BaillièreJURURAWAT KAMUS

UNTUK JURURAWAT DAN PEKERJA PENJAGAAN KESIHATAN

EDITED BY

Barbara F. WellerBA MSc RGN RSCN RNT

Independent Nurse Consultant; formerly Editor,INFANT (Journal for Neonatal and Paediatric HealthcareProfessionals); Nursing Officer, Department of Health andChief Nursing Adviser, British Red Cross Society, UK

FOREWORD BY

Robert J. PrattCBE BA MSc RN RNT DN(Lond) FRCNEmeritus Professor of Nursing, Richard Wells Research Centre,College of Nursing, Midwifery and Healthcare, University of WestLondon, London, UK

Edinburgh London New York Oxford Philadelphia St Louis Sydney Toronto 2014

Edisi Malaysia Kedua

Elsevier (Singapore) Pte Ltd3 Killiney Road, 08-01 Winsland House 1239519 Singapore

Baillière’s Nurses’ Dictionary, 26e© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.First published in 1912© Elsevier Ltd, 200224th edition 2005 (main and international)25th edition 2009 (main and international)ISBN: 978-0-7020-5328-3

Kamus Jururawat Baillière, 2nd MalaysianCopyright © 2016 Elsevier Singapore Pte Ltd.Kamus Jururawat Baillière, edisi Malaysia keduaHak cipta © 2016 Elsevier Singapore Pte Ltd.ISBN: 978-981-4570-37-4

This adapted translation of Baillière’s Nurses’ Dictionary, 26e, by Barbara F. Weller, was undertaken by Elsevier Singapore and is published by arrangement with Elsevier Ltd.Terjemahan adaptasi Baillière’s Nurses’ Dictionary, 26e, oleh Barbara F. Weller, dilakukan oleh Elsevier Singapore dan diterbitkan atas persetujuan oleh Elsevier Ltd.

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Perhatian

Baik Penerbit maupun Editor tidak bertanggung jawab atas segala kerugian atau cedera dan/atau kerosakan pada seseorang atau harta benda yang terjadi akibat atau berkaitan dengan penggunaan buku ini. Tanggung jawab berada di tangan doktor yang menangani pesakit, berdasarkan keahlian dan pengetahuan masing-masing, untuk menentukan rawatan terbaik dan cara penerapan pada pesakit.

Manajer Penerbitan: Hooi Ping CheeEditor Pengembangan: Suthichana Tharmapalan

Dicetak di Malaysia

Contents

Contributors iv

Reviewers vii

Foreword ix

Preface xi

Acknowledgements xii

Style Guide – English and Bahasa Malaysia xiii

Kamus – Bahasa Malaysia 1

Dictionary – English 469

Appendices 865 1 Nutrition 867 2 Resuscitation 876 3 First Aid 882 4 Medicines and their Control 886 5 The Legal and Professional Framework of Nursing 889 6 Standards of Conduct, Performance and Ethics 892 7 Common Abbreviations 894 8 Common Prefixes, Suffixes and Roots 897 9 Units of Measurement and Tables of Normal Values 904 10 Immunization and Vaccinations 907 11 Prevention and Control of Infection 913 12 Useful Addresses 918

Contributors

2nd Malaysian edition

Appendix 1: Poh Bee Koon, BSC (HONS), PHDProfessor, Nutritional Sciences ProgrammeFaculty of Health SciencesUniversiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia

Appendix 2 & 3:Fong Ka Ling, CCN, BNSc (Hons), MEdMgt, RNSenior Lecturer, Department of NursingFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), Malaysia

Appendix 4:Thomas Paraidathathu, BPharm, MS, PhDProfessor, School of PharmacyTaylor’s University, Malaysia

Appendix 5 & 6:Dato’ Hjh. Fathilah Hj. Abd. Wahab, BSC NSG, SC(HONS), RN, MWFormer Director of Nursing, Nursing DivisionMOH, Putrajaya

