Kamadakiya Nitisara - Shakuntala Gawde · 2019. 11. 24. · Historical overview •No systematic...
Transcript of Kamadakiya Nitisara - Shakuntala Gawde · 2019. 11. 24. · Historical overview •No systematic...
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Kamadakiya Nitisara
Dr. Shakuntala Gawde Assistant Professor
Department of Sanskrit University of Mumbai
www.shakuntalagawde.com
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Historical overview
• No systematic literature on science of polity
before c.500 BCE
• References in Vedic literature
• Ramayana, Mahabharata and Arthashastra
• Many predecessors of Kautilya
• Smriti treatises of Manu, Vishnu and Yajnavalkya
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Ancient Indian Polity
• Rajadharma
• Rajyashastra
• Dandaniti
• Nitishastra
• Arthashastra
Dharmashastra
Smritis
Itihasa
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Nitishastra
• Nitishastra- ni- to lead
• Science of proper guidance or direction
• Science of wisdom (Bhratrhari’s Nitishatakam)
• Science of governance
To secure all around progress and prosperity of society
Four-fold development of society
(dharma, artha, kama and moksha)
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Dandaniti
• Brahma – 100,000 sections
• Shiva- first learner
• Vishalaksha- 10000 sections
• Indra- abridged in 5000 sections (Bahudantin)
• Brhaspati- 3000 sections
• Ushanas- 1000 sections
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Works on Niti
• Shukra- Nitisara
• Lakshmidhara (1150 AD) -Nitikalpataru
• Annambhata (1200 AD) - Nitichandrika
• Chandeshvara (1350 AD) - Nitiratnakara
• Nilakantha (1600 AD)- Nitimayukha
• Mitramishra (1625 AD)- Nitiprakash
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Kamandakiya Nitisara
• Metrical summary of KA
• Anushutubh metre
• Great importance to king and his kingdom
• Civil, criminal and personal laws are left out
• Science of Polity : Most important branch of Arthashastra
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Timeline
• T. Ganapati Shastri- Before 7 CE
(Bhavabuhti -give name Kamandaki as Female ascetic in
Malatimadhavawell conversant in diplomacy)
• Winternitz- not before 700- 750 CE
• Many scholars- 400 CE (during Gupta period)
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Author
• Kamandaka has not given much information about himself
• Pupil of Kautilya
• Bhavabhuti portrays Kamandaki as diplomat lady storyline
• T. Ganapati Shastri -Kamandaka or Kamandaki as the was author
• A. Agarwal – Minister Shikharswamin of Cahndragupta
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Structure and style
• 19 sargas divided into 36 chapters
• Commentary named Jayamangala written by Shankararya,
Upadhyayanirapeksha
• Very popular text in the island Bali
• Concise rules and flashing proverbs, maxims, concise formulae
• Numerous political similes and metaphors
• Many illustrations and imageries
• Poetic way to explore science of polity
• Kamandaka is freely quoted in Hitopadesha
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Synopsis of the work
• King, his training, duties
• Seven constituents of kingdom
• Duties of master and subordinates
• Modes of warfare
• Arrangement of troops
• Embassies and Spies
• Vyasanas and remedies
• Military expedition
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Overall content of 19 sargas
1. Indiriyajaya -training of king
2. Vidyavibhaga-knowledge of the king
3. Determination of duties
4. Saptanga
5. Kantakashodhanam- searching thorns of the government
6. Protection of Self and kings
7. Construction and characteristics of a mandala
