath Pratap Singh with only 131 Janata Dal MPs formed a minoritygovernment with outside support by the BJP on the one side and CPI, CPM and otherleft parties on the other. Such was Chandra Sekhar's government in 1991. In 1991election the Congress party with 224 seats under the leadership of Narsimha Raocame to power and stayed in office for the full term because none of 40 odd partiesopposed the government and ultimately Mr. Rao manipulateda tenuous majority inthe Lok Sabha. Both Devegowda and Inder Gujaral survived with outside support ofthe congress. In these two minority governments CPI participated, with willing supportthe CPM and other left parties remained out side the government. Atal Bihari Vajpayeein 1999 with 24 parties formed a genuine coalition government, Telugu Desam party amember of the NDA though, without sharing the ministerial office extended its supportall through.

As indicated above, none of the coalition governments at the centre5 (except thelast one NDA) right from the Janata government in 1977 have lasted their full term infact the average of these has been only about 12 months. As a result of this, thecountry was forced to have premature elections in 1980, 1991, 1998 and 1999. Thesegovernments have been unstable, mainly due to opportunistic politics, absence ofany common policy or programme and parties trying to jockey for longterm electoraladvantage in the next elections.

The last Vajpayee government lasted its full term because Vajpayee and theNDA government had learnt the dynamics of coalition politics by trying to accommodateregional aspirations and demands with a national agenda for governance. In the process,some of BJP's own items on their agenda (Building of a Ram Mandir in Ayodhya anda common Civil code) had been put in the background or altogether sidelined.

The present congress coalition of 18 parties having a total of 224 seats inparliament as a minority government has been playing a strong number games, the



left parties with their 61 members, in exchange for considerations are supporting fromoutside not participating in united progressive alliance(UPA) although accepted themost important post of the speaker as did the TDP earlier in NDA regime. The post ofthe speaker, as observed during these days in many a state legislature in situation ofparty split and politics of defections, appears to be important.

In political crisis situation the speaker of the house may play a decisive role.The CPM is trying to push its agenda and make the congress party sometimesirritatingly accept its policy perspective in a big way. Though the congress and itsallies are a minority government, yet it is the strongest during the past two and a halfdecades. With the post election support of Mulayam Singh from outside with his 36MPs Manmohan Singh's minority government will survive even if the left parities withdrawsupport a rare possibility though particularly when mayawati and her BSP with 19MPs, not opposing this government.

This is really a unique experiment in contemporary Indian Politics, politicalobservers have been confronting with. Be it a real coalition government or a minoritycoalition government as at present the facts that are to be objectively considered are(1) the size of winning coalitions (2) the basis on which coalitions or minority coalitiongovernments are formed (3) the distributions of offices among the winning membersand duration of the formation (The social Science Encyclopedia). Upon a sound-calculation and strategy and even manipulation the tenure of the Manmohan Singh'sgovernment is supposed to survive its full term. In the ongoing process of fighting BJPand to experiment with present version of Indian consensual politics the ManmohanSingh minority coalition possible may achieve the status of a genuine coalitiongovernment.

Indian political system is quite resilient and as observed during the last threedecades, the systemicethos is expected to absorb coalition culture of a differentvariety because of the unique ground realities in a sub-continental dimension.

Notes :-

1. Anindya Saha `The Indian Party system 1989-99 seminar August 1999 issueno 480 p-21, 22.

2. Babulal Fadia ``Coalition politics in the indian states'' State politics in Indiavolume I, Rawat Publication, New Delhi, 1984, P.401, 402.

3. Meenu Roy-Indian Democracy at 50 in edited by Zenab Banu Decline and fall ofIndian politics Kanish Publisher-New Delhi, 1999 P.184, 185.

4. Amiya K. Chaudhuri - Minority Government : Coalition politics Indian experiementsP.407, 408, 410. The Indian Journal of political science, vol. LXVI, No.2, April-June, 2005

5. Ravi P. Bhatia - Structural Basis of coalition Governments, P.149. The IndianJournal of political Science, Vol.64, No.1-2, Jan-June-2003.

Paper was presented in a National Seminar on ``Structure and Dynamics of Indianpolitics'', organized by the Dept. of Political Science, M. S. University of Baroda,Vadodara, held on 16, 17 January 2006.

SUMMARY

The increasing trend in voluntary disclosureshas become apparent during the past fewyears. Many reasons can be attributed to this

phenomenon. The investigation of differences betweenmandatory disclosures and voluntary disclosures was takenup as the first objective of this paper. These two were foundand hence voluntary disclosures were considered to be fulfillinga complementary role.

In order to check the actual practice of voluntarydisclosures, CONTENT ANALYSIS of annual corporate reportsof Wipro Limited for the years 1996-97 to 2000-01 was done.This comprised of the second objective of this paper. It wasfound that while the size of the reports doubled during theseyears, the space allocated for voluntary disclosures increasedfive fold. Both textual and non-textual means of communicationswere found to be used for voluntary disclosures. A lot ofinnovation was observed in the report of 2000-01. The analysisof the contents indicate that this company used the path ofvoluntary disclosures to take full advantage of this means ofcommunication for transferring information from its privatedomain to the Public domain.

The third objective of this paper was to examine thefuture of voluntary disclosures for Indian Corporate Sector. Acomparison of the case of Wipro with that of Infosys displayedtwo extreme poles of voluntary disclosures. Infosys gave a lotof additional accounting information such as inflation

VOLUNTARY DISCLOSURES INCORPORATE ANNUAL REPORTS :

STYLE VERSUS CONTENT

(A CASE STUDY)

n DR. H. C. SARDARS. D. School of Commerce

Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380 009.

8

VOLUNTARY DISCLOSURES IN CORPORATE ANNUAL REPORTS 45


accounting, value added etc. Wipro tended to use the voluntary disclosures more inthe advertising mode. A company of the stature of Wipro could easily have disclosedmore accounting information to fulfill its commitments and to cover the gaps inmandatory ones. Yet it chose not to do so while Infosys utilized this opportunity tothe fullest extent. Voluntary disclosures would mean more effort in preparation of thereports as well as larger expenditure. The two extreme provide a lot ot scope for othercompanies to follow. It would be advisable to employ a judicious mixture of both. Amore humane approach coupled with wider disclosure of accounting mixture of both.A more humane approach coupled with wiser disclosure of accounting informationwould enable the companies to retain the flexibility of voluntary disclosures or elsethey would be under the threat to be brought under the purview of mandatoryrequirements.1. INTRODUCTION

With the industrial revolution came the change in the business organization. Itsownership shifted from individuals to a corporate body, which has a distinct identity,separate from its owners. This change also extended the interest in the businessfrom individual level to more public domain. Be it a small business or a conglomerate,a partnership firm or a public sector enterprise, a manufacturing business or aservice sector industry, all the parties who had direct or indirect interest in anybusiness needed information about the business. Keeping in view the interest ofsociety at large and the rights of the people directly related with a business,governmental imposition regarding revelation of information about a business enterpriseevolved as far back as the Babylonian empire (Kapadia, 2000)1. We must also notforget that the writings of Kautilya also point to the existence of quite a well--developed system of state level accounting in India. (Ibid) Even before the changein the organization of business on modern lines, financial records were systematicallymaintained for business activities. It was in the nineteenth century that this took upa more formalized form and later developed into a specialized profession. With thepromulgation of the Indian Companies’ Act, the public dissemination of financialinformation of a business enterprise became the right of the government and thesociety. Disclosure of financial information about business enterprises developedinto the formalized form of annual reports the world over. The Annual Reports of acompany became the first reference documents available in the public domain for allinterested parties such as government and other regulatory bodies, competitors andcollaborators; shareholders and employees of the company, stock exchanges, stockbrokers and allied professionals, academicians and the public at large. Even for thecompany itself they provided valuable historical record of progress, of success andof failures.

During the last 25 years a lot of changes have slowly crept up in the waybusiness activities are performed. The world has almost become a global village withthe proliferation of multinational enterprises, expansion and integration of marketsand dispersion of manufacturing activities. Consequently, the financial reportingsystem of corporate entities has also undergone considerable changes. It is now notonly compulsory under different regulations, but also the companies themselves seeit as a way of building up their business.

The most recent development in the area of financial reporting is the inclusionof additional information beyond the legal and regulatory requirements. This information

is clubbed under ‘VOLUNTARY DISCLOSURES’ to distinguish it from other disclosuresin the annual reports of a company. Since this is a recent phenomenon and it is moresignificant as the companies are not under any compulsion to declare any voluntaryinformation, an attempt is made in this paper to study ‘VOLUNTARY DISCLOURESIN THE ANNUAL REPORTS OF INDIAN COMPANIES’.2. OBJECTIVES

Voluntary disclosures cover a more heterogeneous area than mandatorydisclosures in the Annul Reports. There is no strict format available for this part. Inview of these facts and the increasing importance of voluntary disclosures, theobjectives of this paper are as follows :

Analysis of differences between mandatory disclosures and voluntary disclosuresin terms of objectives, method of reporting, items in the report, its significance, theuses of the disclosures etc.

The second objective is to undertake a case analysis of voluntary disclosuresby a company.

To investigate the future of voluntary disclosure in the Indian context.Secondary reference material, in the form of books, journals, newspapers and

annual reports of companies were used to garner information about voluntarydisclosures. WIPRO was the company chosen for case study. Its annual reportsfrom 1996-97 to 2000-01 were used for the case study. CONTENT ANALYSISmethod was used to analyse the voluntary part of the annual reports.

3. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN VOLUNTARY DISCLOSURES AND MANDATORYDISCLOSURES.

When information about the business is transferred by a corporate body from theprivate domain to the public domain, it is called “disclosure” (Kohler, 1979)2; AmericanAccounting Association, 1972, 1977)3. The history of financial disclosures in aformalized form dates back to the nineteenth century. Over the years the mandatorydisclosures have obtained universal acceptance so much so that now wherevercorporate bodies have legally registered existence, there also exist norms formandatory financial disclosures. During the last twenty-five years, a lot of changeshave taken place in the rules for mandatory disclosures due to several reasons,which are :

The changes in the business organizationThe closer interaction between corporate bodies and the governmentThe growing stakes of the public in businessChanges in corporate responsibilities, which now include social responsibilities

apart from its usual ones.Another major change, which occurred in corporate financial reporting, was that

now additional information-over and above the mandatory requirements – was beingdisclosed by the companies. This new phenomenon was called “VOLUNTARYDISCLOSURES” to distinguish it from the mandatory part. Some of the objectives ofthis Voluntary Disclosure were the same as those the Mandatory Disclosures, butothers were quite different as there was no compulsion for Voluntary Disclosures.Besides the manner of Voluntary Disclosures is quite different from the Mandatoryones. A comprehensive comparison of the two categories of disclosures revealedthe following major differences :



1. Mandatory disclosures are obligatory under law whereas no such obligationexists for voluntary disclosures.

2. All registered corporate bodies must disclosure mandatory informationwhereas voluntary disclosures would not cover 100% of the corporatesector.

3. The main objective of the Mandatory Disclosures is to meet legal requirements.This is not the case for the Voluntary ones.

4. The main users of information contained in Mandatory disclosures are theGovernment, regulatory bodies, shareholders, employees of the company,researchers and academicians and potential business partners, etc. Thesame group of users would be there for Voluntary Disclosures also.

5. The uses to which these two types of Disclosures are put would be different.Voluntary Disclosures would first be evaluated on the basis of readiness ofthe company to share information and to be more open. It would be an imagebuilding exercise rather than a penalty evading exercise. Therefore, voluntarydisclosures would be put to more positive uses than mandatory disclosures.Mandatory Disclosures are evaluated on the basis of their adherence toprescribed norms. This would reflect whether the company is toeing therequired line or not. Voluntary Disclosures on the other hand would be theindicators of progressive management and how public oriented the companyis.

6. Mandatory disclosures have to follow the prescribed format by and large. Nosuch standard format is available for Voluntary ones.

7. Mandatory Disclosures contain a lot of quantitative factual information,whereas Voluntary Disclosures are more qualitative in nature.

8. Mandatory Disclosures have to be published periodically, as per therequirements of the various regulatory bodies voluntary disclosure aregenerally published along with mandatory ones but there is no regulatory orlegal time schedule fixed for them. It is also not necessary that VoluntaryDisclosure once given on a particular aspect be repeated periodically bycompany.

9. Mandatory disclosures contain both qualitative and quantitative data. Boththese types of information also form part of Voluntary Disclosures. There isa lot of difference in the items which is contained in to two types ofDisclosures. Further there is generally no repetition of information in the twotypes of disclosures. By and large, the Voluntary part contains information inaddition to the information contained in the Mandatory part. Photographicand statistical information generally form part of the Voluntary disclosuresonly and not mandatory ones.

10. These two types of disclosures differ from each other considerably on thebasis of their significance also. Mandatory disclosures form the right of theshareholders to be acquainted with the position of the business at specificintervals on the ground that the capital of the company comes from theshareholders. A company is also responsible for providing information to

supervisors, since all business activities are supervised to a certain extentby the rules and regulations of the government and other bodies. VoluntaryDisclosures, on the other hand, have a more social significance. The merefact that a company reveals some information about itself on a voluntarybasis indicates the presence of awareness of social responsibilities. It isalso possible to highlight the achievements, future plans and other specificfeatures through Voluntary Disclosures. These also provide a more humaneelement to the technical annual financial reports.

11. Several awards have been instituted to evaluate the efficacy of financialreporting of the companies. Judgment is based on both Mandatory andvoluntary information. For Mandatory information the adherence to theprescribed norms forms the basis of the judgment. This process is moresubjective for Voluntary Disclosures.

12. Mandatory Disclosures by themselves are enough. Voluntary Disclosuresare supplementary to the Mandatory information and can never substitutefor it.

The above analysis shows that Voluntary Disclosures are quite different fromMandatory Disclosures. The increase in Voluntary disclosures is also a recentphenomenon and therefore needs closer investigation. A review of how VoluntaryDisclosures have been changing in the recent times is done in the following sections,using information about WIPRO Ltd., with the help of content analysis.

4. CONTENT ANALYSIS OF VOLUNTARY DISCLOSURES BY WIPRO LIMITED :Wipro Limited, with Mr. Azim Premji at its helm since 1968, has traveled a long

way to become the topmost Infotech Company from India with a global presence. Italso has a long history of diversification in the areas of health care, lighting,consumer care etc. With the expectation that such a company would keep abreast ofthe latest trend in disclosure practices, it was taken up for the case study.

CONTENT ANALYSIS is a tool mostly used to analyze documentary material,when such material is in structured form. The aim of this analysis is to investigate themessages contained in the document. Therefore, content analysis is qualitative innature (Kothari, 2001)4. In this paper both simple and subtle methods of contentanalysis were used. The simple method was used to work out the probable objectivebehind the disclosure of various items given in voluntary disclosures.

For the content analysis, Annual Reports of Wipro Limited from the year 1996-97to 2000-01 were studied. The contents of the Voluntary Disclosures in these reportswere investigated on the following four points :

a) Allocation of space in the reportsb) Features of the cover Page and back coverc) Utilization of means of communication other than text andd) Highlights of Executive Summary and/or Chairman’s Letter

a) Allocation of Space in the Reports :Disclosures aim at transferring information from the private domain of the

company to the public domain. Naturally, more the space devoted to VoluntaryDisclosures, larger would the disclosures. But, this also has to be evaluated on a



comparative basis, i.e. what percentage of the total space of the annual report hasbeen devoted to the Voluntary part.

The front and the back covers were excluded from this count as they wereanalysed separately. Table 1 below gives the details of the space allocation.

The annual reports of the company doubled in size during the five years underconsideration but the portion devoted to voluntary disclosures increased five folds,from five in 1996-97 to 27 in 2000-01. One remarkable point to be observed is that in1999-2000, the actual numbers of total pages in the report were reduced by nearly24% (from 84 to 64) over the previous year, the reduction in the number of pagesallocated to V.D. was only 16% (from 12 to 10). In 1998-99, 12 pages were kept forV.D., which was the same in the previous year. But since this report had more pagesthan the previous year, the allocation in percentage terms shows a decline.

TABLE 1SPACE ALLOCATION FOR VOLUNTARY DISCLOSURES IN ANNUAL REPORTS

OF WIPRO LIMITED

YEAR NO.OFPAGES NO. OF PAGES PERCENTAGEALLOCATION

TOTALFOR V.D. FOR V.D.+

1996-97 55 05 9.09%1997-98 75 12 16 %1998-99 84 12 14.28%1999-2000 64 10 15.63%2000-01 121* 27 22.31%

* The total number of pages in this report was 208. By this time this company waslisted in the US also. Therefore, this report contained Mandatory financial informationas required under the US laws from pages 122-208. This has been excluded tomaintain uniformity over the years for comparison.

+V.D.-Voluntary Disclosures.The size of the report remained constant throughout these years, except for

the increase in number of pages.b) Features of the Cover Page and back cover :

The cover page is of maximum strategic importance where V.D. is concerned.The significant features of the cover page and the back covers of the annual reportsunder investigation are described below, year wise.1996-97

The color was gray with a panel of a different hue in between and the name ofthe company with its simple logo was given on the right hand side bottom. The insideof the front cover contained important information about the address of the variouscorporate offices of the organization and the names of the members of its executivecouncil. Both sides of the back cover were blank.1997-98

In contrast to the previous year, the front cover of this report was very colorful

with the background in rainbow colors. The logo of the company was made of asunflower with the repeat of the rainbow colors in diagonal stripes. A different fontwas used to print the name of the company. More significant was the fact that thecaption “applying thought” was inserted just under the name of the company in aprominent manner. The theme of “applying thought” was later emphasized throughoutthe report, giving full indication of the special efforts of the company. The inside ofthe front cover carried the same information as the previous year but with someimportant addition. Apart from repeating the logo of the company and theaccompanying caption, four more areas of activities were highlighted using smallerlogos. These were: Human value, Integrity, Innovative Solutions and Value for Money.A most effective way to transmit USP of the company. The same thing wasrepeated, in bolder print on the last page of the report to catch the eye. The insideback cover carried the four logos and the explanation of the four logos in veryattractive language, explaining the promise of the company represented by the fourlogos. The back cover was also very colorful with the rainbow colors being repeatedin diagonal stripes. When compared with the last year the cover pages indicate thecrucial change in the image of the company in its own conception as well as a strongattempt to build up a new image in the minds of the people.1998-99

This year the cover page was more sober compared to last year. The theme ofrainbow color was continued but instead of the whole page, they inserted in the formof a panel on a white background. The logo and motto of the company were given atthe center of the bottom part and in smaller print than the last year. The inside of thecover page was blank and the information given on it during the previous years wasgiven on the opening page of the report. The inside of the back cover remained thesame as the previous year. The back cover was also very somber with the logo,motto and the address of the company being given at the bottom end.1999-2000

There was no change in both the cover pages from the last year.2000-01

This year the cover pages underwent a metamorphosis. The logo and motto ofthe company was placed on the right hand top corner in a white circle. The over allbackground was of blackish gray with depiction of earth’s silhouette in blackish blueand several spheres in different colors depicting planets. More important was thecaption “MIND ACROSS BORDERS” printed in very bold letters to indicate theexpansion of the activities of the company at global level. The cover page had adouble fold and the inside part of the cover page had a very interesting presentationof the contents. The inside folds of the cover page the summary of financialinformation in an easily understood format. It presented segment-wise businessperformance for the financial year. The highlights were presented using one linegraph, five bar diagrams, one three-dimensional diagram and one pie diagram. Thefirst page of the report was almost a continuation of the cover page in the sense thatalong with the photograph of the first page it also carried a brief statement about theaims, goals, commitments and prospects of the company. The addresses of theregistered offices were given on the inside part of the back cover, which was auniform black. For the first time the name of the printers was mentioned on the backcover.



c) Utilization of Means of Communication Other than Text :Since V.D. need not follow a fixed format like that of mandatory Disclosures, a

lot of scope exists for communicating information about the company for it. The idealoutput should be such that the information appeals to the user, is user friendly,manages to convey the message of the company in the most effective manner, doesnot give rise to doubts and gives proof of how the company has kept its promises.The company would also need to take care that the information thus disclosed doesnot jeopardize it in any way. V.Ds. would automatically involve a lot of textualinformation. In this section, the analysis is limited to means of communication otherthan text. Table 2 below gives the details of the items of communication used inthese reports.

TABLE 2USE OF NON-TEXTUAL MEANS OF COMMUNICATION IN THE ANNUAL

REPORTS

ITEM/YEAR 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-2001TABLES 1 1 3 1 0+BAR CHARTS 4 0 0 0 0LINE GRAPHS 0 4 4 4STRUCTURAL DIAGRAMS 0 0 1 2 7PHOTOGRAPHS (PRODUCTS) 4 5 3* 2 0PHOTOGRAPHS (PREMISES) 2 1 0 3 5PHOTOGRAPHS(EMPLOYEES & 0 1 1 1 19 EXECUTIVES)RECREATIONAL FACILITIES 0 0 0 0 3

* One photograph includes 12 products another shows 11 products.+ The table and bar charts for this year were given on the inside part of the front

cover. Moreover, since this has already been mentioned during the discussion aboutthe cover page, it is not being included here.

d) Highlights of Executive Summary/Chairman’s Letter :The Chairman’s Report formed the main part of the textual content of the

voluntary disclosures in the reports. In 1996-97 the main achievements of thecompany were highlighted in the form of Executive Summary. From next yearonwards this Executive Summary was given as the concluding part of the Chairman’sletter addressed to the interested parties. In 1997-98 this letter was addressed to the“Stakeholders”, to the “Customers, Employees and Shareholders” in 1998-99, andthereafter again to the “stakeholders” in the last two years. Every year the lettercarried the signature of Mr. Premji except in 2000-01. Apart from this letter, separateinformation about the various subsidiary companies was also given. The spaceallocation for the various subsidiary companies was also given. The space allocationfor the various years on these items is given in Table 3 below:

TABLE 3SPACE ALLOCAITON FOR TEXTUAL INFORMATION

ITEMS/YEARS 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-01Chairman’sLetter+ 1 3 4 2 4Corporate 1 0 0 0 2ProfileTechnologies 2 1 1 3 6Infotech 1 3 3 2 4Consumer Care 1 1 1 2 5

+ And/or Executive SummaryIt would be relevant to mention here that in 2000-01 a lot of charts, diagrams andphotographs were used along with the text for the various components of the group.

Appendix 1, 2 and 3 give the year wise items, which were mentioned in theExecutive summary, Chairman’s letter for Wipro Infotech. This exercise was notcarried out for the other subsidiaries as the areas covered were almost the same asthose for Infotech and such minute details were not able to throw more light on thevoluntary disclosures.

The picture which emerge from this analysis is :• This company has not given any additional accounting information about

itself in the form of voluntary disclosures. Appendix 4 lists the possibleaccounting information, which could be disclosed on a voluntary basis. Theitems listed there give a better insight into the financial health of thecompany. Some of these items relate to the social responsibility of thecompany. One really wonders why an outstanding company like Wipro didnot give any accounting information on voluntary basis during all theseyears.

• Wipro had also given financial information according to the US GAAP in2000-01. This was because by that time it was listed in the USA too.

• Visually the report had improved tremendously during these years.The presentation of information was innovative and easily comprehensible,

even by a layperson.The layout was well planned and the photographs strategically placed to attract

the reader.This increasing emphasis was on six sigma through out these reports amply

brings out the fact that this is the unique strength of the company where qualityassurance is concerned.

The focus of people and employees brings out the social spirit of the company.5. FUTURE OF VOLUNTARY DISCLOSURES IIN INDIAN CONTEXT :

The case of Wipro cannot be taken as the role model for the entire corporatesector for investigating the future of voluntary disclosures. To over come the bias ina case study a small investigation of another company belonging to the same area –Infosys was taken up. Apart from many textual and non-textual items (similar tothose disclosed by Wipro), this company gave information as listed in Table-4 below.It can be seen from this table that Infosys has been reporting approximately 13 itemsout of the possible 29 items of voluntary accounting disclosures listed in Appendix 4.



Further the practice adopted in 1996-97 was continued on a fairly consistent basisthroughout the years. No doubt Infosys has been winning best awards for financialreporting during these years.

TABLE 4VOLUNTARY DISCLOSURE ITEMS OF INFOSYS

ITEM / YEAR 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01Inflation Accounting 0 0 0 0 1Human Resource Accounting 1 1 1 1 1Value added statement 1 1 1 1 1Economic Value Added 1 1 1 1 1Social Accounting 1 1 0 0 0Significant Ratios 1 1 1 1 1Shareholder Information 1 1 1 1 1Geographical Segment 1 1 1 1 1Share holding Pattern 1 1 1 1 1Brand Valuation 1 1 1 1 1Management Structure 1 1 1 1 1Intangible assets Score sheet 1 1 1 1 1

Note 1 indicates the information was given and 0 indicates the information wasnot given.

The example of Infosys presents quite a contrast to that of Wipro. Both thesecompanies belong to the same sector. Wipro is more diversified in its activities thanInfosys but their core business is the same. Both have a good reputation and arebrand leaders. Now it becomes even more imperative to find out the possible reasonswhy Wipro chose not to declare additional accounting information. Some of thepossible reasons are :

It might not have felt it necessary to disclose the information, as it was notmandatorily required.

It might have felt that this information will not be utilized much compared toother textual and non-textual information.

It might not have wanted to spend time and money to provide this information.It might not have wanted to follow the example of Infosys, as it is a near rival.There may be some other reasons not directly traceable from the second hand

information of the reports.With these two extreme examples one can now investigate the future of

voluntary disclosures in Indian context. The conclusions, which have been drawn byme are :

1) The first point is to determine whether some voluntary disclosure shouldbecome essential part of the annual corporate or not. For this ourrecommendation is that all companies must strive to disclose as muchinformation on voluntary basis as possible without jeopardizing their businessin any manner. This needs to be done in view of the changing concept of abusiness organization from a purely commercial one to one with a lot ofsocial responsibilities.

2) The second recommendation is about the additional accounting information.It is quite crucial that companies should now start providing information onsignificant aspects such as inflation accounting etc. They would be quiteuseful for all categories of users of the annual reports.

3) The companies must start providing more and more accounting informationon voluntary basis, as they will manage to retain the flexibility of thevoluntary aspect. In case they do not take this step now, it is quite likely thatthese may sooner or later be imposed on them in the form of mandatorydisclosures.

4) Next the question comes whether come lessons can be learnt from the Caseof Wipro also. By the increase in the coverage of voluntary disclosures, interms of allocation of space and use of techniques, it is obvious that Wiproconsidered these items of high utility. The same would apply for any Indiancompany and therefore it is recommended that every company can gain bypresenting more information about the company.

5) The emphases on six sigma by Wipro clearly bring out this as its strength.Other companies can emulate this example too.

6) The quality of printing, layout, selection and placing of photographs, variousgraphs, diagrams and charts were found to be unique features of the reportsof Wipro. Another companies to improve the visual and contextual contentsof their reports can use this example.

7) The formal institutions, such as ICAI etc. can work towards developingsome methodology for evolving uniformity in voluntary disclosures also. Itwould go a long way in helping the smaller companies to improve theirreporting system as they may not have the capacity to disclose informationin the most advantageous manner which Wipro and Infosys have.

VOLUNTARY DISCLOSURES is still an uncharted area where more investigationis required. This is necessary not only from the point of view of research but toprovide guidelines to the companies in general. The main objective of this paper wasto bring the focus of this august community to the area of Voluntary disclosures.References :1 Kapadia, G.P., 2000, History of Accountancy Profession in India, the Institute

of Chartered Accountants of India, New Delhi, p182 Kohler Eric, L.A., 1979, Dictionary for Accountants, Prentice Hall of India Pvt.

Ltd., New Delhi, p 180.3 American Accounting Association, 1972, Report of the Committee on Basic

Auditing Concept, Supplement to the Accounting Review, p 23.American Accounting Association, 1977, Conceptual Framework for FinancialAccounting and Reporting, Elements of financial statements and their Mea-surement, June, p 19.

4 Kothari, C.R., 2001, Research Methodology, Methods and Techniques, WishwaPrakashan, New Delhi



SCORES ALLOCATED : 1= MENIONED, 0= NOT MENTIONEDAPPENDIX 1

ITEMS HIGHLIGHTED IN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF ANNUAL REPORTS OFWIPRO LTD.ITEM / YEAR 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99SALES 1 1 1PROFIT AFTER TAX 1 1 1SOFTWARE EXPORT 1 1 1PRODUCT/ACTIVITY WISE RANKINGOF VARIOUS UNITS 1 1 1R & D COST 1 1 1GROWTH RATE 1 1 1AWARDS 1 1 1BELIEFS 1 0 0SIX SIGMA 1 1 1VISION FOR YR2000/ 5 YR PLAN 1 1 1ISO 9002 CERT. 0 1 0SEI CERTIFICATE 0 1 1PROMISES 0 1 1FUTURE 0 1 0FUTURE STRATEGY 0 1 1CURRENT PERFORMANCEASSESSMENT 0 0 1

APPENDIX 2SALIENT FEATURES OF CHAIRMAN’S LETTER IN ANNUAL REPORTS

OF WIPRO LTD.ITEM/YEAR 1999-2000 2000-2001ACHIEVEMENT OF GOAL OF PAT 1 1EMPHASIS ON QUALITY, PEOPLE & STRATEGIC DIRECTION1 1SIX SIGMA 1 1SEI CERTIFICATE 1 1BLACK BELT TECHNICAL EXPERTS 1 1ISO CERTIFICATE 1 0EMPLOYEES 1 1THANKS TO CONTRIBUTORS FOR SUCCESS 1 1CUSTOMERS PROMISE 1 1GROWTH RATE 0 1VISION 0 1BUSINESS LEADERSHIP 0 1CUSTOMER LEADERSHIP 0 1PEOPLE LEADERSHIP 0 1BRAND LEADERSHIP 0 1AWARDS 0 1E CULTURE 0 1INNOVATION 0 1FUTURE 0 1

ABSTRACT :

Kachchh is a significant area of Mesozoicsedimentation in India. It has variedlithostratigrphy, depositional environments,

tectonic history and faunal-floral fossil assemblage. InKachchh Mesozoic sedimentary rocks ranging in age fromBathonian to Aptian are beautifully exposed and extendedalong east-west in almost the whole length of MainlandKachchh. The Mesozoic rocks are the good source ofmegaflora study as varied plant mega fossils are wellpreserved in these rocks. Considerable work has been doneby the scientists and research students on biostratigraphybut yet much to explore.

Key Words: Mesozoic, Stratigraphy, Formation,Megaflora

IntroductionThe sedimentary basin of Kachchh is an east-west

oriented pericratonic rift basin at the westernmost periphery ofthe Indian craton (Biswas 1978, Biswas,2002) between Latitude22o30’ and 24o30’ N and Longitude 68o and 72o E. The basin isa fossil rift at the southern end of the Indus shelf and is borderedon the north by the fossil rifts of Thar and Southern Indus basins.The basin is filled up with 5000 to 8000 ft. of Mesozoicsediments ranging in age from Middle Jurassic to LowerCretaceous are exposed in the following six disconnected areaswhich are major uplift zones and form highlands (i) KachchhMainland (ii) Pachcham Island (iii) Khadir Island (iv) Bela Island

A RECORD ON STILL UNKNOWNMEGAFLORA FOSSILS OF KACHCHH

n Solanki H. A. 1, Patel J. M. 2, Majethiya H.V. 2

1Department of Botany, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad-92Department of Geology, R. R. Lalan College, Bhuj, Kachchh-370001

Email: [email protected]

9

A RECORD ON STILL UNKNOWN MEGAFLORA FOSSILS OF KACHCHH 57


(v) Chorar Island (vi) Wagad. These outcrop areas are separated by great and littleRanns of Kachchh and Banni Plain. The total area of Kachchh sedimentary basin isabout 16,500 sq. miles of which outcrop areas include only 5000 sq. miles.

Stratigraphy of the Area and MegafloraThe stratigraphy of Kachchh consists of Mesozoic, Tertiary and Quaternary

formations (Kar - 1985, Bijal Prasad - 2002 and Biswas - 2002)(Table – 1). TheMesozoic formation comprise Late Triassic (Rhaetian) to Early Jurassic (Lias)continental, middle to late Jurassic Marine and Late Jurassic to Early cretaceous,Fluvio-deltaic sediments. The earliest rocks are not exposed. They are present in thesubsurface of Banni.

Sub basin Mesozoic sediments are the rift fill sediments and constitute themajor part of the basin fill. The tertiary sediments are mostly shallow marine shelfsediments in the peripheral and intervening structural lows bordering Mesozoic upliftareas. The quaternary consist of wide variety of sediments ranging from marine tofluvial lacustrine and eolian. Maximum stratigraphic succession is exposed in Kachchhmainland. In the Northern and Eastern highlands only the lower part of the Mesozoicsequence bordered by late Tertiary and Quaternary sediments outcrops (Table 1).

The stratigraphic sequence of mainland is divided into four formations namedas Jhurio, Jumara, Jhuran and Bhuj formations in ascending order. The Bhuj formationis overlain by basic lower flows of Deccan Trap formation (Biswas, 1977) on the Southwhile the base of Jhurio formation is unexposed.

Jhurio formationJhurio formation is a thick sequence of limestone and shale with bands of

“golden oolites” in the lower part of the mainland and has been named after typesection in Jhurio (Jhura) Hill in North Central mainland. Common fossils in this formationare Rhynchonella, Terebratula, Ostrea, Astarte, Trigonia, Belemnites andMacrocephalites (Invertebrate fossils of Phylum Mollusca).

Jumara formationThis is a thick argillaceous sequence characterized by shales with thin red

bands alternating limestone and occasional sandstone interbeds, has been namedafter its type section in Jumara Hill near the Rann.

This formation is the richest of all in fossil content. The type section andKeera dome are rich in varieties of Ammonites, Belemnites, Brachiopods, Pelecypods,Corals and Gastropods.

Jhuran formationA thick sequence of alternating bands of sandstone and shale, exposed

along the stream by the ruined Jhuran village between Lothia Dam and Roha hill, hasbeen designated as the type section for the lower and middle members. Commonfossils include Ammonites, Belemnites, Pelecypods, Gastropods, Corals and Echinoid.The formation is richly fossiliferous in the western mainland and becomes less andless fossiliferous towards the east.

Bhuj Formation This formation is the youngest formation of Mesozoic of Kachchh, named

after its type locality around Bhuj and is a huge thickness of non marine sandstonesof uniform characters. This formation is defined by the marine beds of Jhuran formationbelow and Deccan trap lava flows above. It thickens as we move from east to west.Bhuj formation is enormously thick in the west and is divided into three informalmembers such as (i) Ghuneri, (ii) Ukra and (iii) the Upper members. The commonfossils in Ukra member are ammonites and pelecypods. It is rich in macro and microplant fossils in the shales of Ghuneri lower and upper members. Important plant bedsare seen near Lakhapar, Darsadi, Jakh, Kukadbhit, Kurbai, Nangor and Manjal. Theflora is typically upper Gondwana Ptilophyllum flora. Common forms are the speciesof Ptilophyllum, Williamsonia, Brachyphyllum, Pecopteris, Aurocarites, Taeneopteris,Cladophlebis, Equisetum, Elatocladus etc. Besides leaf impressions, large chunksof fossil wood and fossilized logs are seen in red ironstone bands of Ukra member(Map2).

Pachcham Island FormationThe “Pachcham” series of old classification was described from Jhumara

dome of the mainland which is included in the Jhurio formation. The Pachcham rocksare divided into lower Kaladonger formation and upper Goradunger formation. Kaladongerformation is a thick sequence of conglomerates, sandstone and shale fully developedin the Kaladonger Range of Pachcham Island – comprises the oldest stratigraphicunit. The section exposed in the lofty scarp facing the Rann below the highest Babiapeak (1520 ft) and along the stream west of Narewari wandh. The lowest beds areexposed in Dingy Hill. Common fossils are Pelecypods, and gastropods. Petrifiedtree trunks are seen in conglomerate and sandstones.

Goradunger formation is a sequence of limestone, shale and sandstoneexposed above Kaladonger formation. The main reference section is exposed in theGadaputa hill, east of Khavda. Common fossils are Pelecypods, Gastropods, Crinoidstems, plates and occasional Starfish (Indiaster Krishna, Rao, 1957).

Eastern Kachchh FormationThe stratigraphy of this region is represented by interrelated rock units exposed

in unconnected outcrops of Wagad, Khadir, Bela and Chorar. There, three map-ablerock units have been recognized viz. the Khadir formation, Washtawa formation andWagad formation. The Khadir formation includes the oldest beds of the sequence.The Washtawa formation appears to be equivalent of the uppermost part of the Khadirformation. The Wagad formation overlies both Khadir and Washtawa formation and itstop is not exposed. Compared to mainland formations, these formations are dominantlyaranaceous.

Khadir formation: The rocks exposed in Khadir island have been included inthis formation hence the name. The main reference section passing through Gadhadafrom the Northern most point at Cheriya bet to the Southern tip of the Island. The



basement is exposed in Meruda Hill, about 17 miles north of Khadir (Biswas, 1978).Common fossils are Corbula, Gervillia, Gastropods, Corals, Rhynchonells andFossilwood.

Washtawa formation: This formation occurs below the Wagad sandstone,named after its designated type section in Washtawa dome. It is consist of thicklybedded brown and red sandstones with intercalation of gypseous shales. Commonfossils are pelecypods, gastropods, fossilwood and starfish.

Wagad Sandstone: The sandstones overlying the Khadir and Washtawaformation in Northern and Central Wagad respectively, named after Wagad. Astarte,Trigonia, Ostrea, Modiola and Graphea are the common forms of Pelecypods occurbesides ammonites, Belemnites and pieces of fossilwood. Impressions of ptilophyllumare occasionally found in Shaly beds of Gamdau member.

The environment of deposition of the units indicates that Bathonian toOxfordian (represented by the Kaladonger, Goradonger, Khadir, Washtawa , Jhurioand Jumara formations) was the period of transgression when the environment changedfrom Littoral to Neritic; and Post Oxfordian to Lower Cretaceous (represented byWagad sandstone, Jhuran and Bhuj formations) was the period of regression, shiftingthe environment from neritic to fluvio-deltaic as the depositional centre moved outwestward.Panandhro Lignite Field Formation

The lignite seams and associated sediments of Panandhro formation haveyielded a variety of pollen and spores, algae and phytoplanktons. Pteridophytic sporesin the assemblages are referable to families Lycopodiaceae (Lycopodium-sporites),Schizeaceae (Lygodiumsporites) and Matoniaceae (Dandotiaspora). Recoveredsignificant angiospermous pollen belong to families Alangiaceae, Apiaceae, Arecaceae(Proxapertites, Arengapollenites, Spinomonosulcites, Spinizonocolpites)Bombacaceae (Lakiapollis), Asteraceae, Clusiaceae, Combretaceae, Lecythidaceae(Barringtonia) Liliaceae, Meliaceae, Poaceae, Polygalaceae, Thymeliaceae andRhizophoraceae.

Very little megafossil information is available from the area (Lakhanpal andGuleria 1981and 1983). The taxa recorded include Terminalia (Combretaceae),Cinnamonum (Lauranceae) Lagerstroemia (Lythraceae), Ficus (Moraceae), Syzygium(Myrtaceae) and Pandanus (Pandanaceae).

The Panandhro mega fossil assemblage is based only on leaf impressionsand is almost devoid of carbonised woods (Lakhanpal and Guleria 1981 and 1983,Lakhanpal et al. 1984). It consists of 9 species, out of which 6 have been identifiedwith 6 modern genera (Table -2 & 3). The remaining is decidedly dicotyledonous, andhas been placed under the form genus Dicotylophyllum saporta.Plant Fossils through Geological Time

The oldest record of microfossils, probably of cynobacterial affinity, is fromthe warrawoona group (Ca 3500 Ma) of Western Australia and Fig Tree Group ofSouth Africa (Ca 3500-3000 Ma). Acritarchs, Filamentous algae, and colonial algaeare common in Meso and Neoproterozoic rocks. The lower Silurian was the most

significant time in the earth’s history when the terrestrial land plants came intoexistence from the aquatic ones having differentiation of micro-and megaspores. Theland plants developed in a number of floras characterising Baragnawathia flora duringSilurian, Sigillaria flora (Devonian), Lepidodendron Flora (Carboniferous), GlossopterisFlora (Permian), Dicroidium Flora (Triassic) and Ptilophyllum Flora (Jurassic andEarly cretaceous period). Later on angiosperms came into existence in lowercretaceous and ruling the vegetation till date.Mega plant fossils of Kachchh

The Jurassic-Lower cretaceous plant mega fossils of Kachchh are wellpreserved, varied and diversified; mainly belong to bryophytes, pteridophytes, fernsand gymnosperms with dominant occurrence of Ptilophyllum. The Middle Jurassic-Lower cretaceous plant fossils of Kachchh, Gondwana basins (Rajmahal, South Rewa,Satpura, Jabalpur) and non-Gondwanic sedimentary basin (Krishna-Godavari, Cauvery)are represented by plant fossil of Ptilophyllum. For this reason, the middle Jurassic-Lower cretaceous megafloras of these areas are referred to as the “PtilophyllumFlora ” in India.

Morris (1840), Feistmantel (1876), Seward and Sahni (1920), Bose and Kasat(1972) and Lakhanpal et.al (1984) made valuable contributions to the plant megafossilstudies of Kachchh basin (Biswas,2002). Bose and Banerjee (1984) made a detailedpalaeobotanical studies on Mesozoic plant mega fossils of Kachchh from the varioussites representing Jhuran and Bhuj formations.