Leela Chellamuthu, MSC NSG SC, BSC(HONS) NSG ADMIN, RN, MW, PHNFormer Principle Assistant Director of Nursing, Nursing DivisionMOH, Putrajaya

Appendix 7 & 11:Khatijah Abdullah @ Lim Geok Khim, BSC NSG, MED, PhDAssociate Professor and Head, Department of Nursing SciencesFaculty of Medicine,University Malaya, Malaysia

Appendix 10:Calvin Leong, MMedEdSenior Lecturer, Centre of Professional EducationMAHSA University, Malaysia

ContributorsOriginal 26th edition

Nicola Bramley BSc(Hons) DipDiet RDDiabetes Specialist Dietitian, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust,Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK

Joanne Boyle MSc RDSpecialist Dietitian, Obesity Management, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Imperial College NHS Trust, St Mary’s Hospital, London, UK

Susan Clements BSc TechIOSH VMSMSafety Practitioner and Trainer, Clements Training, Cambridge, UK

Jan Dewing BSc MSc MN PhD DipNurs DipNursEd RN RNTProfessor of Person-Centred Research and Practice Development; East Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, East Sussex, and Canterbury Christchurch University, Kent, UK; Visiting Professor University of Ulster; Visiting Professor University of Wollongong, NSW Australia

John Driscoll BSc(Hons) DPSN CertEd(FE) RGN RMNSupervision and CPD Consultant, Norfolk, UK

Chris Evans BSc MA MRPharmS DMSChief Pharmacist, St George’s Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK

Jonathan Green LLB(Hons)Solicitor and Head of In-house Fitness to Practise, General Dental Council, London, UK

Sandra HornRetired Administrative Assistant, Learning and Teaching Services,University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK

Caroline King BSc SRDSpecialist Neonatal and Paediatric Dietitian, Department of Dietetics, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK

Brendan McCormack BSc(Hons) DPhil(Oxon) PGCEA RMNRGN FEANSProfessor of Nursing Research, Director of the Institute of Nursing and Health Research and Head of the Person-Centred Practice Research Centre, Institute of Nursing and Health Research, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland

CONTRIBUTORS vi

Carol Pellowe EdD BA(Hons) MA(Ed) RN RNTSenior Lecturer, Florence Nightingale School of Nursing & Midwifery, King’s College London, UK

Robert J. Pratt CBE BA MSc RN RNT DN(Lond) FRCNEmeritus Professor of Nursing, Richard Wells Research Centre, College of Nursing, Midwifery and Healthcare, University of West London, London, UK

Judy Rivett OHNCert PGDip (Health & Safety) SRNIndependent Consultant, Judy Rivett & Associates, Norfolk, UK

Kara Spiteri BMedSc(Hons) BPharm MGPhC MRPharmSPrincipal Pharmacist, St George’s Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK

Liesl Wandrag BSc RDNIHR Clinical Doctoral Research Fellow and Critical Care Research Dietitian, Department of Investigative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK

Barbara F. Weller BA MSc RGN RSCN RNTIndependent Nurse Consultant; formerly Editor, Infant (Journal for Neonatal and Paediatric Healthcare Professionals) and Nursing Officer, Department of Health and Chief Nursing Adviser, British Red Cross Society, UK

Elizabeth Whittaker RGN ALS EPLS GICInstructor, Resuscitation Officer, Resuscitation Services, CambridgeUniversity Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK

Reviewers

2nd Malaysian edition

Rasnah Abdul Rahman, MN (Midwifery), BNSc (Hons), Dip in Adv Nsg Edu, SCM, SRNLecturer, Department of Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Medicine University Malaya, Malaysia

Chong Mei Chan, SRN, SCM, BNSc(Hons), MS(Comm Health) Senior Lecturer, Department of Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Medicine University Malaya, Malaysia

Sarojini Kandasamy, BScNsg, MSc Director of Nursing Sharurah Armed Forces Hospital, Saudi Arabia