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8. Dissertation on peace 9. Dissertation on counsels 10. War 11. Counsels with his minister for a good government 12. Embassies and spies 13. Vyasanas and remedies 14. Seven kind of vyasanas 15.Military expedition 16. System of encamping 17.Employing various expedients 18.Modes of warfare 19.Arrangement of troops
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Benedictory stanzas
• Eulogy of king and Preceptor
• Salutation to Mahipati by whose influence people follow the right path
यस्य प्रभावाद् भुवनं शाश्वते पथथ थतष्ठथत ।
देव: स जयथत श्रीमान् दण्डधारो महीपथत : ॥
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Salutations to Vishnugupta
• Detached life of Chanakya
• जातवेदा इव अथचिष्मान् - Effulgent like fire
• शक्तिधर – uprooted the entire mountain of Nanda
dynasty, brought earth under the control of
Chandragupta
• नीथतशास्त्रामृतम्- he gave the nectar of Nitishastra
from the ocean of Arthashastra
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Purpose of treatise
दशिनात् तस्य सुदृशो थवद्यानां पारदृश्वन: । राजथवद्याथप्रयतया सथिप्तग्रन्थमथिवत् ।
• Kamandaka explores Rajavidya in nutshell • Short and significant lessons to the kings • Considers views of experts in this science
अनुबन्धचतुष्टयम् –
विषय, अवधकारी, प्रयोजन, संबन्ध
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Need of King
• राजाऽस्य जगतो हेतुवृिध्देवृिध्दाथभसम्मत: । KN 1.9
King is the cause of growth and prosperity
• No king / no worthy king-
• Subjects will be directionless like a boat tossed in ocean without leader
• King is the support of people like rain
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Kingdom
स्वाम्यमात्यश्च राष्ट्र ं च दुगं कोशो बलं सुहृत् ।
एतािदुच्यते राजं्य सत्त्वबुध्ददव्यपाश्रयम् ॥
King, minister, kingdom, castle, treasury, army, allies are known to form the seven constituents of
government
सप्ताङ्गस्यास्य लाभाय यतेत सततोक्तित: ।
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Leadership mantras of
Kamandaka
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What makes a leader ?
• न्यायप्रवृत्तो नृपथत:
Discharging duties according to the rules of polity
• थिवगेणोपसन्धते
Acquires three purusharthas for self and subjects
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Training
• नयथवक्रमसंपन्न:
• Naya- knowledge of the science of polity
• Vikrama- valour
नयस्य थवनयो मूलं थवनय: शास्त्रथनश्चय: ।
• Vinaya- winning over sense
• Vinaya shastrashri
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Fourfold duties
न्यायेनाजिनमथिस्य रक्षणं वधिनं तथा।
सत्पािप्रथतपथत्तश्च राजवृतं्त चतुथविधम् ॥१.२०
• Earn
• Protect
• Increase
• Give to worthy
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आत्मसंपत् 19 QUALITIES OF A LEADER
Self development is important part of training which leads to prosperity
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शासं्त्र प्रज्ञा धृथतर्द्ािकं्ष्य प्रागल्भ्यं धारथयषु्णता ।
उत्साहो वाक्तिता दार्ढ्िमापत्क्लेशसथहषु्णता ॥१.२३
1. Knowledge 2. Intellectual capacity 3. Strength 4. Alertness 5. Maturity 6. Forbearance 7. Vigour 8. Communication skills 9. Firmness 10. tolerance
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प्रभाव शुथचता मैिी त्याग: सतं्य कृतज्ञता । कुलं शीलं दमशे्चथत गुणा: सम्पथत्तहेतव: ॥
11. Power of mastering 12. Purity 13. Friendliness 14. Abandonment 15. Truth 16. Gratitude 17. Race 18. Personality 19. control
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Vinaya
• आत्मानं प्रथमं राजा थवनयेनोपपादयेत् ।
Training of Self
Ministers
Subordinates
Sons
Subjects
• Self-growth growth of all
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Indriyajaya
प्रकीणे थवषयारणे्य धावनं्त थवप्रमाथथनम् ।
ज्ञानाङ्कुशेन कुवीत वश्यथमक्तियदक्तन्तनम् ॥
Sense organs like elephants run in the forest of objects. One should control senses similar to
elephant with the goad of knowledge.