The recovered Mesozoic plant megafossils of Kachchh are given herewith:List of Mega Plant Fossils of Kachchh

v Hipatophyta: Hipaticeae – Thallites, Hepaticitesv Pteridophyta:v Lycophyta: Lycopsida – Isoetites, Selaginellitesv Arthophyta: Sphenopsida – Equisetites, Neocalamites, Sphenopterisv Pteropsida :

Dipteridaceae – Hausmannia, DictyophyllumMarattiaceae – Marattiopsis, DanaeopsisMatoniaceae – Phlebopteris, MatonidiumOsmundaceae – ToditesGleicheniaceae – Gleichenia, Coniopteris, GleichenitesWiichseliaceae – Weichselia

v Unclassified ferns:Cladophlebis, Sphenopteris, Dictyophyllum

v Gymnosperms:Corystospermales – Pachypteris, Thinfeldia, CatoniaBennettitales – Pterophyllum, Dictyozamites, Ctenozamites,

Pseudoctenis, Otozamites, Onomozomites,Zamites



Pentaxylales – TaeniopterisPodocarpaceae – Taxites, Elatocladus, Indophyllum, Pagiophyllum,

BrachyphyllumAraucariaceae – Araucarites

v Gymnosperms with uncertain affinity: Linguifolium, Trambaua,Lorumformophyllum, Allocladus.The plant megafossil assemblage of Jhuran formation is characterized by

dominance of ferns species (Cladophlebis) and gymnosperms (Pachypteris andPagiophyllum) on the other hand mega flora of Bhuj formation is rich and diversifiedand represented by all the above listed plant megafossils and dominated byspecies of Ptilophyllum.

From the general survey of the megaflora Kachchh, it is seen thatout of known modern comparable taxa, only Ficus is represented in the presentday flora of Kachchh that too is protected at limited places.

REFERENCESBiswas, S. K. (1977) Mesozoic Rock Stratigraphy of Kutch, Quart. Jour. Geol.

Min. Met. Soc. India., V. 49 (3&4), pp. 1-52Biswas, S. K. (1978) On the status of the Bhuj and Umia series of Kutch,

W. India. Proc. 7th Indian Colloquium on Micropaleontology and stratigraphy,Madras.

Biswas, S. K. (2002) Mesozoic Rock Stratigraphy structure tectonics andmesozoic stratigraphy of Kutch.

Bose, M. N. and Banerjee, J. (1984) Cycadophytic leaves from Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous rocks of India. Palaeobotanist, V. (28-29), pp. 218-300.

Bijai Prasad (2002) Mesozoic Palynostratigraphy, Structure, Tectonicsand Mesozoic stratigraphy of Kutch. DST Contact Programme.

Guleria J. S. and Lakhanpal R. N. (1984) On the occurrence of Pandanusfrom the Eocene of Kutch, Western India.

Kar R. K. (1985) The fossil floras of Kutch Tertiary Palynostratigraphy.Palaeobotanist 34: 1-280

Lakhanpal R. N. and Guleria J. S. (1981) Leaf impression from Eoceneof Kutch, Western India, Palaeobotanist, 28-29: 353-373.

Lakhanpal R. N. and Guleria J. S. (1983) A preliminary appraisal of theTertiary mega flora of Kutch district, Gujarat, Western India. Geophytology 13(1):46-54.

Lakhanpal R.N., Guleria J.S. and Awasthi N. (1984), The fossil floras ofKutch III – Tertiary megafossils, Palaeobotanist 33: 228-319.

ABSTRACT :

Metal Plates lie Parallel to the Xz Plane, one at y = 0 andthe second one is at Y = *. At x = 0 both the plates ae closedoff with an infinite strip insulated from the two plates andmaintained at a specific potential V0 (y) = V0 The potentialinside this slot' has been derived.

INTRODUCTION

The Scalar potential is independent of z, so this isreally a two dimensional problem. Here we haveto solve laplace's equation in two dimension

2 2

2 20

V V

x y

∂ ∂+ =∂ ∂ ........ (1)

with the boundary condition

(1) V (x, y) = 0 When Y = 0

(2) V (x, y) = 0 when y = p

(3) V = V0(y) = V0 when x = 0

(4) V (x, y) ® 0 as x ® ¥

The figure of the problem is as follows

BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM

n V. H. GandhiDepartment of Physics

Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 9

10

BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM 67


SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM :

One of the solution of the problem is given by David J Griffith (1991) is as follows

1,3,5,...

4 1( , ) sinkx

k

VoV x y e ky

kπ−

=

= ∑ ........ (2)

I will try to show that the same potential can be expressed in the following form.

12 sin( , ) tan

sin h

Vo yV x y

xπ−

=

........ (3)

Now the expansion of the

3 51log 2

1 3 5

z z zz

z

+ = + + + − − − − ........ (4)

Here if z = r cosq + ir sinq)

then log (1 + z)

= log (1 + r cos* + ir sin*)

2 11 sinlog (1 2 cos ) tan

2 1 cos

rr r i

r

θθθ

− = + + + +

........ (5)

in a same way

log (1 - z)

= log (1 - r cosq - ir sinq)

2 11 sinlog (1 2 cos ) tan

2 1 cos

rr r i

r

θθθ

− = + + + +

........ (6)

From equation (5) and (6)

log (1 + z) - log (1 - z)

21 1

2

1 1 2 cos sin sinlog tan tan

2 1 2 cos 1 cos 1 cos

r r r ri

r r r r

θ θ θθ θ θ

− − + + = + + − + + − ........ (7)

21

2 2 2

2 2

sin sin

1 cos 1 cos1 1 1 2 cos 2log log tan

1 2 1 2 cos sin1

1 cos

r r

r rz ri

z r r r

r

θ θθ θθ

θ θθ

−

+ + − + + + ∴ = + − − + − −

21

2 2

1 1 1 2 cos 2 sinlog log tan

1 2 1 2 cos 1

z r r ri

z r r r

θ θθ

− + + + ∴ = + − − + − ........ (7)

Now from the equation (4)

3 531

log 2 51 3 5

ie iez r rre re i

zθ

+ ∴ = + + + − − − −

Rewriting the above equation

3 5 3 51log 2 cos cos3 cos5 sin sin 3 sin 5

1 3 5 3 5z r r r r

r i rz

θ θ θ θ θ θ + ∴ = + + + − − − + + + + − − − −

........ (8)

In above equation (7) and (8) left hand side is same so the right hand must alsobe same so comparing right hand side.

21

2 2

1 1 2cos 2 2 sinlog tan

2 1 2 cos 2 1

r ri

r r

θ θθ

− + + + − + −

3 5 3 5

2 cos cos3 cos5 sin sin 3 sin53 5 3 5

r r r rr i rθ θ θ θ θ θ

= + + + − − − + + + + − − −

........ (9)

Equation (9) has two parts on both side, so comparing real and imaginary part

2 3 5

2

1 1 2 coslog 2 cos cos3 cos5

2 1 2 cos 3 5

r r r rr

r r

θ θ θ θθ

+ + = + + + − − − − +

........ (10 - a)

3 51

2

2 sintan sin sin 3 sin5

1 3 5

r r rr

r

θ θ θ θ− = + + + − − − −

........ (10 - b)

BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM 69


In order to obtain the required expression I use equation (10-b)

3 51

2

1 2 sintan sin sin 3 sin 5

2 1 3 5

r r rr

r

θ θ θ θ− = + + − − − − ........ (11)

Equation (11) is valid for all values of * and r < 1. Now replace r = e -x and q = yinequation (11)

3 51 3

2

1 2 sintan sin sin 3 sin 5

2 1 3 5

x x xx

x

e y e ee y y y

e

− − −− −

−

= + + + − − − −

........ (12)

Now from equation (2)

3 54( , ) sin sin3 sin5

3 5

x xxoV e e

V x y e y y yπ

− −−

= + + + − − −

........ (13)

Use equation (12) in above equation (13)

102

4 1 2 sin( , ) tan

2 1

x

x

v e yV x y

eπ

−−

−

= −

g

102 sin( , ) tan

2

x x

v yV x y

e eπ−

−

= −

g

102 sin( , ) tan

sinh

v yV x y

xπ−

=

g

........ (14)

Conclusion :

The required expression of the pothential in the describe slot in given byequation (14). This is the second possible form of the potential.

Reference :

David J Griffith (1991) Second edition, Introduction to electrodynamics 127-131.

* Coauthor

Keywords : PGPR's, Phosphate Solublization, IAA Production.

ABSTRACT :

Different sixteen rhizobacteria,

isolated from Cicer arietinumrhizosphere, were screened for their phosphate

solubilization (TCP) and IAA production ability. Out of them, 11

showed significant phosphate solubilization both on solid and

in liqium medium along with considerable pH reduction.

Phosphate solubilized 320 ppm/ml to a maximum of 440 ppm/

ml after 14d of incubation. lsolate CP11 Solubilized 320 ppm/ml phosphate in liquid medium with 5.3 pH and 18mm of

solubilization zone on solid medium. IAA production. using

Salkowsky's reagent method, ranged between 1 ug/ml 22.2

ug/ml. CP11 once again showed a maximum of 22.2 ug/ml IAA

production after 10d of incubation. Results reveal that CP 11

has a capacity of being a potential biofertilizers.

Introduction :

The use of soil microorganisms as biofertilizers is one ofthe most promising biotechnologies to improve primaryproduction with low inputs of fertilizers (Lucas et al, 2000).

INFLUENCE OF TIME ON PHOSPHATESOLUBILIZATION AND IAA PRODUCTION IN

RHIZOBACTERIAL ISOLATES OF CICER ARIETINUM.

n Neelam Tank and Dr. Meenu Saraf*

Department of Microbiology, School of sciences, Gujarat University,Ahmedabad - 380 009, Gujarat, India.

11

INFLUENCE OF TIME ON PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZATION AND IAA PRODUCTION IN... 71


Direct use of microorganisms to promote plant growth continues to be an area of cropis an important trait for selection of any root associated bacteria as plant group ofwortkers in China as yield increasing bacteria (YIB) (Thang, 1994). These rhiobacteriaenhances plant growth in 2 ways; 1) Directly : by producing plant growth hormones(IAA), organic acids, siderophore, nitrogen fixation of solubilizing essential insolubleminerals like phosphate. (2) Indirctly by suppressing plant pathogenic microorganismsby releasing antibiotics and other biocontrol agents in root rhizosphere(Glick, 1995).

Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for plant growth development andreproduction. In many soils phosphorus is the major limiting nutrient for agriculture.Chemically added phosphorus forms insoluble compounds with aluminum. Iron andorganic for agriculture. Chemically added phosphorus forms insoluble compoundswith aluminum, Iron and orgriculture. chemically added phosphorus forms insolubleforms of phosphatic compounds martinez et al, 2000). This solubilization occours inPGPR's through various mechanisms like mineralization, immobilization or acidification(Gaur, C., 1990)

Phytohormones such as auxins and ethylene are involved in altering endogenouslevels of hormones within plant tissues. They may metabolize precursors of hormonesynthesis or they may produce and secrete similar phytohormones (Patten et al,2000). PGPR bind to the surface of the plants and seeds and secrete IAA, stimulatesthe plant cell proliferation and cell elongation (Penrose and Glick, 2000). Nearly 80%of rhizosphere bacteria are estimated to produce plant growth hormones like IAA(Patten et al, 2000). Reports are there showing a vital role of phosphorus availability inIAA synthesis, transport and sensitivity resulting in to altered root structure (Lopez etal, 2000)

The objective of this study is to isolate efficient PGPR that can efficientlysolubilize phosphorus and produce significant amount of IAA.

Materials and Methods :

Isolation of PGPR's :

10gm of chickpea rhizosphere soil sample collected form the chickpea fields,was diluted in 90ml times. Rhizobacteria were isolated on N. Agar Plates. Theseplates were then incubated for 30 + 20 C for 24th. Next day various colonies showingdifferent morphological characteristics were selected. 16 were further selected for thetests.

Phosphorus Solubilization.

All 16 isolates were first of all spot inoculated on solid Pikovskaya'smedium was used. Test was done as described in Tank et al (Thank and Saraf,2003). Simultaneous changes in pH were also noted down.

IAA Biosynthesis :

Each isolate was incubated overnight is 10ml of basal medium enriched with0.5% of Tryptophane and incubated at 300C on shaker. These cultures were added in100ml of 0.5% tryptone added basal medium in 250ml Erlenmeyer flasks. Theseflasks were then incubated on orbital shaker at 30 + 20 C for 3days as described byZimmer et al (1988). Estimation was carried out up to 12 days after each 24th usingSalkowsky's reagent Method (Sarwer and Kremer, 1995, Tank and Saraf, 2003). Theconcentration of IAA in each culture was determined using standard IAA curve.

Results and Discussion :

Phosphate solubilization :

Results show that out of 16 isolates, 9 isolates showed zone of phosphatesolubilization on solid Pikovskyaya's medium after 3d of incubation at 30+20C. Amaximum zone was observed in isolate CP11 (18mm). Significant zones were alsoseen in CP24 (440 ppm/ml) followed by CP5, CP8, CP10, CP7, CP9 and CP11 indescending order of solubilization. A noticeable result observed was that thoughCP11 showed maximum zone of solubilization on solid medium, CP4 and CP5 gavemaximum solubilization liquid. On the contrary CP8 did not give any solubilizationZone on liquid medium but did show significant phosphate solubilization in liquidmedium up to 400ppm/ml. The pH of the medium also showed a decrease from 6.5 toa maximum of 4.6 after 14d. From the observations it is clear that no correlation couldbe established between the degree of P-solubilization and final pH of the medium(Table). In many isolates tested here, the final pH was same but their respective P-solubilization was different. Similar results showing no correlation between P-solubilization and pH reduction are also published by many researchers (Wani et al,1979).

IAA Biosynthesis :

No detectable IAA like substances were determined in un-inoculated controlbroths. Out of 16 isolates, 30% showed marginal production of IAA where as rest ofthem showed significant production of IAA. Though reports reveal that IAA productionreaches maximum after 120h (5d) of incubation (Zimmer et al, 1988) many of ourisolates did not followed this pattern and showed maximum IAA production even after240h (10d). However reports of other researchers (Lee et al 1999; Bhattacharya et al,1999) Showed that IAA production was not detected after 5d and 36h of incubationrespectively.

IAA production through Tryptophan involves Indole pyruvic Acid pathway.. diitionof Trypthophan supplements shows drastic increase in IAA bosynthesis by IPpathway (Koga et al, 1991b) whereas Patten et al (2000) reports IAA productionthrough other pathways and Smidt and Kosuge (1978) reports role of Tryptophan-L-monooxygenase in IAA production.

maximum IAA production was detected in CP11 (22.2ug/ml) after 240h of



incubation whereas isolate CP5 showed 20ug/ml of IAA production (Table.2) Thoughit is reported that there is continuous decrese in IAA production after reaching thepeak production, this pattern was not followed by our isolates. IAA production curvesof our isolates showed continuous increase and decrease up to 12d. These types ofcurves are in agreement with the IAA production, this pattern was not followed by ourisolates. IAA production curves of our isolates showed continuous increase anddecrease up to 12d. These types of curves are in agreement with the IAA productioncurves reported by Maria (Maria et al, 2000). The reason for such fluctuction of IAAdegrading enzymes enzymes by the cells which are inducible enzymes in presenceof IAA (Bhattacharya et al, 1999).

Conclusion :

The isolates which showed substantial phosphate solubilization and IAAproduction were CP11, CP5 and CP4 and must be tested further for their biofertilizerspotentials.

Table. 1 : Phosphate solubilization in Pikovskyaya's solid and liquid medium.

Isolate Zone of Phosphate pH

no. Solubilization Solubilization in

Liquid Medium

(ppm/ml)

24h 48h 72h 0d 7d 14d 0d 14d

CP1 + + + 0 215 320 6.5 4.9

CP2 - - - 0 132 132 6.5 5.1

CP3 + + + 0 106 280 6.5 5.1

CP4 + + + 0 176 440 6.5 4.7

CP5 + + + 0 204 400 6.5

4.65

CP6 + + + 0 190 140 6.5 5.2

CP7 + + + 0 118 340 6.5 4.8

CP8 + + + 0 140 400 6.5 4.7

CP9 - - - 0 140 320 6.5 4.6

CP10 + + + 0 90 400 6.5 5.6

CP11 ++ ++ ++ 0 124 320 6.5 4.7

CP12 + + + 0 98 280 6.5 5.3

CP13 + + + 0 182 180 6.5 6.5

CP14 + + + 0 192 192 6.5 6.5

CP15 - + + 0 126 360 6.5 4.7

CP16 - - - 0 76 76 6.5 4.7

Table 2 : IAA production by the Cicer arietnum isolates.

isolate Concentration of IAA in ug/ml (d of incubation)

no. od 3d 4d 5d 6d 7d 8d 9d 10d 11

12d

CP1 0 9.5 10 6.8 6.8 5 6 8 5.5 6

CP2 0 4 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 2 2 3.5 3.5

CP3 0 11 9 8 8.8 8 9 11 7 5.5

CP4 0 14.5 15 10 11.6 10.2 12.2 12.5 10 8.8

CP5 0 22 20 19.6 20.5 20.6 18 19 14 16

CP6 0 18 17 14.8 18 12.4 18.8 16 14 16

CP7 0 8.8 8.8 7.2 5.6 5.2 6.6 7 7 6

CP8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

CP9 0 8.8 8.8 10.4 10.6 10.4 12 10 12.5 10

CP10 0 3.4 3.8 3.8 2 2.6 1.2 -- 2.8 1.6

CP11 0 8 8 6 16.2 19 20 22.2 20.9 19.2

CP12 0 2 3.4 3 2.8 3.9 4 3.2 3 4

CP13 0 3.4 3.4 4 3.4 4 4 5 4.4 6.5

CP14 0 1 2.8 2.6 3 1 4.8 3.2 3.2 4.8

CP15 0 7 10 6.2 4 5 6.5 7 5 8

CP16 0 1 1 2.4 4.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3 4



References :

1. Bhattacharya, R. N. and Pati, B. R. (1999) : Bioproduction of Indole acetic acidby Rhizobium sp. J Microb. World, 1 (1), 25-31

2. Chabot, R. A., Hani and Cescas, M. M. (1993) : stimulation do la croissancedu'mais et de la latitulde romaine par des microorganisms disolvant le phosphoreinorganique. Can J Microbiol : 39; 941-947.

3. Gaur, A. C. (1990) : Appendix IV : Mechanism of phosphate solubilization andmineralization. In : phosphate solubilizang Microorganisms as biofertilizers,Omega scientific publishers, 62-72.

4. Glick, B. R., Karaturovic, D. M. and Newell, P. C. (1995) : A novel procedure forrapid isolation of plant growth promotion pseudomodas. Can J Microbiol. 41 :5330536.

5. Holford ICR (1997) : Soil Phosphorus : its measurements and its uptake byplants. Austra; ian J Soil Res 35 : 227-239 [ISI].

6. Lopez-Bucio J., Hernandez-Abreu, Lenin Sanchez-Caldron, Maria FernandaNieto-Jacobo, June Simpson, and Luis Herrera-Estrella (2002) : PhosphateAvailbility Alters Architecture and Causes Changes in hormone Sensitivity inthe Arabidopsis Root System - Plant Physoil : 129, 244-256.

7. Kloepper, J W & Schroth, M. N. (1978) : Plant growth promoting rhiozobacteriaon Radish. In Proc. 4th conference. Plant Pathogenic vegetate etphytobacteriologic (ed) INRN, ANGERS, 879-882.

8. Koga, J., Adachi, T., and Hidaka, H. (1991b) : IAA biosynthesis pathway fromtryptophan via indole-3pyruvic acid in enterobacter cloacae. Agric. Biol. Chem.55 : 701-706.

9. Lee, M., Breckenridge, C and Knowler, R. (1970) : Effect of some cultureconditions on the productions of Indole 3-acetic acid and a gibberellin likesubstance by Azotobacter vinelandii. Can J. Microbiol. V 16, 1325-1330.

10. Lucas G., Probanza. J. A., Ruiz Palomina, Gutierrez M. and Manero, F. J.(2000) : Effect of inoculation with (PGPR) Proceedings : 5th International PlantGrowth Promoting Rhizobacteria workshop (PGPR), rgentina, 29th Oct-3 Nov.

11. Maria Guineth, Torres-Rubia, Sandra strid Valencia,-Plata, Jaime Bernal-Castillo*,Patricia Martinez-Nieto (2000) : Isolation of Enterobacter, Azotobacter sp. andPseudomonas sp., producers of Indole-3-acetic acid and Siderophore, fromColombian rice rhizosphere. Revista Latinoamerican de Microbiologia, 42 : 171-176

12. Martinez, S. Maria, M. (1), Maertinez G., and Alexandra (2000); Effects ifPhosphate solubilizing bacteria during the rooting period of sugar cane(Saccharum offinarum), Venezuala 5171 Variety, on the grower's oasis substrate.Newsletter (PGPR) Proceedings : 5th Variety, on the grower's oasis substrate.

Newsletter (PGPR) Proceedings : 5th International Plant Growth PromotingRhizobactyeria workshop (PGPR), Argentina, 29th Oct-2 nov.

13. Pal K. K. Dey R, Bhatt D M & Chuhan, S. M. (2000) : Plant Growth PromotingFlourescent Pseudomonads enhanced peanut growth yield and nutrient uptake.Newsletter (PGPR) Proceedings : 5th International plant Growth PromotingRhizobacteria workshop (PGPR), Argentina, 29th Oct-3 nov.

14. Patten, C. L. and Glick, B. R. (2000) : Isolation and characterization of Indoleacetic acid biosynthesis genes form plant growth promoting bacteria. Newsletter(PGPR), Argentina, 29th Oct - 3 Nov.

15. Penrose, D. M. and Glick, B. R. (2000) : Quantification of 1 - Aminocyclopropane- 1 Carboxylic Acid (ACC) in canola seedlings treated with Plant growthPromoting bacteria. Newsletter (PGPR) Proceedings : 5th International PlantGrowth Promoting Rhizobacteria workshop (PGPR)_, Argentina, 29th oct - 3nov.

16. Sarwer, M and Kremer, R. J. (1995) : Enhanced suppression of plant growththrough production of L - Tryptophane derived compounds by deleteriousrhizobacteria. Plant Soil, 172 : 261-269.

17. Smidt and kosuge (1978) : the role of indole-3-acetic acid accumulation onoleanders. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 13 : 203-214.

18. Tang W. H. (1994) : Yield increasing bacteria (YIB) and biocontrol of Sheathblight of rice. In improving plant productivity with rhizosphere bacteria. M. H.Ryder, P. M. Stephens, and G. D. Bowen (eds) Csiro, Adelaide. Australia. Pp.267-278.

19. Tank N. D. and Saraf M. S. (2003) : Phosphate solubilization, exopolysaccharideproduction and Indole-3-acetic acid secretion by rhizobacteria isolated formTrigonella foenum-graenum. Ind J Microbiol, V 43 (1), 37-40.

20. Wani P. V., More B. B. and Patil P. L. (1979) : Physiological studies on theactivity of phosphorus solubilizing Microorganisms. Ind. J Microbiol V19, 1 : 23-25.

21. Zimmer, W. and Bothe, H. (1988) : The phytohormonal interaction betweenAzospirillum and wheat. Plant and soil, 110, 239-247.



ON INFLATED GENERALIZED POWERSERIES DISTRIBUTION WITH TWO

PARAMETERS

n Amish I. PatelG. B. SHAH COMMERCE COLLEGE, AHMEDABAD – 380 007, INDIA

ABSTRACT :

A generalized power series distribution ax(l )qx/f(q,l ), xÎ T,T being a sub-set of the sets of non- negative integers, wherethe probabilities are affected under a situation called ‘inflated’by a quantity a (0 < a < 1) is considered. A binomialdistribution as a special case to be the distribution with twoparameters is included. The parameters as well as the rate ofinflation are estimated by maximum likelihood (ML) approach. Key word : Generalized power series distribution , inflation,maximum likelihood, binomial distribution, asymptoticdistribution. Introduction :

n certain experimental situations, it may happen that there exists excess of zeroes apposed to their values, thereby increasing the proportion of zero and correspondingly reducingthat of other values. This situation termed as inflation hasbeen studied by a number of research workers : Cohen [1]and Singh [7] – the inflated Poisson distribution , Singh [6] –the inflated binomial distribution , Pathak [4] – the inflatedpower series distribution, Patel and Shah [3] – thegeneralized inflated power series distribution , Lingappaiahand Patel [2] – the modified and inflated discrete distributionof general type, etc. In all such cases the generating functionf(q) is regarded as a function with one parameter q, and theconstants ax depending in x values only. Here we considerthe inflation in relation to a generalized power series distribution(GPSD) with two parameters defined by Patil [5] as

12

I

(1) P(X = x) = p(x; q, l ) =

xa (ë)èxf(è,ë)

xÎ T

where f(q, l ) = å ax(l ) qx , the summation extending over T, a sub-set of sets of the

non-negative integers, such that f(q,l ) is positive, finite and differentiable for all

admissible values of the two parameters q and l and the positive constants ax(l )depend on x and l .

A distribution is said to be inflated GPSD with two parameters, if the resultingdistribution is of the form:

1 - a + a ao(l ) / f(q,l ) for x = 0

(2) P(X = x) =a ax(l ) qx / f(q,l ) for x Î S

where S = T – [0] , and a (0 < a < 1) is the proportion of population which followsGPSD. For a = 1, this distribution (2) gets reduced to the simple GPSD (1). Thepurpose of this note is to obtain the estimates of the parameters q and l along withthe inflation parameter a and their standard errors by the maxmimum likemethod.A binomial distribution as a special case is considered to be the distribution with twoparameters.

Estimation of the parameters :

In general a q and l are unknown and are estimated from a random sample. LetX1, X2, ..., X n be a random sample of size n from the population (2). Then the log-likelihood function (L) can be given by

(3) ln L = no ln 1- a + a ao(l )/f(q,l ) + ε

λ θθ λ

∑ xx S

( )n ln

( , )

xxa

af

where nx denotes the observed frequency in the x- cell so that ε

=∑ xn nZ T

The ML estimates of a , q and l obtained by solving the likelihood equations :

θ= =l ln , n

d dL o L o

dx d

ON INFLATED GENERALIZED POWER SERIES DISTRIBUTION WITH TWO... 79


are given by

a [(n-n0)/n] = and λd

dln L = 0 (1- ao(l )/f)

(4)

q = [z/(n-n0)] [¦ -a0(l )]/f1

and

α λ λλ λ λ∈

= + ∑l l l ( ) / ( ( ))ox s

d d dnf n n a f nx n ax

d d d

where f denotes the derivative of f(q,l ) with respect to q, and Z = ∈∑x S

Asymptotic distribution of the ML estimates :

To obtain the asymptotic distribution of the estimates of a q¸ and l given by (4), werequire the following results :

(a) Since X is a random variable with a distribution (2), we have

(5) E(X) = a q f ’/ f

(b) Further no and Z are regarded as random variables.

Hence we note that

E(no) = n (1 – a + a ao(l ) / f)

(6) E(Z) = n a q f ’ / f

E(n - no) = n a (1 – a ao(l )/ f)

The elements of the covariance matrix turn out to be algebraically messyexpressions in general though they reduce to compact forms in particularcases. As such we give below the elements of the inverse of thecovariance matrix with terms like – E(D2a), – E(D2

al ), etc with D2aq =

αl

2dn L

d doand similarly for others.

They are : - α2( )E D = n ξ α−(1 ) /Q

- α2( )E D = n a[f '/ fq+ f "/f - (f '/ f)2 - (1- a) z (f '/ f)2

/ Q]

(7) - E(D2l ) = n a[1-z)(ln f)" + ± (z) ' 2 - (z) "]

- E [å nx(ax(l ))"/ ax(l ) - (ln ax(l ))' 2]

– E(D2aq) = nz(f '/ f )/Q +‡`Ú±…‡ H‡Ì nz(f '/ f )/Q

– E(D2la ) = - n(z) '/Q +‡`Ú±…‡ H‡Ì n(z) '/Q

and

– E(D2lq ) = na [(f '/f )' + (1-a) (f '/f ) (z) '/Q ]

+‡`Ú±…‡ H‡Ì na [(f '/f )' + (1-a) (f '/f ) (z) '/Q ]

with z = ao(l )/ f and Q = 1 - a + az , and f ', f " and (.)', (.)'' denote respectively

the first and second derivatives of f(q,l ) with respect to q and of (.) with respectto l . These results get reduced to those in [3] for a GPSD with one parameter.

A particular case :

For the case of binomial distribution with two parameters, the inflated binomialdistribution can be defined as

1- a + a / (1+ q)l x = 0

(8) P(x;aq ,l ) =a l

λθ

x

x / (1+ q)l x = 1,2,.., l

where f(q,l ) = (l + q) λ q = p/(l-p) and l = n so that it belongs to the class (2)

The inflated binomial distribution has essentially three parameters a , p and l ofwhich l is usually a known parameter , whereas the other two are to be estimated.However , in certain situation while experimenting with a radioactive substances,itis of interest to know the number (l ) of atoms capable of disintegration for thesubstance in fixed intervals of time for some specified solid angle.

With the help of maximum likelihood method the estimates of the parameters a , pand l are found by

α = [ (n - no)/n ] / ( 1 - q l )

(9) p = [ Z /( n - no) ]( 1 - q l ) / λ

and

1

0

x

r

−

=∑ Tr+1/ (l -r) + (n - no) (ln q) /(1-q l ) = 0



where Tr+1 = å nx and Z = å xnx

r, x=1, r>x x=0

Nothing here that

E(no) = n (1 - a + aql )

E(Z) = napl

E(n-no) = na(1 - q »),

the asymptotic variance -covariance matrix of ( ˆˆ ˆ, ,pα λ ) is obtained by inverting the

matrix whose elements are negatives of expected values of the second-orderderivatives of L (the likelihood function) given below :

(11 a) 2á

D = - n (1 - ql )/Ra

(11 b) D2p = - n al ql -2, (l - l - a ql /R) - Z

λ− −+− −

2

2 2

1+2p 2 ( )[ ] (1 )

p n nopcl p p

x-1

(11 c) 2á

D = - å nx =

x-1

0r =∑ 2

1(ë-r) + naql (

l

nq)2

(11 d) D2pa = - n l ql -1/R

(11 e) D2ad = n ql (

l

nq)/R

and

(11 f) D2l p= -na[1+ l (

l

nq)ql 1-aql /R]/q

with R = 1 - a + a ql . It may be interesting to note that for l to be known and with one parametergenerating function f(q) = q -l , the end results for the inflated binomial distributiondue to Singh [6] agree with those expressions obtained above in (11 a , 11 b , 11 d).A separate paper shall include data fittings of various types of distributions and theircomparison in near future.

Acknowledgement : The author wishes to thank his father Professor I. D. Patel (Rtrd), Professor ofStatistics, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad for suggesting the problem and for hisvaluable comments. References :[1] Cohen, A.C. (1960) : Estimating the parameters of a modified Poisson

distribution. J.Amer.Stat.Assoc., 55 , 139-143[2] Lingappaiah, G.S. and Patel, I.D. (1979) : On modified and inflated discrete

distribution of general type. Guj. Stati. Review, VI (2) , 50-60

[3] Patel, I.D. and Shah, Y.K. (1969) : On generalized inflated power seriesdistribution with its application to Poisson distribution. J Ind. Stat. Assoc. 7No. 1, 20-25

[4] Pathak, K.B. (1966) : On inflated power series distribution. Seminar in Statistics(BHU), 53-58.

[5] Patil, G.P. (1963) : Estimation for the generalized power series distributionwith two parameters and its application to binomial distribution. C. R. Rao (Ed)- Contributions to Statistics, 335-344.

[6] Singh, M.P. (1966) : Inflated binomial distribution. J. Sci. Res. (BHU), XVI(1),87-90.

[7] Singh, S.N. (1963) : A note on inflated Poisson distribution. J. Ind. Stat. Assoc.1, 140-144.

* * * * *



RESPONSE IN FLOWERING & YIELD OFZINNIA ELEGANS TO FOLIAR APPLICATION

OF GA&3 & MH

n Goral Jani & *Archana MankadDepartment of Botany, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad-380 009, Gujarat.

ABSTRACT :

The experiment was conducted to study the effect of GA

& MH on flowering and yield of Zinnia elegans. Foliar spray

was given every 7 days and growth data was also taken.

Number of flowers, fresh weight of flower and dry weight of

flowers were significantly influenced by GA-100 ppm solution.

MH enhanced the number of buds, fresh weight and dry weight

of buds. MH showed delay in flowering. Yield of control and

MH-100 ppm treated plants was found to be equal and better

than the GA-treated plants.

Key words : GA+3, maleic Hydrazide (MH), flowering,

yield, Zinnia.

Introduction

Ziinnia is an important horticultural plant and a

popular garden flower. The flowers and solitary,

showy (ranging from white, yellow, orange to

crimson red) and terminating the branches. These are cultivated

fro beautiful garden display, home decoration, cut flowers,

bedding and other useful purposes. Nau (1991) reported that

Zinnia elegans is grown as a bedding plant and summer

specialty cut flower. Many plant growth regulators are known

to manipulate a variety of growth and developmental phenomena

in many of the ornamental pants. Thus the present investigation

was undertaken with the view to study the effect of GA+3, &

MH on flowering and yield of Zinnia elegans.

13

Materials & methods

The seeds of the selected material i.e. Zinnia elegans were obtained fromGujarat Agricutlural University, Anand. The experiments were conducted at theBotanical Garden of the Department, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad during he period2004-2005. The seeds of Zinnia elegans were first grown in a bed of soil enrichedwieht organic manure. After 30 days the saplings were transplanted in experimentalplots with a spacing of 20 x 20 cm and were watered immediately. After 30 DAS,Zinnia were given first spray of different solutions. Spraying was done using a handsprayer. DW sprayed plants were taken as control while GA+3,-100 ppm solution andMH-100 ppm solution sprayed plants as treated. These solutions were sprayed at aininterval of 7 days. Before each spray, growth data was recorded. This was done toobtain the comparative data of-

DW-sprayed plants and GA+3-100 ppm sprayed plants.

DW-sprayed plants and MH-100 ppm sprayed plants.

GA+3-sprayed plants and MH-100 ppm sprayed plants.

Ten plants were taken randomly from each of the plots of DW sprayed, GA+3-100 ppm sprayed and MH-100 ppm sprayed after every 7 days. The plants wereuprooted in the morning and placed immediately in the beackers filled with water toavoid drying. The roots were washed properly under running tap water to remove thesoil completely. These were thein dried with blotting paper and various growthparameters were recorded. Then their mena values were calculated from which thestandard error was computed. The fresh weight of flowers and buds of the plants wasnoted sprarately by a single pan balance and kept in an onven at 80C for drying tillattainment of constant dry weight. Mean value and standard error was clculated forboth fresh weight as well as dry weight, such readings were taken every week for 2months.

Results & Discussion

Number of buds/plant :

Buds appeared in all the three treatments just after 7 days of transplantation(DAT). However, the number of buds were more in GA treated plants as compared toDW & MH-100 ppm treated plants. But after 14 DAT when the spraying was stoppedthe number of buds were found to be higher in MH-100 ppm treated plants. Md.Shahidur Rahman et. al. (2004) studied the influence of GA & MH and their time ofspray on morphology, yield contributing characters and yield of soyabean andreported that GA was more effective then MH. However, in the present case, MH wasfound to be good as far as the numbe of buds in concerned. (Table-1).

Number of flowers/plant :

Flowering first appeared in plants treated with GA solution suggesting promotionof flowering by GA. The number of flowers per plant were found to be higher in plants

Response in flowering & yield of Zinnia elegans To foliar application of Ga&3 & MH 85


treated with GA solution as compared to plants sprayed with DW and MH-100 ppmeven after the sprays were stopped (Table-1). It can also be seen that even thoughtthe plants had buds, the flowering was delayed in MH-100 ppm. Tukey (1954)reported that the application of MH during later reprouctive stages results in a dealy offlowering. Kumar and Kumar (2004) observed maximum number of days taken to firstflower bud opening under high concentration of MH. This was also reported bySyamal et. al. (1990) and Narayana Gowda and Jayanthi (1991). Similar type of resultwas also found in the present case.

Fresh weight of Buds :

The plants sprayed with Mh-100 ppm solution showed increase in bud freshweight as compared to DW and GA-100 ppm (Table-2). Thus, it can be seen that MHincreases bud fresh weight.

Fresh weight of Flowers :

In the present case, plants sprayed with GA-100 ppm solution mostly showedbetter flower fresh weight as compared to DW and Mh-100 ppm (Table-2). The controlplants also showed good flower fresh weight at times after the spray was stopped.However, Maulik (2000) reported that phytohormone application at flowering stage inVinca rosea lowered fresh weight of bud, flower and fruit.

Dry weight of Buds :

After 14 days, when spraying was stoppe, the plants sprayed with MH-100 ppmsolution showed better dry weight of bud as compared to DW and GA sprayed plants(Table-3). Thus in can be said that MH probably causes some metabolic changeswhich leads to increase in dry matter (weight) of bud.

Dry weight of flowers :

Table-3 shows the effect od DW, GA & MH on dry weight of flowers of Zinniaelegans. The plants treated with GA-100 ppm solution showed better dry weight offlowers as compared to Dw & MH. Maulik (2000) reported that GA application atvegetative and vegetative flowering phase increased dry the weight of flower in Vincarosea.

Yield :

Table-4 shows the effect of spray of DW, GA & MH on yield in terms of numberof flowers (Flower + bud + picking) of Zinnia elegans. The yield of control and MH-100ppm treated plants was found to be almost equal and better than the yield of GAtreated plants.

References

Kumar, Jitendra & Sanjeev Kumar (2004) : Effect of meeic hydrazide on growth andflowering in balsam (Impatiens balsamina L.) Orn. Horti. 7(1) : 129-130.

Maulik Gadani (2000) A study on growth response of Periwinkle (Catharanthus reseus L.)to phytohormones. M.Phil. Thesis, Gujarat University, Gujarat.

Md. Shahidur Rahman, Nashirul Islam Md., Abu Tamar and M. Abdul Karim (2004) :Influence of GA and MH and their time of spray on morphology, yield contributing

characters and yield of soyabean. Asian. J. Pl. Sciences 3(5) : 602-609.

Nau, J. (1991) : Zinnia, pp : 785-787. In : Ball Red Book Green house Growing. 15th edition,

Vic Ball, Editor Geo J. Ball, Publishing West Chicago, IIlinois.

Narayana Gowda, J. V. & R. Jayanthi (1991) : Effect of cycocel and maleic hydrazide on

growth and flowering of African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.). Progressive Horti., 23(1-4) : 439-441.

Tukey, H. B. (1954) : Plant Regulators in Agriculture (H. B. Tukey ed.) John Wiley & Sons,Inc., New york. pp : 65-67, 125-126, 128, 141, 153-55, 157& 158.

Table-1 The number of buds and flowers (Number/plant) in Zinnia

Dat Number of Buds Numbe of FlowersControl GA+3- MH- Control GA+3- MH-plants treated treated plants treated treated

plants plants plants plants

1 - - - - - -

7 0.2± 0.4± 0.2± - - -0.17 0.21 0.17

14 1.0± 0.6± 0.4± - 0.4± -0.00 0.21 0.21 0.21

21 0.4± 0.66± 0.66± 1.0± 1.0± 0.33±0.21 0.54 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.27

28 1.0± 0.25± 1.0± 1.0± 1.0± 0.33±0.70 0.21 0.47 0.00 0.00 0.27

35 1.0± 0.66± 1.0± 1.0± 1.0± 1.0±0.000.47 0.54 0.70 0.00 0.00

42 1.66± 1.66± 1.0± 0.33± 1.0± 0.5±0.35

0.27 0.47 0.35 0.27 0.27

56 2.0± 2.0± 2.0± 0.66± 1.33± 1.0±0.000.47 0.00 0.70 0.27 0.27

63 0.66± 0.8± 1.5± 1.66± 2.8± 1.0±0.000.16 0.33 0.35 0.27 0.17



Table-2 The Fresh weight of Buds and Flowers (in Zinnia/plant)

Dat Fresh weight of fresh weight of Buds FlowersControl GA±3- MH- Control GA±3- MH-plants treated treated plants treated treated


1 - - - - - -

7 0.016± 0.016 0.028 - - -0.014 ± ±

0.009 0.025

14 0.004± 0.007 0.016 - 0.092 -0.001 ± ± ±

0.004 0.009 0.053

21 0.012± 0.002 0.017 0.33± 0.363 0.0860.009 ± ±0.01 0.083 ± ±0.07

0.001 0.116

28 0.017± 0.003 0.019 0.231± 0.321 0.0940.01 ± ± 0.074 ± ±

0.001 0.008 0.008 0.077

35 0.004± 0.002 0.007 0.357± 0.320 0.2020.001 ± ± 0.080 ± ±

0.001 0.004 0.119 0.031

42 0.066± 0.012 0.094 0.237± 0.271 0.1920.006 ± ±-/-4 -/103 ± ±

0.006 0.060 0.135

49 0.01± 0.005 0.157 1.033± 0.388 0.2120.005 ± ± 0.011 ± ±0.003 0.107 0.108 0.149

56 0.108± 0.077 0.054 0.438± 0.505 0.2680.036 ± 0.03 ± 0.249 ± ±0.03

0.015 0.114

63 0.018± 0.012 0.06± 1.3± 0.786 0.5870.003 ± 0.007 0.366 ± ±

0.006 0.239 0.045

Table-3 The Dry weight of Buds and Flowers (in Zinnia/plant)

Control GA&3- MH- Control GA&3- MH-plants treated treated plants treated treated


1 - - - - -

7 0.0002 0.0014 0.0006 - - -± ± ±0.0001 0.0009 0.0005

14 0.003± 0.0044 0.0002 - 0.016 -0.0009 ± ± ±

0.0032 0.0001 0.008

21 0.0014 0.0003 0.0033 0.054± 0.065 0.012± ± ± 0.014 ± ±0.00009 0.0002 0.0019 0.022 0.010

28 0.0006 0.0005 0.0016 0.027± 0.067 0.012± ± ± 0.004 ± ±0.0005 0.0002 0.0007 0.031 0.010

35 0.0014 0.0003 0.0015 0.067± 0.068 0.026± ± ±0.001 0.016 ± ±0.0009 0.0002 0.025 0.004

42 0.0116 0.0028 0.014± 0.053± 0.071 0.055± ± 0.0063 0.043 ± ±0.0009 0.0009 0.023 0.038

49 0.0026 0.002± 0.025± 0.21± 0.088 0.066± 0.0009 0.0169 0.044 ± ±0.0011 0.023 0.046

56 0.0183 0.0156 0.013± 0.074± 0.142 0.034± ± 0.0042 0.045 ± ±0.0048 0.0056 0.038 0.003

63 0.0046 0.0028 0.016± 0.251± 0.290 0.081± ± 0.007 0.111 ± ±0.0002 0.0012 0.087 0.004

Table-4 The yield data of Zinnia elegans

Sr. No. treatment Yield

1 Control 4.4

2 Ga-100 ppm 3

3 MH-100 ppm 4.4



DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF SOMEEDIBLE AND MEDICINAL OILS AT RADIO

AND LOWER MICROWAVE FREQUENCIES

n Deepti Tripati a , S.P.Bhatnagar b and A.D.Vyas a

a Department of Physics, Gujarat University, Ahmedabadb Department of Physics, Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar

ABSTRACT :

Complex permittivity spectra of some edible andmedicinal oils in the frequency range of 0.3 to3.0GHz using Vector Network Analyzer was

obtained. Open ended co-axial probe technique suggested byWei & Sridhar was used to obtain the complex dielectricconstant. The measured value of dielectric permittivity (ª’) of oilsamples under consideration vary little over this frequency rangewhereas dielectric loss (ª”) remains almost zero suggestingthese oils behaving as loss less liquids

.