Surindar Kaur, SRN, SCM, Dip in Adv Nursing (Teaching) BNSc, MN (Midwifery) Lecturer, Department of Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Medicine University Malaya, Malaysia

Datin Devagey Raru, RN, SCM, BScNsg(Hons)(UK), Dip Psy(UKM), Cert Teaching(UM), M Counseling(UM) Dean, School of Nursing Segi University College, Malaysia

1st Malaysian edition

Rasnah Abdul RahmanSulaigah BaputtyChong Mei ChanHamidah HassanKausalah KanagasabaiSurindar KaurLeong Sui HanSamsiah MatDatin Devagey RaruTeow Gek KeeThan Soo NyetDato’ Kamaruzaman Wan Su

Foreword

Many professions and disciplines work together in the National Health Service (NHS) and the independent health care sector to ensure the provision of a comprehensive range of high-quality services. Nurses, as the largest group of health care professionals, deliver 80% of health care in the NHS. They have always been at the sharp edge of caring and their practice and presence makes the defining difference in the achievement of positive patient outcomes. Never has it been more exciting to be a nurse; never has it been more challenging.

All over the world, nursing continues to evolve within a matrix of radical changes in the organization and delivery of health care, shifting health priorities, new evidence for best practice, emerging technologies and increasing specialisms in nursing.

Although many forces drive change, one of the most important in the United Kingdom (UK) and many other European countries is an ever-expanding cultural and ethnic diversity in today’s pluralistic societies. Reflective of our cosmopolitan communities, those who now access health services have a wide range of different expectations and needs, and nurses have to be responsive to the complexities involved in caring for people from diverse cultural backgrounds.

This diversity is also mirrored in the nurses, midwives, doctors and other health care workers from nations throughout the world who now work in the NHS. Professional nursing has always been an international qualification but now more than ever, nurses and midwives from the member states of the European Union (EU) are expanding their horizons and professional experience by periods of practice in other EU countries.

In addition, vast numbers of students from many different cultures and countries are currently studying in UK universities for academic and practice qualifications in nursing and midwifery and for vocational qualifications in health care. As an essential component of their educational programme, they will undertake periods of supervised clinical practice in NHS hospitals and in primary and community care settings.

This inevitable increasing cultural and ethnic diversity in society and in health care environments is both challenging and enriching. Cultural awareness provides unique opportunities for all of us to learn from each other and to grow and develop, both professionally and as individuals. In nursing, it has increased our sensitivity towards others, taught us greater tolerance, helped us to listen better and to become more flexible, patient and gentle with all who require care. Embracing and celebrating diversity, and capitalizing on the valuable opportunities it presents, is a hallmark of true professional maturity.

To ensure that we develop effective nursing care strategies that are culturally appropriate and responsive to the different needs of different patients from diverse backgrounds, nurses and other health care professionals need to be efficient communicators. We need to understand our patients and it is equally important that they understand us. We also need to be absolutely clear in our communications with our colleagues. As nurses coordinate the care of patients

and liaise with various health services, they interact with a wide range of health care professionals and others who provide support services. Communication effectiveness, a core component of clinical governance, is essential in ensuring safe quality care.

One of the potential barriers to communication effectiveness is the language we use to communicate with each other and with our patients. In the scientific disciplines of medicine and nursing, quite specialized words and terminology have necessarily developed to describe observations, perceptions, activities, structures, diseases, events and outcomes. This is our scientific vocabulary and we use this to enhance the precision and clarity of our professional communications. It goes without saying that we need to understand the exact meaning of the words we use so that we communicate accurately with each other and with other health care disciplines. Equally importantly, we also need to have this comprehensive appreciation of our scientific vocabulary so that we can correctly interpret information for our clients and patients in culturally meaningful ways. For many of our patients, colleagues and students, English will not be their first language yet it is the language we use to communicate with each other. This makes it even more imperative that we are careful and clear in using professional language.

In a changing world, new words and terms evolve, meanings for old words often change as the context in which they are used changes and new concepts, phenomena, technology and resources need to be described. In any profession, it can be a daunting task to keep abreast of our changing scientific vocabulary and yet it is absolutely essential that we do if we are to continue to use communications effectively to support and provide safe, competent and culturally appropriate care for our clients and patients. Having access to and regularly using a comprehensive, good-quality and up-to-date dictionary of nursing and nursing-related scientific terms is one of the best ways to ensure that we understand and are correctly using our professional language.

Like many of my colleagues all over the world, I have relied upon Baillière’s Nurses’ Dictionary throughout my career in nursing. It has helped me to communicate well and to use professional language appropriately and with confidence. I used earlier editions of this dictionary as a student and I continue to use the latest edition as one of the key references in my work today. Barbara Weller is one of the most experienced and skilled nursing editors in the UK and once again she has developed and delivered to us a new edition of this greatly respected and well used resource. I congratulate her, her colleagues at Elsevier and everyone who has contributed to this excellent dictionary. I highly commend it to all student and qualified nurses and midwives and to others working in the health services.

Robert J. Pratt

FOREWORD x

Preface

It is obvious by its size that this dictionary is not a vast tome, but neverthelessit can be enormously helpful in our professional roles because it has, over the years, been regularly updated and is now in its 26th edition. The success of the dictionary, printed in several languages, speaks for itself. Communication and language are vital attributes for our survival and to our way of life. But words do change as our society changes, reflecting the new developments occurring around us. Birth, life and death do not exist in a vacuum and we all, as members of the health and care services, need to be sensitive and informed about the words we use daily in our work with colleagues to exchange and share information, as well as discuss ideas and detail.

But there is also another level of communication that requires something else, which we call empathic communication, when we share news of developments while talking to our patients/clients/residents/relatives and others for whom we are providing care and support. Using words appropriate to the context of the person with whom you are sharing your communication without the use of jargon, or as far as possible avoiding the use of medical terminology, will help to ensure that they not only receive the message, but that they also understand the content and the context. This you do by sharing the right words with compassion and sensitivity. It is not always easy and you may have to try again using more words.

I am grateful to Professor Robert Pratt for his permission to reuse his generous Foreword and for his continuous interest, support and friendship which have made a complex task much easier. Mairi McCubbin, Commissioning Editor, has led the way in ensuring that this new edition moves smoothly through the whole complex process from manuscript to the published book ready for our readers. As ever, behind this new edition of the dictionary has been a team of talented contributors. I am most grateful to them for their professional expertise and contributions. The support and enthusiasm of the Elsevier publishing team has made my job run smoothly and has helped me to meet the deadline set for publication. Finally, I should like to acknowledge the support of my husband David R. Fisher who despite his illness has continued to ask about ‘the dictionary’.

Dereham, Norfolk 2013 Barbara F. Weller

AcknowledgementsThe figures and tables below have been reproduced or adapted with permission from the following publications:

Bale S, Jones V, 1997, Wound Care Nursing: A Patient-Centred Approach, Baillière Tindall, London; drawing of varicose vein

Brooker C, Waugh A, 2007, Foundations of Nursing Practice: Fundamentals of Holistic Care, Mosby; Figure 13.3A

Hatchett R, Thompson DR, 2001, Cardiac Nursing, Churchill Livingstone; Figure 12.6

Hockenberry MJ, Wilson D, Winkelstein ML et al, 2003, Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Children, 7th edn, Mosby, St Louis; Lund & Browder burn chart for child

Jennett S, 2008, Dictionary of Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine, Churchill Livingstone; figures: pages 95 and 316

National Patient Safety Agency – T/09. Available at: http://www.npsa.nhs.uk/cleanyourhands (accessed 21 August 2013). Adapted from World Health Organization Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care

Nicol M, Bavin C, Cronin P et al, 2008, Essential Nursing Skills, 3rd edn, Mosby Elsevier, Edinburgh; Figure 12.10