Introduction:Dielectric studies of agrifood materials in microwave region

of e-m spectrum is important area of research as it throws lighton the interaction of these materials with microwave energy.The study of dielectric properties of agrifood material also helpsin developing microwave based process control however veryless information is available for many agrifood materials. Edibleoils are one of the agrifood materials which are highly consumedworldwide. The rate of adulteration is also high in oils as mostof the oils are odourless and colourless. Hence dielectric studiesof pure oils are of importance as any variation from thesestandard values can be attributed to adulteration in oils.Dielectric properties of some edible oils such as Canola, Soya,Sunflower and mustard have been studied at differentfrequencies by various workers. (1996, 1999, 2001) [1]. Wehave studied dielectric properties of some edible oils(Groundnut, sunflower, seasame, soyabean and cottonseed)and medicinal oils (Almond oil, olive oil and neem oil) withtemperature at 9.1 Ghz frequency using X-band microwavebench setup. Fast measurements of complex permittivity overa large frequency range (30MHz to 3GHz) are done by Vector

14

Network Analyzer (VNA). With wide band sweepers and under the control of a computer,dielectric measurements can be done accurately by VNA (1994).

A method for measurement of frequency dependent permittivity of liquids atmicrowave frequency using semi rigid co-axial probe dipped into the liquid was givenby Yan-Zhen Wie & S.Sridhar (1989). In this technique reflection co-efficient of probeis measured using network analyzer. Measurements using this technique were madeby Vyas et.al and satisfactory results were obtained (2004). In the present work themeasurement of complex permittivity of some edible and medicinal oils are carriedout over a frequency range of 30MHz to 3GHz applying the above mentioned techniqueusing VNA.Experiment:

Commercially available double filtered oil samples are used for presentinvestigation. A vector network analyzer (Model-8714 ES, Agilent made) that operatesin the frequency range of 30MHz to 3GHz was used to obtain complex dielectricpermittivity (ª*) of the oil samples. The method opted for measurement of frequencydependent complex dielectric constant was of Yan-Zhen Wie and S Sridhar (1989). Inthis technique a semi rigid co-axial probe is dipped into the liquid, the reflection co-efficient of the probe is measured using network analyzer. A semi rigid co-axial probeof size 0.141 inch with N-type male connector on one end and a flat face on the other,was fabricated. It was used in conjunction with VNA to determine complex dielectricconstant of the sample. The connector end was mated to VNA; the other end of co-axial cable probe was dipped into the liquid. A personal computer was set up toreceive pairs of date (real and imaginary part of coefficient for each frequency ofmeasurement) and used for subsequent numerical analysis. Three calibrationterminators described by Wie and Sridhar (1989) were used and they are an open, ashort (liquid mercury) and a standard liquid (acetone).

The experimental data was collected using the procedure described by Vyas etal (2004). All the measurements were done at room temperature of 296OK.Result & Discussion:

Complex dielectric permittivity (ª*) spectra are obtained for edible and medicinaloils over frequency range of 30MHz to 3GHz at temperature of 296OK using the methoddescribed above.The variations in dielectric permittivity (ª’) and dielectric loss ( ª”) withfrequency are shown in fig-1 & fig-2 for different edible and medicinal oils respectively.

The spectra of ª’ shows not much variation in this of range frequency whereasthe value of ª” is almost zero suggesting that all oil samples are loss less in thisfrequency range. The straight line fitting obtained for the experimental data isextrapolated to get static dielectric constant (ª0). The best fitted values of ª’ at differentfrequency and ª

0 are tabulated in Table-1 for different edible and medicinal oils.

The values of ª0 & ª’ (at various frequency) changes slightly from one oil sample

to other. To detect the adulteration in different oils we are planning to study the mixingof oils in various proportion and observe the variation in dielectric constant at differentfrequencies.REFERENCES:

1. Bansal AK, Singh PJ, Sharma KS et al, (2001). Indian Journal of Pure andApplied Physics, 39, 532.

DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF SOME EDIBLE AND MEDICINAL OILS AT RADIO... 91


2. Jain RC and Voss WAG, (1994). IETE Tech. Review,11,297.3. Khanna RK and Upadhya SK, (1999). Indian Journal of Pure and Applied

Physics, 37,404.4. Venkatesh MS, ST Denis E, Raghwan GS et al, (1996), Asia Pacific

Microwave Conference, New Delhi, India.5. Vyas AD, Bhatnagar SP, Rana VA, Gadane DM, (2004). Microwave and

Optoelectronics (Anmaya Publishers, New Delhi).6. Wei Y and Sridhar S, (1989). Rev. Sci. Instr. 60-9, 3041.

DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF SOME EDIBLE AND MEDICINAL OILS AT RADIO... 93


Table-1: Best fitted values of ª0 and ª’ (at selected frequency) for various oilsamples under consideration

Oils ª0

ª’

0.5 GHz 1.0GHz 1.5GHz 2.0GHz 2.5GHz 3.0GHz

Cottonseed 2.59 2.55 2.51 2.47 2.43 2.39 2.35

Groundnut 2.70 2.69 2.69 2.68 2.68 2.67 2.67

Sunflower 2.25 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26

Seasame 2.99 2.94 2.89 2.84 2.79 2.74 2.69

Olive 2.41 2.37 2.33 2.29 2.25 2.21 2.17

Almond 2.13 2.15 2.17 2.19 2.21 2.23 2.25

Neem 2.52 2.42 2.32 2.22 2.12 2.02 1.92

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15

+…S……™…« Ω˛ Æ˙¶…p˘∫…⁄ Æ˙ EfiÚi… S…∆n˘…Ω˛S… Æ˙™… 95


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4 +M…bnk… EÚl…… 1211-1533

5 ®…⁄±…n‰¥…-n˘k… EÚl…… 1537-1716

6 ∫……‰®……-∏…“®… i… +…J™……x… 1864-2630

1 Z…⁄∆]ıh…EÚ EÚl…… 1870-1914

2 M……‰§§…Æ˙ ¥… h…EÚ EÚl…… 1918-1975

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4 ∂…“±…- ¥…®…±…∫…÷∆n˘Æ˙“ EÚl…… 2072-2209

5 i……-V…™…∏…“ EÚl…… 2210-2325

6 ¶……¥…x……-®… i…∫…÷∆n˘Æ˙“ EÚl…… 2323-2429

7 |……h…“¥…v…-v…x…∫……Æ˙-v…x…∏…“ EÚl…… 24442461

8 +∫…i™… ¶……π…h…-v…x…n˘k… EÚl…… 2470-2512

9 ®…⁄π……¥……n˘-Æ∆b˜……÷j… EÚl…… 2518-2532

10 ¥…π…™…∫…‰¥…x…-∫…… ¥…j…“ EÚl…… 2533- J…∆ bi…

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12 Æ˙… j…¶……‰V…x…- ∂…¥…∂…®…« •……¿h… EÚl…… 2602-2612

7 +…p«EÚ E÷Ú®……Æ˙ EÚl…… 2679-2857

8 ]ı“]ıΩ˛Æ˙“ EÚ“ EÚl…… 3333-3355

9 S…∆p˘M…÷i… EÚl…… 3623-3970

10 ∫…÷®… i… ®…∆j…“ EÚl…… 4183-4245

11 <±……S…“…÷j… EÚl…… 4246-4339

12 ¥…‰∂™……¥™…∫…x… +…∫…HÚ V…x…∂…‰J…Æ˙ EÚl…… 4343-4482

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14 ™……‰M…∫……Æ˙ ™……‰M…“ EÚl…… 4562-4648

15 +∆v…EÚ E÷Ú®……Æ˙ EÚl…… 5253-5696

16 Ø˚…EÚ…i®…EÚ v…®…«EÚl…… 5826-6076

17 |…¶……EÚÆ˙ EÚl…… 6169-6286

18 ∫…”Ω˛∫…‰x… EÚl…… 3590-4004

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™…÷r˘¥…h…«x… ™…Ω˛…∆ S……Æ˙ ∫l……x… …Æ˙ =…±…§v… ΩË*+ V…i…∫…‰x… +…‰Æ˙ …∂……S… E‰Ú §…“S… Ω÷B ™…÷r˘ E‰Ú ¥…h…«x… ®…Â + V…i…∫…‰x…

E‰Ú +|… i…®… §…±… EÚ…‰ |…n˘Ã∂…i… EÚ™…… ΩË*V…§… EÚ ®…Ω‰xp˘À∫…Ω˛ E‰Ú ∫……l… Ω÷B ™…÷r˘ ®…Â =x…EÚ…‰ BEÚ±…¥…“Æ˙ ¥…V…‰i…… E‰Ú

Ø˚… ®…Â §…Æ˙n˘…™…… M…™…… ΩË* +E‰Ú±…‰ + V…i…∫…‰x…x…‰ ®…Ω‰xp˘À∫…Ω˛ EÚ“ S…i…÷Æ∆ M…h…“ ∫…‰x…… EÚ…‰ ∂…EÚ∫i… n˘“ =x…EÚ…

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+…ËÆ˙ …fil¥…“……±… E‰Ú §…“S… Ω÷B ™…÷r˘ EÚ… ¥…∫i…fii… x…Ø˚…h… ΩË V…∫…®…Â ™…÷r˘ EÚ“ i…Ë™……Æ˙“, |…™…i…®…… ∫…‰ ¥…n˘…< ±…‰i…‰

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S…GÚ¥…i…‘ Æ˙…V…… + V…i…∫…‰x… EÚ“ =t…x…™……j…… +…ËÆ˙ GÚ“b˜… EÚ… ¥…Ë ¥…v™…∫…¶…Æ˙ S…j…h… ΩË, V…∫…®…Â n˘…‰±……GÚ“b˜…

, …÷π…S…™…x…GÚ“b˜… +…ËÆ˙ x…M…Æ˙V…x……Â EÚ“ +…x…“ |…™……+…Â E‰Ú ∫……l… EÚ“ M…< GÚ“b˜… EÚ… Æ˙∫…™…÷HÚ +…±…‰J…x…

ΩË* x……÷h… GÚ“b˜EÚ…Â u˘…Æ˙… +…x…“ +…x…“ EÚ±…… |…n˘∂…«x… EÚ… i……o˘∂… x…Ø˚…h… ΩË* ™…Ω˛…∆ x…b˜, x…]¬ı]ı, V…±±…, ®…±±…,

±…∆J…, EÚl…EÚ,Æ˙…∫…EÚ,±…¥…M…, ¥…‰±…∆§…M…, B‰xp˘V…… ±…EÚ +…n˘“ EÚ… ®…Ω˛k¥……⁄h…« =±±…‰J… ΩË*

¶……¥…™…÷HÚ x…Ø˚…h… E‰Ú +∆i…M…«i… +…i™…Æ˙ Ω˛i… ®……i……EÚ“ ¥…‰n˘x…… (404-410).™…÷r˘®…Â ¥…“Æ˙M… i… EÚ…‰ |……i…

®…Ω‰xp˘À∫…Ω˛ E‰Ú +∆i…&…÷Æ˙ EÚ“ Œ∫j…+…Â EÚ… ¥…±……… (855- ), + V…i…∫…‰x… E‰Ú +…Ω˛Æ˙h… ∫…‰ ∂……‰EÚ∫…∆i…i… ®……i…… …i……

EÚ… +…G∆Ún˘(679-692) EÚ… ∫…®……¥…‰∂… Ω˛…‰i…… ΩË* ®…Ω‰xp˘À∫…Ω˛ EÚ“ Æ˙…x…“+…Â EÚ… EÚØ˚h… G∆Ún˘x… +…ß…∆∂… ¶……π……§…r˘

ΩË* ™…Ω˛…ƒ …Æ˙ nË¥… E‰Ú ∫……l… ∫…÷¶…]ı, +∆M…Æ˙I…EÚ +…ËÆ˙ …÷Æ˙…‰ Ω˛i… EÚ…‰ ¶…“ =……±…∆¶… n˘™…… ΩË* ∂… ∂…|…¶…… EÚ“ ¥…Æ˙Ω˛

¥…‰n˘x…… ®…Â n˘∂…EÚ…®……¥…∫l……+…Â EÚ… x…Ø˚…h… ΩË*

¥™… HÚ ¥…h…«x… ®…Â …∂……S…(728-732), ¥…fir˘(4932-39),®…Ω˛…µ…i…“(1659-) B¥…∆ ®…Ω˛∫…‰x… +…ËÆ˙ ±…I®…h……

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+x™… EfiÚ i…+…Â ®…Â ¶…“ ®…±…i…… ΩË* ™…Ω˛…∆ …Æ˙ S…∆p˘M…÷i… EÚl…… EÚ… +…±…‰J…x… ∫…∆∫EfiÚi… ®…Â ΩË* +x™… EÚl…… ®…Â EÚΩ˛” EÚΩ˛”

…Æ˙ ∫…∆∫EfiÚi… ®…Â =r˘Æ˙h… |……i… Ω˛…‰i…… ΩË* +…ß…∆∂…®…Â |……™…& 55 ∫…‰ ¶…“ V™……n˘… …t ΩË, V…∫…®…Â ∫l…⁄±…¶…p˘EÚl…… EÚ…

EÚ i……™… +∆∂…, =…n‰∂… ∫i…÷ i… B¥…∆ ∫…÷¶…… π…i……Â EÚ… ∫…®……¥…‰∂… ΩË* n‰∂™… ∂…§n˘|…™……‰M… ¶…“ <∫… EfiÚ i… ®…Â ®…±…i…… ΩË*

= S…i… ∫l……x… …Æ˙ ±…M…¶…M… ∂…i…… v…EÚ ∫…⁄ HÚ+…Â EÚ… |…™……‰M… Ω÷+… ΩË*

|…∫i…÷i… EfiÚ i… EÚ… ¥…π…™… i…“l…»EÚÆ˙ S… Æ˙j… x…Ø˚…h… Ω˛…‰x…‰ ∫…‰ =∫…®…Â V…Ëx… v…®…«EÚ“ |…Ø˚…h…… +…ËÆ˙ =…n‰∂… EÚ…

Ω˛…‰x…… ∫…Ω˛V… ΩË* n˘…x…-∂…“±…- i…… -¶……¥…x…… ™…‰ V…Ëx…v…®…« E‰Ú ®…÷J™… ∫i…∆¶… ΩË*™…Ω˛…∆ <∫…EÚ… ¥…∫i…fii… Ø˚… ∫…‰ x…Ø˚…h…

ΩË* n…x… E‰Ú S……Æ˙ |…EÚ…Æ˙- +¶…™…n…x…,Y……x…n…x…,+…Ω…Æ˙n…x… +…ËÆ˙ =…EÚÆ˙h…n…x… EÚ… =±±…‰J… ΩË*∂…“±… ¥…π…™…EÚ x…Ø˚…h…

∫…∆ I…i… ®…Â ®…±…i…… ΩË, V…∫…®…Â u˘…n˘∂… µ…i…, …∆S…®…Ω˛…µ…i… B¥…∆ ∫…j…Ω˛ |…EÚ…Æ˙ E‰Ú ∫…∆™…®… EÚ… +…±…‰J…x… ΩË* i…… E‰Ú

§……¡ +…ËÆ˙ +…¶™…∆i…Æ˙ n˘…‰x……‰ |…EÚ…Æ˙…Â EÚ… B¥…∆ §……Æ˙Ω˛ ¶……¥…x…… E‰Ú x……®… x…nÊ∂… ΩË* ®…÷ x…v…®…« +…ËÆ˙ M…fiΩ˛∫l…v…®…« E‰Ú

¥…π…™… ®…Â ¥…∫i…fii… ¥…h…«x… |……i… Ω˛…‰i…… ΩË* +π]ıEÚ®…«, ……∆S… |…EÚ…Æ˙ E‰Ú EÚ®…«§…∆v… E‰Ú Ω‰i…÷ +…ËÆ˙ EÚ®…«|…EfiÚ i…™……Â EÚ…

x……®……‰±±…‰J… ΩË*

Y……x…-n˘∂…«x…-S… Æ˙j…(Æ˙ix…j…™…“), n‰˘¥…-M…÷Ø˚-v…®…«(i…k¥…j…™…“), S…i…÷&∂…Æ˙h… +… n˘ EÚ… =±±…‰J… ΩË˛* V…x…

…∆S…EÚ±™……h…EÚ ®…Ω˛…‰i∫…¥… ¥…h…«x… EÚΩ˛” …Æ˙ ¥…∫i……Æ˙ ∫…‰ i……‰ EÚΩ˛” …Æ˙ ∫…∆I…‰… ®…Â ΩË* <∫… E‰Ú + i… Æ˙HÚ i…“l…»EÚÆ˙ E‰Ú

+ i…∂…™…, Æ˙l…™……j……, ∫…®…¥…∫…Æ˙h…, ∂…j…÷∆V…™… i…“l…«¥…h…«x… B¥…∆ ∫…⁄j… ∫…∆n˘¶…« ¶…“ |…∫i…÷i… EfiÚ i… ®…Â ∫…®…… ¥…π]ı ΩË*x…E«Ú¶…⁄ ®…,

x…E«Ú¶…¥… E‰Ú EÚ…Æ˙h…, x…E«Ú E‰Ú n÷&J… +… n˘ EÚ… ¥…∫i…fii… ¥…h…«x… ΩË V…§… EÚ ∫¥…M…« E‰Ú ¥…®……x……Â EÚ… ¥…h…«x… ∫…∆ I…i…

®…Â ΩË*

¥… ¥…v… ∫l……x… …Æ˙ |…™……‰ V…i… =…n‰∂… ®…Â ∫…‰ ∫……Æ˙¶…⁄i… ¥…S……Æ˙ <∫… |…EÚ…Æ˙ ®…±…i…‰ ΩË -- ∫…∆∫……Æ˙ +∫……Æ˙ ΩË,

±…I®…“ |…EfiÚ i… ∫…‰ S…∆S…±… ΩË, ®…n˘x… ¥…S……Æ˙ n÷∫…¡ ΩË, Œ∫j…™……ƒ S…∆S…±…®…x…… ΩË, ∫¥…V…x… ∫¥……l…‘ ΩË, EÚ®…« EÚ…

… Æ˙h……®… n÷Æ˙x…÷S…Æ˙ ΩË, ¥…π…™… ¥………EÚ EÚ]÷ı ΩË, n÷±…«¶… ®…x…÷π™… V…x®… EÚ…‰ |…®……n˘ ®…Â x…Ω˛” J……‰x…… S…… Ω˛B, Æ˙…M…-u‰π…

Ø˚…“ ∂…j…÷ Ω˛V……Æ˙…‰ n÷&J… n‰i…‰ ΩË, V…“¥…n˘™…… v……Æ˙h… EÚÆ˙x…“ S…… Ω˛B,v…®…« ∫¥…M…« +…ËÆ˙ +…¥…M…« E‰Ú ±…B ∫…÷J…EÚ…Æ˙“ ΩË˛,

∫…∆∫……Æ˙ Ø˚…“ ®…Ω˛…‰n˘ v… ®…Â v…®…« Ω˛“ i……Æ˙EÚ ΩË, ±…P…÷EÚ®…‘ x… ®…k…®……j… ∫…‰ ∫…®™…Ci¥… EÚ…‰ ……®…i…… ΩË,..<i™…… n˘

¥…ËÆ˙…M™……‰i……n˘EÚ S…xi…x… ¶…“ ™…Ω˛…ƒ |…∫i…÷i… EÚ™…… M…™…… ΩË* n‰¥… +…ËÆ˙ M…÷Ø˚ EÚ“ ∫i…÷ i…21 ™…l……‰ S…i… ∫l……x… …Æ˙ ΩË*

∫…®…O…i…™…… n‰J…… V……™…… i……‰ <∫… EfiÚ i… ®…Â V…x…∫……®……x™… EÚ“ ™……‰M™…i……x…÷∫……Æ˙ v…®……Ê…n‰∂… EÚ… +…±…‰J…x…

EÚ™…… ΩË* EÚ ¥… x…‰ +…x…‰ +M……v… ……∆ b˜i™… EÚ… ¥…¥…‰EÚ…⁄h…« ¥… x…™……‰M… EÚ™…… ΩË* ™…Ω˛…ƒ ™…Ω˛ §……i… ¥…∂…‰π…Ø˚… ∫…‰

|…∂…∆∂…x…“™… ΩË EÚ +…x…‰ v…®…« EÚ…‰ ∏…‰π ˆ ∫…r˘ EÚÆ˙x…‰ E‰Ú ±…B +x™… v…®…« EÚ“ +¥…Ω‰±…x…… x…Ω˛” EÚ“ ΩË* <∫… |…EÚ…Æ˙

o˘π]ı…xi…EÚl……Bƒ , ∫…… Ω˛Œi™…EÚ ∂…Ë±…“, ¥… ¥…v… ¥…h…«x… , v…®…« x…Ø˚…h… +… n˘ +x…‰EÚ ¥…v… o˘Œπ]ı ∫…‰ ™…Ω˛ BEÚ ®…Ω˛k¥……⁄h…«

EfiÚ i… ΩË*

]ı…h…1 + V…™…x……Ω˛ S… Æ˙™…-- +|…M…]ı ……∆b÷ ±… …,¥…“∂…… ∏…“®……±…“ i………M…SUÙ V…Ëx…Y…… i… …… ˆ∂……±…… ¶…∆b˜…Æ˙,

V……®…x…M…Æ˙*



2 ®…Œ±±…x……Ω˛ S… Æ˙™…-- +|…M…]ı ……∆b÷ ±… …, ±…….n˘.¶……Æ˙ i…™… ∫…∆∫EfiÚ i… ¥…t…®…∆ n˘Æ˙, +®…n˘…¥……n˘*3 S…∆n˘…Ω˛ S… Æ˙™…-- +|…M…]ı i……b˜…j…“™… ……∆b÷ ±… …, Ω‰®…S…∆p˘…S……™…« V…Ëx… Y……x…¶…∆b˜…Æ˙,……]ıh…*4 x…‰ ®…x……Ω˛ S… Æ˙=- ∫…∆……. ®….S…“. ®……‰n˘“, Ω˛.S…⁄. ¶……™……h…“.- B±…,b˜“. <x∫]ı“]ı¨÷]ı +…‰°Ú <xb˜…‰±……‰V…“,

+®…n˘…¥……n˘,1970 *5 V…Ëx… ∫…… Ω˛i™… EÚ… §…fiΩ˛n˘ < i…Ω˛…∫…-¶……M… 6- M…÷±……§…S…xp˘ S……Ëv…Æ˙“.- ……∑…«x……l… ¥…t…∏…®… ∂……‰v…∫…∆∫l……x…,

¥……Æ˙…h…∫…“, 1973* …fi. 97 .6 V…x…Æ˙ix…EÚ…‰∂…- ∫…∆……, BS…. b˜“. ¥…‰±…h…EÚÆ˙.- ¶……∆b˜…Æ˙EÚÆ˙ |……S™… ¥…t… ∫…∆∂……‰v…x… ®…Œxn˘Æ˙, …⁄x……,1944.* …fi.

119-120.7 S…xp˘|…¶… S… Æ˙j…-n‰¥…‰xp˘∫…⁄ Æ˙ - ∫…∆……. =®…∆M… ¥…V…™…M… h…, +…i®……x…∆n˘ V…Ëx… ∫…¶……,1930.8 S…xn˘…Ω˛ S… Æ˙™…- V…x…‰∑…Æ˙∫…⁄ Æ˙.- ®…Ω˛…¥…“Æ˙ O…∆l…®……±……,v…÷ ±…™……, 1937.9 j…π…Œπ ˆ∂…±……EÚ… …÷Ø˚π… S… Æ˙j…- Ω‰®…S…∆p˘…S……™…«.- V…Ëx…v…®…« |…∫……Æ˙EÚ ∫…¶……,¶……¥…x…M…Æ˙, ∫…∆.1962 (1906).-

…fi.45-4810 S…=…z…®…Ω…… Æ˙∫…S… Æ˙™…-∂…“±……∆EÚ…S……™…«, ∫…∆……. +®…fii…±……±… ¶……‰V…EÚ.-|……EfiÚi… O…∆l… … Æ˙π…n, +®…n…¥……n,1961.

…fi.88-9011 =k…Æ˙…÷Æ˙…h…- M…÷h…¶…p˘…S……™…«, ∫…∆……. …z……±……±… V…Ëx….- ¶……Æ˙i…“™… Y……x……“ ˆ,EÚ…∂…“, 1954.-…fi.44-6512 ®…Ω˛……÷Æ˙…h…- u˘i…“™… J…∆b˜, =k…Æ˙…÷Æ˙…h… -…÷π…n˘xi…, ∫…∆……. …“. B±….¥…Ët.- ®…… h…EÚS…xp˘ n˘M…®§…Æ˙

V…Ëx… O…∆l…®……±……, ®…÷∆§…<,1940.-…fi.85-104.13 …÷Æ˙…h…∫……Æ˙ ∫…∆O…Ω˛-n˘…®…x…xn˘“, ∫…∆……. M…÷±……§…S…xp˘V…Ëx….- ¶……Æ˙i…“™… Y……x……“ ˆ,EÚ…∂…“,1954.-…fi.76-91.14 S…xp˘|…¶… S… Æ˙j…- ¥…“Æ˙x…Œxn˘,∫…∆……. +®…fii…±……±… ∂……∫j…“. V…Ëx… ∫…∆∫EfiÚ˜ i… ∫…∆Æ˙I…EÚ ∫…∆P…, ∫……‰±………÷Æ˙ 1971.15 =…n‰∂……n˘- Ω˛ Æ˙¶…p˘∫…⁄ Æ˙, ®…÷ x…S…xp˘ EfiÚi… ∫…÷J…∫…∆§……‰v…x…“ ]ı“EÚ….- ®…÷ HÚEÚ®…±… V…Ëx… ®……‰Ω˛x…®……±……, 1923-

35.-…fi.269.16 ®…Œ±±…x……Ω˛ S… Æ˙™… ( 3) …j… 4+-11+.17 =k…Æ˙…v™…™…x…… x…-x…‰ ®…S…xp˘ ¥…Æ˙ S…i… ∫…÷J…§……‰v…… ¥…fi k…. ∫…∆……. =®…∆M… ¥…V…™…∫…⁄ Æ˙.-…÷π…S…xp˘ J…‰®…S…xp˘,

¥…±……n,1937. …fi. 83-94.18 =…n‰∂…®……±……n˘…‰P…]¬ı]ı“ ]ı“EÚ…-Æ˙ix…|…¶…∫…⁄ Æ˙, ∫…∆……. +…. Ω‰®…∫……M…Æ˙∫…⁄ Æ˙.-v…x…V…“ ¶……< Z…¥…‰Æ˙“, ®…÷∆§…<,1958.-

…fi.178.19 +…J™……x…EÚ ®… h…EÚ…‰∂… ¥…fi k…-+…©…n‰¥…∫…⁄ Æ˙, ∫…∆……. ®…÷ x… …÷h™… ¥…V…™….- |……EfiÚi… O…∆l… … Æ˙π…n, +®…n…¥……n,1962.

…fi. 179-181.20 …∆S…i…xj…- ¥…πh…÷ ∂…®……«- ∫…∆……. n˘…®……‰n˘Æ˙ v…®……«x…∆n˘ EÚ…Ë∫…∆§…“.- x…h…«™…∫……M…Æ˙ ®…÷p˘h……±…™…,®…÷∆§…<,1950 …fi.93.

21 ∫i…÷ i…-M……l…… 3110-21; 4765-74; 5150-61; 5105.

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±‡æèü xæéLÜUéH, …ÏæHÐéÚ (æ0 Ðí0)7. ÚÍæé±¢àæ - 2/128. ç„0 Ð0 - 4/346-3589. ÚÍæé±¢àæ - 14/48, Ýñ¯è²™çÚ„ - 115, Ð@„¢~æ çæ~æ|æïÎ, Ðë0 210. ¥ç|æ¿ææÝàææÜUé‹„Hæì - 4/511. ç„0 Ð0 - 4/814-1512. ç„0 Ð0 - 4/ 81113. ç„0 Ð0 - 4/84214. ç„0 Ð0 - 4/925-2715. ç„0 Ð0 - 4/504-716. Ðíïæè, ÈUêH™‹Î, ¥æ™æ²ü ç…Ý¨ïÝÜUë„ ¥æçÎÐéÚæ‡æ - ÐçÚàæèHÝ, Ðë0 251

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O…xl… ∫…®…“I…… -

=iEfiÚπ]ı Ωxn“ EfiÚ i… "Æ˙…®…M……l……' EÚ… ∫……l…«EÚ M…÷V…Æ˙…i…“ +x…÷¥……n˘

n b˜…Ï. x…∂…… Æ˙®……±… Ω˛xn˘“ ¥…¶……M…, ¶……π…… ¶…¥…x…, M…÷.™…÷ x….

Ω˛xn˘“ E‰Ú |… i…Œπ î… =…x™……∫…EÚÆ˙ B¥…∆ "Æ˙…®…M……l……' E‰Ú ®… Ω˛®……-®…Œhb˜i… ¥…u˘…x… ±…‰J…EÚ b˜…Ï. Æ˙®……x……l… j……… ˆ“ u˘…Æ˙… Æ˙ S…i… §……±®…“ EÚ E‰ÚB‰ i…Ω˛… ∫…EÚ ®…Ω˛…®……x…¥… Æ˙…®… E‰Ú =n˘…k… S… Æ˙j… …Æ˙ +…v…… Æ˙i… +…Ë…x™…… ∫…EÚEfiÚ i… "Æ˙…®…EÚl……' EÚ… M…÷V…Æ˙…i…“ +x…÷¥……n˘ V…™…… ®…‰Ω˛i…… x…‰ EÚ™…… ΩË *

"Æ˙…®…EÚl……' BEÚ =iEfiÚπ]ı +…Ë…x™…… ∫…EÚ EfiÚ i… ΩË * Æ˙…®… E‰Ú S… Æ˙j… EÚ…¥…h…«x… ¥… ¶…z… ¶……π……+…Â E‰Ú ±…‰J…EÚ…Â x…‰ EÚ™…… ΩË, ∫……l… Ω˛“ =x…E‰Ú +x…÷¥……n˘¶…“ |…EÚ… ∂…i… Ω÷B ΩË, EÚxi…÷ "Æ˙…®…M……l……' EfiÚ i… EÚ… M…÷V…Æ˙…i…“ +x…÷¥……n˘Æ˙…®…EÚl…… E‰Ú |… i… …… ÊÚ…Â EÚ“ o˘Œπ]ı EÚ…‰ x…™…‰ +…™……®… |…n˘…x… EÚÆ‰ M…… *

Æ˙…®… E‰Ú =n˘…k… S… Æ˙j… EÚ…‰ +…v……Æ˙ ®……x…EÚÆ˙ EÚ<« x…¥…“x… i…l™……Â EÚ…‰+ ¶…x…¥… ∞¸… ®…Â |…∫i…÷i… EÚÆ˙E‰Ú Æ˙…®… E‰Ú ¥…±…I…h… V…“¥…x…-S… Æ˙j… E‰Ú §…b‰Æ˙…‰S…EÚ f∆M… ∫…‰ |…®……h……Â ∫… Ω˛i… |…∫i…÷i… EÚ™…… M…™…… ΩË * +x…÷¥…… n˘EÚ… V…™……®…‰Ω˛i…… x…‰ …⁄Æ˙“ x…π ˆ… E‰Ú ∫……l… ®…⁄±… ±…‰J…EÚ E‰Ú ¥…S……Æ˙…Â EÚ…‰ +…x…‰ M…÷V…Æ˙…i…“+x…÷¥……n˘ ®…Â ∫……l…«EÚ f∆M… ∫…‰ |…∫i…÷i… EÚ™…… ΩË *

"Æ˙…®…M……l……' EÚ…‰ ∫……i… …¥……Á ®…Â ¥…¶…… V…i… EÚ™…… M…™…… ΩË +…ËÆ˙ EfiÚ i…E‰Ú +xi… ®…Â … Æ˙ ∂…π]ı u˘…Æ˙… Æ˙…®…EÚl…… ∫…‰ V…÷c‰ EÚ<« ®…Ω˛k¥……⁄h…« i…l™……Â EÚ…‰…÷∫i…EÚ ®…Â ∫…®…‰]ıi…‰ Ω÷B ±…‰J…EÚ E‰Ú ¥…S……Æ˙…Â EÚ…‰ ¥™…HÚ EÚ™…… M…™…… ΩË *

+x…÷¥…… n˘EÚ… V…™…… ®…‰Ω˛i…… x…‰ "Æ˙…®…M……l……' EfiÚ i… E‰Ú ∫……i……Â ∫…M……Á EÚ“®…Ω˛k¥……⁄h…« ]ı… h…™……Â EÚ…‰ O…xl… E‰Ú +xi… ®…Â "x……Âv…' ∂…“π…«EÚ ∫…‰ |…∫i…÷i… EÚ™……ΩË * "Æ˙…®…EÚl……' EfiÚ i… EÚ“ EÚl……¥…∫i…÷ EÚ…‰ |…∫i…÷i… EÚÆ˙x…‰ E‰Ú ±…B ±…‰J…EÚ x…‰¥……Œ±®… EÚ-Æ˙…®……™…h… E‰Ú ∫……l…-∫……l… i…÷±…∫…“-Æ˙…®……™…h…, +…‰ c˜™……-Æ˙…®……™…h…,Æ˙P…÷¥…∆∂…, M……‰ ¥…xn˘-Æ˙…®……™…h…, EÚ®§…-Æ˙…®……™…h…, +∫… ®…™……-Æ˙…®……™…h…, =k…Æ˙-Æ˙…®…S… Æ˙i…®…¬ B¥…∆ +x™… Æ˙…®…EÚl…… ∫…‰ V…÷c˜“ …÷∫i…EÚ…Â EÚ… +…v……Æ˙ ±…‰EÚÆ˙Æ˙…®…EÚl…… EÚ…‰ i…E«Ú-∫…∆M…i… o˘Œπ]ı ∫…‰ V……‰b˜x…‰ EÚ… ∫……l…«EÚ |…™……∫… EÚ™…… ΩË *

+x…÷¥…… n˘EÚ… x…‰ "Æ˙…®…M……l……' EfiÚ i… EÚ… ∫…∆™……‰V…x… B¥…∆ =∫…EÚ…|…∫i…÷i…“EÚÆ˙h… =∫…“ |…EÚ…Æ˙ ∫…‰ EÚ™…… ΩË, V…∫… |…EÚ…Æ˙ ∫…‰ Ω˛xn˘“ "Æ˙…®…M……l……'EfiÚ i… ®…Â Ω÷+… ΩÈ * Æ˙…®…EÚl…… EÚ… ∫……®……x™… |…¥……Ω˛ EÚΩ˛” …Æ˙ ¶…“ …… ÊÚM…h…

17

=iEfiÚπ]ı Ω˛xn˘“ EfiÚ i… "Æ˙…®…M……l……' EÚ… ∫……l…«EÚ M…÷V…Æ˙…i…“ +x…÷¥……n 105


EÚ…‰ §……v…EÚ |…i…“i… x…Ω˛” Ω˛…‰i……, EÚl……x…EÚ, S… Æ˙j…- S…j…h…, ¥……i……¥…Æ˙h…, ∫…∆¥……n˘, ¶……π……-∂…Ë±…“ B¥…∆ =q‰∂™…EÚ“ o˘Œπ]ı ∫…‰ "Æ˙…®…M……l……' E‰Ú +x…÷ n˘i… O…xl… EÚ“ M… Æ˙®…… ®…Â EÚΩ˛” ¶…“ EÚ¶…“ x…Ω˛” +…™…“ ΩË *

EÚl……x…EÚ-∫…∆M… ˆx… EÚ“ EÚ±……i®…EÚi…… E‰Ú EÚ…Æ˙h… "Æ˙…®…M……l……' +…v…÷ x…EÚ ™…÷M… EÚ“ +i™…xi… |…¥……Ω˛…⁄h…«i…l…… |…¶……¥…∂……±…“ Æ˙S…x…… M…÷V…Æ˙…i… E‰Ú …… ˆEÚ…Â E‰Ú ∫…®…I… |…∫i…÷i… EÚ“ M…™…“ ΩÈ, V…∫…®…Â ®…™……«n˘… …÷Æ÷ √π……‰k…®…Æ˙…®… E‰Ú V…“¥…x… …Æ˙ +…v…… Æ˙i… Æ˙…®……™…h…-™…÷M… EÚ“ ∫…V…“¥… Z……ƒ EÚ™……Â EÚ…‰ =iEfiÚπ]ı ∂…Ë±…“ E‰Ú u˘…Æ˙… ¥…EÚ ∫…i… EÚ™…… M…™…… ΩË * O…xl… ®…Â S… Æ˙j……∆EÚx… E‰Ú ±…B |…i™…I… ∂…Ë±…“ +…x……™…“ M…™…“ ΩË *

±…‰J…EÚ x…‰ ……j……Â EÚ… … Æ˙S…™… n‰i…‰ Ω÷B =x…E‰Ú ∫¥…¶……¥… B¥…∆ ¥™… HÚi¥… E‰Ú ¥…π…™… ®…Â |……Æ˙®¶… ∫…‰ Ω˛“§…i…±…… n˘™…… ΩË +…ËÆ˙ ……j… EÚ“ +…EfiÚ i… +…ËÆ˙ ¥…‰∂…¶…⁄π…… E‰Ú S…j…h… u˘…Æ˙… ¥…‰ ……j……Â EÚ…‰ …… ˆEÚ E‰Ú ∫……®…x…‰V…“¥…xi… ∞¸… ®…Â ∫……EÚ…Æ˙ EÚÆ˙ n‰i…‰ ΩÈ * ¶……π…… EÚ… |…™……‰M… ……j… B¥…∆ ¥…π…™… E‰Ú +x…÷∞¸… ΩË, V…Ë∫…‰ - ¶…Æ˙u˘…V…x…‰ ¶…Æ˙i… ∫…‰ ®……i……+…Â EÚ… … Æ˙S…™… …⁄UÙ… -"™…‰ V……‰ n÷§…«±…, n˘“x…, EÚxi…÷ n‰¥…“ ∫…“ ΩÈ, ™…‰ …i…… EÚ“ §…c˜“®…Ω˛…Æ˙…x…“ EÚ…Ë∂…±™…… ΩÈ, <xΩ˛…Âx…‰ Ω˛“ …÷Æ÷ √π… À∫…Ω˛ Æ˙…®… EÚ…‰ V…x®… n˘™…… ΩË * <x…EÚ“ §……™…” +…‰Æ˙ =n˘…∫… J…c˜“®…v™…®…… ®……i…… ∫…÷ ®…j…… ΩÈ +…ËÆ˙ ™…Ω˛ Æ˙…V…… EÚ…‰ …÷j…- ¥…™……‰M… EÚ… EÚπ]ı n‰x…‰ ¥……±…“ GÚ…‰v…“ ∫¥…¶……¥… EÚ“ +…x…“∫…÷xn˘Æ˙i…… …Æ˙ M…¥…« EÚÆ˙x…‰¥……±…“ G⁄ÚÆ˙ +…ËÆ˙ …… …x…“ ®…‰Æ˙“ V…x…x…“ EËÚE‰Ú™…“ ΩË *' (…fiπ ˆ 66)

n˘hb˜EÚ…Æ˙h™… EÚ“ EÚ∫…“ ¥…x…¥……∫…“ ®… Ω˛±…… E‰Ú u˘…Æ˙… ∫…J……™…… M…™…… ±……‰EÚM…“i… ∫…“i…… +…x…“ ®……i……- …i…… EÚ“ ™……n˘ ®…Â M…÷x…M…÷x……i…“ ΩÈ -

""n˘…<« E‰Ú Æ˙…‰™…‰ x… n˘™…… §…Ω˛i… ΩË :n˘n˘… E‰Ú Æ˙…‰™…‰ i…±……§… *

¶……<« E‰Ú Æ˙…‰™…‰ b˜§…Æ˙… ¶…Æ˙i… ΩË :¶……ËV…“ E‰Ú x…™…x… EÚ ˆ…‰Æ˙ *''

+x…÷¥…… n˘EÚ… x…‰ Ω˛xn˘“ E‰Ú ±……‰EÚM…“i… EÚ…‰ x……M…Æ˙“ ±… … ®…Â V™……Â EÚ… i™……Â n‰ n˘™…… ΩË * ®…⁄±… ±…‰J…EÚx…‰ V…Ω˛…ƒ ∫…∆∫EfiÚi…, §……∆M±…… +… n˘ ¶……π……+…Â E‰Ú UÙxn˘ |…™…÷HÚ EÚ™…‰ ΩÈ +x…÷¥…… n˘EÚ… x…‰ =xΩÂ ¶…“ x……M…Æ˙“ ±……“®…Â Ω˛“ n˘™…… ΩË * ±…¥…-E÷Ú∂… E‰Ú V…x®… E‰Ú …∂S……i…¬ +…∏…®… EÚ“ EÚx™……Bƒ ±…®§…… ∫……‰Ω˛Æ˙M…“i… M……i…“ ΩÈ,+x…÷¥…… n˘EÚ… x…‰ <∫…EÚ… ∫…Æ˙∫… +x…÷¥……n˘ M…÷V…Æ˙…i…“ ±… … ®…Â Ω˛“ |…∫i…÷i… EÚ™…… ΩË *

±…‰J…EÚ x…‰ ∫……¥…v……x…“ §…Æ˙i…“ ΩË EÚ ∫…∆¥……n˘ ™…… ¥……i……«±……… ∫¥…¶……¥…, Æ÷ √ S…, ∂…I……, ∫i…Æ˙ +… n˘ E‰Ú+x…÷∞¸… Ω˛…‰, V…Ë∫…‰ EÚ ¥…¶…“π…h… x…“ i… +…ËÆ˙ v…®…« EÚ… +l…« Æ˙…¥…h… EÚ…‰ §…i……i…… ΩË, EÚxi…÷ Æ˙…¥…h… +…x…‰¶……<« EÚ“ §……i… EÚ… ¥…Æ˙…‰v… EÚÆ˙i…… ΩË +…ËÆ˙ EÚΩ˛i…… ΩË :-

""Æ‰ E÷Ú±…EÚ±…∆EÚ, i…÷Z…‰ Ω˛…‰ C™…… M…™…… ΩË ? ™…Ω˛ ∫…∆P…π…« E‰Ú¥…±… ∫…“i…… EÚ…‰ ±…‰EÚÆ˙ x…Ω˛” ΩË * ™…Ω˛ ]ıEÚÆ˙…¥…ΩË +…™…«-∫…∆∫EfiÚ i… +…ËÆ˙ Æ˙…I…∫…-∫…∆∫EfiÚ i… EÚ… * +…™……«¥…i…« E‰Ú I… j…™… Ω˛®……Æ˙“ |…¶…÷∫…k…… EÚ…‰ S…÷x……Ëi…“ n‰i…‰v…c˜…v…c˜ n˘ I…h… EÚ“ +…‰Æ˙ §…g¯i…‰ S…±…‰ V…… Æ˙Ω‰ ΩÈ, =xΩ˛…Âx…‰ Ω˛®……Æ‰ +x…‰EÚ ™……‰r˘… ®……Æ˙ b˜…±…‰ ΩÈ * i…÷Z…‰ <∫…§……i… EÚ“ ¶…“ …“c˜… x…Ω˛” ΩË EÚ i…‰Æ˙“ §… Ω˛x… E‰Ú x……EÚ-EÚ…x… EÚ…]ıEÚÆ˙ Ω˛®……Æ˙“ V…… i… EÚ… P……‰Æ˙ +…®……x… EÚ™……M…™…… ΩË * ®…Èx…‰ <∫… +…®……x… EÚ… |… i…∂……‰v… ±…‰x…‰ E‰Ú ±…B ∫…“i…… EÚ… +…Ω˛Æ˙h… EÚ™…… ΩË * <∫…®…Â ®…‰Æ˙…n˘…‰π… x…Ω˛”, n˘…‰π…“ ΩË Æ˙…®… *' (…fiπ ˆ 143)

®…⁄±… EfiÚ i… E‰Ú <∫… |…∫…∆M… EÚ… M…÷V…Æ˙…i…“ +x…÷¥……n˘ EÚi…x…… ∫…]ı“EÚ Ω÷+… ΩË, ™…Ω˛ ¶…“ n˘∂…«x…“™… ΩÈ -"+Æ‰ E÷Ú±…EÚ±…∆EÚ, i…x…‰ ∂…÷∆ l…<« M…™…÷∆ U‰Ù ? +… ∫…∆P…π…« E‰Ú¥…±… ∫…“i…… ®……]‰ı x…l…“. +… ∫…∆P…π…« U‰Ù+…™…«-∫…∆∫EfiÚ i… +x…‰ Æ˙…I…∫…-∫…∆∫EfiÚ i…x……‰. +…™……«¥…i…«x…… I… j…™… +……h…“ |…¶…÷-∫…k…… x…‰ …b˜EÚ…Æ˙i……

v…b˜…v…b˜ n˘ I…h… i…Æ˙°Ú +…M…h… ¥…v…“ Æ˙¡… U‰Ù. i…x…‰ B®…h…‰ +……h…… +x…‰EÚ ™……‰r˘…x…‰ ®……Æ˙“ x……J™…… U‰Ù. i…x…‰B ¥……i…x…÷∆™…‰ n÷:J… x…l…“ E‰Ú i……Æ˙“ §…Ω‰x…x……∆ x……EÚ-EÚ…x… EÚ……“x…‰ +……h…“ V…… i…x…÷∆ P……‰Æ˙ +…®……x… EÚÆ˙…™…÷∆ U‰Ù.

®…Â +… +…®……x…x……‰ §…n˘±……‰ ±…‰¥…… ®……]‰ı ∫…“i……x…÷∆ +…Ω˛Æ˙h… EÚ™…÷» U‰Ù. B®……∆ ®……Æ˙…‰ n˘…‰π… x…l…“. n˘…‰π…“ U‰Ù Æ˙…®… *(…fiπ ˆ 183)

¥…¶…“π…h… E‰Ú u˘…Æ˙… ±…‰J…EÚ x…‰ |… i……… n˘i… EÚ™…… ΩË EÚ V…“¥…x… ®…Â v…®…« EÚ…‰ o˘Œπ]ı ®…Â Æ˙J…EÚÆ˙ ¥™… HÚ+…x…“ x…Ë i…EÚi…… +…ËÆ˙ … Æ˙Œ∫l… i…™……Â EÚ…‰ ∫…Ω˛“ … Æ˙h……®… EÚ“ +…‰Æ˙ ±…‰ V…… ∫…EÚi…… ΩË *

Æ˙…®… E‰Ú u˘…Æ˙… ∫…“i…… EÚ“ +ŒMx…-…Æ˙“I…… ±…‰x…… x……Æ˙“-V…… i… E‰Ú ±…B +…n˘∂…« ¶…“ ΩË +…ËÆ˙ M…±…i…¶…“ ΩË * Æ˙…V…x…“ i…EÚ ∫…r˘…xi……‰ E‰Ú +…v……Æ˙ …Æ˙ ∫…“i…… EÚ…‰ ¥…x…¥……∫… n‰x…… Æ˙…®… E‰Ú +…n˘∂…« ®…⁄±™……Â EÚ…‰ ®…Ω˛…x…§…x……i…… ΩË, C™……Â EÚ - "Æ˙…V…… Æ˙…π]≈ı EÚ… |…i…“EÚ Ω˛…‰i…… ΩË, =∫…‰ |…V…… EÚ… v™……x… Æ˙J…x…… Ω˛“ Ω˛…‰M……, Æ˙…V……E‰Ú EÚ±…∆EÚ EÚ… BEÚ v…⁄ ±…EÚh… |…V…… ®…Â EÚ… ±…®…… EÚ… …Ω˛…c˜ §…x… V……BM…… * Æ˙…V…… EÚ…‰ P……‰Æ˙ ™…xj…h……∫…Ω˛EÚ…Æ˙ ¶…“ +…x…‰ +…n˘∂…« EÚ“ Æ˙I…… EÚÆ˙x…“ S…… Ω˛B *' (…fiπ ˆ 183)

<∫… ∫…Ër˘…Œxi…EÚ ®…i… EÚ…‰ +x…÷¥…… n˘EÚ… x…‰ ¶…“ ∂…§n˘∂…: ±…™…… ΩË : "Æ˙…V…… Æ˙…π]≈ıx…÷∆ |…i…“EÚ Ω˛…‰™… U‰Ù.Bh…‰ |…V……x…÷∆ v™……x… Æ˙…J…¥…÷∆ V… …b‰, Æ˙…V……x…… EÚ±…∆EÚx……‰ BEÚ Æ˙V…EÚh… |…V……®……∆ EÚ… ±…®……x……‰ …Ω˛…b˜ §…x…“V……™…. Æ˙…V……B P……‰Æ˙ ™……i…x…… ∫…Ω˛“x…‰ …h… ……‰i……x…… +…n˘∂…«x…÷∆ Æ˙I…h… EÚÆ˙¥…÷∆ V……‰<B *'' (…fiπ ˆ 233)

∫…“i…… x…‰ … i…µ…i…… x……Æ˙“ E‰Ú EÚi…«¥™… EÚ…‰ x…¶……™…… ΩË * … i…µ…i…… x……Æ˙“ EÚ… C™…… EÚi…«¥™… ΩË, =∫…‰±…‰J…EÚ x…‰ ∫…“i…… E‰Ú u˘…Æ˙… Æ˙…®… EÚ…‰ EÚΩ˛±…¥……™…… ΩË :

"V……‰ +…¥……n˘ °ËÚ±… Æ˙Ω˛… ΩË, =∫…‰ n⁄Æ˙ EÚÆ˙x…… ®…‰Æ˙… ¶…“ EÚi…«¥™… ΩË, C™……Â EÚ ""i¥…∆ Ω˛ ®…‰ …Æ˙®……M… i…:,∫j…“ E‰Ú ±…B … i… Ω˛“ n‰¥…i……, §…xv…÷ +…ËÆ˙ M…÷Æ÷ √ Ω˛…‰i…… ΩË *''( …fiπ ˆ 185)

+x…÷¥…… n˘EÚ… x…‰ +x…÷¥……n˘ EÚÆ˙i…‰ ∫…®…™… E÷ÚUÙ j…÷ ]ı™……ƒ ¶…“ EÚ“ ΩÈ, V…Ë∫…‰ EÚ EÚ<« ∫l……x……Â …Æ˙ ∫…∆¥……n˘EÚΩ˛x…‰ ¥……±…‰ S… Æ˙j… EÚ… x……®… ±…J…x…… ¶…⁄±… M…™…“ ΩÈ * ®…⁄±… …÷∫i…EÚ ®…Â EÚ<« ∫…∆¥…‰n˘x…∂…“±… |…∫…∆M… ΩË, V…xΩ‰…g¯EÚÆ˙ …… ÊÚ…Â EÚ“ +…ƒJ…Â M…“±…“ Ω˛…‰ V……i…“ ΩÈ * ±…‰ EÚx… =xΩ˛” |…∫…∆M……‰ E‰Ú M…÷V…Æ˙…i…“ +x…÷¥……n˘ EÚ…‰ …g¯EÚÆ˙∫……®……x™…i…: …… ÊÚ EÚ“ ∫…∆¥…‰n˘x…∂…“±…i…… V……O…i… x…Ω˛” Ω˛…‰i…“ * +x…÷¥……n˘ EÚ“ ¶……π…… ∫…Ω˛V…, ∫…Æ˙±… B¥…∆|…¥……Ω˛™…÷HÚ ΩË +…ËÆ˙ M…÷V…Æ˙…i…“ …… ÊÚ…Â EÚ…‰ x…™…… S…xi…x… n‰i…“ ΩË, …Æ˙ ®…⁄±… O…xl… EÚ“ §……i… Ω˛“ E÷ÚUÙ +…ËÆ˙ΩË˛ *

™…Ω˛ ®…‰Æ˙… ∫……Ë¶……M™… ΩË EÚ …Ω˛±…‰ ¶…“ ®…⁄±… O…xl… EÚ“ ∫…®…“I…… EÚÆ˙i…‰ ∫…®…™… ®…Èx…‰ <∫…‰ …g¯… l…… +…ËÆ˙<∫… ∫…®…™… ¶…“ ®…÷Z…‰ M…÷V…Æ˙…i…“ +x…÷¥……n˘ EÚ“ ∫…®…“I…… EÚÆ˙x…‰ E‰Ú ±…B ®…⁄±… O…xl… EÚ…‰ BEÚ §……Æ˙ +…ËÆ˙ …g¯x………c˜… ΩË *

+xi… ®…Â ™…Ω˛” EÚΩ⁄ƒM…“ EÚ +x…÷¥…… n˘EÚ… x…‰ Ω˛xn˘“ EÚ… ∞¸……xi…Æ˙ M…÷V…Æ˙…i…“ ®…Â EÚÆ˙E‰Ú Æ˙…®… E‰Ú S… Æ˙j…EÚ…‰ V…“i…‰-V……M…i…‰ ®……x…¥… E‰Ú ∞¸… ®…Â |…∫i…÷i… EÚ™…… ΩË *

±…‰J…EÚ E‰Ú ∂…§n˘…Â ®…Â EÚΩÂ i……‰ - "®…Èx…‰ V…∫… Æ˙…®… EÚ… ¥…Æ˙h… EÚ™…… ΩË ¥…Ω˛ V…“i……-V……M…i…… ®……x…¥…ΩË * =∫…E‰Ú ∫…÷<« S…÷¶……™…“ V……B i……‰ =∫…“ |…EÚ…Æ˙ Æ˙HÚ x…EÚ±…‰M…… V…Ë∫…‰ EÚ Ω˛®… ∫…§… E‰Ú ∂…Æ˙“Æ˙ ∫…‰ x…EÚ±…i……ΩË˛ *'

"Æ˙…®…M……l……' ( Ω˛xn˘“ +…Ë…x™…… ∫…EÚ EfiÚ i… EÚ… M…÷V…Æ˙…i…“ +x…÷¥……n˘) : ®…⁄±…±…‰J…EÚ : Æ˙®……x……l… j……… ˆ“, +x…÷¥…… n˘EÚ… : V…™…… ®…Ω‰i……, |…EÚ…∂…EÚ : <®…‰V…, |…∫…Â∫… ∫]≈ı“]ı, ®…÷∆§…<«-2, |…EÚ…∂…EÚ ¥…π…« :2005, …fiπ ˆ ∫…∆J™…… : 284, ®…⁄±™… : Ø˚. 170.

®…⁄±… |…EÚ…∂…EÚ Æ˙…V………±… Bxb˜ ∫…x∫…, n˘±Ω˛“-6

=iEfiÚπ]ı Ω˛xn˘“ EfiÚ i… "Æ˙…®…M……l……' EÚ… ∫……l…«EÚ M…÷V…Æ˙…i…“ +x…÷¥……n 107


¥…∫jl…n¥… : +…‡≥L… +…‡ ¥…HÌ…ª…´……m……

n ¥…ª…l…H÷Ì©……≠˜ ©…. ß…aÚ …´……©…HÌ, ß……∫……ª…… æ˙l´…ß…¥……, N…÷W≠˜…l… ´…÷ …¥…Ãª…`Ú“ +©…qˆ…¥……qˆ

ß…⁄ ©…HÌ… : ß……≠˜l…“´… ª…≈ªHfiÌ l……… < l…æ˙…ª… A~…≠˜ xˆŒ∫`Ú ……L…l……≈ +‡ ¥……l… l…≠˜l… W y´………A~…≠˜ +…¥…‡ UÔ‡ H‡Ì ß……≠˜l…“´… +…´……‚+‡ ª…HÌ≥ ¶…¡…ieÙ©……≈ ¥´……~…“ ≠˜æ‡˙±…… +…‡HÌ q‡ˆ¥…-q‡ˆ¥…“+…‡…÷≈ HÌ±~…… HÌ≠˜“…‡ l…‡©……… ~…≠˜ª~…≠˜ ª…©…¥…´………‡ +o……HÌ, •…±H‡Ì ª……‡lª……æ˙ °…´…l…HÌ≠‡ ≠˜…L´……‡ UÔ‡. EÏN¥…‡qˆ ¥…N…‡≠‡ S……≠˜ ¥…‡qˆ…‡, ≠˜…©……´…i…-©…æ˙…ß……≠˜l… W‡¥……≈ •…‡ < l…æ˙…ª…HÌ…¥´……‡+…‡ +hı…≠˜ ~…÷≠˜…i……‡…… °…l´…‡HÌ ~…fi∫cÛ A~…≠˜ æ˙q÷ˆ q‡ˆ¥…l……∂……ªm……“ ª……o…‡ ª…≈HÌ≥…´…‡±……≈+…‡HÌ ©……‡l…“+…‡ ¥…L…≠˜…´…‡±……≈ ~…eÙ¨…≈ UÔ‡. l…‡©……≈o…“ +‡HÌ HÌ…‰ªl…÷ß…©… i………‡, +‡`Ú±…‡ H‡Ì ¥…∫jl…n¥………‡ ¥…S……≠˜ HÌ≠˜¥……‡ l…‡ °…ªl…÷l… ±…‡L………‡ ¥…∫…´… UÔ‡.

[1]

EÏN¥…‡qˆ©……≈ +… ¶…¡…ieÙ…‡ m…i… ß……N…©……≈ ¥…æ·S……> Wl…÷≈ HÌ±~…¥……©……≈+…¥´…÷≈ UÔ‡. W‡©…H‡Ì, 1. v÷±……‡HÌ, 2. +l… ≠˜K…±……‡HÌ +…‡ 3. ~…fi o…¥…“±……‡HÌ. +…m…i…‡ … ±……‡HÌ©……≈ +…÷JÌ©…‡ ª…⁄ …«, >rˆ +…‡ +ŒN… +‡ °…y……… q‡¥……‡ ≠˜æ‡±…… UÔ‡.~…≠≈ l…÷ ¥…‡qˆHÌ…≥ ~…UÔ“, ≠˜…©……´…i…… qˆ < l…æ˙…ª…HÌ…¥´……‡ +…‡ +hı…≠˜ ~…÷≠˜…i……‡……ª…©…´…N……≥…©……≈ ¶…¡…ieÙ…÷≈ W‡ ≠˜“l…‡ m…i… ªo………©……≈ ¥…ß……W… ¥…S……≠˜…´…÷≈ /HÌ±~……´…÷≈ UÔ‡ l…‡ 1. ª¥…N…«±……‡HÌ, 2. ~…fi o…¥…“±……‡HÌ +…‡ 3. ~……l……≥±……‡HÌ UÔ‡. ~…≠≈ l…÷+… m…i… ±……‡HÌ…… m…i… q‡¥……“ HÌ±~…………‡ ªo………‡, ¶…¡…eÙ…“ Al~… n…, Œªo… l…+…‡ ±…´… ∞˜~… m…i… ~… ≠˜Œªo… l…+…‡…… +‡HÌ-+‡HÌ …´…l…… q‡¥……‡…“ HÌ±~………HÌ≠˜¥……©……≈ +…¥…“. W‡©……≈ ¶…¡… ª…fiŒ∫`Ú…“ Al~… n… HÌ≠˜……≠˜… q‡¥… UÔ‡, ª…fiŒ∫`Ú…÷≈~……±……-~……‡∫…i… HÌ≠˜¥………“ W¥……•…qˆ…≠˜“ ¥…∫j q‡¥… ª…≈ß……≥‡ UÔ‡ +…‡ +…ª…fiŒ∫`Ú……‡ °…±…´… HÌ≠˜¥………÷≈ HÌ…©… ©…æ‡∂…-∂…≈HÌ≠˜ …‡ ª……·~…¥……©……≈ +…¥´…÷≈ UÔ‡. +…©…¥…‡qˆ…… m…i… °…y……… q‡¥……‡…‡ ªo………‡, ~…÷≠˜…i…HÌ…≥©……≈ …¥…… W m…i… q‡¥……‡+‡ ªo………±…“y…‡±…÷≈ X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. +±…•…n…, +‡HÌ ~…÷≠˜…HÌ±~…… (Myth) ∞˜~…‡ +… m…i…q‡¥……‡…÷≈ HÌ±~…… ª……¥… +~…⁄¥…« UÔ‡ +‡¥…÷≈ ~…i… …o…“. ¥…wˆ………‡+‡ +…~…i……‡ Wi……¥…‡±…÷≈UÔ‡ H‡Ì EÏN¥…‡qˆ©……≈ ªl…¥……´…‡±…… "°…X~… l…' ……©……… q‡¥… W ~…÷≠˜…i…HÌ…≥©……≈"¶…¡…'…… ……©…‡ ∞˜~……≈l… ≠˜l… o…´…‡±…… UÔ‡; ¥…‡qˆ…… +ŒN… +…‡ ≠÷rˆ……‡ ª…©…¥…´…o…>…‡ ~…÷≠˜…i…HÌ…≥…… " ∂…¥…' •………¥´…… UÔ‡. ¥…‡qˆ…… +… qˆl´… (ª…⁄ …«) q‡¥… W~…÷≠˜…i…HÌ…≥©……≈ " ¥…∫j' ∞˜~…‡ °… ª…uˆ HÌ≠˜¥……©……≈ +…¥´…… UÔ‡. ¥…≥“, ¥…‡qˆ……

18

ª…¥……‚~… ≠˜ N…i……´…‡±…… <rˆq‡¥…l………“ JÌ©…∂…: +¥…… l… o…l……≈, l…‡ q‡¥…l…… ¶…¡… - ¥…∫j -©…æ‡∂……“ HfiÌ~…… o…HÌ“ W~……‡l………÷≈ <rˆ…ª…… - ª¥…N…«…÷≈ +… y…~…l´… - `ÚHÌ…¥…“ ∂…G¨… UÔ‡. +…¥…“ ~…÷≠˜…HÌo……+…‡ ~…÷≠˜…i……‡…… qˆ≠‡ HÌ ~…fi∫cÛA~…≠˜ ±…L……´…‡±…“ ¥……≈S…¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. +…©… ß……≠˜l…“´… ª…≈ªHfiÌ l…©……≈ W÷qˆ… W÷qˆ… HÌ…±…L…≈eÙ©……≈ W÷qˆ… W÷qˆ… q‡¥……‡…÷≈¥…S…«ª¥… HÌ±~……´…‡±…÷≈ X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. ~…÷≠˜…i…HÌ… ±…HÌ +… q‡¥…l…… m…~…÷ Ú“©……≈o…“ ¥…∫jq‡¥…l…… +…‡ l…‡©……… +¥…l……≠˜ª¥…∞˜~… N…i……´…‡±…… "¥……ª…÷q‡¥… HfiÌ∫i…' ¥…∂…‡ +æ˙” ¥…S……≠˜ ≠˜W⁄ HÌ≠˜“∂…÷≈.

[2]

" …≠÷Gl…' ……©……… ¥…‡qˆ…≈N…©……≈ ¥…‡qˆ…o…«P…`Ú……… +…‡HÌ ©……N……‚ A±±…‡L……´…… UÔ‡. ~…i… l…‡©……≈o…“ W‡ …‰≠÷Gl…-©……N…« (Naturalistic School of Vedic Interpretation) UÔ‡ l…‡ ~…⁄¥…‚…… +…‡ ~… ∑S…©……… ¥…wˆ………‡©……≈©…æ˙q≈∂…‡ ª¥…“HÌ…´…« ~…i… •…´……‡ UÔ‡ +…‡ °… ª… uˆ ~…i… ¥…y…÷ ~……©´……‡ UÔ‡. +… …‰≠÷Gl… ©……N…« ©…÷W•… ¥…‰ qˆHÌq‡¥…l……+…‡…÷≈ °……HfiÌ l…HÌ +o…«P…`Ú… HÌ≠˜¥……©……≈ +…¥…‡ UÔ‡. °…HfiÌ l… ( …ª…N…«)…… ª…⁄ …«, +ŒN…, +…HÌ…∂…, ¥……´…÷<l´…… qˆ W‡¥…… +…‡HÌ ß……‰ l…HÌ ~…qˆ…o……‚ +…‡ ¥…fiŒ∫`Ú <l´…… qˆ…“ P…`Ú……+…‡, H‡Ì W‡ ©……÷∫´…Y¥………‡ ©…… ‡ÚA~…HÌ…≠˜HÌ +…‡ °…ß……¥…HÌ Wi……´…… æ˙∂…‡, l…‡ qˆ≠‡ HÌ©……≈ q‡¥…l¥……÷≈ +…≠˜…‡~…i… HÌ≠˜“…‡, +o……«l…√ +‡HÌ °…HÌ…≠˜…÷≈ª…Y¥……≠˜…‡~…i… HÌ≠˜“…‡ ¥…‡qˆHÌ…≥…… EÏ ∫…+…‡+‡ l…‡©……“ ªl…÷ l…+…‡ HÌ≠˜“ UÔ‡.1 ~…≠≈ l…÷ (1) °…HfiÌ l……… +©…÷HÌ~…qˆ…o……‚…‡ q‡¥……‡ ©………“…‡ V´……≠‡ ªl…÷ l… HÌ≠˜¥……©……≈ +…¥…‡ UÔ‡ l´……≠‡ l…‡©……÷≈ ©…⁄l…‘HÌ≠˜i… G¨…≠‡HÌ ~…⁄i…« ª¥…∞˜~…‡, l……‡G¨…≠‡HÌ +…≈ ∂…HÌ ≠˜“l…‡ W o…´…‡±…÷≈ X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. qˆ….l…., +ŒN……‡ V¥……≥…+…‡ ∞˜~…“ qˆ…hı“¥……≥…‡, H‡Ì V¥……≥…+…‡∞˜~…“ q≈∫ ƒÚ…¥……≥…‡ HÌ¬…‡ UÔ‡. +æ˙” ∞˜~…HÌ…l©…HÌ ≠˜“l…‡ W +ŒN… A~…≠˜ ª…Y¥……≠˜…‡~…i… HÌ≠˜¥……©……≈ +…¥´…÷≈ UÔ‡.+‡ Ú±…‡ H‡Ì W‡ q‡¥…l………÷≈ ……©… °……HfiÌ l…HÌ +…y……≠˜…‡ +…÷∞˜~… æ˙…‡ … l……‡ l…‡ q‡¥…l………÷≈ ©…⁄l…‘HÌ≠˜i… °……o… ©…HÌ+¥…ªo……©……≈ ≠˜æ‡±…÷≈ X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. v…‰:, ª…⁄ …«, A∫……, +ŒN…, ª……‡©… ¥…N…‡≠‡ +… °…HÌ…≠˜…… q‡¥…l……+…‡ UÔ‡.

(2) ~…≠≈ l…÷ W‡ q‡¥……÷≈ ……©… °…HfiÌ l……… HÌ…‡> l…n¥…o…“ ª……¥… W÷q÷≈ æ˙…‡ …, l……‡ l…‡©……≈ ©………¥……l¥……≠˜…‡~…i…+ y…HÌ X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. W‡©…H‡Ì, ¥…≠÷i… +…‡ <rˆq‡¥…l……. +… A~…≠˜…≈l…,

(3) °…HfiÌ l……… HÌ…‡> +‡HÌ W ~…qˆ…o…«……≈ W‡ Ú±……≈ N…÷i…¥……S…HÌ ……©……‡ æ˙…‡ … l…‡ •…y……≈ …, ~……UÔ≥o…“ +‡HÌ-+‡HÌ ª¥…l…m… q‡¥… l…≠˜“H‡Ì ¥…HÌ…ª… ~……©´…… æ˙…‡ … +‡¥…÷≈ ~…i… X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. qˆ….l…. +…HÌ…∂…Œªo…l… +‡HÌ W ª…⁄ …«~…qˆ…o…«…… "+… qˆl´…' (= W‡ ~…fi o…¥…“…… ≠˜ª……‡…÷≈ O…æ˙i… HÌ≠‡ UÔ‡ l…‡); "~…⁄∫……√' (= W‡ +……W AN……eÙ“…‡ ª……‰…÷≈~……‡∫…i… HÌ≠‡ UÔ‡ l…‡); " ¥…∫j' (= W‡ ~……‡l………… HÌ≠˜i……‡o…“ ª…©…O… ¶…¡…ieÙ©……≈ ¥´……~…“ ¥…≥‡ UÔ‡ l…‡); "ª… ¥…l…fi' (W‡+…‡HÌ Y¥……‡……‡ °…ª…¥… HÌ≠‡ UÔ‡ l…‡) - +‡¥…… •…y…… N…÷i…¥……S…HÌ ……©……‡ W æ˙…‡¥…… UÔl……≈ …, l…‡ qˆ≠‡ HÌ…‡ ª¥…l…m… q‡¥…l…≠˜“H‡Ì ª…≈•……‡y´…… æ˙…‡ … l…‡¥……≈ ª…⁄HÌl……‡ EÏN¥…‡qˆ©……≈ X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. +…o…“ ¥…∫j q‡¥…l……, H‡Ì W‡ ¥……ªl…¥…©……≈ª…⁄ …«q‡¥…l………… ¥´……~……∂…“±… æ˙…‡¥………… +‡HÌ N…÷i……‡ y´………©……≈ ±…>…‡, +‡HÌ ª¥…l…m… q‡¥… l…≠˜“H‡Ì ¥…‡qˆ©……≈ ªl…÷ l…~……©…‡±… UÔ‡. EÏN¥…‡qˆ©……≈ ¥…∫j q‡¥…l………“ ªl…÷ l… ~……≈S… ª…⁄HÌl……‡©……≈ X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡, W‡©…H‡Ì, EÏN¥…‡qˆ °…o…©…©…ieÙ≥……≈ (1) 154, (2) 155, (3) 156 ª…⁄Gl……‡ l…o…… ª……l…©…… ©…eÙ≥©……≈ (4) 99 +…‡ (5)100 ª…⁄Gl…©……≈ +… ¥…∫j…“ ªl…÷ l… X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡.

" ¥…∫j' ∂…•qˆ - ¥…∂… |…¥…‰∂…x…‰ y……l…÷ A~…≠˜o…“ •…´……‡ UÔ‡. +… …¥…«S…… X‡l……≈ W‡ ¥´……~……∂…“±… UÔ‡,

¶…¡…ieÙ©……≈ W‡ °…¥…‡∂…“ W¥………… ª¥…ß……¥…¥……≥…‡ UÔ‡ l…‡ ª…⁄ …«…‡ W " ¥…∫j' HÌ¬…‡ UÔ‡. ª…⁄ …« ~……‡l…………≈ HÌ≠˜i……‡o…“¶…¡…ieÙ…… v÷±……‡HÌ, +≈l… ≠˜K…±……‡HÌ +…‡ ~…fi o…¥…“±……‡HÌ…‡ +‡HÌ ª……©…`Ú…≈ +…¥…≠˜“ ±…‡ UÔ‡; +‡ Ú±…‡ H‡Ì l…‡ Aqˆ´…~……©…¥………“ ª……o…‡ W m…i…‡ … ±……‡HÌ©……≈ °…¥…‡∂…“ X´… UÔ‡. +…o…“ +… "°…¥…‡∂…¥……'…“ JÌ´…… HÌ≠˜l……‡ æ˙…‡¥……o…“ ª…⁄ …«…‡," ¥…∫j' HÌ¬…‡ UÔ‡. ~……ªH‡Ì " …≠÷Gl…'(+y´……´…-12)©……≈ HÌ¬÷≈ UÔ‡ H‡Ì - ™…n¬ ¥… π…i……‰ ¶…¥… i… i…n¬ ¥…πh…÷¶…«¥… i… * ¥…πh…÷Ã¥…∂…i…‰¥……« ¥™…∂x……‰i…‰¥……∆, i…∫™… Bπ…… ¶…¥… i… ** - +……‡ ª…©…X¥…l……≈ " …≠÷Gl…'…… `Ú“HÌ…HÌ…≠˜ q÷N……«S……´…‚ ±…L´…÷≈UÔ‡ H‡Ì -

¥…∫jl…n¥… : +…‡≥L… +…‡ ¥…HÌ…ª…´……m…… 109


™…n˘… Æ˙Œ∂®… ¶…Æ˙ i…∂…™…‰x……™…∆ ¥™……i……‰ ¶…¥… i…, ¥™……x……‰ i… ¥…… Æ˙Œ∂®… ¶…Æ˙™…∆ ∫…¥…«®…¬, i…n˘… ¥…πh…÷Æ˙… n˘i™……‰

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EÏN¥…‡qˆ©……≈ ¥…∫jq‡¥…l………“ W‡ ªl…÷ l…+…‡ X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡, l…‡©……≈ +‡©……… ©…… ‡Ú H‡Ì`Ú±……HÌ ¥…∂…‡∫…i……‡¥…~…≠˜…´……≈ UÔ‡. W‡©…H‡Ì, (1) =Æ÷˙√GÚ®…:, (2) j… ¥…GÚ®…:, (3) +E÷Ú®……Æ˙ = (4) ∂… … ¥…π]ı: +…‡(5) x… π…HÚ…… * - +… qˆ≠‡ HÌ ¥…∂…‡∫…i………‡ N…Ãß…l……o…« ¥…S……≠˜“ HÌ…hı“…‡, ~…÷≠˜…i…HÌ…≠˜…‡+‡ ¥…∫j…… ¥……©…… H‡Ì¥……ª…÷q‡¥… HfiÌ∫i… W‡¥…… +¥…l……≠˜…‡…“ ¥… ¥…y… ~…÷≠˜…HÌo……+…‡ (Mythological Stories) +…N…≥ ¥…y……≠˜“ UÔ‡.qˆ….l…., ©…⁄≥©……≈ l……‡ ª…⁄ …«…… m…i… eÙN…±……≈…‡ y´………©……≈ ±…>…‡ ¥…∫j…‡ " m… ¥…JÌ©…' HÌ¬… UÔ‡.3 +… W ª…≈qˆß…«©……≈ ¥…∫j…‡ "A≠÷JÌ©…' (EÏN¥…‡qˆ, 1-154-5), +…‡ "A≠÷N……´…' (EÏN¥…‡qˆ) 1-154-3) (= ¥…∂……≥ ªo…………‡©……≈ª…≈S…≠˜i… HÌ≠˜……≠˜) ~…i… HÌ¬… UÔ‡. ¥…≥“, EÏN¥…‡qˆ…… •…“X +‡HÌ ©…m…©……≈ ¥…∫j…‡ "•…fiæ˙SUÔ≠˜“≠˜' (EÏN¥…‡qˆ,1-55-6); "´…÷¥……' (EÏN¥…‡qˆ 1-155-6) +…‡ "+H÷Ì©……≠˜' (1-156-6) ~…i… HÌ¬… UÔ‡.4 +… ¥…∂…‡∫…i……‡©……≈o…“ ¥……©…… +¥…l……≠˜…“ HÌo…… Cß…“ HÌ≠˜¥……©……≈ +…¥…“ UÔ‡. ¥…∫j ¥……©…… ∞˜~…‡ +¥…l…≠˜“…‡,≠˜…K…ª…≠˜…W •… ±… ~……ª…‡ X´… UÔ‡ +…‡ m…i… eÙN…±……≈ W©…“… ©……≈N…‡ UÔ‡. •… ±…+‡ ¥…S…… +…~´…… ~…UÔ“, ¥……©……¥……©…… ≠˜æ‡l……≈ …o…“, l…‡ "´…÷¥……' +…‡ "+H÷Ì©……≠˜' •……‡ UÔ‡. ¥…≠˜…`Ú ∞˜~… y…≠˜“…‡ K…i……y…«©……≈ l…‡+…‡ m… ¥…JÌ©… ~…i…•……‡ UÔ‡ ! ß……≠˜l…“´… ~…≠˜©~…≠˜…©……≈ W‡ HÌ¬÷≈ UÔ‡ H‡Ì - < i…Ω˛…∫……÷Æ˙…h……¶™……®…¬ ¥…‰n˘®…¬ ∫…®…÷…§…fi∆Ω˛™…‰i…¬ * +o……«l…√"≠˜…©……´…i… +…‡ ©…æ˙…ß……≠˜l… ∞˜~… < l…æ˙…ª…O…≈o……‡o…“ +…‡ ß……N…¥…l…… qˆ ~…÷≠˜…i……‡o…“ ¥…‡qˆ©…m……‡©……≈ HÌæ‡¥……´…‡±……∂…•qˆ…‡…… +o……‚…÷≈ A~…•…fi≈æ˙i… (= ¥…HÌ…ª…, ª…≈¥…y…«…) HÌ≠˜¥…÷≈ X‡>+‡.' l…‡……‡ +… +‡HÌ …qˆ∂…« UÔ‡.

+‡¥…“ W ≠˜“l…‡, EÏN¥…‡qˆ©……≈ ¥…∫j…‡ ©…… ‡Ú W‡ •…“X≈ •…‡ ¥…∂…‡∫…i……‡ - (1) " ∂… ~… ¥…∫`Ú' (EÏN¥…‡qˆ: 7-100-56) +…‡ (2) " … ∫…Gl…~……' (EÏN¥…‡qˆ: 7-36-4) - ¥…~…≠˜…´……≈ UÔ‡, l…‡…÷≈ ß……N…¥…l… ~…÷≠˜…i…©……≈ H‡Ì¥…“≠˜“l…‡ A~…•…fi≈æ˙i… o…´…÷≈ UÔ‡ ? - l…‡ X‡>+‡ l……‡, " ∂… ~… ¥…∫`Ú'……‡ +o…« ""~……‡l…………≈ HÌ≠˜i……‡o…“ •…y…‡ °…¥…‡∂…“ S…⁄H‡Ì±……‡q‡¥…'' +‡¥……‡ o……´… UÔ‡.5 ~…≠≈ l…÷ 7-100-6 …≈•…≠˜…… EÏN¥…‡qˆ…… ©…m…©……≈ EÏ ∫… ¥… ª…∫cÛ wˆ…≠˜… ~…⁄UÔ¥……©……≈+…¥´…÷≈ UÔ‡ H‡Ì - æ‡ ¥…∫j ! ∂…÷≈ l……≠÷≈ " ∂… ~… ¥…∫`Ú' +‡¥…÷≈ ……©… Xæ‡≠˜©……≈ HÌæ‡¥…… W‡¥…÷≈ UÔ‡ L…≠÷≈ ? - +æ˙”+…‰~…©…´…¥…‡ " ∂… ~… ¥…∫`Ú'…‡ HfiÌŒlª…l… (À…qˆ…“´…) ……©… N…i……¥´…÷≈ UÔ‡. W‡……‡ +o…« o……´… UÔ‡ : "hı…≈G¨… ¥……………°…W……q≈eÙ W‡¥……‡, æ÷≈ l…‡W…‡ HÌ…≠˜i…‡ +……SUÔ… qˆl… U÷≈Ô.'6 +…©… ¥…∫jq‡¥…l…… W©… +…~…¥………“ ∂…ŒGl… X‡e‡Ùª…≈HÌ≥…´…‡±…… q‡¥… ~…i… Wi……´… UÔ‡. +±…•…n…, +…©……≈ +…∑S…´…« ~……©…¥…… W‡¥…÷≈ HÌ∂…÷≈ … …o…“. " ¥…∫j' +‡ X‡ ª…⁄ …«q‡¥…l………÷≈ W +‡HÌ ……©… æ˙…‡ … l……‡, ª…⁄ …«…“ °…W……∂…ŒGl……‡ y´………©……≈ ±…>…‡ +~……´…‡±…÷≈ "ª… ¥…l……' (°…ª…¥…HÌ≠˜…¥………≠˜) +‡¥…÷≈ ……©… ~…i… +æ˙” •…≠˜…•…≠˜ •…≈y… •…‡ª…“ X´… UÔ‡.