Nicol M, Bavin C, Cronin P et al, 2012, Essential Nursing Skills, 4th edn, Mosby Elsevier, Edinburgh; Figures 1.1, 2.15A and 2.15B

Porter S, 2005, Dictionary of Physiotherapy, Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann; Figures: pages 67 and 166

Symonds E M, Symonds I M, 1997, Essential Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 3rd edn, Churchill Livingstone; Figure 6.15

Waugh A, Grant A, 2001, Ross and Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness, 9th edn, Churchill Livingstone; Figures 3.1, 3.37, 4.6, 4.9, 7.16, 7.27, 8.13, 12.36, 16.3, 16.15, 19.3, 19.10

Wilson J, 2001, Infection Control in Clinical Practice, 2nd edn, Baillière Tindall; Figure 1.2

Winson N V, McDonald S, 2005, Illustrated Dictionary of Midwifery, Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann; table: page 28

The NHS Confederation is thanked for permission to use extracts from their publication The NHS in England 03/04.

Style Guide

SubentriesThe term being sought may be a main entry or a subentry under the main entry. In subentries, the main entry is represented by its initial letter if it is singular, and by the addition of an apostrophe and s if it is plural. Subentries are listed alphabetically under the main entry. For example:

abdomen …Acute a ….Pendulous a ….Scaphoid (navicular) a ….

Cross-referencingThroughout the dictionary, cross-references are given within the text as small capitals. For example:

fibrin an insoluble protein that is essential to clotting of blood, formed from fibrinogen by action of thrombin.

There are also situations where it is simply more convenient to define the word in a different location, to which the reader is then referred.

TranslationsWhere a translation of other foreign term occurs, it is indicated in italic type immediately after the abbreviation for the language (which is in square brackets). For example:

acus [L.] a needle

Abbreviations Used in this Dictionaryb. born L. LatinFr. French pl. pluralGer. German sing. singular

Drug NamesWhere possible, only generic names are used; however, some proprietary drug names and names for preparations are included, with information (and sometimes cross-references) about the generic drug(s) involved. Inclusion of a drug in the dictionary does not imply endorsement.

Panduan Gaya

SubentriIstilah yang dicari mungkin adalah suatu entri utama atau suatu subentri di bawah entri utama. Dalam subentri, entri utamanya digambarkan dengan huruf awalnya jika ia mufrad (singular), dan dengan tambahan satu koma atas (‘) dan s jika ia jamak (plural). Subentri disenaraikan mengikut abjad di bawah entri utama. Contohnya:

abdomen …Acute a ….Pendulous a ….Scaphoid (navicular) a ….

Rujukan silangDi seluruh kamus ini, rujukan silang diberikan dalam teks berbentuk huruf besar kecil. Contohnya:

fibrin suatu protein tak larut yang penting untuk pembekuan darah, dibentuk daripada fibrinogen oleh tindakan trombin.

Terdapat juga keadaan di mana adalah lebih mudah untuk definisi istilah itu diberikan di lokasi lain, dan pembaca kemudiannya dirujukkan kepada lokasi itu.

TerjemahanIstilah perubatan yang diterjemahkan dimasukkan ke dalam tanda kurung [ ] bersebelahan istilah perubatan asal dalam bahasa Inggeris.

Di mana istilah asing lain diterjemahkan, ia ditulis dalam huruf condong selepas singkatan dalam bahasa asing itu (yang dimasukkan ke dalam tanda kurung siku). Contohnya:

acus [L.] a needle

Singkatan yang digunakan dalam kamus inib. dilahirkan Ger. JermanL. Latin pl. jamak (plural)Fr. Perancis sing. mufrad (singular)

Nama ubatDi mana boleh, hanya nama generik sahaja digunakan; bagaimanapun, sesetengah nama ubat proprietari dan nama bagi sediaan dimasukkan, dengan maklumat (dan kadang kala dengan rujukan silang) mengenai ubat generik itu. Memasukkan mana-mana ubat ke dalam kamus ini tidak menandakan ubat itu disokong.