¥… ª…∫cÛ EÏ ∫…+‡ EÏN¥…‡qˆ…… 7©…… ©…≈eÙ≥©……≈ ¥…∫j…‡ ©…… ‡Ú " ∂… ~… ¥…∫`Ú' ∂…•qˆ ¥……~…≠˜¥………“ ª……o…‡, ¥…π…‡q‡¥………… +‡HÌ ª…⁄Gl…(7-36-9)©……≈ l…‡©……‡ ©…… ‡Ú " x… π…HÚ……' +‡¥……‡ ∂…•qˆ ~…i… ¥……~…´……‚ UÔ‡ :

+SUÙ…™…∆ ¥……‰ ®…Æ÷ √i…: ∂±……‰EÚ Bi¥…SUÙ… ¥…πh…÷∆ x… π…HÚ……®…¬ +¥……‰ ¶…: *

=i… |…V……™…Ë M…fih…i…‰ ¥…™……‰ v…÷™…⁄«™…∆ ……i… ∫¥…Œ∫i… ¶…: ∫…n˘… x…: **

+æ˙” ¥…~…≠˜…´…‡±…… " … ∫…Gl…~……' ∂…•qˆ……‡ +o…« HÌ≠˜l……≈ ª……´…i… ±…L…‡ UÔ‡ H‡Ì - x… π…HÚ……∆ x… π…HÚ∫™…M…¶…«∫™… Æ˙ I…i……Æ˙®…¬ * "Àª…S……´…‡±…… N…ß…«…÷≈ ≠˜K…i… HÌ≠˜……≠˜…‡ … ∫…Gl…~……' HÌæ‡¥……´… UÔ‡, W‡ ¥…∫j…‡ ©…… ‡Ú ¥…∂…‡∫…i… ∞˜~…‡ +æ˙” ¥…~…≠˜…´…‡±… UÔ‡. [+……÷∫…≈ N…HÌ ≠˜“l…‡ +æ˙” +‡HÌ •…“Y ¥……l… HÌæ‡¥………“ °……~l… o……´… UÔ‡ : ¥…∫j…… A~…´…÷«Gl… •…‡ ¥…∂…‡∫…i……‡ H‡Ì¥…≥ ¥… ª…∫cÛ EÏ ∫…+‡ W ¥……~…´……« UÔ‡; EÏN¥…‡qˆ©……≈ ¥…∫j…‡ ±…N…l……≈ W‡ ~……≈S…

ª…⁄Gl……‡ +N……A A±±…‡L´……≈ UÔ‡ l…‡©……≈o…“ ~…æ‡±…… ©…≈eÙ≥…… m…i… ¥…∫jª…⁄Gl……‡ qˆ“P…«l…©…ª…√ EÏ ∫…+‡ ≠˜S…‡±……≈ /X‡ …‡±……≈ ª…⁄Gl……‡ UÔ‡. l…‡©……≈ ¥…∫j…‡ " ∂… ~… ¥…∫`Ú' H‡Ì " … ∫…Gl…~……' HÌ¬… …o…“. +… •…‡ ¥…∂…‡∫…i……‡ l……‡ H‡Ì¥…≥¥… ª…∫c‡Û W ¥……~…≠‡ ±……≈ UÔ‡. ¥…‡qˆ…… +…∞˜hı ¥…wˆ………‡ +‡ ~…÷≠˜…HÌo……(mythology)o…“ ~… ≠˜ S…l… UÔ‡ H‡Ì ¥…π…… ©…m…‡¥… ª…∫cÛ…… ª…≈l…………‡…‡ ©……≠˜“ …≈L……¥´…… æ˙l……; +…‡ l…‡o…“ 7©…… ©…≈eÙ≥©……≈ ¥… ª…∫c‡Û +…‡HÌ WN´……+‡ ~…÷m…´……S………HÌ≠˜“ UÔ‡. (W÷+…‡: EÏN¥…‡qˆ : -7-2-9, 7-4-8, 7-1-11, 7-104-15 ¥…N…‡≠‡) l…‡ ª…≈qˆß…«…‡ ª©…≠˜i…~…`Ú©……≈≠˜…L…“…‡ ¥…S……≠˜“+‡ l……‡ ¥… ª…∫c‡Û ¥…∫j ©…… ‡Ú ¥……~…≠‡ ±……≈ +… ¥…∂…‡∫…i……‡ •…æ÷ª…⁄S…HÌ Wi……∂…‡.]

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©……P…©……≈ H‡Ì¥…≥ ~……≈ eÙl´…°…qˆ∂…«… W …o…“, ~…≠≈ l…÷ l…‡©………©……≈ ª……‰qˆ´…«•……‡y……“>K…… ~…i… ª…P…… ≠˜“l…‡ ≠˜æ‡±…“ UÔ‡. +…‡ +‡ Ú±…‡ W l…‡©……… P…i…… +±…≈HÌ…≠˜…‡…÷≈ …¥…«æ˙i… ≠˜ª………÷H⁄Ì±… •……“ ≠˜¬÷≈ UÔ‡. +‡…÷≈ ª…≈~…⁄i…« +…±…‡L…… l……‡ ±…P…÷∂……‡y…°…•…≈y………‡ ¥´……~… ©……N…“ ±…‡ UÔ‡. +æ˙” ±…‡L……‡ +…÷∞˜~… ª…“©…… •……≈y…“…‡ +…~…i…‡ ∂…∂…÷~……±…¥…y…©……≈ …∞˜~……´…‡±…… ª……l… ª…÷≈qˆ≠˜ l…q√N…÷i… +±…≈HÌ…≠˜…‡…‡ ©…⁄±…¥…“∂…÷≈. l…‡~…æ‡±……≈ HÌ…¥´…∂……ªm……“ xˆŒ∫`Ú+‡ l…q√N…÷i… +±…≈HÌ…≠˜…÷≈ ª¥…∞˜~… …∞˜~…“+‡. l…q√N…÷i………‡ª……‰ °…o…©… A±±…‡L… ª…≈ß…¥…l…: ≠÷rˆ ‡Ú HÌ´……‚ UÔ‡ ~…≠≈ l…÷ +…~…i…‡ ©…©©…`Ú, ≠÷ ´´…HÌ +…‡WN………o…‡ +…~…‡±……≈ ª¥…∞˜~…±…K…i……‡ W X‡>∂…÷≈. +…‡ ~…UÔ“ HÌ ¥…¥…≠˜ ©……P………l…q√ˆN…÷i……‡ ©…⁄±…¥…“∂…÷≈.

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l…‡…… N…÷i……÷≈ O…æ˙i… HÌ≠‡ l…‡…‡ "l…q√N…÷i…' HÌæ‡¥……©……≈ +…¥…‡ UÔ‡. (HÌ…. °…. 10/137)

¥…fi n…©……≈ ©…©©…`Ú…S……´…« Wi……¥…‡ UÔ‡ - "~……‡l………… ∞˜~………‡ l…≠˜ªHÌ…≠˜ HÌ≠˜“…‡¥…ªl…÷ HÌ…‡>HÌ ª…©…“~… ≠˜æ‡±…… °…•…≥ N…÷i… ¥…e‡Ù (= •…“Y …YHÌ…“ ¥…ªl…÷……)

19

~……‡l………… N…÷i……“ ª…≈~… n…o…“ ≠≈N……>…‡ l…‡…… W‡¥…… W ª¥…∞˜~……‡ °……~l… HÌ≠‡ l…‡ o…´……‡ l…q√N…÷i…. - l…‡……‡ -+°…HfiÌl………‡ N…÷i… l……‡ +æ˙” æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡.' (= °…ªl…÷l… ¥…ªl…÷©……≈ +…¥…“ N…´……‡ æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡.)

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≠ ÷ ´…HÌ : - ≠÷ ´´…HÌ +…÷ª……≠˜ -

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+~………¥…‡ l…‡…‡ "l…q√N…÷i…' +±…≈HÌ…≠˜ HÌæ‡ UÔ‡. "i…n¬˘' +‡ Ú±…‡ l…‡ AlHfiÌ∫`Ú ¥…ªl…÷……‡ N…÷i… W‡©……≈ UÔ‡ l…‡ l…q√N…÷i… -(+‡¥…“ ¥´…÷l~… n……‡ +…y……≠‡ l…‡ "l…q√N…÷i…' HÌæ‡¥……´… UÔ‡.)

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+…©… Æ¯´´…HÌ ~…i… +´… AlHfiÌ∫`Ú N…÷i……… ª¥…“HÌ…≠˜©……≈ l…q√N…÷i… ©………‡ UÔ‡. l…‡©…i…‡ ~…i… Aqˆ…. ©…… ‡Ú©……P………‡ ¥… ¶…z…¥…h……«0.... ∂±……‡HÌ ~…ª…≈qˆ HÌ´……‚ UÔ‡.

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WN………o… l…q√N…÷i……… ª¥…∞˜~… +≈N…‡ +‡HÌ ©…æ˙n¥……“ ¥……l… ……·y…‡ UÔ‡. A±±……ª… +±…≈HÌ…≠˜ ª……o…‡ l…q√N…÷i……÷≈o……‡e÷≈Ù ª……©´… UÔ‡. ~…≠≈ l…÷ A±±……ª…©……≈ •…“Y ¥…ªl…÷©……≈ ~…æ‡±…“……‡ N…÷i…ª…≈•…y… o…l……≈ •…“X‡ W +‡HÌ N…÷i… Al~……

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©…Œ±±………o… +… °…©……i…‡ ª…©…X¥…‡ UÔ‡ :

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…÷ Æ˙i……v…«™…™…‰¥… ®… ∏…i……v…«™…‰¥… x…Æ˙¥……∆∂…÷ ¶…Æ˙HÚ“EfiÚi™…‰i™…l…«: *3 ∫…∆n‰Ω˛v¥……xi…n˘“ …EÚ… - …fi. 2 (Ω˛∫i…|…i…x…÷∆)+…©… ±… ±…l…HÌ“Ãl… +æ˙” Al°…‡K…… ©………‡ UÔ‡.¥…±±…ß…ª……≠˜ ©……m… ∂…•qˆ…o……‚ +…~…‡ UÔ‡ l…‡o…“ l…‡…“ ……·y… ±…“y…“ …o…“.(2) •…“X ª…N…«©……≈ 20/21 +‡©… •…‡ ∂±……‡HÌ…‡©……≈ ©……P…‡ l…q√N…÷i… +±…≈HÌ…≠˜ …∞˜~´……‡ UÔ‡. °…o…©… 2/20

X‡>+‡.

EÚE÷ÚŒn¬®…EÚx™……¥…GÚ…xi…¥……«∫…±…§v…… v…¥……∫…™…… *®…÷J……®……‰n∆ ®… n˘Æ˙™…… EfiÚi……x…÷¥™……v…®…÷u˘®…x…¬ **2/20

(~…æ‡±……≈) ≠‡ ¥…l…“…… ©…÷L…©……≈ ≠˜æ‡±…“ +…‡ (~…UÔ“) ~……‡l………… ©…÷L…©……≈ +…¥…‡±…“ ©… qˆ≠˜… ≠‡ ¥…l…“……©…÷L……“ ª…÷N…≈y……‡ °……~l… HÌ≠˜l…“ æ˙l…“ l…‡…‡ •…æ˙…≠˜ HÌ…hıl…“ æ˙l…“.

©…Œ±±………o… +… °…©……i…‡ ……·y…‡ UÔ‡ :+j… ®… n˘Æ˙…Æ˙…®…®…÷J…M…xv…™……‰: ∫¥…M…xv… i…Æ˙…‰v……x…‰x… Æ˙…®……®…÷J…i…n¬M…÷h…®…tM…xv…∫¥…“EÚ…Æ˙k…n¬M…÷h…™……‰∫i…j……‰k…Æ˙

∫™……i®… ¥…∂…‰π…EÚi¥…‰x… …⁄¥…«∫………‰I…i¥……n˘R¬ÛM……ŒR¬ÛM…¶……¥…‰x… ∫…∆EÚÆ˙: * i…n˘M…÷h…: ∫¥…M…÷h…i™……M……n˘x™……‰iEfiÚπ]÷ıM…÷h……æ˛ i…: < i…

±…I…h……i…¬ ** (…fi. 35)

(1) +æ˙” ©… qˆ≠˜… +…‡ •…±…≠˜…©……… ©…÷L……“ N…y………‡ l´……N… UÔ‡. - •…±…≠˜…©……… ©…÷L…©……≈ W¥……o…“ l…‡i…‡~……‡l………“ N…y………‡ l´……N… HÌ≠˜“ •…±…≠˜…©……… ©…÷L……“ N…y… O…æ˙i… HÌ≠˜“.

(2) •…±…≠˜…©……… ©…÷L……“ N…y…‡ ≠‡ ¥…l…“…… ©…÷L……“ N…y…¥……≥“ ©… qˆ≠˜……“ N…y… O…æ˙i… HÌ≠˜“. +…©……≈ •…‡l…q√N…÷i… UÔ‡. +‡©……≈ •…±…≠˜…©……… ©…÷L……“ N…≈y… ©… qˆ≠˜…o…“ ¥…∂…‡∫… æ˙…‡¥……o…“ +≈N……≈ N…ß……¥… ª…≈HÌ≠˜ o…´……‡UÔ‡.

+… ≠˜“l…‡ ª…≈HÌ≠˜ •…‡ l…q√N…÷i………‡ W o…´……‡ UÔ‡. ¥…±±…ß…q‡¥… +æ˙” l…q√N…÷i………‡ …q‚∂… HÌ≠˜l…… …o…“©……m… +‡ Ú±…÷≈ W ……·y… UÔ‡ H‡Ì -

B¥…∆ |…EfiÚ i…∫…÷Æ˙ ¶…Æ‰ ¥…i…“¥…n˘x…… i…∂…™…∫…÷Æ˙ ¶…i…Æ˙“EfiÚi…®…÷J…¥……i…… v…¥…… ∫…i…®…xj…®…hb˜…®…¥……‰S… n˘ i… ¥……C™……l…«: *

- ∫…∆n‰Ω˛ ¥…π……Ëπ… v…: (…fi. 51)±… ±…l…HÌ“Ãl… ∂…•qˆ…o……‚ +…~…‡ UÔ‡, L……ª… ……·y… …o…“. (æ˙ªl…°…l……÷≈ ~…fi.10)

(3) 2/21©……≈ ©……P…‡ £Ì≠˜“o…“ l…q√N…÷i……÷≈ …∞˜~…i… HÌ´…÷» UÔ‡, l…‡©……≈ ~…i… •…±…≠˜…©……÷≈ ¥…i…«… UÔ‡ :V…M……n˘ ¥…n˘x…SUÙn¬®……n¬®……™…«xi……… i…x…: *x…™…x®…v…÷ ±…Ω˛: ∑…Ëi™…®…÷n˘O…n˘∂…x……∆∂…÷ ¶…: **2/21

+…‡ ¥…qˆ……… •…æ˙……‡ ≠˜æ‡±…… HÌ©…≥…… (= ¥…qˆ…qˆ∞˜~…“ HÌ©…≥……) UÔ‡eÙ… ª…÷y…“ Xl…… ®…©…≠˜…+…‡…‡ ¥…ªl……≠˜ ~……©…l…… qˆ…≈l……… HÌ≠˜i……‡ ¥…e‡Ù y…¥…±…l…… °……~l… HÌ≠˜…¥…l…… (…“S…‡ °…©……i…‡) •…±…≠˜…©… •……‡±…l…… æ˙l…… :

+æ˙” +~…æ√…¥…©…⁄±…HÌ l…q√N…÷i… +… ≠˜“l…‡ ≠˜æ‡±……‡ UÔ‡.•…±…≠˜…©… •……‡±´…… l´……≠‡ l…‡©……… π…‡l…qˆ…≈l……… HÌ≠˜i……‡ S……≠‡ •……W÷+‡ ¥…ªl……≠˜ ~……©´……≈, l…‡ π…‡l…

HÌ≠˜i……‡o…“ •…±…≠˜…©……… ©…÷L……“ +…ª…~……ª… ©… qˆ≠˜……“ ¥……ª……‡ ±…“y…‡ ß…©…l…… HÌ…≥… ß…©…≠˜…+…‡ y……‡≥… q‡L……¥……±……N´…….

©…Œ±±………o… +……÷≈ ¥…¥…≠˜i… HÌ≠˜l……≈ ……·y…‡ UÔ‡ :=n˘O…ËØ˚ŒSU≈Ùi…Ë: n˘∂…x……∆∂…÷ ¶…: ∑…Ëi™…∆ v……¥…±™…∆ x…™…z…‰¥…∆ V…M……n˘ * i…n¬M…÷h……±…∆EÚ…Æ˙: *i…∫™… ®…v…÷…∫…∆ x…v………EÚ¥…n˘x………Ω˛x…¥…∫………‰I…i¥……k…‰x… ∫…∆EÚÆ˙: ** - …fi. 35

UÔs ∂…•qˆo…“ +ª…l´… °… l…~……qˆ… ∞˜~… +~…æ√…¥… UÔ‡... +æ˙” l…q√N…÷i… +±…≈HÌ…≠˜ UÔ‡ (¥…qˆ………)©…y…÷HÌ≠˜…… ª…… …y´…o…“ ¥…qˆ………‡ +~…æ√…¥… ª……~…‡K… æ˙…‡¥……o…“ ª…≈HÌ≠˜ o…´……‡ UÔ‡.

⁄≈ÚHÌ©……≈ +æ˙” +~…æ√…÷ l… ª……o…‡ l…q√N…÷i… +±…≈HÌ…≠˜……‡ ª…≈HÌ≠˜ o…´……‡ UÔ‡. +~…æ √…¥… ª……~…‡K… æ˙…‡¥……o…“ •……‡+±…≈HÌ…≠˜…‡……‡ …“≠˜-K…“≠˜ ´……´…‡ ª…≈HÌ≠˜ o…´……‡ UÔ‡.

+…©… ©……P… l…q√N…÷i… ª……o…‡ Al°…‡K……, +~…æ√… l… ¥…N…‡≠‡ ª……xˆ∂´…©…⁄±…HÌ +±…≈HÌ…≠˜…‡…‡ N…⁄≈o…“ ±…‡ UÔ‡.°…ªl…÷l… V…M……n... (2/21) ¥…N…‡≠‡ ©……≈ ¥…±±…ß…q‡¥… l…q√N…÷i… …o…“ ©………l…… ~…i… Al°…‡K……, ª…≈∂…´… +…‡

¥…≠˜…‡y………‡ ª…≈HÌ≠˜ ©………‡ UÔ‡.

" ∂…∂…÷~……±…¥…y…'©……≈ …∞˜~……´…‡±……‡ l…q√N…÷i… +±…≈HÌ…≠˜ +±…≈HÌ…≠˜∂……ªm……… ~… ≠˜°…‡K´…©…… 117


¥……≈S……‡ -E‰Úx…, =n∆∂…¥… =z…i……¶…“∂…¥……‰ ™…‰ n˘∂…x……∫i…‰π……®…∆∂…÷ ¶…®…«™…⁄J…Ë:, …÷hb˜Æ˙“EÚ ß……xi™……M…i……x…±…“x… ∫…i…n˘∂…x… EÚÆ˙h…Ë:

∂…÷C±……x…¬ ¥…n˘v… n˘i™…l…«: * =i|…‰I……∫…∆∂…™…V…… i…M…÷h… ¥…Æ˙…‰v……x……∆ ∫……∆EÚ™……«i…¬ ∫…∆EÚÆ˙…±…∆EÚ…Æ˙…‰%™…®…¬ **21** -

(∫…∆n‰Ω˛ ¥…π……Ëπ… v…: - …fi. 51)

+‡ ~…UÔ“ ∂…∂…÷0 - 4/14©……≈ +l´…≈l… °… ª…uˆ +…‡ ©…©©…`Ú, ≠÷ ´´…HÌ ¥…N…‡≠‡ ±…N…ß…N… ª…P…≥…+…±…≈HÌ… ≠˜HÌ…‡ Aqˆ….∞˜~…‡ +…~…‡ UÔ‡ l…‡ l…q√N…÷i……÷≈ …∞˜~…i… UÔ‡.

+…©… S……‡o…… ª…N…«©……≈ ≠˜©…i…“´…l…………‡ +…÷ß…¥… HÌ≠˜…¥………≠˜ ≠‰ ¥…l…HÌ ~…¥…«l……… ¥…i…«…©……≈ ©……P…‡ ~…÷…:¿˙qˆ´…≈N…©… l…q√N…÷i… +±…HÌ…≠˜ ≠˜S´……‡ UÔ‡ ¥……≈S……‡ -

(4) ¥… ¶…z…¥…h……« M…Ø˚b˜…O…V…‰x… ∫…⁄™…«∫™… Æ˙l™……: … Æ˙i…: ∫°÷ÚÆ˙xi™…… *Æ˙ix…Ë: …÷x…™…«j… Ø˚S…… Ø˚S…∆ ∫¥……®…… x…Œx™…Æ‰ ¥…∆∂…EÚÆ˙“Æ˙x…“±…Ë : **

( ∂…∂…÷ - 4/14)

¥…≥“, N…≠÷eÙ…… ©……‡ Ú…ß……> +≠÷i……‡ ±…“y…‡ W÷qˆ… ≠≈ N…¥……≥… •……‡±…… UÔl……≈ +≠÷i……… ≠≈N……‡ ±…“y…‡≠˜l……∂…¥……≥… ±……N…l…… ª…⁄ …«…… ≠˜o……‡ ¥…æ˙… HÌ≠˜……≠˜… +π……‡, W‡ ~…¥…«l… ~…≠˜ ¥……≈ª……… +≈H÷Ì≠˜…‡…… W‡¥……≈∂´……©…≠˜l……‡ ¥…e‡Ù (= ©…≠˜HÌl…©… i…+…‡ ¥…e‡Ù) S……≠‡ l…≠˜£Ì S…©…HÌ…≠˜… ©……≠˜l…“ ~……‡l………“ HÌ…Œl……‡, ~……‡l………… ±…“±……≠≈ N……‡ ~……©…l…… æ˙l…….

°…o…©… +…~…i…‡ ©…Œ±±………o……“ ª…©…W⁄l…“ X‡>+‡ ~…UÔ“ +…±…≈HÌ… ≠˜HÌ…‡……‡ ©…l… X‡>∂…÷≈. ©…Œ±±………o…©…©©…`Ú, ≠÷ ´´…HÌ ¥…N…‡≠‡ …“ W‡©… +æ˙” l…q√N…÷i… W ª¥…“HÌ…≠‡ UÔ‡. +æ˙” £Ì≠˜“o…“ N…÷i…O…æ˙i… HÌ≠˜¥………“ W‡ JÌ´……UÔ‡ l…‡…‡ HÌ…≠˜i…‡ o……‡eÙ…‡ ß…‡qˆ ©………“ ±…>…‡ W´…q‡¥… +…‡ qˆ“ K…l…Y +…¥…… °…HÌ…≠˜…… Aqˆ…æ˙≠˜i…©……≈ "~…⁄¥…«∞˜~…'……©………‡ +‡HÌ …¥…“… +±…≈HÌ…≠˜ ©………‡ UÔ‡. WN………o…‡ qˆ“ K…l…Y…÷≈ L…≈eÙ… …o…“ HÌ´…÷» ~…i… ~…⁄¥…«∞˜~……‡ l…‡+…‡ +±…N…+±…≈HÌ…≠˜ ©………l…… …o…“.

ª…¥…»HÌ∫………“ ……·y… -+j… ¥… ¶…z…¥…h……« <i™…‰EÚ∫i…n¬˘M…÷h…0: * Æ˙l™……x……∆ ∫¥…M…÷h…i™……M…‰x… M…Ø˚b˜…O…V…M…÷h…O…Ω˛h……i…÷x…∫i…k™……M…‰x…

®…Æ˙EÚi…M…÷h…O…Ω˛h……n˘…Æ˙∫i…n¬˘M…÷h…∫i…n÷˘…V…“¥…“ i… ∫…V……i…“™……‰: ∫…∆EÚÆ˙: *

i…‰x… M…Æ‰˙: ∫…⁄™…«®…hb˜±……™…«xi…®……Ëz…i™…∆ ¥…∫i…÷ ¥™…V™…i…‰ * i…n¬˘M…÷h…: ∫¥…M…÷h…i™……M……n˘x™……‰iEfiÚπ]÷ıM…÷h…O…Ω˛: ** -

(…fi.94)

+…©… ©…Œ±±………o… °…©……i…‡ - ¥… ¶…z…¥…h……« - +‡©……≈ +‡HÌ °…HÌ…≠˜……‡ l…q√N…÷i… UÔ‡. +π……‡ ~……‡l………… N…÷i………l´……N… ¥…e‡Ù N…≠÷eÙ…… +O…W = +≠÷i… wˆ…≠˜… = ±……±… N…÷i……÷≈ O…æ˙i… HÌ≠‡ UÔ‡ ~…UÔ“ £Ì≠˜“o…“ l…‡……‡ (=±……±…≠≈ N………‡) l´……N… HÌ≠˜“…‡ ©…≠˜HÌl…©… i……… N…÷i……÷≈ O…æ˙i… HÌ≠‡ UÔ‡. (= ±…“±……≠≈ N……÷≈) l…‡o…“ •…“X‡ l…q√N…÷i…+±…≈HÌ…≠˜ o…´……‡ UÔ‡, W‡ ~…æ‡±…………‡ A~…Y¥…“ UÔ‡ - ~…æ‡±………… +…y……≠‡ W `ÚH‡Ì±……‡ UÔ‡. +…©… +æ˙” ª…Xl…“´…ª…≈HÌ≠˜ o…´……‡ UÔ‡. +………o…“ ~…¥…«l……“ ª…⁄ …«©…≈eÙ±… ª…÷y…“…“ DS……> UÔ‡ +‡ ¥…ªl…÷…“ ¥´…≈W………÷≈ ~…i… +… Aqˆ…æ˙≠˜i…•……“ ≠˜æ‡ UÔ‡ +‡ ~…i… HÌ ¥…°……‰hı…‡ŒGl… ª…uˆ UÔ‡ +‡ Ú±…÷≈ +…~…i…‡ ……·y…“+‡.

¥…±±…ß…q‡¥… +æ˙” l…q√N…÷i… ª¥…“HÌ…≠‡ UÔ‡. ¥…±±…ß…q‡¥… `Ú“HÌ…©……≈ ……·y…‡ UÔ‡ :-™…j… Æ˙¥…‰: Æ˙l™…… +∑…… Æ˙ix…Ë: ∫…¥…«¥™…… …x™…… Ø˚S…… EÚÆ˙h…‰x… ¶…⁄™… +…i®…“™…¥…h…«®…… x…Œx™…Æ‰ |…… …i……: *

∫¥…EÚ…Œxi…i™……M…‰ EÚ…Æ˙h…®……Ω˛-M…Ø˚b˜∫™……O…V…‰x……Ø˚h…‰x… ¥… ¶…z…¥…h……«: S™…÷i…x…“ ±…®……x…: Æ˙HÚi¥…∆ x…“i…… <i™…l…«: * EËÚ:

Æ˙ix…Ë Æ˙i™……Ω˛ ¥…∆∂……R¬ÛE÷ÚÆ˙ Ω˛ Æ˙i…Ë®…«Æ˙EÚi…Ë Æ˙i™…l…«: * ™…™…¥……‰% … ∂…Æ˙“π…¥…h……«: * i…n¬M…÷h……‰%™…®…±…R¬ÛEÚ…Æ˙: *- ∫…∆n‰Ω˛ ¥…π……Ëπ… v…: (…fi. 130)

+æ˙” •…‡ l…q√N…÷i……‡……‡ ª…≈HÌ≠˜ UÔ‡ +‡¥…÷≈ H≈Ì> ¥…±±…ß…q‡¥… HÌæ‡l…… …o…“.

¥…±±…ß…ª……≠˜ +…‡ ±… ±…l…HÌ“Ãl…©……≈ ∂…•qˆ…o…«…“ ……·y… W æ˙…‡> +…~…i…‡ l…‡……‡ A±±…‡L… HÌ≠˜l……≈ …o…“.æ˙¥…‡ ©…©©…`Ú ª¥…´…≈ +… Aqˆ…æ˙≠˜i… ¥…∫…‡ ∂…÷≈ HÌæ‡ UÔ‡ l…‡ X‡>+‡ ~…UÔ“ HÌ…¥´…°…HÌ…∂……… Ú“HÌ…HÌ…≠˜…‡…“ ……·y…

ª…©…Y∂…÷≈.+j… Æ˙ ¥…i…÷Æ˙M………‰I…™…… M…Ø˚b˜…O…V…∫™… i…n˘……‰I…™…… S… Ω˛ Æ˙x®…h…“x……∆ |…M…÷h…¥…h…«i…… ** EÚ….|…. -10/204 …“

¥…fi n….+æ˙” ª…⁄ …«…… P……‡eÙ…+…‡…“ +~…‡K……+‡ +≠÷i………‡ ¥…i…« ¥…y……≠‡ P…‡≠˜…‡ UÔ‡ +…‡ l…‡…… HÌ≠˜l……≈ ~…i… ©…≠˜HÌl…

(±…“±……≠≈ N………) ©… i………‡ ¥…i…« ¥…y……≠‡ P…‡≠˜…‡ UÔ‡. (W‡o…“ +≈l…‡ ª…⁄ …«…… +π……‡+‡ ©…≠˜HÌl…©… i……“ °…ß………‡ y……≠˜i…HÌ≠˜“ UÔ‡).

]Ò…≥HÌ“HÌ≠˜ +…©……≈ •…‡ l…q√ˆN…÷i… ……·y…l……≈ HÌæ‡˙ UÔ‡ :

+j… Æ˙ ¥…i…÷Æ˙M……h……∆ |…∫i…÷i……x……®…|…∫i…÷i…M…Ø˚b˜…O…V…¥…h…«∫™……%%Œi…:,+|…∫i…÷i…x…“±…Æ˙ix… ¥…h…«∫™……%%Œi…∂S…‰ i… i…n¬M…÷h……±…R¬ÛEÚ…Æ˙u˘™…®…¬ * (…fi. 746)

+‡ ~…UÔ“ ]Ò≥HÌ“HÌ≠˜ =H∆Ú S……x™…j…... +‡©… HÌ≠˜“…‡ ©…Œ±±………o……“ W ……·y… +…~…‡ UÔ‡.°…qˆ“~… +…‡ Av…‡l…©……≈ +… °…©……i…‡ HÌ¬÷≈ UÔ‡ :+j… i…n¬M…÷h…u˘™…®…¬, Æ˙ ¥…i…÷Æ˙M………‰I…™…… S… Ω˛ Æ˙x®…h…“x……∆ |…EfiÚπ]ıM…÷h…i¥……i…¬ i…p⁄…i…™…… |…i…“i…‰: * Bi…‰x… ™…i…¬ E‰Ú

x… S…u˘™……Æ˙¥™……i…®…¬ - "∫¥…M…÷h…i™……M……x…xi…Æ∆ …÷x…∫i…i|……Œi…∫i…n¬M…÷h…:' < i… i…n˘x……n‰™…®…¬, "i…∫™……|…∫i…÷i…∫™… M…÷h……‰%j……Œ∫i…'

< i… ¥™…÷i… k…EÚl…x……Æ˙|…EÚ…∂… ¥…Æ˙…‰v……i…¬, i…j… M…÷h…u˘™…EÚl…x…‰x… S… i…n¬M…÷h…u˘™…¥™…÷i……n˘x……i…¬ "+…k…‰ ∫…“®…xi…Æ˙ix…‰'

<i™……n˘…Ë ¥…I™…®……h…‰ ∫…∆EÚÆ˙…‰n˘…Ω˛Æ˙h…‰ i…n¬M…÷h……¶……¥…|…∫…R¬ÛM……SS…, x… Ω˛ i…j… i™…HÚ∫™… ∫¥…EÚ“™… ∞¸…∫™……¥……Œi…:' < i…

|…n“…: *

(•……±…•……‡ y……“ ~…fi. 746 ~…≠˜ Aq√y…fil…)."°…qˆ“~…'HÌ…≠˜ ~……‡l………… N…÷i………‡ l´……N… HÌ´……« ~…UÔ“ £Ì≠˜“o…“ +‡ N…÷i……“ °……Œ~l…©……≈ l…q√N…÷i… HÌ…‡>˚H‡Ì W‡

©……´……‡ UÔ‡ l…‡……‡ +…qˆ≠˜ HÌ≠˜l…… …o…“. l…‡+…‡ ……·y…‡ UÔ‡ H‡Ì l…‡o…“ "+°…ªl…÷l………‡ N…÷i… +æ˙” UÔ‡' - +‡¥……¥´…÷l~… n…~…≠˜HÌ °…HÌ…∂…HÌ…≠˜…… HÌo…………‡ ¥…≠˜…‡y… +…¥…∂…‡. ¥…≥“, N…÷i…wˆ´… +‡©… HÌæ‡l……≈ X‡ •…‡ N…÷i……‡ (æ≈©…‡∂……)¥´…÷l~…… o…¥…… ©……≈eÙ∂…‡ l……‡ ~…UÔ“ +…k…‰... ¥…N…‡≠‡ ª…≈HÌ≠˜…±…≈HÌ…≠˜…… Aqˆ…æ˙≠˜i…©……≈ l…q√N…÷i……… +ß……¥………‡ °…ª…≈N…+…¥…∂…‡, HÌ…≠˜i… H‡Ì, l´……≈ ~……‡l…‡ l´……N…“ qˆ“y…‡±…… ª¥…∞˜~……“ £Ì≠˜“o…“ °……Œ~l… …o…“ ¥…i…«¥……>.

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635)

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" ∂…∂…÷~……±…¥…y…'©……≈ …∞˜~……´…‡±……‡ l…q√N…÷i… +±…≈HÌ…≠˜ +±…≈HÌ…≠˜∂……ªm……… ~… ≠˜°…‡K´…©…… 119


(5) BEÚj… ∫°Ú ]ıEÚi…]ı…∆∂…÷ ¶…z…x…“Æ˙… x…“±……∂®…t÷ i… ¶…n÷Æ˙…®¶…∫……‰%…Æ˙j… *EÚ… ±…xn˘“V…±…V… x…i… ∏…™…: ∏…™…xi…‰ ¥…Ën˘Mv…… ®…Ω˛-∫… Æ˙i…: ∫…÷Æ˙……M……™……: **4/26

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…fi. 98

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©…Œ±±………o… ……·y…‡ UÔ‡ -

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(…fi. 152)

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17/4©……≈ •…±…≠˜…©……… æ˙…ª´……÷≈ …∞˜~…i… UÔ‡ l…‡©……≈ ©……P…‡ l…q√N…÷i… ≠˜S´……‡ UÔ‡ +…‡ HÌqˆ…S… +‡©……“ °…´…q≈l… HÌ≠˜i……‡…“ +…‡ "~…÷…N…÷«i…O…æ˙i…'…“ +‡ ≠˜S……… UÔ‡. WN………o……“ xˆŒ∫`Ú+‡ +……‡ °… l…°…ª…¥…¥……≥“l…q√N…÷i……±…≈HfiÌ l… HÌæ˙“ ∂…HÌ…´….

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©…Œ±±………o… ……·y…‡ UÔ‡ -

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- ∫…∆n‰Ω˛ ¥…π……Ëπ… v…: - …fi. 197

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∂……ªm…“, HÌ…∂©…“≠˜ ©…≠˜H‡Ì`Ú…<±… °…‡ª…, ∏…“…N…≠˜, >.ª…. 1935.(3) ¥…±±…ß…ª……≠˜…“ +~…⁄i…« Ú“HÌ…, …“±…H≈ÌcÛ…‡uˆ…≠˜ (±…….qˆ. ß……≠˜l…“´… ª…≈ªHfiÌ l… ¥…v…©…≈ qˆ≠˜, +©…qˆ…¥……qˆ,

æ˙ªl…°…l… …≈. 296).(4) L…≠˜l…N…SUÔ…… ±… ±…l…HÌ“Ãl……“ "ª…≈q‡æ˙y¥……l…qˆ“ ~…HÌ…' +~…⁄i…« (±…….qˆ. ß……≠˜l…“´… ª…≈ªHfiÌ l… ¥…v…©…≈ qˆ≠˜,

æ˙ªl…°…l… …≈. 2633).(5) ∂…∂…÷~……±…¥…y… - (~…⁄¥……«y…« +…‡ An…≠˜…y…«) : ª…≈~……. æ˙ ≠˜±……±… …≠˜Àª…æ˙≠˜…¥… ¥´……ª…, N…÷W≠˜…l…

¥………«G ÷±…≠˜ ª……‡ª……´…`Ú“, +©…qˆ…¥……qˆ, >.ª…. 1908, 1910.(6) ®…Ω˛…EÚ ¥… ®……P…: V…“¥…x… EÚ±…… +…ËÆ˙ EfiÚ i…™……ƒ * - b˜…Ï. ®…x…®……‰Ω˛x… ±……±… ∂…®……«, x…¥…™…÷M… |…EÚ…∂…x…,

n˘±±…“, |…l…®… +…¥…fi k…, <«.∫…. 1962.(7) ©…©©…`ÚHfiÌl… HÌ…¥´…°…HÌ…∂…, ]Ò≥HÌ“HÌ≠˜…“ : "•……±…•……‡ y……“' `Ú“HÌ… ª……o…‡, ª…≈~……. ¥……©………S……´…«

]Ò≥HÌ“HÌ≠˜, …i…« …ª……N…≠˜, ©…÷≈•…>, >.ª…. 1917.(8) Æ¯´´…HÌHfiÌl… "+±…≈HÌ…≠˜ª…¥…«ª¥…' ¥…©…Ã∂……“ª…æ˙ : ª…≈~…….~…≈. ≠‡ ¥……°…ª……qˆ wˆ¥…‡qˆ“, S……‰L…©•…… ª…≈ªHfiÌl…

ª… ≠˜]Ò +…Ë £Ìª…, ¥……≠˜…i…ª…“, °…o…©… +…¥…fi n…, >.ª…. 1971.(9) ≠˜ª…N…≈N……y…≠˜ - L…≈eÙ •…“X‡ : ª…≈~……. - …N…“…qˆ…ª… ~……≠‡L…, ´…÷ …¥…Ãª…`Ú“, O…≈o… …©……«i… •……‡e«Ù,

N…÷W≠˜…l… ≠˜…V´…. +©…qˆ…¥……qˆ, °…o…©… +…¥…fi n…, >.ª…. 1976.(10) +o……«±…≈HÌ…≠˜…‡…“ ¥…HÌ…ª…´……m………… ª…≈qˆß…«©……≈ : "+±…≈HÌ…≠˜ª…¥…«ª¥…'HÌ…≠˜ ≠÷ ´´…HÌ +‡HÌ +y´…´…… : ¥……‡±´…÷©…-

4, ~…fi. 4608 o…“ 4632. +°…HÌ… ∂…l… ©…æ˙… …•…y…, ~……≠÷ ±… ©……≈HÌeÙ, N…÷W≠˜…l… ´…÷ …¥…Ãª…`Ú“,+©…qˆ…¥……qˆ. >.ª…. 1980.

(11) ∂……‡ß……HÌ≠˜ ©…m… HfiÌl… +±…≈HÌ…≠˜≠˜l……HÌ≠˜ : ª…≈~……. ª…“. q‡¥…y…≠˜ +…‡ ≠˜´…`Ú±… •…÷HÌ +‡Wª…“, ~…⁄i…‡,>.ª…. 1941.

(12) V…Ëx… ∫…… Ω˛i™… EÚ… §…fiΩ˛n¬ - <« i…Ω˛…∫… : ¶……M… : 6, EÚ…¥™… ∫…… Ω˛i™… : b˜…Ï. M…÷±……§…S…xp˘ S……Ëv…Æ˙“, ……∑…«x……l… ¥…t…∏…®… ∂……‰v… ∫…∆∫l……x…, V…Ëx… <∆Œ∫]ı]ı ÷]ı, ¥……Æ˙…h…∫…“, <«.∫…. 1973.

(13) ©……P…HfiÌl…©…√ ∂…∂…÷~……±…¥…y…©…√ : ´……‡WHÌ : °……‡. …“ l…… q‡ª……>, ´…÷ …¥…Ãª…`Ú“ O…≈o… …©……«i… •……‡e«Ù,+©…qˆ…¥……qˆ. >.ª…. 2001

∫…∆Y…… x…nÊ∂… :+±…≈.2. - +±…≈HÌ…≠˜≠˜l……HÌ≠˜+±…≈.ª…. - +±…≈HÌ…≠˜ª…¥…«ª¥…HÌ….°…. - HÌ…¥´…°…HÌ…∂…•…….•……‡. - •……±…•……‡ y……“≠˜.N…≈. - ≠˜ª…N…≈N……y…≠˜……·y… : ±…….qˆ. ß……≠˜l…“´… ª…≈ªHfiÌ l… ¥…v…©…≈ qˆ≠˜…… æ˙ªl…°…l… ß…≈eÙ…≠˜©……≈o…“ °…ªl…÷l… ∂……‡y…±…‡L…©……≈ A±±…‡ L…l… •…‡

æ˙ªl…°…l……‡……‡ A~…´……‡N… HÌ≠˜¥………“ +…÷©… l… +…~…¥…… •…qˆ±… l…‡ ¥…L…l……… æ˙ªl…°…l… ¥…ß……N……… ¥…eÙ… eÙ…Ë. HÌ…÷ß……> ∂…‡cÛ……‡+…ß……≠˜ ©………÷≈ U÷≈Ô. (+…∂…≠‡˜ >.ª…. 1994, HÌ…≠˜i… l…‡ +≠˜ª……©……≈ +… ±…‡L… ±…L……´…‡±……‡)

HÌ…¥´…~…≠˜“K…… : ~……cÛª…©…“K……

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¥´……L´……l……, ∏…“ æ˙. HÌ…. +… «√ª… HÌ…Ë±…‡W, +©…qˆ…¥……qˆ

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"HÌ…¥´…~…≠˜“K……' ……©… W ª…⁄S…¥…‡ UÔ‡ l…‡©…, l…‡©……≈ HÌ…¥´………≈ ¥… ¥…y…~……ª……≈+…‡…÷≈ ~…≠˜“K…i… HÌ≠˜…´…÷≈ UÔ‡. ©…÷L´…l¥…‡ "HÌ…¥´…°…HÌ…∂…'…‡ +…y……≠‡ W ≠˜S……´…‡±…+… O…≈o… A~…≠˜ O…≈o…HÌ…≠‡ ª¥……‡~…[… ¥…fi n… ~…i… ≠˜S…“ UÔ‡. ª…©…O… O…≈o… H÷Ì±… ~……≈S…A±±……ª……‡©……≈ ¥…ß…Gl… UÔ‡. l…‡ ~…‰HÌ“ °…o…©… A±±……ª…©……≈ HÌ…¥´…±…K…i… l…o……∂…•qˆ…o…«ß…‡qˆ…÷≈ …∞˜~…i… UÔ‡ l……‡ wˆl…“´…©……≈ y¥… … ¥…S……≠˜ +…‡ ≠˜ª…S…S……« °……~l…UÔ‡. ~…UÔ“…… m…i… A±±……ª……‡©……≈ +…÷JÌ©…‡ qˆ…‡∫… ¥…S……≠˜, N…÷i…S…S……« l…o……∂…•qˆ…o……«±…≈HÌ…≠˜ ¥…S……≠˜…“ ¥…N…l……‡ …∞˜~……> UÔ‡.

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20

HÌ…¥´…~…≠˜“K…… : ~……cÛª…©…“K…… 125


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HÌ…¥´…~…≠˜“K…… : ~……cÛª…©…“K…… 127


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HÌ…¥´…~…≠˜“K…… : ~……cÛª…©…“K…… 129


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HÌ…¥´…~…≠˜“K…… : ~……cÛª…©…“K…… 131


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¥…fi n…©……≈ HÌ¬÷≈ UÔ‡ H‡Ì,+j… S……Ë™…«Æ˙i…M……‰…x…∆ ¥™…V™…i…‰ * (~…fi. 8)+æ˙” S……Ë™……« n˘Æ˙i… +‡¥…÷≈ +‡HÌ ~……cÛ…l…≠˜ ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. X‡H‡Ì S……Ë™…« ª……o…‡ +… n ~…qˆ X‡eÙ¥………“ W∞˜≠˜ UÔ‡ …æ˙”,

l…‡o…“ l…‡ ~……cÛ +´……‡N´… cÛ≠‡ UÔ‡.

* l…‡ ~…UÔ“, i…l……¶…⁄i……∆ o˘π]¬ı¥…… ... ¥…N…‡≠‡ Aqˆ…æ˙≠˜i… +≈N…‡ HÌ¬÷≈ UÔ‡ H‡Ì,E÷Ú …i…∫™… ¶…“®…∫™……‰ HÚ Æ˙™…®…¬ ' (~…fi. 8)"HÌ…¥´…~…≠˜“K……'…“ +‡HÌ ~……≈e÷Ù ±… ~… E÷Ú …i…∫™……‡ ªo………‡ EÚ…‰ …i…∫™… ~……cÛ +…~…‡ UÔ‡, V´……≠‡ +‡HÌ +´…

~……≈e÷Ù ±… ~…©……≈ +… +…L…÷≈ ¥……G´… W +~……´…÷≈ …o…“.HÌ…H÷Ì wˆ…≠˜… ¥´…≈ Wl… o…o…“ ¥…N…l… ©…… ‡Ú +… Aqˆ…æ˙≠˜i… +~……´… UÔ‡ l…‡o…“ l…‡…“ ª…©…W⁄l…“ ~…⁄¥…‚ +…¥…l…÷≈

+… ¥…y……… ª…≈qˆß…«…‡ Wi……¥…l…÷≈ æ˙…‡>, +o……«¥…N… l…©……≈ A~…HÌ…≠˜HÌ l……‡ UÔ‡ W +‡ Ú±…‡ l…‡……‡ ª¥…“HÌ…≠˜ W∞˜≠˜“ UÔ‡.ª……o…‡ W l…‡ N…÷ªª…‡ o…´…‡±… ß…“©……“ AŒGl… UÔ‡ l…‡……‡ …q‚∂… ~…i… ……‡N´… UÔ‡ ~…≠≈ l…÷ ß…“©… +´… ¥…e‡Ù N…÷ªª…‡ HÌ≠˜…´……‡UÔ‡ l…‡ ¥…N…l… HÌqˆ…S… +æ˙” +‡ Ú±…“ +…¥…∂´…HÌ …o…“.

* l…‡ ~…UÔ“, ¥……G´…¥…‰ ∂…∫`Ú¨…… Aqˆ…æ˙≠˜i…∞˜~…‡ ±……¥…h™…∆ ... ¥…N…‡≠‡ ∂±……‡HÌ +…~´……‡ UÔ‡. l…‡©……≈ °…o…©…~…≈ŒGl…©……≈ ∫… …‡ c‡ÛHÌ…i…‡ S… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡.

±……¥…h™…∆ ... ∫… ¥…S…& GÚ®…& '

+… l……‡ ª~…∫`Úl…& ±… æ˙´………“ ß…⁄±… W Wi……´… UÔ‡, W‡ l…‡…“ +y…“≠˜l………‡ HÌ…≠˜i…‡ ª…≈ß…¥…“ UÔ‡. +…N…≥Wi……¥´…÷≈ æ˙l…÷≈ l…‡©…, ~…UÔ“ +…¥…l…… ~…qˆ…… ¥…i……‚ +…N…≥…… ~…qˆ©……≈ +… ≠˜“l…‡ G¥… S…l…√ X‡eÙ…> Wl…… æ˙…‡ …+‡¥……‡ ª…≈ß…¥… …HÌ…≠˜“ … ∂…HÌ…´….

* A~…≠˜…… W Aqˆ…æ˙≠˜i…©……≈ •…“Y ~…≈ŒGl… UÔ‡ -i…n˘… ∫…÷v……∫…n˘®…¶…⁄n˘v…÷x…… ... ** (~…fi. 8)+æ˙” ∫…÷v……∫…n∆ …‡ ªo………‡ --ª…÷y……°…q≈ +‡¥……‡ ~……cÛ ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. X‡H‡Ì, ª…≈~……qˆH‡Ì ~……cÛ…l…≠˜…“ ª……o…‡ "before

correction' +‡¥…“ ……·y… ©…⁄HÌ“ UÔ‡. +‡ Ú±…‡ H‡Ì W‡ ~……≈e÷Ù ±… ~…©……≈ +… ~……cÛ…l…≠˜ ©…≥‡ UÔ‡ l´……≈ ~…i… l…‡…‡~……UÔ≥o…“ ª…÷y……≠˜“ ±…‡¥……©……≈ +…¥´…÷≈ UÔ‡. l…‡o…“ l´……≈ ~…i… ∫…÷v……∫…n∆ ~……cÛ W ª¥…“HÌ…≠˜…´……‡ æ˙∂…‡.

* l…‡ ~…UÔ“ =¥… Æ˙ P…h…∆ P…h……b˜±…∆ ¥…N…‡≠‡ Aqˆ…æ˙≠˜i… (~…fi. 9)©……≈ EÚ®…‰n˘®……¥… b˜+∆ …‡ ªo………‡ EÚ®…‰n˘n˘…¥… b˜+∆ ~……cÛ ©…≥‡ UÔ‡, +æ˙” <n˘®…¬…‡ ªo………‡ Bi…n¬ æ˙…‡> ∂…H‡Ì, ~…i… l…‡……o…“ +o…«ß…‡qˆ o…l……‡ …o…“.

+… ª…≈qˆß…«©……≈ +‡HÌ •……•…l… ……·y……“´… UÔ‡ H‡Ì, æ‡©…S…rˆ…… "HÌ…¥´………÷∂……ª……'©……≈ (+. 6 ª…⁄. 6 A~…≠˜…“¥…fi n…) =… Æ˙ P…x…∆ ... ¥…N…‡≠‡ ∂±……‡HÌ ©…≥‡ UÔ‡ l…‡©……≈ i…n‰˘i…n˘…… i…i…®…¬ +‡¥……‡ ~……cÛ UÔ‡. ~…≠≈ l…÷ l…‡…… ª…≈~……qˆH‡Ì~……qˆ`Ú“~…©……≈ l…‡…“ °……HfiÌl… UÔ…´…… +…~…“ UÔ‡ l…‡©……≈ EÚ®…‰n˘n˘…¥… b˜+∆ +‡¥……‡ ~……cÛ ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. ¥…≥“, +… ~…v……ª…≈qˆß…«∞˜~…‡ l…‡©……≈ "©…÷rˆ…≠˜…K…ª…' - 1.22……‡ …q‚∂… HÌ≠˜…´……‡ UÔ‡. X‡H‡Ì, æ˙…±… A~…±…•y… ……`ÚHÌ©……≈ l…‡ X‡¥……©…≥l……‡ …o…“, +‡ ……·y…¥…÷≈ P…`‡Ú.

* l´……≠˜•……qˆ =+ h…SS…±…0 ... Aqˆ…æ˙≠˜i……“ ª…©…W⁄l…“∞˜~…‡ ¥…fi n…HÌ…≠˜ ……·y…‡ UÔ‡ H‡Ì,... i…‰x… S… V…x…Æ˙… Ωi™…®…¬ ... * (~…fi. 9)+æ˙” V…x…Æ˙… Ωi™…®…¬ …‡ ªo………‡ V…x…Æ˙ Ω˛i…i¥…∆ ~……cÛ ©…≥‡ UÔ‡, W‡ +‡HÌ…o…«HÌ W UÔ‡ +…‡ ∂…÷uˆ ~…i…. l…‡o…“ l…‡

ª…©………∞˜~…‡ ª¥…“HÌ…´…« ±…‡L……´….* +l…‡ ~…÷Œ∫~…HÌ…©……≈ |…l…®……‰±±……∫…&…‡ ªo………‡ |…l…®… =±±……∫…& +‡©… +‡HÌ ~……≈e÷Ù ±… ~…©……≈ ¥……≈S…¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡.

~…≠≈ l…÷ ª…©…“ K…l… +…¥…fi n…©……≈ |…l…®……‰±±……∫…& ~……cÛ ª¥…“HÌ…≠˜…´……‡ UÔ‡."HÌ…¥´…~…≠˜“K……'…… +… ª…¥……´……… •…y…… W A±±……ª……‡…“ ~…÷Œ∫~…HÌ…©……≈ W‡ °…©……i…‡ ~……cÛ ©…≥‡ UÔ‡ - W‡©… H‡Ì,

u˘i…“™… =±±……∫…&, i…fii…“™… =±±……∫…& ¥…N…‡≠‡ - l…‡ ©…÷W•… +æ˙” ~…i… |…l…®… =±±……∫…& ~……cÛ W ©…⁄≥©……≈ æ˙…‡ … +‡ ¥…y…÷ª…≈ß… ¥…l… N…i……´…. ª…©…“K…H‡Ì l…‡…‡ …æ˙” ª¥…“HÌ…≠˜“…‡ •…“X ~……cÛ…‡ ª¥…“HÌ…´……‚ UÔ‡ l…‡…“ ~……UÔ≥…÷≈ °…´……‡W…+©……≠˜… y´………©……≈ +…¥…l…÷≈ …o…“. ∂…G´… UÔ‡ H‡Ì, +‡HÌ l…≠˜£Ì |…l…®… =±±……∫…& ~……cÛ +…~………≠˜ +‡HÌ W ~……≈e÷Ù ±… ~…æ˙…‡ … …‡ •…“Y •……W÷ +´… m…i… ~……≈e÷Ù ±… ~…+…‡©……≈ |…l…®……‰±±……∫…& ~……cÛ °……~l… o…l……‡ æ˙…‡ … +‡ Ú±…‡ l…‡…‡ª¥…“HÌ…≠˜¥……©……≈ +…¥´……‡ æ˙…‡ …. ~…≠≈ l…÷ O…o…HÌ…≠˜…“ ~……‡l………“ …∞˜~…i…∂…‰±…“ +≈N…‡ ¥…S……≠˜l……≈, ~……cÛ…l…≠˜∞˜~…‡+~……´…‡±… ~……cÛ W ¥…y…÷ O……¬ Wi……´… UÔ‡.

HÌ…¥´…~…≠˜“K…… : ~……cÛª…©…“K…… 133


N…÷W≠˜…l…“ ª…… æ˙l´…©……≈ N…÷Æ¯©… æ˙©……N………

n HÌ“Ãl…qˆ… ∂……æ˙N…÷W≠˜…l…“ ¥…ß……N…, ß……∫……ß…¥…….

yu fnuðtÞ Au fu [tuÞtoËe÷t¾ Þtur™ytutkÚte …Ëth ÚtÞt …Ae

ftuEf Ëkr[‚ foV¤u Sð™u AuÕ÷tu t™ð yð‚th «tó ÚttÞ Au. yt

™w»ÞÞtur™tk xfe hnuðt™e fu …w™hr… sLƒkÄ™ xt¤ðt™e y¼eÃËt

týËtºt™u ntuÞ Au. „wsht‚e™t Ëw«rËØ frð rË‚tkþw ÞþïúkŒT™e

ftÔÞ…krf‚™tu W…Þtu„ fhe™u fnwk ‚tu ‘[hu Vhu hr‚ fhu „¼o Ähu yð‚hu

hu’ ytx÷e rfúÞtytutk stu Sð™ Ëtó ÚtE òÞ ‚tu …þw y™u týËtk

ftuE ¼uŒ hnu ™nª. ƒwrØ týË™u …þwÚte swŒtu fhu Au. ƒwrØ yu™u

rð[thþe÷ ƒ™tðu Au. yt rð[thþe÷‚t týË™u ‘Mð’ (þheh™t

[t÷fƒ¤ [i‚LÞ) ™e ytu¤¾ u¤ððt «uhu Au.

sLÚte ]íÞw ËwÄe™e rðrðÄ ½x™tytutkÚte …Ëth Út‚tk týË

½ýwk þe¾u Au. ËkËthtk «ðuþ‚t™e ËtÚtu …nu÷wk rþûtý t …tËuÚte u¤ðu

Au. rðãt„wÁ ËkËth¿tt™™tu „wýfth fhe yt…u Au. Mð-[i‚LÞ™e ytu¤¾

yt…u Au ËŒT„wÁ.

¼th‚eÞ ËkMf]r‚tk ËŒT„wwÁ™tu rnt ¾qƒ „ðtÞut Au

ËŒT„wwÁrnt™t tntíBÞ™u yt…ýtk Ëk‚tuyu y™u ytæÞtríf ËkMÚttytuyu

…tu»Þwk Au y™u Ë]Ø fÞwO Au. Eïh MðÞk qr‚ok‚ ÚtE Sð™u V¤ yt…‚tu

™Úte yu S¿ttËw™u „wwÁÁ…u ËntÞ fhu Au yux÷u s ¼th‚eÞ ËkMf]r‚tk

„hTwÁrþ»Þ ËkðtŒ …hk…ht sutðt ¤u Au. ð¤e, yæÞtíBÞûtuºtu …ntuk[ðt

txu „wwÁ™e ytð~Þf‚t y…rhntÞo ƒ™u Au. „wwÁ yuðe ½x™t Au su™tu

ËnðtË, ytþeðtoŒ y™u Œeûtt yt…ýtk [u‚™™u Í¤tkn¤tk fhe qfu Au.

„wwÁtk ©Øt Ähtð™th qZ ÔÞrf‚ …ý …htít™e Í÷f «tó fhe

þfu Au.

«t[e™ ËÞ™e ÿZ „wwÁ…hk…ht™tu yt…ý™u ykŒts Au s.

ÔÞtËwr™™t Œeûtt„wwÁ ™thŒ n‚t. ƒú]nM…r‚™t …wºt f[u þwfút[tÞo™u „wwÁ

‚hefu MðeftÞto Au. ¼e»Þ™t „wwÁ …hþwht n‚t. …tkzðtu y™u ftihðtu™t

„wwÁ ÿtuýt[tÞo n‚t. yuf÷ÔÞu …ý ÿtuýt[tÞo™e «r‚t ƒ™tðe™u yu™u

„wwÁ…Œu MÚttÃÞt n‚t.

¼rf‚Þw„™t Ëk‚tutk „wwÁrþ»ÞËkƒkÄ™t Wífx Œ»xtk‚tu òuðt ¤u

Au. Ëk‚ ËtrníÞtk ‚tu ‘„wwÁrnt’ «fth™e h[™tytu ÷¾ðt™e yuf

21

…hk…ht n‚e. ynª „wsht‚e ËtrníÞtk ÚtÞu÷tk fux÷tkf Ëk‚-frðytuyu yu™e h[™tytutk

„wÁrð[th-„wÁrnt fuðtu þçŒƒØ fÞtou Au yu ‚…tËðt™tu W…fú Au. „wÁrnt™wk „t™ fh‚e

h[™tytu™e yuf ÞtŒe òuEyu.

„wÁfÕ…¼tË, „wÁ „e‚, „wÁ„wý Aºteþe, „wÁ„wý™e ËÍtÞ, „wÁ „wýt÷t, „wÁ „wý

»txTrºtkþ‚™tu ƒt÷tðƒtuÄ, „wÁ [rhºt, „wÁ [tuðeþe, „wÁ¿tt™„úkÚt, „wÁýe „e‚T, „wÁ‚¥ð «ftþ

htË, „wÁ Ät÷, „wÁ …ëtð÷e, „whw W…Œuþ ËÍtÞ, „wÁVt„, „whw ƒthtË, „wÁ ¼tË, „wÁrnt,

„wÁ ntíBÞ yk„, „wÁ htË, „wÁ rð™r‚ ËÍtÞ, „wÁ rðþu™t M‚tuºttu, „wÁ «§tu¥the „wÁ rþ»Þ

ËkðtŒ. „wÁ rnt™u fuLÿ fh‚e 3Úte tkze 400 fze ËwÄe rðM‚h‚e rðrðÄ á»xtk‚r[ºttu hsq fh‚e

«M‚w‚ h[™tytu Au. yttk™e ½ýe «ftrþ‚ Au ™u fux÷ef nsw nM‚«‚tutk Au. „wÁ „tihð™wk „t™

fh‚e «M‚w‚ h[™tytutk ‚u-‚u frð™e frðþrf‚ fuðe Au ‚u™e ‚…tË yuf þtuÄ…tºt™tu rð»tÞ ƒ™u

‚uðe Au.

ynª y¾t ¼„‚ (E.Ë. 17e ËŒe …qðtÄo), ¼tuò ¼„‚ (18 e ËŒe), ƒúñt™kŒ

Mðte (E.Ë. 18e ËŒe W¥thtÄo), ƒt…wËtnuƒ „tÞfðtz (E. 18e ËŒe) y™u hrð¼tý

Ëk«ŒtÞ™t frð Sðt ¼„‚ (E.Ë. 18e ËŒe) ™e f]r‚ytutk „wÁ¼tð¼rf‚ «ftrþ‚ ÚtÞtk Au

‚u™tu ytMðtŒ fhtððt™tu W…fú Au.

æÞft¤™t „wsht‚e ËtrníÞtk wÏÞíðu ƒu Äthttk frð‚t h[tE Au. ¼rf‚Ätht y™u

¿tt™Ätht. yt ƒk™u Äthttk „wÁ «íÞu yíÞk‚ ytŒh ËtÚtu rnt ÔÞf‚ ÚtÞtu Au ™u ‚u™e yr™ðtÞo‚t

ŒþtoðtE Au.

ËkËth ‚t…Úte ‚ó ƒ™u÷t týË™u ytít™e ytu¤¾™tu t„o þtuÄðtu ntuÞ ‚tu yu™wk Ëh™twk

Au y¾t ¼„‚™e ‘„wÁ rþ»Þ ËkðtŒ’ h[™t. rþ»Þ „wÁ™u «§ fhu Au ™u „wÁ Qfu÷ yt…u yuðe he‚u

f]r‚ rðftË …tu Au. rþ»Þ „wÁ™u «§ fhu Au fu ytí MðY…™u …tðt txu™tu ËtÄ™t t„o fÞtou ?

„wÁ sðtƒ yt…u Au þt†tÇÞtË, ytí÷ût-ytí ¿tt™ y™u „wÁËuðt. rþ»Þ™u Ëk‚tu»t ™Úte Út‚tu

‚u …qAu ‘…hk…Œ ‚u ws™u fntu x¤u «k…[ ykÄt…’ „wÁ sðtƒ yt…u Aufu ‘…hk…Œ S¼Úte ði¾he

ðtýetk MÚtt…e þftÞ fu ntÚttk ÷E þftÞ yuðwk ™Úte ‚u Ësu ËLw¾e ÚttÞ’ rþ»Þ …qAu Au yt

‘Ës’ þwk Au ™u „wÁ fnu Au fu Œun™t Y…tk ¿tt™rfúÞt™t su Mfwhýtu sýtÞ Au ‚u [i‚LÞ ðM‚w™tu

«¼tð Au. ytðe Ës fu¤ð ™u ™™u rMÚth fh.

ytx÷wk Ëtk¼¤‚tk rþ»Þ™e Ës M…»x ÚttÞ Au ™u „wÁ™e …thËrý þrf‚™tu …he[Þ

ÚttÞ Au. ËŒT„wÁ™e f÷t™t «‚t…u rþ»Þ …tu‚t™e ykŒh s tÞt™t ¼tð yrÄ…r‚ ƒúñ™u swðu Au ™u

…tu‚t…ýwk xt¤e ƒúñtk htý ƒ™uAu.

‘y¾u„e‚t’ ™t ‚tu Œhuf fzðt™u yk‚u ‘Ëuðtu nhe „wÁ Ëk‚™u’ þçŒtu™wk ytð‚o™ frð h[u Au.

yu he‚u ºtýu™tu rntk fhu Au yuf …Œtk fnu Au-

„wÁ ¼uð …tBÞtu, „wÁ¼uð …tBÞtu, ‚u ™h tÞt™wk ò÷ ðtBÞtu,

sÞ …thË …hËu su Ät‚w™u, yt… xt¤e ‚u ÚttÞ Ëtu™wk,

íÞ ËŒT„wÁ …thË ðzu ™h ™e…™t fthý «erAÞwk òýu „tu™wk.

ËŒT„wÁ™t Ët„Úte tÞt™e skò¤tk yxðt‚wk ™ rMÚth‚t …tu Au. tÞt™tu ]„s¤

suðtu «…k[ þe òÞ Au y™u Sð y™u …htít™wk yîi‚ ËÄtÞ Au. yt ËŒT„wÁ Ëk‚ ŒunÄthe suðt

÷t„uAu …hk‚w yu™e rMÚtr‚ y™k‚ ƒúñtk s ntuÞ Au.

y¾t ¼„‚ ‚tu „wÁ ™u „turðkŒ ƒk™u™u yufY… t™u Au (y¾u„e‚t …Œ-8) …htít sut

r™„woý Au ‚tu yu™wk Ë„wý MðY… ‚u Ëk‚ Au. su yrø™ ðzu Œeðtu …uxtððtu ntuÞ ‚tu ðth ÷t„u Au …ý

N…÷W≠˜…l…“ ª…… æ˙l´…©……≈ N…÷Æ¯©… æ˙©……N……… 135


ŒeðtÚte Œeðtu s÷Œe «„xu Au ‚u „Á ðzu ytí¿tt™™e sÞtur‚ Ënu÷tEÚte «„xu Au.

‘ËŒT„wÁ rð™t ƒnw hu ft[t yt… Wãtu‚ ÚtÞt rð™t...

sÞ þhŒft÷u ykƒh ytu…u, ™eh r™o÷ ntuÞ ½ýwk,

íÞ ËŒT„wÁ Ëk‚ «‚t…u «tÞu, yuðwk fhu ™ s™‚ýwk.

¼tuò ¼„‚ …tu‚t™e ðtýe™u „wÁ™t «‚t…™wk …rhýt „ýtðu Au. ‚u™e h[™tytu

‘[tƒ¾t™u ™tu «rËØ Au frðyu ƒúñtu…Œuþ fhe Sð™wrf‚™tu t„o y™u Sð™wf‚™t ÷ûtýtu

ŒþtoÔÞt Au. …hƒúñ™e «tró txu ErLŒúÞr™„ún y™u „wÁþhý W…h rðþu»t ¼th qfÞtu Au frð

„tÞ Au-

ËŒT„wÁ™u Ëuðtu hu Ëk‚tu yuf Ët[ fhe, yt yðËh stþu hu …Ae …M‚tþtu Vhe,

™w»Þyð‚th ðthkðth ¤‚tu ™Úte ™u ¤u÷tu yðËh xftððtu ntuÞ ‚tu ËŒT„wÁ™wk þhýwk

÷tu. frð fnu Au fu ‘ËŒT„wÁ rð™t r[¥t fu ËeÄu?’ ËŒT„wÁ™t «‚t… rð™t ƒúñ™tu ¼uŒ Wfu÷ðtu

yÄhtu Au. „wÁ yæÞtí t„otk Œe… Au ‚u™t Ëk„Úte y¿tt™r‚rh yá~Þ ÚttÞ Au. frð „tÞ Au-

™ð÷ût ‚tht Q„u y…tht, ¼tý «„xu fturx nòht hu,

ËŒT„wÁ rð™t fŒe r‚rh ™ ºttËu, xu ™rn ™ft rðftht hu

‘yt ‚™hk„ …‚k„ Ëhe¾tu ò‚t ðth ™ ÷t„uS’ „t™tht ƒúñt™kŒ Mðte Mðtr™thtÞý

Ëk«ŒtÞ™t frð Au. „wÁ Ënò™kŒ™t «‚t…Úte nrh ËtÚtu yk‚htk yuf‚t ËÄtÞt™tu WÕ÷tË «„x

fh‚t frð fnu Au-

‘¿tt™fw[e „wÁ „Ëu „Þtk ‚t¤tk Q½ze, ÷tzw Ënò™kŒ r™nt¤‚tk Xhe ytk¾ze hu’

„wÁ «‚t…Úte y¿tt™ r‚rh Œqh ÚtÞwk Au yu ðt‚ frð™e ðtýetk …w™htð‚o™ …tu Au. ‚u™t …Œtu™e

Ëå[tE y™u yr¼ÔÞrf‚™e Ëh¤‚t öŒÞ™u ytÿ fhu Au.

‘«Út ËŒT„wÁ™tu ËkíË„ Ët[tu, ƒeòu su fhtu ‚u ft[tu’, yu fne™u „wÁrnt „t‚t frð

Au Äeht ¼„‚™t rþ»Þ ƒt…wËtnuƒ „tÞfðtz. frð ™tukÄ Au fu Sð™u yt‚ht™tu Ëk„ „wÁ fhtðe

yt…u Au. „wÁ s þtkr‚ …tzu Au. „wÁ™e þrf‚ fuðe [ífthe ntuÞ Au ‚u Ëòð‚t frð fnu Au -

‘ËŒT„wÁ Œuðu f]…t feÄe íÞthu xéÞt rºtrðÄ ‚t…’ ‘…t‚ „Þwk ™tþe hu „wÁyu yt…e ¿tt™ ytkÏÞtu’

‘Ë[ht[htk nrh Œu¾tzÞtk su s¤tk Ëqh’ ‘ËŒT„wÁÁ…e Mð¡w hu ËŒT„wÁ ðe¾ðt¤u yu™w ð„¤

ftZe ™tk¾u hu Ëtu™e su Ëtu™wk „t¤u’ ‘ÚttÞ ðtË™t™tu ¼k„, íÞthu [zu y¾kz hk„, sÞthu ™ ÚtÞwk

y…k„, íÞthu „wÁ [ýotk r[‚ [tuxwk [tuxwk fu fw¤ tuxwk.’

¼s™, …Œ™t frð frð ƒt…w Ëtnuƒu yu™e y™uf h[™tytutk „wÁrnt fÞtou Au. „wÁ s nrh

‚hV Œtuhe s™tht Œe…f Au.

hrð -¼tý Ëk«ŒtÞ™t Ëk‚ frðytutk hrð Ëtnuƒ-tuhth Ëtnuƒ y™u ‚u™t rþ»Þ Sðt

¼„‚u …ý „wÁ rnt „t‚e h[™tytu yt…e Au. „wÁ rðþu Sðt ¼„‚ yu™e h[™tytutk ™tukÄu

Au fu „wÁ ‚u ƒúñÚte yrÄf Atu.tht E»xŒuð Atu. „wÁ s tht tuût™tu t„o ™u Ëw¾™wk îth Au. Ëðo

‚eÚttou „wÁ™t [hýtk Au.

„wÁ™t [hýt]‚™wk …t™ fhðtÚte ¼ð…th fhe þftÞ Au. Œt™, …wÛÞ, ËtÄ™, ËtrÄ fu ŒunÚte

fhu÷t ðú‚ „wÁ ¼s™™™e ƒhtuƒhe fhe þfu ‚u ™Úte. „wÁ™wk yuf …¤ ¼s™ fhðttk ytðu ‚tu Ëtu

ð»to™e ËtrÄ sux÷wk V¤ ¤u Au frð™t þçŒtu ---

„wÁ ¼s™ yuf …÷ fhu, ËtrÄ Ëtu ð»to™e Ähu,

nrh krŒh Wh ¼h stðu, „wÁ ftu Œþo™ yufƒth Úttðu,

txu Ëuðtu „wÁ ™ ¼tE, „wÁ Ëu ‚ ht¾tu swŒtE’

„wÁËwk yuf uf ™ Úttðu, Sð xe™u ƒúñ fntðu,

„wÁ ¿tt™ æÞt™ ÷ûÞ ytðu, Ëw¾ Ëk…‚ yt™kŒ ðÄtðu,

„wÁ fu ¼s‚u ŒtÁý Œw:¾ òðu, ™¾t s™ftu Œtð Ëƒ Vtðu’

tÞt ƒkÄ™ Sð™u fhtðu, Ëtu ƒkÄ™ „wÁ …÷u ‚tuztðu,

Ë‚„wÁ ¿tt™ ÷ût ÷E yt…u, ƒkÄ™ fturx s™™t ft…u,

…t…u»x fuo»x „Á þhýu ytðu, ‚tu y™uf sL fu ƒkÄ Atuztðu,

ƒkÄe Atuz ËŒT„Áft ™tt, ‚whk‚ …ntuk[tzu r™ðtoý …Œ Ätt.

y™LÞ þhý„r‚«tó ÚttÞ ‚u txu „Á Ëuðt y™u Ëk‚ Ët„™tu net ŒÞthtu …ý

„tÞtu Au. ËŒT„wÁ þhý rð™t ©ef]»ý™wk þhý ytfÁk Au. frð™t þçŒtuu òuEyu.

‘„wÁîth rðý y…oý Äh‚tk hu, nrh™u © …zu þwØ Au s fh‚tk hu,

ËŒ„wÁ™tu ËkƒkÄ rð[the hu,Íx ŒÞt¤w ÷uþu Mðefthe hu,

„wÁîthu þwØ ËŒt ÚttÞ hu, ð¤e RråA‚ ftÞo ËÄtÞ hu,

q¤ ËŒ„wÁ©e™wk yk„ hu, òýe nrh™u yk‚h ÚttÞ Wk„ hu,

ËŒT„wÁ™t rþ»Þ™e ytu¤¾ ¤‚tk nrh™u …ý Sð™u ¤ðt txu Wk„ ÚttÞ Au. nrh ‚h‚

s Sð™tu Mðefth fhe ÷u Au. „wÁrnt „t™™wk ytð‚o™ h[‚e «M‚w‚ Ëk‚ frðytu™e h[™tytutkÚte

…Ëth Út‚tk fux÷ef æÞt™…tºt rð„‚tu Ëtk…zu Au.

yuf, yt Ëk‚ frðytu Sð™™t ythk¼ft¤tk ËttLÞ ËkËthe týËtu s n‚tk. …hk‚w

„wÁf]…t y™u ËkíË„ƒ¤u ‚uytu ytít™w¼qr‚ fhe þfÞt.

ƒeskw, ËtÄ™t™t w~fu÷ t„otk ËkËth™e ™ïh‚t™e Ës „wÁyu s Ëk‚frðytu™u yt…e

Au …hk‚w ËkËthÚte ¼t„e Awxðt™wk „wÁyu ‚u™u fÞtkÞ fnÞwk ™Úte. ËkËthtks hne, ËkËthtk hËƒË

ÚtÞt rð™t r™»ftfo «r‚ „wÁyu ŒtuÞto Au.

ºteswk, „wÁ ËtrÒtæÞ™t «‚t…u yt Ëkfrðytu™t Sð™tk yuðe ûtýtu ytðe Au sÞtk „wÁ rþ»Þ ƒk™u

yufY… ƒ™e hnÞt™e ÷t„ýe ‚u™u ÚtE Au. fux÷ef yuðe ûtýtu …ý ytðe Au sÞtk ŒunÄthe „wÁ

y™u Eïh ðå[u y¼uŒ ËòoÞtu Au. fÞthuf „wÁËkíËk„ ƒ¤u …tu‚u s …tu‚t™t „wÁ Útðt ËwÄe™e ût‚t

¤uðe Au.

„wÁ rþ»Þ ËkƒkÄ™e yt Ë„ú «rfúÞttk sux÷wk ‚usMðe „wÁ™wk qÕÞ Au ‚ux÷wk s Äeh rþ»Þ™wk

…ý qÕÞ Au. „wÁ - ËŒT„wÁ éÞt fu ™ éÞt yu ‚tu …Ae™e ðt‚ Au. …nu÷tk rs¿ttËw y™u ÿZ

©Øtðt™ rþ»Þ ƒ™ðwk …zu ‚tu …Ae ËŒT„wÁ yð~Þ ytðe ¤u. ¼„ðŒT „e‚ttk …ý fnÞwk Au

“©Øtðt™ ÷¼‚u ¿tt™T”.

ËkŒ¼oËqr[

1. y¾u„e‚t Ëk…t. Wtþkfh òu»te

h. „wsht‚e ËtrníÞ™tu Er‚ntË ¼t-h Ëk…t. Wtþkfh òu»te ð„uhu

3. „wÁ Útt ‚thtu ‚ws Ëk…t. «er‚ þtn, Œûtt nðŒðeÞt

4. ƒ]nŒftÔÞ Œtun™ ¼t.1,3,4,7 Ëk…t. EåAtht ËqÞoht ŒuËtE

…. ¼tuò ¼„‚™e ðtýe Ëk…t.™Ëw¾÷t÷ Ëtð÷eÞt y™u yLÞ

6. ŒÞtht yuf yæÞÞ™ Ëk…t. Ëw¼t»t Œðu.

N…÷W≠˜…l…“ ª…… æ˙l´…©……≈ N…÷Æ¯©… æ˙©……N……… 137


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¥…æ·S…“ ∂…HÌ…´… : (1) ª…©…HÌ…±…“… ª…… æ˙l´… (2) +…÷HÌ…±…“… ª…… æ˙l´….W‡©……≈o…“ l…lHÌ…±…“… Œªo… l……“ ¥… ¥…y… °…HÌ…≠˜…“ ©…… æ˙l…“ ©…≥‡ UÔ‡.ª…©…HÌ…±…“… ª…… æ˙l´… :

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22

ª……‡±…≈HÌ“HÌ…±……“ +…Ão…HÌ Œªo… l… 138

W‡ 28 ª…N…«©……≈ ¥…æ·S……´…‡±…÷≈. W‡©……≈ l…‡ ª…©…´……… < l…æ˙…ª……“ °…©……i…ß…⁄l… ©…… æ˙l…“ l…o…… ª…uˆ≠˜…W +…‡H÷Ì©……≠˜~……±……… Y¥……S… ≠˜m……‡……‡ ~…i… L´……±… +…¥…‡ UÔ‡.3 ¥…ªl…÷~……±……… ª…©…´…©……≈ HÌ ¥… ª……‡©…‡π…≠˜HfiÌl… " HÌÃl…HÌ…‰©…÷qˆ“.'+ ≠˜Àª…æ˙HfiÌl… ª…÷HfiÌl…-ª…≈ HÌl…«…, •……±…S…≈rˆHfiÌl… ¥…ª…≈l… ¥…±……ª…, Aß…qˆ´…°…ß…÷ª…÷ ≠˜HfiÌl… y…©……«ß´…÷qˆ´… +o…≥… ª…≈P…~… l…S… ≠˜m…, ª…¥……«…≈qˆ ª…÷ ≠˜HfiÌl… WN…e÷Ù S… ≠˜m… ¥…N…‡≠‡ ……`ÚHÌ…‡ ~…i… ≠˜S……´…….4 +… ´…÷N… qˆ≠˜©´……… •…±æ˙i…HfiÌl…"HÌi…«ª…÷≈qˆ≠˜“' l…o…… ´…∂…S…≈rˆ ≠˜ S…l… ©…÷ rˆl…H÷Ì©…÷qˆS…≈rˆ, ´…∂…~……±…‡ "©……‡æ˙≠˜…W' ≠˜S´…÷≈. W‡©……≈ ª…uˆ≠˜…W l…o……H÷Ì©……≠˜~……±… ∂……ª……HÌ…≥…… °…ª…≈N……‡ l…o…… W‰… y…©…«…… ¥……qˆ- ¥…¥……qˆ…‡…÷≈ Y¥…≈l… S…m… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡.

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>.ª…. 1366-1469 qˆ≠˜©´……… ª……‡©… l…±…HÌ ª…⁄ ≠˜Y W´…Àª…æ˙ ª…⁄ ≠˜, y…©…«≠˜l…, W…©…≈eÙ… N… i…+…‡ S… ≠˜m… ª…÷≈qˆ≠˜N… i…+‡ H÷Ì©……≠˜~……±…S… ≠˜m… ±…L´……. l…‡ A~…≠˜…≈l… HÌ…æ˙eÙq‡¥… °…•…≈y…, y…©……«≠˜i´… ©…æ˙…+©……l´…,≠˜l…©……±……, +©…“≠˜ L…÷∂…≠˜…‡…÷≈ L…]Ò…>…÷≈ ±…÷-£Ìl…÷æ˙-tˆ¥…±…≠˜……“-¥…. L…XL………, >ª……©…“…÷≈ £Ìl…÷æ˙-Aª….-ª…±……l…“…… ]Ò´……Atˆ“… •……‘…÷≈ l……≠˜“L…->-£Ì“≠˜…‡W∂……æ˙“. …]Ò…©…÷tˆ“……÷≈ l…•…HÌ…l…‡ +HÌ•…≠˜“ ¥…N…‡≠‡O…o……‡©……≈o…“ ~…i… ©…… æ˙l…“ ©…≥‡ UÔ‡.

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ª……‡±…≈HÌ“HÌ…±……“ +…Ão…HÌ Œªo… l… 143


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l…lHÌ…±…“… ª…… æ˙l´…“HÌ +…‡ An…HÌ“i…« ª……y………‡©……≈o…“ H‡Ì`Ú±……HÌ °…S… ±…l… ª…IÌ……… ……©… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. …∫HÌ, •…ªl…, rˆ©©…, ß……N……, ∞˜~…HÌ, HÌ…HÌ i…, HÌ…∫……«~…i…, °…ªo…, ª…⁄ …« +‡ ª…IÌ…+…‡……‡ A±±…‡L… rˆ´……∏…´…©……≈o…“©…≥‡ UÔ‡. ~…i… l…‡©……≈o…“ HÌ…‡> L……ª… ª…IÌ… A~…±…•y… HÌ≠˜“ ∂…G´…… …o…“. l…‡o…“ ¥… …©…´… °…o…… O……©´…HÌK…… ~…≠˜°…S… ±…l… æ˙∂…‡. rˆ´……∏…´……… A±±…‡L… ©…÷W•… "y……´……… •…‡ rˆ…‡i…o…“ UÔ +…L…±……o…“ +…‡ A……… ª……‡ HÌ…©…≥…o…“+‡HÌ P……‡eÙ“ L…≠˜“qˆ“ ∂…HÌ…l…“. +‡ W O…≈o…©……≈ ¥´……W……‡ qˆ≠˜ +y……‚, ~……≈S… H‡Ì UÔ ÚHÌ… W‡ Ú±……‡ Wi……¥…‡±……‡ UÔ‡. +y……‚`ÚHÌ…‡ +‡ Ú±…‡ ©…… ª…HÌ +y……‚ `ÚHÌ…‡ æ˙l……‡. ±…‡L……~…uˆ l…©……≈…… +‡HÌ qˆªl……¥…‡W©……≈ ¥´……W……‡ qˆ≠˜ 12 ©…… ª…HÌ •…‡`ÚHÌ… +‡ Ú±…‡ H‡Ì ¥……Ã∫…HÌ 24 %……‡ Wi……¥…‡±… UÔ‡. HÌqˆ…S… ¥´……W…… qˆ≠˜ ……i…… ±…‡……≠˜…“ N…≠˜W +…‡y…“≠˜……≠˜…“ X‡L…©… ±…‡¥………“ l…‰ ……≠˜“ +…÷ª……≠˜ •…qˆ±……l…… æ˙…‡ …. l…‡…… •…≈y…… •…‡ °…HÌ…≠˜…… æ˙l……. N……‡~l…(H‡ÌqˆL………÷≈) +…‡ •…“W÷≈ HÌ…‰S…•…≈y…. +… HÌ…‰S…•…≈y… HÌ…‰S…~…K…“…… +…HÌ…≠˜…“ +‡HÌ °…HÌ…≠˜“ •…‡eÙ“ æ˙l…“. ~…∂…÷+…‡©…… ‡Ú…… N…“≠˜…‡L…l… ~…i… +… ª…©…´…‡ o…l……. +… +≈N…‡……‡ "+…v…HfiÌl… ¥…ªl…÷……~… ≠Õ… æ˙l… rˆ¥´… ~…m… ¥… y…'……©………‡ qˆªl……¥…‡W ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. +… A~…≠õ…“ ©…⁄HÌ¥……©……≈ +…¥…l…… æ˙∂…‡.

+…©…, ª……‡±…≈HÌ“HÌ…±… qˆ≠˜©´…………“ N…÷W≠˜…l……“ +…Ão…HÌ Œªo… l… ª…©…fiuˆ æ˙l…“, l…o…… L…‡l…“ æ÷…≠˜ Av…‡N…,¥´……~……≠˜ y…≈y……©……≈ •…æ˙…‡≥… °…©……i…©……≈ S……±…l…… l…‡o…“ W ª……‡±…≈HÌ“HÌ…±……‡ N…÷W≠˜…l……… < l…æ˙…ª…©……≈ "ª…÷¥…i…« …÷N…'l…≠˜“H‡Ì < l…æ˙…ª… ¥…qˆ…‡……‡ +…‡≥L……¥…‡ UÔ‡.

~……qˆ`Ú“~…(1) "N…÷W≠˜…l……… +‰ l…æ˙… ª…HÌ ±…‡L……‡' ß……N…-2-3 ±…‡L… …≈. 138, 144, 146, 148, 148+,

149, 150, 151, 156, 157, 171, 185.(2) ≠˜ ª…HÌ±……±… S……‡ Ú…±……±… ~…≠˜“L… l…o…… eÙ…Ë. æ˙. N…. ∂……ªm…“ (ª…≈~……qˆHÌ…‡) "N…÷W≠˜…l………‡ ≠˜…WHÌ“´… +…‡

ª……≈ªHfiÌ l…HÌ < l…æ˙…ª…', O…≈o…-2, L…≈eÙ-1, ~…fi. 20(3) …¥…“…S…≈rˆ +…S……´…« : "N…÷W≠˜…l………‡ ª……‡±…≈HÌ“HÌ…±…“… < l…æ˙…ª…', ~…fi. 3.(4) +‡W…, ~…fi. 4.(5) ©…÷ …∏…“ W… ¥…W´…Y : "~…÷≠˜…l…… °…•…≈y… ª…≈O…æ˙', ~…fi. 28.(6) ≠˜©…i…±……±… ……. ©…æ‡l…… : "N…÷W≠˜…l………‡ ©…≥‡±… ªo……~…l´………‡ ¥……≠˜ª……‡', ~…fi. 110.

(7) ≠˜ ª…HÌ±……±… UÔ…‡ Ú…±……±… ~…≠˜“L… : "N…÷W≠˜…l……“ ≠˜…Wy………“+…‡', ~…fi. 219.(8) A. K. Majmudar, "Chaulkyas of Gujarat', Pub. Bharti Vidhya Bhavan, Bombay,

1956, PP-108 & 262.

(9) "N…÷W≠˜…l……… +‰ l…æ˙… ª…HÌ ±…‡L……‡' ß……N…-3, ~…fi. 238.(10) "rˆ´……∏…´…', ª…N…«-19, ∑±……‡HÌ-7.(11) "q‡∂…“……©…©……±……', ¥…N…«-6, ∂±……‡HÌ-30(12) "rˆ´……∏…´…', ª…N…«-15, ∂±……‡HÌ-49.(13) ≠˜…©…±……±… ©……‡qˆ“ (rˆ´……∏…´…) "ª…≈ªHfiÌl… rˆ´……∏…´… HÌ…¥´…©……≈ ©…y´…HÌ…±…“… N…÷W≠˜…l……“ ª……©…… WHÌ

Œªo… l…', ~…fi. 30.(14) æ˙ ≠˜°…ª……qˆ ∂……ªm…“, "N…÷W≠˜…l………‡ °……S…“… < l…æ˙…ª…', ~…fi. 289.(15) A. K. Majmudar, "Chaulkyas of Gujarat', P-260.

(16) "q‡∂…“……©…©……±……', ª…N…«-1, ∑±……‡HÌ-10.(17) +‡W…, ª…N…«-1, ∑±……‡HÌ-117.(18) +‡W…, ª…N…«-2, ∑±……‡HÌ-2-82, ª…N…«-1, ∑±……‡HÌ-28-79.(19) "rˆ´……∏…´…', ª…N…«-18, ∑±……‡HÌ-18-19.(20) "q‡∂…“……©…©……±……', ª…N…«-2, ∑±……‡HÌÌ-18.(21) A. K. Majmudar, "Chaulkyas of Gujarat', P-262.

(22) ß……‡N…“±……±… W‡ ª……≈e‡Ùª…≠˜… : "ª…≈ª……‡y………“ H‡ÌeÙ“', ~…fi. 244.(23) N…≠˜X∂…≈HÌ≠˜ +…S……´…« : "N…÷W≠˜…l……… +‰ l…æ˙… ª…HÌ ±…‡L……‡', ß……N…-3, ±…‡L……≈HÌ-222.(24) "±…‡L…~…uˆ l…', ~…fi. 15.(25) +‡W…, ~…fi. 15.(26) A. K. Majmudar, op-cit, PP-260-261.

(27) æ˙ ≠˜°…ª……qˆ ∂……ªm…“ : "N…÷W≠˜…l………‡ °……S…“… < l…æ˙…ª…', ~…fi. 289.(28) ß……‡N…“±……±… ª……≈e‡Ùª…≠˜… : "< l…æ˙…ª… +…‡ ª…… æ˙l´…', ~…fi. 176-78.(29) +‡W…, ~…fi. 209.(30) A. k. Majmudar, op-cit, PP-216-221.

(31) ≠˜…©…±……±… ©……‡qˆ“ : "ª…≈ªHfiÌl… rˆ´……∏…´… HÌ…´©……≈ ©…y´…HÌ…±…“… N…÷W≠˜…l……“ ª……©…… WHÌ Œªo… l…', ~…fi. 30.(32) M. S. Commissariat : "A History of Gujarat', Vol-I, London, 1938, PP-265-

266.

(33) ≠˜l…©… i…≠˜…¥… ß…“©…≠˜…¥… : "N…÷W≠˜…l……÷≈ ¥…æ˙…i…¥… ÷≈Ú', ¥…ª…≈l… ≠˜Wl… ©…æ˙…‡lª…¥… ª©……≠˜HÌ O…≈o…, ~…fi.195.

(34) +‡W…, ~…fi. 199.(35) "±…‡L…~…uˆ l…', ~…fi. 26-27.

ª……‡±…≈HÌ“HÌ…±……“ +…Ão…HÌ Œªo… l… 145


+£Ì¥…… - ©………‡ª……©…… WHÌ P…`Ú…… l…≠˜“H‡Ì

n eÙ…Ë. + π…… W…ª……≠˜“, ¥…ß……N…“´… ¥…eÙ… +…‡ ≠˜“eÙ≠˜, ©………‡ ¥…[……… ¥…ß……N…, N…÷W≠˜…l… …÷ …¥…Ãª…`Ú“ +©…qˆ…¥……qˆ-9.

ª……≠˜…≈∂… :ª……©…… WHÌ Y¥……©……≈ ©……‡ ‡Úß……N…‡ +£Ì¥………“ P…`Ú……+…‡ •……l…“ ≠˜æ‡UÔ‡. ¥´…ŒGl…N…l… l…‡©…W ª……©…… WHÌ ¥…l…«… A~…≠˜ l…‡…“ +ª…≠˜ o…l…“ æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡.+æ˙”´…… +£Ì¥…………‡ +o…«, ±…K…i……‡, ¥… ¥…y… °…HÌ…≠˜…‡…“ ¥……l… HÌ≠˜“ UÔ‡. +£Ì¥…………£‡Ì±……¥………… HÌ…≠˜i……‡ l…‡©…W l…‡……‡ £‡Ì±……¥……‡ HÌ≠˜……≠˜ ©……y´…©……‡…“ ≠˜W⁄+…l…HÌ≠˜¥……©……≈ +…¥…“ UÔ‡. ©………¥… +…‡ ª…©……W Y¥…… ~…≠˜ ¥… ¥…y… +£Ì¥……+…‡…“o…l…“ +ª…≠˜…‡ ~…i… qˆ∂……«¥…¥……©……≈ +…¥…“ UÔ‡. UÔ‡±±…‡ l…‡…‡ +`ÚHÌ…¥…¥………… H‡Ì`Ú±……HÌA~……´……‡ ~…i… ª…⁄S…¥´…… UÔ‡. X‡H‡Ì W‡©… æ˙¥…… ¥…N…≠˜…÷≈ Y¥…… ∂…G¨ …o…“ l…‡©…+£Ì¥…… ¥…N…≠˜……‡ ª…©……W ~…i… ∂…G¨ …o…“. +…qˆ©……… Aq√ß…¥…o…“ l…‡…“∂…∞˜+…l… o…> æ˙∂…‡ +…‡ +…qˆ©…“…… +Œªl…l¥… ª…÷y…“ ¥… ¥…y… +£Ì¥……+…‡…÷≈+Œªl…l¥… ≠˜æ‡∂…‡.1. °…ªl……¥……… :

+…qˆ“¥……ª…“ æ˙…‡ … H‡Ì +©…‡ ≠˜HÌ…, …¥… ¥…∫…«…÷≈ •……≥HÌ æ˙…‡ … H‡Ì …‡¥…÷≈ ¥…∫…«……‡¥…fiuˆ, +…æ˙¥………… ±…“±…… W≈N…±……‡©……≈ ≠˜æ‡……≠˜ æ˙…‡ … H‡Ì +…y…÷ …HÌ ª…©…‡`Ú……W≈N…±……‡©……≈ ≠˜æ‡……≠˜ æ˙…‡ …, …≠˜K…≠˜ æ˙…‡ … H‡Ì eÙO…“+…‡……‡ hıN…±……‡ y…≠˜…¥………≠˜æ˙…‡ …, qˆ≠‡ HÌ…‡ +‡HÌ •……•…l… +ª…≠˜ HÌ≠‡ UÔ‡ +…‡ l…‡ UÔ‡ +£Ì¥……. +£Ì¥…… ¥…N…≠˜…÷≈©………¥…Y¥…… HÌ±~…¥…÷≈ ©…÷∂H‡Ì±… UÔ‡. V´……≈ V´……≈ ©………¥…“ UÔ‡ l´……≈ l´……≈ +£Ì¥…… UÔ‡.ª……©…… WHÌ Y¥……©……≈ ©……‡ ‡Ú ß……N…‡ +£Ì¥………“ P…`Ú……+…‡ •……l…“ ≠˜æ‡ UÔ‡. +£Ì¥……+‡ +‡HÌ ª……©…… WHÌ ¥…l…«… UÔ‡. ª…©……W±…K…“ ©………‡ ¥…[……… W⁄o… ¥…l…«… l…≠˜“H‡Ìl…‡……‡ +ß´……ª… HÌ≠‡ UÔ‡.2. +£Ì¥…………‡ +o…« ( Meaning of Rumour) :

(i) ª……©……´… +o…« : N…÷W≠˜…l…“ ∂…•qˆ "+£Ì¥……' +‡ +≠˜•…“ ∂…•qˆ A~…≠õ…“+…¥…‡±……‡ UÔ‡. "+£Ì¥……æ˙' ∂…•qˆ©……≈ "H⁄Ìæ˙…' +‡ Ú±…‡ "©……·' +…‡ l…‡…… •…æ÷¥…S……A~…≠õ…“ l…‡ ∂…•qˆ •……‡±……‡ UÔ‡. +… ≠˜“l…‡ X‡>+‡ l……‡ "+…‡HÌ ©……· +‡ S……±…l…“' H‡Ì"P…i…‡ ©……·+‡ S……±…l…“ ¥……l…' l…‡¥……‡ +o…« o…> ∂…H‡Ì.

+£Ì¥…… ©…… ‡Ú +≈O…‡Y ∂…•qˆ "Rumour' UÔ‡. l…‡ "Rumor' ……©………±…Ë `Ú… ∂…•qˆ A~…≠õ…“ +…¥…‡±……‡ UÔ‡. W‡……‡ +o…« "±……‡HÌ…‡…“ ¥……l…' (Common

talk) +‡¥……‡ o……´… UÔ‡.

23

(ii) ©………‡¥…‰[…… …HÌ +o…« :"+£Ì¥…… +‡ Ú±…‡ +©…÷HÌ ¥´…ŒGl… ~……ª…‡o…“ •…“Y ¥´…ŒGl…+…‡ ~……ª…‡ °…ª…… ≠˜l… HÌ≠˜¥……©……≈ +…¥…l…“ +…‡

°…S……≠˜©……≈ ~… ≠˜¥…l…«… +…‡ ¥…HÌ…ª… ~……©…l…“ HÌ…‡> ¥……ªl… ¥…HÌ H‡Ì HÌ…±~… …HÌ ©……i…ª… H‡Ì P…`Ú…… ¥…∫…‡…“ ¥……l….' -•…“. H÷Ì~~…÷ª¥……©…“.

"Rumour is a special kind of suggestion, story about some real or ficititious

person or event which grows as it spreds.' - Kimbal Young.

"A rumour is a specific proposition for belief passed along from person to

person, usually, by words of mouth, without secure standards of evidence being

present.'

(iii) ª…©…W⁄l…“ : +£Ì¥…… ¥…∂…‡…“ ¥… ¥…y… ¥´……L´……+…‡…‡ +…y……≠‡ +… •……•…l……‡ l……≠˜¥…“ ∂…HÌ…´… :(1) +£Ì¥…… +‡ ©……‡hı… ©……‡hı…“ ¥……l… S…l… UÔ‡.(2) l…‡©……≈ ¥´…ŒGl… H‡Ì P…`Ú…… ¥…∂…‡ o……‡eÙ“ H‡Ì HÌ∂…“ ©…… æ˙l…“ æ˙…‡l…“ …o…“.(3) l…‡©……≈ £‡Ì±……l…“ ©…… æ˙l…“ ~…⁄i…« æ˙…‡l…“ …o…“.(4) "+…©… o…∂…‡' H‡Ì "+…©… æ˙∂…‡' l…‡¥…… °…HÌ…≠˜…÷≈ ¥…±…i… l…‡©……≈ X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡.(5) l…‡©……≈ ~……‡l………÷≈ A©…‡≠˜i… HÌ≠˜¥………“ ¥…fi n… ~…i… X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡.(6) +£Ì¥……©……≈ S……‡IÌª……> HÌ≠˜¥………÷≈ ¥…±…i… +…‡U÷≈Ô X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡.(7) qˆ≠‡ HÌ…‡ +£Ì¥…… ª……≈ß…≥¥…… +…‡ £‡Ì±……¥…¥……©……≈ ≠˜ª… æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡.(8) +£Ì¥……©……≈ S……‡IÌª……> HÌ≠˜¥………÷≈ ¥…±…i… +…‡U÷≈Ô X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡.(9) +£Ì¥…………‡ £‡Ì±……¥……‡ L…⁄•… ]ÒeÙ~…o…“ o……´… UÔ‡.(10) +£Ì¥……©……≈ "•…÷ uˆ' HÌ≠˜l……≈ "±……N…i…“'…÷≈ l…n¥… ¥…y……≠‡ æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡.(11) ª……S…“ ©…… æ˙l…“ +…~…¥……o…“ +£Ì¥…… £‡Ì±……l…“ …o…“ l…‡ •……•…l… ª…≈~…⁄i…« ª……S…“ …o…“.(12) +£Ì¥…… æ˙HÌ…≠˜…l©…HÌ l…‡©…W …HÌ…≠˜…l©…HÌ æ˙…‡> ∂…H‡Ì UÔ‡.(13) ¥´…ŒGl…N…l… l…‡©…W ª……©…… WHÌ ¥…l…«… A~…≠˜ +£Ì¥………“ +ª…≠˜ X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡.(14) +…y…÷ …HÌ ª…≈q‡∂……¥´…¥…æ˙…≠˜…… ©……y´…©……‡ ~…i… l…‡…… £‡Ì±……¥……©……≈ ©…æ˙n¥………‡ ß……N… ß…W¥…‡ UÔ‡.

3. +£Ì¥………… ±…K…i……‡ : l…‡…… ±…K…i……‡ +… °…©……i…‡ X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡ :(1) ©…æ˙n¥… (Importance) : +£Ì¥………“ ±……K… i…HÌl……©……≈ "©…æ˙n¥…' +‡ °…o…©… ±…K…i… UÔ‡. ª……©……´…

©………¥…“ H‡Ì ~… ≠˜Œªo… l… ¥…∫…‡…“ +£Ì¥…… Aq√ß…¥…l…“ …o…“ +…‡ £‡Ì±……l…“ …o…“. ©…æ˙n¥……“ H‡Ì Xi…“l…“¥´…ŒGl…+…‡ (≠˜…W HÌ´……‡l……+…‡, £Ì±©…“ H‡Ì `Ú“.¥…“. HÌ±……HÌ…≠˜…‡, L…‡±……eÙ“+…‡, N……©… H‡Ì ∂…æ‡≠˜…“ ©…æ˙n¥……“¥´…ŒGl…+…‡ ¥…N…‡≠‡ ) ¥…∂…‡ l…‡©…W ©…æ˙n¥……“ P…`Ú……+…‡ (•……È•…y…eÙ…HÌ…+…‡, ß…⁄H≈Ì~…, ~…⁄≠˜, ¥……¥……]Ò…‡e÷Ù, +HÌª©……l…,+…l©…æ˙l´……, L…⁄…, ®…∫`Ú…S……≠˜, Xl…“´… •……•…l……‡, ©…‡S… £ÌGª…”N… ¥…N…‡≠‡ ) ¥…∂…‡ +£Ì¥…… X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡.ª……©……´… ©………¥…“…‡ +…¥…“ •……•…l……‡©……≈ ¥…y……≠‡ ≠˜ª… æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡.

(2) +ª~…∫`Úl…… (Amibiguity) : +£Ì¥………÷≈ •…“W÷≈ ©…æ˙n¥……÷≈ ±…K…i… UÔ‡ : +ª~…∫`Úl……, ª……©……´…≠˜“l…‡ W‡ •……•…l……“ ª…≈~…⁄i…« ©…… æ˙l…“ æ˙…‡ … l…‡…… ¥…∂…‡…“ +£Ì¥…… Aq√ß…¥…l…“ …o…“; +…‡ Aq√ß…¥…‡ l……‡ +…N…≥£‡Ì±……l…“ …o…“. +…©… ©…… æ˙l…“……‡ +ß……¥… æ˙…‡¥………‡ ±…“y…‡ +£Ì¥…… X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡.4. +£Ì¥………÷≈ ¥…∫…´… ¥…ªl…÷ (Subject-matter of rumour) :

ß……≠˜l…“´… ª…©……W©……≈ X‡¥…… ©…≥l…“ +£Ì¥……+…‡…… ¥…∫…´…¥…ªl…÷©……≈ ¥… ¥…y…l…… X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡.Xl…“´… •……•…l……‡, ß…´…, ß…´…°…qˆ ¥……l……‡…‡ ±…N…l…“, <SUÔ…~…⁄Ãl……‡ ±…N…l…“, ©……≠˜…©……≠˜“, ¥…‡≠˜]‡Ò≠˜,

+£Ì¥…… - ©………‡ª……©…… WHÌ P… Ú…… l…≠˜“H‡Ì 147


+qˆ…¥…l…, HÌ…‡©…“ æ÷±±…eÙ…‡, H÷Ìqˆ≠˜l…“ +…£Ìl……‡, ≠‡ ±¥…‡, ¥…©……… H‡Ì •…ª… +HÌª©……l…, •……È•… ©…⁄G¨… +≈N…‡…“,Xi…“l…“ ¥´…ŒGl…+…‡…… °…‡©…, ±…N…, ±…N…‡l…≠˜ ª…≈•…≈y……‡, ¥´…¥…ª……´…, +…≠˜…‡N´… +HÌª©……l… +…‡ +¥…ª………+≈N…‡…“ +£Ì¥……+…‡ X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡.5. +£Ì¥………“ °… JÌ´…… (Process of rumour) :

¥… ¥…y… +£Ì¥……+…‡©……≈ +… °…©……i…‡…“ °… JÌ´…… X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡.(1) +‡HÌª…≠˜L……~…j≈ (Leveling) : +£Ì¥…… £‡Ì±……l…“ X´… l…‡©… l…‡ ¥…y……≠‡ ª…≈ K…~l… +…‡ ª…æ‡±……>o…“

ª¥…“HÌ…≠˜…´… l…‡¥…“ •……‡ UÔ‡. l…‡©……≈ +…‡UÔ… ∂…•qˆ…‡ +…‡ +…‡UÔ“ ¥…N…l……‡ X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡.(2) l…“Ki… o…¥…÷≈ (Sharpening) : l…‡ ~…ª…≈qˆN…“´…÷Gl… °…l´…K…“HÌ≠˜i… UÔ‡. ©…… æ˙l…“…… ß…≈eÙ…≠˜©……≈o…“

©…´……« qˆl… ©…… æ˙l…“ ´……qˆ ≠˜…L…¥………“ +…‡ HÌæ‡¥………“ °… JÌ´…… l…‡©……≈ X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. +… •…≈…‡ °… JÌ´……~…ª…≈qˆN…“´…÷Gl… (selective) UÔ‡.(3) ª…qˆ∂…“HÌ≠˜i… (Assimilation) : +£Ì¥……+…‡ H‡Ì¥…“ ≠˜“l…‡ £‡Ì±……´… UÔ‡ l…‡…“ Xi…HÌ…≠˜“ ª…qˆ∂…“HÌ≠˜i……“

°… JÌ´…… wˆ…≠˜… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. +… °… JÌ´……©……≈ ª……≈ß…≥……≠˜……… ©…… A~…≠˜ ±……N…i…“+…‡, ≠˜ª…, ‡Ú¥……‡ ¥…N…‡≠‡ …“°…ß……¥…∂……≥“ +ª…≠˜ o…l…“ æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡. +… °… JÌ´……©……≈ ¥´…ŒGl… +£Ì¥………‡ +…l©…ª……l… HÌ≠‡ UÔ‡.6. +£Ì¥………… °…HÌ…≠˜…‡ (Kinds of rumour) :

©………¥… ª…©……W©……≈ ©…÷L´…l¥…‡ +… °…HÌ…≠˜…“ +£Ì¥……+…‡ X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡ :(1) + l…∂…´……‡ŒGl…¥……≥“ +£Ì¥…… (Exaggerated rumour) : +… °…HÌ…≠˜…“ +£Ì¥……©……≈ ………“ ©……‡ Ú“

¥……l……‡ ¥…y……≠˜“…‡ HÌæ‡¥……©……≈ +…¥…‡ UÔ‡. l…‡©……≈ ¥……l……‡ + l…∂…´……‡ŒGl…~…⁄i…« ≠˜W⁄ HÌ≠˜¥……©……≈ +…¥…‡ UÔ‡. ≠˜…>……‡ ~…¥…«l…•………¥…“ q‡¥……©……≈ +…¥…‡ UÔ‡.

(2) °… l…∫cÛ… +£Ì¥…… (Prestige rumour) : X‡ HÌ…‡> Xi…“l…“ ¥´…ŒGl… wˆ…≠˜… +£Ì¥…… £‡Ì±……¥…¥……©……≈+…¥…‡ l……‡ l…‡…‡ °… l…∫cÛ… +£Ì¥…… HÌæ‡ UÔ‡. +…¥…“ +£Ì¥……+…‡ ª…≠˜≥l……o…“ £‡Ì±……´… UÔ‡.

(3) W[……ª…… +£Ì¥…… (Curiosity rumour) : ©………¥…“…“ ©……… ª…HÌ W[……ª………‡ HÌ…≠˜i…‡ £‡Ì±……l…“+£Ì¥……+…‡…‡ W[……ª…… +£Ì¥…… HÌæ‡¥……©……≈ +…¥…‡ UÔ‡. W‡©…H‡Ì ~…≠˜“K…… ~…UÔ“ ¥…v…o…‘+…‡ ~… ≠˜i……©……“ ≠˜…æ˙X‡l…… æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡. l…‡¥…… ª…©…´…‡ HÌ…‡> HÌæ‡ H‡Ì ~… ≠˜i……©… Xæ‡≠˜ o…> N…´…÷≈ UÔ‡ l……‡ ª……S…÷ H‡Ì L……‡ ÷Ú l…‡…“ S…HÌ…ª…i…“¥…N…≠˜ ´…÷ …¥…Ãª…`Ú“ qˆ…‡eÙ“ X´… UÔ‡.

(4) ß…´… +£Ì¥…… (fear rumour) : l…‡……‡ Aq√ß…¥… ß…´……“ ~… ≠˜Œªo… l…©……≈ o……´… UÔ‡. qˆ….l…. HÌ…‡©…“æ÷±±…eÙ…‡…… ª…©…´…‡ +…¥…… °…HÌ…≠˜…“ +£Ì¥…… £‡Ì±……´… UÔ‡. l……W‡l…≠˜…… + l…∂…´… ¥…≠˜ª……qˆ H‡Ì •……·•…y…eÙ…HÌ……“P…`Ú………‡ HÌ…≠˜i…‡ ±……‡HÌ…‡©……≈ ÀS…l……, ß…´… H‡Ì N…ß…≠˜…`Ú X‡¥…… ©…≥¥………‡ ±…“y…‡ +… °…HÌ…≠˜…“ +£Ì¥……+…‡ X‡¥……©…≥“ æ˙l…“.

(5) qˆ¥……ª¥…~… +£Ì¥…… (Day dreum rumour) : ¥´…ŒGl……“ HÌ±~………+…‡, ©………‡ß……¥………+…‡,<SUÔ…+…‡ l…o…… ©………‡qˆ∂………‡ HÌ…≠˜i…‡ W‡ +£Ì¥…… £‡Ì±……´… l…‡……‡ ª…©……¥…‡∂… +… °…HÌ…≠˜©……≈ o……´… UÔ‡.

(6) ª…≈P…∫…« +£Ì¥…… (Combat rumour) : y…©…«, […… l… l…o…… ¥…N……‚…‡ ¥…SS…‡ o…l…… ª…≈P…∫……‚…‡ HÌ…≠˜i…‡W‡ +£Ì¥……+…‡ £‡Ì±……´… UÔ‡ l…‡…‡ ª…≈P…∫…« +£Ì¥…… HÌæ‡ UÔ‡. ~…≠˜ª~…≠˜ ¥…‰©……ª´… H‡Ì q÷∂©……“…‡ ±…“y…‡ +… °…HÌ…≠˜…“+£Ì¥……+…‡ Xi…“ X‡>…‡ £‡Ì±……¥…¥……©……≈ +…¥…‡ UÔ‡.7. +£Ì¥…… £‡Ì±……¥………… HÌ…≠˜i……‡ (Cause of rumour mongering) :

+…~…i…“ +…W÷•……W÷ X‡¥…… ©…≥l…“ ¥… ¥…y… +£Ì¥…… °…ª…≠˜¥………… W÷qˆ… W÷qˆ… HÌ…≠˜i……‡ X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡ :(+) ¥´…ŒGl…N…l… HÌ…≠˜i……‡ (Personal causes) : ¥´…ŒGl……“ +≈qˆ≠˜ ≠˜æ‡±…“ H‡Ì`Ú±…“HÌ •……•…l……‡ l…‡……

£‡Ì±……¥…… ©…… ‡Ú W¥……•…qˆ…≠˜ æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡. ¥´…ŒGl……“ +≈qˆ≠˜ ≠˜æ‡±…“ °…‡≠˜i……+…‡ l…‡©…W ¥´…ŒGl…l¥……… H‡Ì`Ú±……HÌ

~……ª……+…‡ +£Ì¥……+…‡…… £‡Ì±……¥…… ©…… ‡Ú HÌ…≠˜i…ß…⁄l… æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡. H‡Ì`Ú±……HÌ ¥´…ŒGl…N…l… HÌ…≠˜i……‡ +… °…©……i…‡ UÔ‡ :(1) +æ˙©…√ (Ego) : `~……‡l…‡ ~…i… •…“X HÌ≠˜l……≈ H≈Ì>HÌ ¥…y……≠‡ Xi…‡ UÔ‡', "~……‡l………“ ~……ª…‡ H≈Ì>HÌ

©…æ˙n¥……“ ¥……l… UÔ‡' - ¥…N…‡≠‡ ¥……G¨…‡ ¥´…ŒGl……… +æ˙©…√…÷≈ ª…⁄S…… HÌ≠‡ UÔ‡. +£Ì¥……+…‡…… £‡Ì±……¥……©……≈ l…‡……‡+æ˙©…√ ~…i… ß……N… ß…W¥…l……‡ æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡.

(2) <SUÔ…~…⁄Ãl… : H‡Ì`Ú±…“HÌ¥……≠˜ ¥´…ŒGl… ~……‡l………“ <SUÔ…+…‡ ~…⁄≠˜“ HÌ≠˜¥…… ~…i… +£Ì¥……+…‡ £‡Ì±……¥…‡ UÔ‡qˆ….l…. W‡ ¥…v…o…‘+…‡+‡ ~…≠˜“K………“ l…‰ ……≠˜“ HÌ≠˜“ … æ˙…‡ … +‡ +‡¥…“ +£Ì¥…… £‡Ì±……¥…‡ UÔ‡ H‡Ì " ¥…v…o…‘+…‡~…≠˜“K……+…‡……‡ •… æ˙∫HÌ…≠˜ HÌ≠˜¥………… UÔ‡.*

(3) ≠˜ª… (Interest) : ¥´…ŒGl……‡ W‡ •……•…l……‡©……≈ ≠˜ª… æ˙…‡ … l…‡…… ¥…∂…‡…“ +£Ì¥…… ª……≈ß…≥¥…“ l…‡©…W£‡Ì±……¥…¥…“ N…©…l…“ æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡. qˆ….l…. JÌH‡Ì`Ú©……≈ ≠˜ª… y…≠˜…¥………≠˜…‡ JÌH‡Ì`Ú≠˜…‡…… Y¥…… ¥…∂…‡…“, ©…‡S… £ÌGª…”N…+≈N…‡…“, L…‡±……eÙ“+…‡…“ ~…ª…≈qˆN…“ +≈N…‡…“ ¥……l……‡ ª……≈ß…≥¥…“ +…‡ £‡Ì±……¥…¥…“ N…©…‡ UÔ‡.

(4) y´……… L…·S…¥…… (Attention Seeking) : H‡Ì`Ú±……HÌ ±……‡HÌ…‡ ~……‡l………“ l…≠˜£Ì ±……‡HÌ…‡…÷≈ y´……… L…·S…¥…… ¥… ¥…y… +£Ì¥…… £‡Ì±……¥…l…… æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡. H‡Ì`Ú±…“HÌ¥……≠˜ +£Ì¥…… wˆ…≠˜… ±……‡HÌ…‡…÷≈ y´……… L…·S…¥……©……≈ ª…£Ì≥ o……´… UÔ‡.

(5) ª…⁄S……¥…∂…l…… (Suggestibility) : W‡ ±……‡HÌ…‡©……≈ ª…⁄S……¥…∂…l………÷≈ °…©……i… ¥…y……≠‡ æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡, l…‡+…‡W±…qˆ“ HÌ…‡> ¥……l… ©………“ ±…‡ UÔ‡ +…‡ •…“X…‡ HÌæ‡ UÔ‡. •……≥HÌ…‡, …≠˜K…≠˜ l…‡©…W ªm…“+…‡©……≈ ª…⁄S……¥…∂…l……¥…y……≠‡ æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡, l…‡o…“ l…‡+…‡ W±…qˆ“o…“ +£Ì¥………‡ ª¥…“HÌ…≠‡ UÔ‡ +…‡ £‡Ì±……¥…‡ UÔ‡.

(6) +‡HÌ±…l……, ÀS…l…… +…‡ l……i… P…`Ú…eÙ¥…… : ß…⁄H≈Ì~…©……≈ +‡HÌ±…l……, ÀS…l…… +…‡ l……i… P…`Ú…eÙ¥…… ¥´…ŒGl…£Ì…‡… wˆ…≠˜… "æ˙±´…÷' +‡ +≈N…‡…“ +£Ì¥…… £‡Ì±……¥…‡ UÔ‡.

(7) ~…⁄¥…«O…æ˙…‡ +…‡ ©………‡¥…±…i……‡ (Prejudice and attitude) : ¥… ¥…y… W⁄o……‡ ¥…∂…‡, +‡HÌ•…“X ¥…∂…‡, Xl…Xl……… ~…⁄¥…«O…æ˙…‡ +…‡ ©………‡¥…±…i……‡ æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡. æ˙q÷, ©…÷ª±…“©…, ASS…[…… l…, …©…[…… l…,N…÷W≠˜…l…“, •…“…N…÷W≠˜…l…“, ß……W~…-HÌ…ÈO…‡ª…, ~…⁄¥…« +©…qˆ…¥……qˆ, ~… ∑S…©… +©…qˆ…¥……qˆ, ß…i…‡±……-+ß…i…W⁄o……‡©……≈ ≠˜æ‡±…… ~…⁄¥…«O…æ˙…‡ +…‡ ©………‡¥…±…i……‡…‡ ±…“y…‡ ¥… ¥…y… +£Ì¥……+…‡ £‡Ì±……l…“ æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡.

(8) +‡HÌ ¥…y…l…… l……‡eÙ¥…… (To break monotony) : ≠˜…‡ÀWqˆ… ¥……l……¥…≠˜i…o…“ ©………¥…“ H‡Ì`Ú±…“HÌ¥……≠˜H≈Ì`Ú…≥“ X´… UÔ‡. ~……‡≥…‡©……≈, ¢±…Ë Ú…‡©……≈ H‡Ì +…Ë £Ìª……‡©……≈ ≠˜…‡ÀWqˆ… Y¥………“ +‡HÌ ¥…y…l…… l……‡eÙ¥…… ±……‡HÌ…‡…‡ "¥……l……‡'HÌ≠˜¥…“ N…©…l…“ æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡. "ª……≈ß…≤´…÷, ≠˜“`Ú…•…‡……“ ©……‡ …HÌ… HÌ…‡>…… •……<HÌ ~……UÔ≥ •…‡c‡Û±…“ HÌ…±…‡ X‡> æ˙l…“',"~… ‡Ú±… ª……æ‡•……“ •…qˆ±…“ +‡HÌ •…‡ qˆ¥…ª…©……≈ o…> ª…©…X‡…‡.' ¥…N…‡≠‡ l…‡…… Aqˆ…æ˙≠˜i… UÔ‡.

(9) ß…´… P…`Ú…eÙ¥…… (Reduses Fear) : H‡Ì`Ú±……HÌ °…ª…≈N……‡+‡ ¥´…ŒGl……“ ß…´……“ °…‡≠˜i…… l…“µ… •……‡ UÔ‡."+…¥…l…“ HÌ…±…‡ ©……‡ Ú…‡ +…≈S…HÌ…‡ +…¥…∂…‡', "æ˙W÷ ß……≠‡ ¥…≠˜ª……qˆ ~…eÙ¥………“ +…N……æ˙“ UÔ‡.', "£Ì±……i…… ¥…ªl……≠˜©……≈`Ú…‡≥…+‡ +…N… S……≈~…¥………÷≈ +…‡ ±…⁄≈ Ú£Ì…`Ú HÌ≠˜¥………÷≈ ∂…∞˜ HÌ≠˜“ qˆ“y…÷ UÔ‡.' - +…¥…“ •……•…l……‡ ß…´……“ ±……N…i…“W©……¥…‡ UÔ‡. ¥´…ŒGl… ~……‡l………“ ß…´……“ ±……N…i…“ P…`Ú…eÙ¥…… Xl…Xl……“ +£Ì¥…… £‡Ì±……¥…‡ UÔ‡.

(10) ¥…‰£Ì±~… ¥…fi n… : ¥…‰£Ì±´… ¥…fi n……‡ ±…“y…‡ ~…i… Xl…Xl……“ +£Ì¥……+…‡ £‡Ì±……l…“ æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡. ª…≠˜HÌ…≠˜≠˜S…¥……©……≈ …∫£Ì≥ N…´…‡±… ~…K… ∂……ª…HÌ~…K…©……≈ o…l……≈ ®…∫`Ú…S……≠˜ +…‡ HÌ…‰ß……≈eÙ…‡…“ ¥……l……‡ HÌ≠‡ UÔ‡. "≠˜…æ˙l…HÌ…´…«©……≈N……‡±…©……±… o……´… UÔ‡', "≠˜…V´… ª…≠˜HÌ…≠˜…÷≈ H‡Ìrˆ ª…©…K… HÌ∂…÷≈ S……±…l…÷ …o…“.'

(11) <∫´……«¥…fi n… : ¥´…ŒGl…-¥´…ŒGl… +…‡ W⁄o…-W⁄o… ¥…SS…‡ <∫´……«¥…fi n… X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. ~……‡l………… HÌ≠˜l……≈•…“Y ¥´…ŒGl… H‡Ì W⁄o… ª…£Ì≥l…… … ©…‡≥¥…‡ l…‡ ©…… ‡Ú l…‡…… ¥…∂…‡ Xl…Xl……“ +£Ì¥……+…‡ £‡Ì±……¥…¥……©……≈ +…¥…l…“æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡.

(12) Xl…“´… •……•…l……‡©……≈ ≠˜ª… (Interest in Sex) : ª……©……´… ≠˜“l…‡ Xl…“´… •……•…l……‡ +≈N…‡…“

+£Ì¥…… - ©………‡ª……©…… WHÌ P… Ú…… l…≠˜“H‡Ì 149


Xæ‡≠˜…l…©……≈ ¥……l… HÌ≠˜¥…… °… l…•…≈y… æ˙…‡¥……o…“ W±…qˆ“ ±……‡HÌ…‡…‡ Xl…“´… •……•…l……‡…“ +£Ì¥……©……≈ ≠˜ª… ~…e‡Ù UÔ‡.Xl…“´… •……•…l……‡ ¥…∂…‡…“ ¥……l……‡ ]ÒeÙ~…o…“ ±……‡HÌ…‡©……≈ £‡Ì±……´… UÔ‡.

ª……y…÷, ª¥……©…“+…‡, ≠˜…WHÌ“´… …‡l……+…‡, + ß……‡l……-+ ß……‡m…“+…‡, L…‡±……eÙ“+…‡ l…‡©…W Xi…“l…“¥´…ŒGl…+…‡…… Xl…“´… HÌ…‰ß……≈eÙ…‡…“ ¥……l……‡ ª……≈ß…≥¥…“ +…‡ £‡Ì±……¥…¥…“ N…©…l…“ æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡.

+… A~…≠˜…≈l… H÷Ìl…÷æ˙±… ¥…fi n…, •……‰ uˆHÌ ß…⁄L…, °…K…‡~…i… °… l…∫cÛ… X≥¥…¥…… ¥…N…‡≠‡ ~…i… +£Ì¥……£‡Ì±……¥………≠˜… ¥´…ŒGl…N…l… HÌ…≠˜i……‡ UÔ‡.

(•…) ª……©…… WHÌ HÌ…≠˜i……‡ : ª…©……W…“ ¥… ¥…y… •……•…l……‡ +¥……≠˜…¥……≠˜ ¥… ¥…y… +£Ì¥……+…‡…… £‡Ì±……¥……©…… ‡Ú W¥……•…qˆ…≠˜ X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. l…‡©……≈ +… •……•…l……‡……‡ ª…©……¥…‡∂… o……´… UÔ‡ :

(1) ª……©…… WHÌ ª¥…“HÌ…≠˜ (Social Acceptance) : ª……©……´… ≠˜“l…‡ qˆ≠‡HÌ ©………¥…“ ª…©……W©……≈ ~……‡l…………‡ª¥…“HÌ…≠˜ o……´… l…‡¥…÷≈ <SUÔl……‡ æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡. +£Ì¥…… HÌæ‡¥……o…“ H‡Ì ©………¥……o…“ l…‡……‡ ª……©…… WHÌ ª¥…“HÌ…≠˜…“ <SUÔ…ª…≈l……‡∫……´… UÔ‡.

(2) ª…©………l…… : ª…©……… ±…K…i……‡ H‡Ì æ˙l… y…≠˜…¥………≠˜… W⁄o……‡©……≈ +£Ì¥…… W±qˆ“ £‡Ì±……´… UÔ‡. ∂…‡≠˜•…X≠˜+≈N…‡…“ +£Ì¥…… l…‡©……≈ ≠˜ª… ±…‡……≠˜ W⁄o…©……≈ W±qˆ“ £‡Ì±……´… UÔ‡. ~…≠˜“K…… +≈N…‡…“ +£Ì¥…… ¥…v…o…‘+…‡©……≈ W±qˆ“£‡Ì±……´… UÔ‡.

(3) Xi…“l…“ ¥´…ŒGl… : HÌ…‡>~…i… +£Ì¥…… X‡ Xi…“l…“ ¥´…ŒGl… ~……ª…‡o…“ H‡Ì +…y……≠˜ß…⁄l… ªo…≥‡o…“ ¥…æ‡l…“o……´… l……‡ l…‡…‡ ©……………≠˜… +…‡ £‡Ì±……¥………≠˜… ¥…y……≠‡ æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡. N……©……… ª…≠˜~…≈S…, HÌ…Ë±…‡W…… +…S……´…«,+L…•……≠˜…… l…≈m…“, y……≠˜…ª…ß´… ¥…N…‡≠‡ wˆ…≠˜… HÌæ‡¥……l…“ ¥……l……‡ ©……………≠˜… ¥…y……≠‡ æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡.

(4) ª¥……o…« : W÷qˆ… W÷qˆ… W⁄o……‡©……≈ ª¥……o…«¥…fi n… ≠˜æ‡±…“ X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. W⁄o…©……≈ ~…i… ~…‡ Ú… W⁄o……‡ æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡.~……‡l………… ª¥……o…« L……l…≠˜ +‡HÌ•…“X ¥…∂…‡ Xl…Xl……“ +£Ì¥……+…‡ £‡Ì±……¥…‡ UÔ‡. qˆ….l…. ≠˜…WHÌ“´… ~…K…©……≈ "©……‡qˆ“W⁄o…' +…‡ "H‡Ì∂…÷ß……>…÷≈ W⁄o…' ¥…SS…‡ Xl…Xl……“ +£Ì¥……+…‡ £‡Ì±……l…“ æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡. `Ú“.¥…“. S…‡…±…¥……≥…,+©…qˆ…¥……qˆ…… Xi…“l…… •…‡ ¥…l…«©………~…m……‡, +…‰v…‡ N…HÌ W⁄o……‡ ¥…N…‡≠‡ ~……‡l………… æ˙≠˜“£Ì ¥…∂…‡ +¥……≠˜…¥……≠˜Xl…Xl……“ "¥……l……‡' ¥…æ‡l…“ HÌ≠˜l……≈ æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡.

(5) ……`Ú¨…l©…HÌ l…n¥… (Drumatic Element) : ª…“y…“ •……•…l……‡ ¥…∂…‡ +£Ì¥…… £‡Ì±……l…“ …o…“. W‡•……•…l……‡©……≈ ……`Ú¨…l©…HÌ l…n¥… æ˙…‡ … l…‡…… ¥…∂…‡ ª…©……W©……≈ +£Ì¥……+…‡ W±qˆ“ Aq√ß…¥…‡ UÔ‡ +…‡ £‡Ì±……´… UÔ‡.

+… A~…≠˜…≈l… ª…‡ª…≠˜∂…“~… ¥…L…l…‡, "H≈Ì>HÌ' æ˙∂…‡ l…‡¥…“ ©……´…l……, ª…≈H÷Ì±… ª…©……W, ª…©……y………¥…fi n… ¥…N…‡≠‡ª……©…… WHÌ •……•…l……‡ +£Ì¥……+…‡ W©……¥…‡ UÔ‡ +…‡ £‡Ì±……¥…‡ UÔ‡.8. +£Ì¥……+…‡ £‡Ì±……¥………≠˜… ©……y´…©……‡ (Media of Spreading) :

°……S…“… ª…©…´…o…“ ¥… ¥…y… °…HÌ…≠˜…“ +£Ì¥……+…‡ ª…©……W©……≈ X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. +…y…÷ …HÌ ª…©…´…©……≈ ~…i… ¥… ¥…y… °…HÌ…≠˜…“ +£Ì¥……+…‡ X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡.

(1) ©……‰ L…HÌ ¥……l…S…“l… wˆ…≠˜… : +£Ì¥…… £‡Ì±……¥…¥………÷≈ +… ª……‰o…“ °……S…“… +…‡ ª…≠˜≥ ©……y´…©… UÔ‡. +‡HÌ¥´…ŒGl… •…“Y ¥´…ŒGl……‡ "H≈Ì>HÌ' HÌæ‡ +…‡ +… •…“Y ¥´…ŒGl… m…“Y…‡ +‡©… æ˙…≠˜©……≥… wˆ…≠˜… +£Ì¥…… £‡Ì±……l…“æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡. ~……‡≥…‡©……≈, ª…≠˜HÌ…≠˜“ HÌS…‡≠˜“+…‡, ………… N……©…eÙ…≈+…‡ ¥…N…‡≠‡ WN´……+‡ +…W‡ ~…i… +£Ì¥……+…‡ ©……‰ L…HÌ¥……l…S…“l… wˆ…≠˜… £‡Ì±……l…“ æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡.

(2) ~…m… wˆ…≠˜… : H‡Ì`Ú±…“HÌ¥……≠˜ +£Ì¥……+…‡ ~…m……‡ wˆ…≠˜… ~…i… £‡Ì±……l…“ æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡. H‡Ì`Ú±…“HÌ ¥´…ŒGl…+…‡+©…÷HÌ ¥´…ŒGl…+…‡, W⁄o……‡ H‡Ì P…`Ú……+…‡ ¥…∂…‡…“ +£Ì¥…… ~…m… wˆ…≠˜… ~…æ˙…·S……eÙl…… æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡. qˆ….l…. "£Ì±……i…“•…·HÌ £ÌeÙS……©……≈ W∂…‡' ¥…∂…‡…“ +£Ì¥……©……≈ ………©…… ~……‡ª`ÚHÌ…e«Ù ~…HÌeÙ…´…… æ˙l…….

(3) ~… m…HÌ…+…‡ H‡Ì S……‡~………“´…… wˆ…≠˜… : ªo…… …HÌ HÌK……+‡ H‡Ì`Ú±…“HÌ¥……≠˜ +©…÷HÌ ¥´…ŒGl… H‡Ì •………¥… ¥…∂…‡…“

~… m…HÌ…+…‡ H‡Ì S……‡~………“´…… UÔ~……¥…“…‡ ¥…æ·S…¥……©……≈ +…¥…‡ UÔ‡. l…‡…‡ ±…“y…‡ ~…i… Xl…Xl……“ +£Ì¥…… ±……‡HÌ…‡©……≈£‡Ì±……l…“ æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡.

(4) ‡Ú ±…£Ì…‡… wˆ…≠˜… : ‡Ú ±…£Ì…‡……… ©……y´…©… wˆ…≠˜… +£Ì¥……+…‡…“ ]ÒeÙ~…o…“ +…‡ ª…≠˜≥l……o…“ +…~…-±…‡o…l…“ æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡. ©… i……N…≠˜…“ P…`Ú………“ "¥……l……‡' £Ì…‡… wˆ…≠˜… ©…‡©……N…≠˜ H‡Ì ©…÷≈•…> H‡Ì ©…ËŒGª…HÌ…‡©……≈ æ˙¥…… HÌ≠˜l……≈~…i… ]ÒeÙ~…o…“ ~…æ˙…·S…“ Wl…“ æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡. +…y…÷ …HÌ ª…©…´…©……≈ ©……‡•……<±… £Ì…‡… wˆ…≠˜… ª…≠˜≥l……o…“ q÷ …´………… ¥… ¥…y… q‡∂……‡©……≈ "+£Ì¥……+…‡' ©……‡HÌ±…“ ∂…HÌ…´… UÔ‡.

(5) ≠‡ eÙ´……‡ wˆ…≠˜… : +…~…i…… q‡∂…©……≈ ≠‡ eÙ´……‡ +‡HÌ ∂…ŒGl…∂……≥“ ±……‡HÌª…≈~…H«Ì…÷≈ ©……y´…©… UÔ‡. ª…≠˜HÌ…≠˜ wˆ…≠˜…≠‡ eÙ´……‡ ~…≠˜ …´…≈m…i… æ˙…‡¥………‡ ±…“y…‡ H‡Ì`Ú±……HÌ °…ª…≈N……‡+‡ +£Ì¥…… £‡Ì±……l…“ æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡.

HÌ`Ú…‡HÌ`Ú“ ¥…L…l…‡ ±……‡HÌ…‡ •…“.•…“.ª…“. ≠‡ eÙ´……‡ ª……≈ß…≥l…… +…‡ ©…… æ˙l…“ ©…‡≥¥…l…… l…‡©…W +£Ì¥…… ~…i…£‡Ì±……¥…l…… ~…eÙ…‡∂…“ q‡∂……‡…… ≠‡ eÙ´……‡ °…ª……≠˜i… ~…i… +£Ì¥……+…‡…… £‡Ì±……¥…¥……©……≈ ©…æ˙n¥………‡ ß……N… ß…W¥…l……æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡.

(6) ¥…l…«©……… ~…m……‡ wˆ…≠˜… : ¥…l…«©………~…m……‡ ~……‡l………÷≈ ¥…‡S……i… ¥…y……≠˜¥…… l…‡©…W +≈qˆ≠˜ +≈qˆ≠˜…“æ˙≠˜“£Ì…>©……≈ `ÚHÌ¥…… ©…… ‡Ú +¥……≠˜…¥……≠˜ H‡Ì`Ú±……HÌ ª…©……S……≠˜…‡ H‡Ì P…`Ú……+…‡…÷≈ ¥…i…«… + l…∂…´……‡ŒGl…~…⁄i…« HÌ≠˜l……≈æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡. ≠˜…WHÌ…≠˜i…, ®…∫`Ú…S……≠˜, Xl…“´… •……•…l……‡, Xi…l…“ ¥´…ŒGl…+…‡ ¥…N…‡≠‡ ¥…∂…‡ ¥…i…«… H‡Ì ª…©……S……≠˜UÔ…~…l…“ ¥…L…l…‡ Xi…‡-+Xi…‡ +£Ì¥…… W©……¥…l…… æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡ +…‡ £‡Ì±……¥…l…… æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡.

(7) ‡Ú ±… ¥…]Ò… wˆ…≠˜… : q⁄≠˜qˆ∂…«… A~…≠˜ ª…≠˜HÌ…≠˜“ …´…≈m…i… X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. N……‡y…≠˜…HÌ…≈eÙ W‡¥…“ P…`Ú………÷≈q⁄≠˜qˆ∂…«… A~…≠˜ +…‡ +´… L………N…“ S…‡…±……‡ W‡¥…“ H‡Ì +…Wl…HÌ, ]Ò“-´…⁄]Ò ¥…N…‡≠‡ ~…≠˜ o…´…‡±…… °…ª……≠˜i…©……≈ ß……l…… æ˙…‡¥………‡ ±…“y…‡ ¥… ¥…y… +£Ì¥……+…‡ Aq√ß…¥…“ æ˙l…“ +…‡ £‡Ì±……> æ˙l…“.

(8) +´… ≠˜“l…‡ : P…≠˜HÌ…©… HÌ≠˜……≠˜ ……‡HÌ≠˜…‡, ©……‡ Ú“ +…Ë £Ìª……‡©……≈ ~…`Ú…¥……≥…+…‡, £‡Ì ≠˜´……+…‡,ß…“L……≠˜“+…‡ ¥…N…‡≠‡ ~…i… +£Ì¥……+…‡ £‡Ì±……¥…l…… æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡. >-©…‡±… wˆ…≠˜… ~…i… +£Ì¥……+…‡ £‡Ì±……l…“ æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡.9. +£Ì¥………“ +ª…≠˜…‡ (Effects or Rumour) :

ª…©……WY¥…… A~…≠˜ +£Ì¥……+…‡…“ +…‡HÌ +ª…≠˜…‡ X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. ¥´…ŒGl…N…l… Y¥…… +…‡ ª…©……WY¥…… A~…≠˜ +£Ì¥………“ ª……≠˜“-©……cÛ“ +ª…≠˜…‡ X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡.

(1) ß…´……÷≈ ¥……l……¥…≠˜i… : •……È•…y…eÙ…HÌ…, HÌ…‡©…“æ÷±±…eÙ, ´…÷uˆ, ß…⁄H≈Ì~…, ª…÷……©…“ l…‡©…W + l…∂…´…¥…≠˜ª……qˆ…“ +…N……æ˙“ ¥…N…‡≠‡ ª…©…´…‡ X‡¥…… ©…≥l…“ +£Ì¥……+…‡o…“ ±……‡HÌ…‡©……≈ ß…´……“ ±……N…i…“ ¥…y…“ X´… UÔ‡.+…¥…“ ß…´……“ ±……N…i…“ ª…©……´……‡W……“ ª…©…ª´……+…‡ W©……¥…‡ UÔ‡.

(2) æ÷±±…eÙ…‡ +…‡ l……‡£Ì………‡……‡ Aq√ß…¥… : ©……‡ Ú…ß……N…‡ HÌ…‡©…“ æ÷±±…eÙ…‡ H‡Ì S…⁄≈ Úi…“ ¥…L…l…‡ l……‡£Ì………‡ P…i…“¥……≠˜+£Ì¥……+…‡o…“ Aq√ß…¥…l…… æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡. "©…≈ qˆ≠˜ +…N…≥ N……´……‡ HÌ…~…“ ……≈L…“', "W÷æ˙…~…÷≠˜…©……≈ ª ‡ÚÀ•…N…©……≈ •…‡ ©…≠˜“N…´……' ¥…N…‡≠‡ +£Ì¥……+…‡ P…i…“¥……≠˜ l……‡£Ì………‡ W©……¥…‡ UÔ‡.

(3) +≠˜…WHÌl…… : +£Ì¥………‡ HÌ…≠˜i…‡ ≠˜…‡ÀWqˆ… Y¥……©……≈ +¥´…¥…ªo…… ª…X«l…“ æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡. ∂…æ‡≠˜©……≈£‡Ì±……l…“ +£Ì¥………‡ ±…“y…‡ •…X≠˜…‡ `Ú~……‡ Ú~… •…≈y… o…> X´… UÔ‡ +…‡ " ƒÚ…£Ì“HÌ X©…' o…> Wl……‡ æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡.

(4) +W≈~……‡ +…‡ l……i………‡ W©… : +£Ì¥……+…‡ ¥´…ŒGl…N…l… Y¥……©……≈ +…‡ ª……©…… WHÌ Y¥……©……≈+W≈~……‡ +…‡ l……i… W©……¥…‡ UÔ‡. ~…≠˜“K……+…‡ ±…‡¥……∂…‡ H‡Ì …æ˙”, G¨…≠‡ ±…‡¥……∂…‡ ¥…N…‡≠‡ •……•…l……‡ ¥…∂…‡…“+£Ì¥……+…‡ ¥…v…o…‘+…‡©……≈ l…‡©…W ¥……±…“+…‡©……≈ +W≈~……‡ +…‡ l……i… W©……¥…‡ UÔ‡. L…⁄•… ¥…≠˜ª……qˆ ~…eÙl……‡ æ˙…‡ …+…‡ +£Ì¥…… ª……≈ß…≥¥…… ©…≥‡ H‡Ì N……©……÷≈ l…≥…¥… £Ì…`Ú¥………÷≈ UÔ‡. P…≠˜…‡©……≈ •…‡-m…i… £›Ì`Ú ~……i…“ ß…≠˜…> W∂…‡ l…‡¥…“"¥……l…' ±……‡HÌ…‡©……≈ +W≈~……‡ +…‡ l……i… W©……¥…‡ UÔ‡.

(5) ¥…‡~……≠˜y…≈y…… A~…≠˜ +ª…≠˜ : •…æ˙…≠˜N……©…o…“ L…≠˜“qˆ“ HÌ≠˜……≠˜…+…‡ l……‡£Ì………‡ ¥…L…l…‡ ∂…æ‡≠˜©……≈ +…¥…l………o…“. •…X≠˜•…≈y… G¨…≠‡ o…> W∂…‡ H‡Ì ¥……æ˙…¥´…¥…æ˙…≠˜ •…≈y… o…> W∂…‡ l…‡¥…… ß…´……‡ HÌ…≠˜i…‡ ¥…‡~……≠˜y…≈y…… A~…≠˜

+£Ì¥…… - ©………‡ª……©…… WHÌ P… Ú…… l…≠˜“H‡Ì 151


+ª…≠˜ o……´… UÔ‡. +£Ì¥………÷≈ •…X≠˜ l…‡Y©……≈ æ˙…‡ … l´……≠‡ ¥…‡~……≠˜ ©…≈qˆ“©……≈ æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡. ∂…‡≠˜•…X≠˜ A~…≠˜ ~…i…+…‰v…‡ N…HÌ N…fiæ˙ ¥…SS…‡ S……±…l…… N…WO……æ˙…‡ HÌ…≠˜i…‡ Aq√ß…¥…l…“ +£Ì¥……+…‡ +ª…≠˜ HÌ≠‡ UÔ‡. ≠˜…‡ÀWqˆ“ ©…W⁄≠˜“©…‡≥¥………≠˜…+…‡…‡ +£Ì¥……+…‡…‡ HÌ…≠˜i…‡ ©…÷ªH‡Ì±…“ ~…eÙl…“ æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡. l……‡£Ì………‡ ¥…L…l…‡ £‡Ì±……l…“ +£Ì¥……+…‡ +…Ão…HÌ≠˜“l…‡ H‡Ì`Ú±…“HÌ¥……≠˜ …÷HÌª……… HÌ≠˜……≠˜“ …“¥…e‡Ù UÔ‡.

(6) ¥´…ŒGl…N…l… Y¥……©……≈ ©…÷∂H‡Ì±…“+…‡ : +£Ì¥……+…‡ V´……≠‡ H‡Ì`Ú±…“HÌ ¥´…ŒGl…+…‡…“ +…ª…~……ª… H‡ÌŒrˆl…o…> æ˙…‡ … l´……≠‡ ¥´…ŒGl…N…l… Y¥……©……≈ ª…©…ª´……+…‡ ª…X«l…“ æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡. "©…æ‡l…… ª……æ‡•……“ N……eÙ“©……≈ "HÌ…‡>HÌ'æ˙l…÷≈' - +…¥…“ "¥……l…'©……≈o…“ H‡Ì`Ú±…“HÌ¥……≠˜ ≠˜W…÷≈ N…W o…> Wl…÷≈ æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡. +…¥…“ +£Ì¥…… ©…æ‡l…… ª……æ‡•………¥´…ŒGl…N…l… qˆ…©~…l´…, HÌ…‰ ÷≈Ú •…HÌ l…‡©…W ¥´……¥…ª…… ´…HÌ Y¥…… A~…≠˜ +ª…≠˜ HÌ≠‡ UÔ‡. W‡…‡ ±…“y…‡ +W≈~……‡, ¥…L…¥……qˆ, ©…l…ß…‡qˆ H‡Ì °… l…∫cÛ……‡ æ˙……“ ~…æ˙…·S…‡ UÔ‡.

(7) ª……©…… WHÌ ª…≈ªo………“ °… l…∫cÛ… +…‡ °…N… l… ~…≠˜ +ª…≠˜ : H‡Ì`Ú±…“HÌ¥……≠˜ +£Ì¥……+…‡…‡ HÌ…≠˜i…‡ +…•……•…l… X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. ª…©……Wª…‡¥…… ª……o…‡ ª…≈HÌeÙ…´…‡±…“ ª…≈ªo……©……≈ "N……‡ Ú…≥… S……±…‡ UÔ‡' l…‡¥…“ +£Ì¥…… l…‡…“°… l…∫cÛ… +…‡ °…N… l… ~…≠˜ +ª…≠˜ HÌ≠‡ UÔ‡.

(8) ~…eÙ…‡∂…“ q‡∂……‡ ª……o…‡…… ª…≈•…≈y……‡ ~…≠˜ +ª…≠˜ : H‡Ì`Ú±…“HÌ¥……≠˜ +£Ì¥……+…‡ ~…eÙ…‡∂…“ q‡∂……‡ ª……o…‡…… ª…≈•…≈y……‡~…≠˜ ¥…~…≠˜“l… +ª…≠˜ HÌ≠‡ UÔ‡. "≠˜…Y¥… N……≈y…“…… æ÷©…±……L……‡≠˜…‡+‡ +©……≠˜… q‡∂… (~…… HÌªl………)©……≈ l……±…“©…±…“y…“ …o…“, +£Ì¥……+…‡o…“ ª…≈•…≈y……‡ ª…÷y……≠˜¥……©……≈ ~…“UÔ‡æ˙cÛ o…∂…‡.'

- +…©… +£Ì¥……∞˜~…“ S……N……≠˜“ H‡Ì`Ú±…“HÌ¥……≠˜ ¥´…ŒGl…N…l… l…‡©…W ª……©…… WHÌ Y¥…… A~…≠˜ L…⁄•… +ª…≠˜HÌ≠˜l…“ æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡.10. +£Ì¥……+…‡ + ÚHÌ…¥…¥………… A~……´……‡ (Checks on Rumour Mongering) :

+£Ì¥……+…‡ £‡Ì±……l…“ +`ÚHÌ…¥…¥…“ ª…≠˜≥ …o…“. ©……‡ ‡Úß……N…‡ +£Ì¥………“ …HÌ…≠˜…l©…HÌ +ª…≠˜…‡ X‡¥…… ©…≥‡UÔ‡. ©………‡¥…‰[…… …HÌ…‡, ª…©……W∂……ªm…“+…‡, ∂…K…i…∂……ªm…“+…‡, ≠˜…WHÌ“´… ∂……ª……HÌl……«+…‡ l…‡©…W ¥…æ˙“¥…`ÚHÌl……«+…‡¥…N…‡≠‡ …‡ +£Ì¥……+…‡ £‡Ì±……l…“ +`ÚHÌ…¥…¥……©……≈ ≠˜ª… UÔ‡. UÔl……≈ …“S…‡…… H‡Ì`Ú±……HÌ A~……´……‡ ©…qˆqˆ∞˜~… …“¥…eÙ“ ∂…H‡Ì.

(1) ª……S…“ ©…… æ˙l…“ ~…⁄≠˜“ ~……eÙ¥…“ (Providing correct Information) : +…y…÷ …HÌ ±……‡HÌª…≈~…H«Ì……©……y´…©……‡ wˆ…≠˜… ª……S…“ ©…… æ˙l…“ ~…⁄≠˜“ ~……eÙ¥……©……≈ +…¥…‡ l……‡ +£Ì¥……+…‡ Aq√ß…¥…l…“ +…‡ £‡Ì±……l…“ +`ÚHÌ…¥…“∂…HÌ…´… UÔ‡. ±……‡HÌ…‡…‡ ≠˜ª… æ˙…‡ … l…‡¥…“ •……•…l……‡…“ +£Ì¥…… ª……S…“ ©…… æ˙l…“ +…~…¥…… UÔl……≈ £‡Ì±……l…“ æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡.+£Ì¥……+…‡……‡ ª…≈•…≈y… H‡Ì`Ú±…“HÌ¥……≠˜ "±……N…i…“+…‡' ª……o…‡ æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡. +©…÷HÌ +£Ì¥……+…‡…‡ ±…“y…‡ Aq√ß…¥…‡±…“"+…JÌ©…HÌl……' ª……S…“ ©…… æ˙l…“ +…~…¥…… UÔl……≈ W±…qˆ“ P…`Ú…eÙ“ ∂…HÌ…l…“ …o…“. qˆ….l…. N……‡y…≠˜………‡ •………¥….

(2) +£Ì¥………“ ¥……ªl… ¥…HÌl…… Wi……¥…¥…“ : +£Ì¥……+…‡…… ≠˜…‡HÌ¥…… ©…… ‡Ú ±……‡HÌ…‡…‡ +‡ ¥……l… ©…… ‡Ú °… ∂…K…i…+…‡ XN…fil… •………¥…¥…… X‡>+‡ W‡o…“ +£Ì¥………÷≈ ©…⁄≥ HÌ…≠˜i… ∂……‡y…“ ∂…H‡Ì. ¥……ªl… ¥…HÌl…… ª……©…‡ +…¥…¥……o…“+£Ì¥…………‡ °…¥……æ˙ +…~……‡+…~… ≠˜…‡HÌ…> X´… UÔ‡.

(3) +ª~…∫ Úl…… q⁄≠˜ HÌ≠˜¥…“ (Removing ambiguities) : +£Ì¥……+…‡…… £‡Ì±……¥……©……≈ ~… ≠˜Œªo… l… H‡ÌP…`Ú…… ¥…∂…‡…“ +ª~…∫`Úl…… +‡HÌ ©…÷L´… HÌ…≠˜i… UÔ‡. l…‡o…“ X‡ +ª~…∫`Úl…… q⁄≠˜ HÌ≠˜¥……©……≈ +…¥…‡ +…‡ ±……‡HÌ…‡…‡l…o´……“ Xi…HÌ…≠˜“ +…~…¥……©……≈ +…¥…‡ l……‡ +£Ì¥…… £‡Ì±……l…“ ≠˜…‡HÌ“ ∂…HÌ…´… UÔ‡.

(4) HÌcÛ…‡≠˜ q≈eÙ +…~…¥……‡ (Awarding Severe Punishment) : +£Ì¥……+…‡ £‡Ì±……¥………≠˜…+…‡ ¥…≠÷uˆ q≈eÙ…l©…HÌ HÌ…´…«¥……æ˙“ HÌ≠˜¥…“ X‡>+‡. l…‡©……‡ HÌeÙHÌ ª…X HÌ≠˜¥…“ X‡>+‡. ±……‡HÌ…‡ ª…X…… ß…´…o…“+£Ì¥……+…‡ £‡Ì±……l…… +`ÚHÌ∂…‡. HÌ…‡©…“ æ÷±±…eÙ…‡, ß…⁄H≈Ì~…, ~…⁄≠˜ W‡¥…“ ~… ≠˜Œªo… l…+…‡©……≈ ª…≠˜HÌ…≠˜ +£Ì¥……£‡Ì±……¥………≠˜…+…‡…‡ ª…X HÌ≠˜l…“ æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡ W‡©… H‡Ì W‡±…©……≈ •…≈y… HÌ≠˜“ q‡¥…….

(5) ª…‡ª…≠˜∂…“~… (Censorship) : +£Ì¥……+…‡ £‡Ì±……l…“ ≠˜…‡HÌ¥…… ©…… ‡Ú ∂……ª…HÌ…‡ l…‡©…W ¥…æ˙“¥…`ÚHÌl……«+…‡

wˆ…≠˜… ¥…l…«©………~…m……‡, ≠‡ eÙ´……‡ l…‡©…W q⁄≠˜qˆ∂…«… ¥…N…‡≠‡ ~…≠˜ °… l…•…≈y… ±…N……¥…¥……©……≈ +…¥…‡ UÔ‡. l…‡o…“ ©……m… +‡¥……ª…©……S……≠˜ °…ª…… ≠˜l… HÌ≠˜¥……©……≈ +…¥…∂…‡ W‡ +£Ì¥……+…‡©……≈ ¥…y……≠˜…‡ HÌ≠˜l…… …o…“ ~…≠≈ l…÷ l…‡…‡ ≠˜…‡H‡Ì UÔ‡. X‡ H‡ÌHÌ`Ú…‡HÌ`Ú“ ¥…L…l…‡ ª…‡ª…≠˜∂…“~… æ˙…‡¥…… UÔl……≈ ©……‰ L…HÌ ≠˜“l…‡, ~… m…HÌ…+…‡ wˆ…≠˜… +£Ì¥……+…‡ Aq√ß…¥…l…“ +…‡£‡Ì±……l…“ æ˙l…“.

(6) Xæ‡≠˜ +~…“±… wˆ…≠˜… : +…≈qˆ…‡±………‡, l……‡£Ì………‡, •…≈y……… +‡±…………‡, æ÷±±…eÙ…‡ ¥…N…‡≠‡ ª…©…´…‡ +£Ì¥………÷≈•…X≠˜ N…≠˜©… æ˙…‡ … UÔ‡. +£Ì¥……+…‡ Aq√ß…¥…l…“ +…‡ £‡Ì±……l…“ +`ÚHÌ…¥…¥…… y…©…«N…÷≠÷+…‡, ª…©……Wª…‡¥…HÌ…‡,Av…‡N…~… l…+…‡, ≠˜…WHÌ“´… +…N…‡¥…………‡, ©…÷L´…©…≈m…“ H‡Ì ~……‡±…“ª… HÌ ©…∂…≠˜ ¥…N…‡≠‡ wˆ…≠˜… Xæ‡≠˜ +~…“±…HÌ≠˜¥……©……≈ +…¥…‡ UÔ‡. X‡ H‡Ì l…‡…“ H‡Ì¥…“ +…‡ H‡Ì`Ú±…“ +ª…≠˜ o…∂…‡ l…‡ S……‡IÌª…~…i…‡ HÌæ˙“ ∂…HÌ…l…÷≈ …o…“.

(7) ¥…≠˜…‡y…“ +£Ì¥…… £‡Ì±……¥…¥…“ (Spreading Counter Rumour) : HÌ…‡> +£Ì¥………‡ ≠˜…‡HÌ¥…………‡+‡HÌ A~……´… +‡ ~…i… UÔ‡ H‡Ì l…‡…… ¥…≠˜…‡y…©……≈ +£Ì¥……+…‡ £‡Ì±……¥…¥……©……≈ +…¥…‡. W‡©… H‡Ì HÌ…≠˜ N…±… ´…÷uˆ ¥…L…l…‡~…… HÌªl……… wˆ…≠˜… £‡Ì±……¥…¥……©……≈ +…¥…l…“ +£Ì¥……+…‡ ≠˜…‡HÌ¥…… ß……≠˜l… wˆ…≠˜… ¥…≠˜…‡y…“ °…S……≠˜ HÌ≠˜¥……©……≈ +…¥…l……‡æ˙l……‡.11. A~…ª…≈æ˙…≠˜ :

+…©… +£Ì¥…… +‡HÌ ≠˜ª…°…qˆ ª…©…÷æ˙¥…l…«……÷≈ ~……ª…÷ UÔ‡. +£Ì¥……+…‡ ª…©……WY¥…… A~…≠˜ P…i…“¥……≠˜ ©……cÛ“+ª…≠˜…‡ HÌ≠‡ UÔ‡. X‡ H‡Ì +£Ì¥……+…‡…÷≈ æ˙HÌ…≠˜…l©…HÌ ~……ª…÷ ~…i… UÔ‡. l…‡……‡ ¥…HÌ…ª… HÌ≠˜¥……©……≈ +…¥…‡ l……‡ +…‰v…‡ N…HÌ°…N… l…, ∂…‰K… i…HÌ °…N… l… l…‡©…W ª……©…… WHÌ °…N… l… HÌ≠˜“ ∂…HÌ…´…. UÔl……≈ ©……‡ ‡Úß……N…‡ l…‡…“ …HÌ…≠˜…l©…HÌ +ª…≠˜…‡X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. l…‡…‡ +`ÚHÌ…¥…¥………… °…´…l……‡ HÌ≠˜¥……©……≈ +…¥…‡ l……‡ …HÌ…≠˜…l©…HÌ +ª…≠˜…‡o…“ •…S…“ ∂…HÌ…´…."Sinice rumour is a form of group problem, solving it is also of importance to

students of social chang. Far from being pathological, rumour is an integral part of

the social process, an important aspect of the contining effort of men to cope with the

vicissitudes of life'. - Thmotsy shibutant

ª…≈qˆß…«O…≈o……‡ :Allport, G.W. and Postman, L. J. (1964) The bacic of psychology of rumour, New York,

Holt, P. 54-55

Kuppu Swamy, B. (1961) Elements of social psychology, Bombay : Asia Publishing

House.

Maccoby, Newcom, Hartle (1958) Reading in Social psychology, New York, Nenry Holt

and Co.

Peteuson, W. and Gist, N. P. (1951) Rumour and Public Opinion, American Journal of

Sociology, 57 : 1, 159-167

Sharma, R. (1980) Social Psychology, Meerut, Rajhans Prakashan Mandir.

New Webster's Dictionary of the English Language, Encyclopedia Edition, P. 840

……´…HÌ, UÔ…‡. ≠˜. (1972), £Ì…≠˜ª…“ ∂…•qˆ…‡……‡ ª……o…« ¥´…÷l~… n… HÌ…‡∂…, ß……N…-1, +©…qˆ…¥……qˆ, N…÷W≠˜…l… …÷ …¥…Ãª…`Ú“, ~…….290-91.

~…≠˜“L…, •…“.+‡. (1996), ª…©……W±…K…“ ©………‡ ¥…[……… (°…N…l…), +©…qˆ…¥……qˆ, …÷ …¥…Ãª…`Ú“ O…≈o… …©……«i… •……‡e«Ù,¥…i…“HÌ≠˜, ¥…. ª…. (1979), ª……©…… WHÌ ©………‡ ¥…[………, +©…qˆ…¥……qˆ, …÷ …¥…Ãª…`Ú“ O…≈o… …©……«i… •……‡e«Ù.

+£Ì¥…… - ©………‡ª……©…… WHÌ P… Ú…… l…≠˜“H‡Ì 153


N…÷W≠˜…l… ª……¥…«W …HÌ O…≈o……±…´…y……≠˜…‡ (2001)*

n ∏…“ +‡©…. eÙ“. ¥……P…‡±……,

…¥…fin… ©…qˆqˆ…“∂… O…≈o…~……±…, N…÷W≠˜…l… ´…÷ …¥…Ãª…`Ú“ O…≈o……±…´…, +©…qˆ…¥……qˆ.

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N…÷W≠˜…l… ª……¥…«W …HÌ O…≈o……±…´…y……≠˜…‡ (2001) 155


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REFERENCES :

1. Route, R. K.

Library Legislation in India.

2. IGNOU :

Library and socity

Library Legislation : Course Material.

3. O…≈o……±……‡HÌ, +≈HÌ-2, +‡ °…±…-2004.

ª…≈~……qˆHÌ“´… - Editorial

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INDEX-+…÷JÌ©…

1. KARMA IN VÃLLABHA VEDÃNTA 1

- by Dr. Mrs. Sunanda Y. Shastri

2. THE FORM AND THE PECULIARITIES OF THE INDIAN PHILOSOPHYACCORDING TO ACHARYA SHREE ANANDSHANKAR DHRUVA 7

- Dr. Dilip Charan

3. EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP - NATURE AND CONCEPTUALIZATION* 12- By Dr. Amrut J. Bharvad

4. STUDY OF PERSONALITY TRAITS OF ALCOHOLIC AND NON-ALCOHOLIC PERSONS - Mukesh S. Prajapati, Ashwin B. Jansari 17

5. CHALLENGES TO TEACHING OF ENGLISH IN TRIBAL AREAS 21- Dr. Jagdish S. Joshi

6. TUGHLAQ: CHAOS INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL- Dhananjay R. Betai* 26

7. PARTY SYSTEM PARTY POLITICS AND COALITIONGOVERNMENT IN INDIA - Prof. Saraman V. Zala 39

8. VOLUNTARY DISCLOSURES IN CORPORATE ANNUAL REPORTS :STYLE VERSUS CONTENT (A CASE STUDY) 45

- By Dr. H. C. Sardar

9. A RECORD ON STILL UNKNOWN MEGAFLORA FOSSILS OF KACHCHH- Solanki H. A. Patel J. M. Majethiya H.V. 2 58

10. BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM- V. H. Gandhi 67

11. INFLUENCE OF TIME ON PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZATION AND IAAPRODUCTION IN RHIZOBACTERIAL ISOLATES OF CICER ARIETINUM.

- Neelam Tank and Dr. Meenu Saraf* 71

12. ON INFLATED GENERALIZED POWER SERIES DISTRIBUTION WITHTWO PARAMETERS - Amish I. Patel 78

13. RESPONSE IN FLOWERING & YIELD OF ZINNIA ELEGANS TO FOLIARAPPLICATION OF GA&3 & MH

- Goral Jani & *Archana Mankad 84

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14. DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF SOME EDIBLE AND MEDICINALOILS AT RADIO AND LOWER MICROWAVE FREQUENCIES

- Dr. Deepti Tripathi,S. P. Bhatnagar and A. D. Vyas 90

15. +…S……™…« Ω˛ Æ˙¶…p˘∫…⁄ Æ˙ EfiÚi… S…∆n˘…Ω˛S… Æ˙™…∆- b˜…. ∫…±……‰x…“ V……‰∂…“ 95

16. i… ±…™……hh… k… ®…Â ¥…x…-∫…®…n˘…- b˜…Ï. v…®…Êxp˘ V…Ëx… 101

17. O…xl… ∫…®…“I…… -=iEfiÚπ]ı Ω˛xn˘“ EfiÚ i… "Æ˙…®…M……l……' EÚ… ∫……l…«EÚ M…÷V…Æ˙…i…“ - +x…÷¥……n˘

- b˜…Ï. x…∂…… Æ˙®……±… 105

18. ¥…∫jl…n¥… : +…‡≥L… +…‡ ¥…HÌ…ª…´……m……- ¥…ª…l…H÷Ì©……≠˜ ©…. ß…aÚ 108

19. " ∂…∂…÷~……±…¥…y…'©……≈ …∞˜~……´…‡±……‡ l…q√ˆN…÷i… +±…≈HÌ…≠˜+±…≈HÌ…≠˜∂……ªm……… ~… ≠˜°…‡K´…©……≈ - eÙ…Ë. ~……≠÷˜±… ©……≈HÌeÙ 114

20. HÌ…¥´…~…≠˜“K…… : ~……cÛª…©…“K……- eÙ…Ë. XN…fi l… ~…≈eÙ¨… 125

21. N…÷W≠˜…l…“ ª…… æ˙l´…©……≈ N…÷Æ¯©… æ˙©……N………- eÙ…Ë. HÌ“Ãl…qˆ… ∂……æ˙ 134

22. ª……‡±…≈HÌ“HÌ…±……“ +…Ão…HÌ Œªo… l…- eÙ…Ë. °…£ŸÌ±±…… ª…“. ¶…¡ß…aÚ 138

23. +£Ì¥…… - ©………‡ª……©…… WHÌ P…`Ú…… l…≠˜“H‡Ì- eÙ…Ë. + π…… W…ª……≠˜“ 146

24. N…÷W≠˜…l… ª……¥…«W …HÌ O…≈o……±…´…y……≠˜…‡ (2001)- ∏…“ +‡©…. eÙ“. ¥……P…‡±…… 154

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¥…t… VIDYA

A JOURNAL OF THE GUJARAT UNIVERSITY

Vol. I March, 2006 No. 1

CHIEF EDITOR________________________________________________

DR. PRASAD BRAHMBHATT (Gujarati)

EDITORIAL BOARD ____________________________________________

DR. A.C. BRAHMBHATT (Management)DR. K.M. KULKARNI (Geography)DR. RANJANA ARGADE (Hindi)DR. KAUSHIK RAVAL (Law)DR. ASHVIN JANSARI (Psychology)PROF. SARMAN ZALA (Politics)DR. KIRTIDA SHAH (Gujarati)PROF. SONAL PANDYA (Journalism)PROF. MALATI MEHTA (C.D.C.)

ADVISORY BOARD ____________________________________________

DR. U.C. PANDEY (Chemistry)DR. VASANT BHATT (Sanskrit)DR. HARISH S. OZA (Commerce)DR. M.V. RAO (Zoology)DR. RANJANA HARISH (English)DR. ARCHANA DHOLAKIA (Economics)DR. SAVITA GANDHI (Computer)DR. MANHAR PATEL (Statistics)

INVITED MEMBERS ___________________________________________

DR. A. V. BHANDARI (Registrar)MR. K. D. VORA (Publication Officer)MRS. VAISHALI PADHIYAR (Development Officer)MR. NARENDRA PATEL (Press Manager)MR. RAMANBHAI PATEL (Librarian)

PUBLISHED BY _______________________________________________

GUJARAT UNVIERSITY, NAVRANGPURA, AHMEDABAD-380009

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VIDYAA Journal of The Gujarat University

Issued Twice a Year (March and September)

SubscriptionRs. 100/- per annum

Rs. 50/- per issue

To contributors and othersContributors, remittances, books for review, exchanges and

correspondence regarding all matters may please be addressed to -

DR. PRASAD BRAHMBHATTChief Editor

Editorial Board ‘Vidya’Acadamic Staff College,

School of Social SciencesGujarat University

Ahmedabad-380 009 (India)Phone : 079 - 26302962

Fax : 079 - 26305010Email : [email protected]

Published by :Dr. A. V. BHANDARI , Registrar

Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380 009

Printed by :Chandrika Printery,

Mirzapur RoadAhmedabad 380 001

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VIDYAGENERAL INSTRUCTIONS TO CONTRIBUTORS

1. Manuscripts for Pulication should be addressed to The Chief Editor, EditorialBoard, `Vidya', Academic Staff College, School of Social Sciences, GujaratUniversity, Ahmedabad-380 009.

2. The Editorial Board will be the sole judge for inclusion or otherwise of an articlein the journal.

3. The journal of Gujarat University is primarily intended to publish research workby teachers and students of the Gujarat University and its affiliated collegesand recongnised institutions and post-graduate departments.

4. Contributions embodying original research, abstracts of theses accepted bythe University, learned reviews of books and review articles, extra-mural lecturesor abstracts there of will be published in Vidya'

5. Students and research fellows shall submit their contributions only throughthe heads of their departments or research guides.

6. The manuscripts and the data to be published in Vidya' should be an originaland should not have been published or submitted elsewhere for publication.

7. Manuscripts for illustrations will not be returned to the authors after publication.Articles not accepted for publication will be returned to the contributors provideda self addressed envelope with proper stamps afixed on it is enclosed with thearticle.

8. Manuscripts submitted for publication should be typed on one side of goodquality paper (approximate page size 17 X 25 cm.; Matter size 12.5 X 20 cm.)with clear margin on all sides.If the matter is selected for publication then the contributor must preferablyprovide a soft copy of the said matter on CD only with understatedspecifications : The English matter should be in Times New Roman fontshaving font size 10. The Gujarati matter should be in Gj-Krishna or any otherISM supported fonts having fonts size 12. The Hindi/Sanskrit matter should bein DV_Yogesh or any other ISM supported fonts having font size 13.

9. The title of the manuscript should be followed by the name of the author andthe address of his institutions.

10. Every contribution must be accompanied by an abstract not exceeding 100words.

11. Foot-notes, if given should be serially numbered.12. Tables, figures, line drawings or photographs should be given separately. Their

places of insertion on the paper should be indicated in the margin of themanuscript. Diagrams should be drawn in Indian ink on white drawing paper(preferably Bristol Bristol Board). Figures, Drawings and letterings should beapproximately twice the printed size. Photographic prints should be clear andon glossy paper.

13. References to literature should be arranged in alphabetical order in a separatelist at the end of the article. A specimen for quoting a reference is given below.Sen, P. K. (1945). On the flowering on stock stem of mango grafts at nurserystage. Indian J. Hort., 3,92.

14. An article in Gujarati should as far as possible be accompanied by a summaryin English not exceeding 100 words.

15. Contributors will be given one copy of the issue free of charge.

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