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Lead your senses
• Senses- elephant
• Objects- vast forest
• Goad- knowledge
• You become a leader of your senses
• Don’t allow your senses to lead you
एकस्याथप न य: शिो मनस: सथन्नबहिणे ।
मही ंसागरपयिन्तां कथं नु स थवजेष्यते ॥
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Uncontrolled sensesevil
• करीव नृपथतग्रिहम् ।
• King falls into danger • सज्जमानो ह्यकायेषु थवषयान्धीकृतेक्षण: ।
King becomes blind to see his own goals आवहतु्यग्रभयदां स्वयमेवापदं नृप: ।
• King invites terrible calamities
Small / short term attractions can
harm / destroy the long term goal
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Illustrations
• Shabda, Sparsha, Rupa, Rasa, Gandha each of them can bring evil
• Deer (गीतलोभेन मृगो मृगयते िधम्) • Elephant (कररणीसदृशसंलोभाद्) • Insects (दीपवशखाविलोवभतलोचन: ) • Fish (लोहमास्वादयवत मृत्यिे) • Honey bee (गन्धलुब्धो मधुकरो)
Mighty people get trapped due to single weakness
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Six enemies
काम क्रोधोस्तथा लोभो हषो मानो मदस्तथा ।
षड्वगिमुतृ्सजेदेनं तक्तमंस्त्यिे सुखी नृप: ॥
• काम- desire-root of all calamities • क्रोध- anger leads to all evils • लोभ- greedy to acquire • हषष- elevated state of happiness • मान- ego
• मद- arrogance
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Knowledge
• आन्रीथक्षकी ंियी ंवाताां दण्डनीथतं च पाथथिव: ।
Anvikshiki- science of logic, philosophy
Three Vedas
Science of Polity
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शास्त्राय गुरूसंयोग: शासं्त्र विनयिृददये ।
विद्याविनीतो नृपवतनष कृच्छ्र ेष्विसीदवत ।
Shastras- experienced preceptor Training - vinay
no downfall in calamities
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BEHAVIOUR MANAGEMENT
आचारव्यवस्थापनम्
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Promoter of discipline
दण्डाभावे पररधं्वसी मात्स्यो न्याय प्रवतिते । २.४०
• दणं्ड दण्डीव भूतेषु धारयन् धरणीसमवृथत्त: ।
• Like Yama- equal to enemy as well as friend
• Like earth- impartial, without love and hatred • युिदण्ड: प्रशस्यते । • Severe punishments- frighten people • Lenient actions- nobody fears
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Fivefold vow
वाक् सुनृता दया दानं दीनोपगतरक्षणम् ।
इथत सङ्ग: सतां साधु थहत सतु्परुषव्रतम् ॥
• Truthful speech • Compassion • Charity • Protection of poor • Company of good people • सुधाथलप्त इव श्रीमान् प्रसादश्चिरक्तिथभ: |
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Company of wicked – Desert burning with heat (ग्रीष्मसूयांशुसन्तप्तमरुस्थलम्)
– िरमाशीविषै: सङ्गम् –
Better to get bitten by venomous serpent
Serpents bite once, wicked at each point
– विवजहं्व िदनं धते्त दुजषनपन्नग: ।
Wicked poison through speech, like serpent omits poison
through two tongue
– सुजनाय यथाञ्जवल: तत: साधुतर: कायष: ।
Humble and sweet behaviour with wicked
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Sweet tongue
• भावयेत् परमां मैिी ंथवसृजेल्लौथककी ंथगरम् । Talking very sweet to attract the hearts of people and having friendly attitude
• थनतं्य मनोपहाररण्या वाचा प्रह्लादयेज्जनम्।
Sweet words to please people • उदे्वजनीयो भवथत कू्ररवागथिदोऽथप सन् । People get hurt with cruel words though they are paid
• पीथडतोऽथप थह मेधावी न तां वाचमुदीरयेत् ।
One should not employ cruel words even if troubled
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Avoid cruel words
• शस्त्राणीि िचांवस- evil words cut the people very quick
वप्रयमेिावभधातवं्य सतु्स वनतं्य विषतु्स च।
वशखीि केकामधुर: वप्रयिाक् कस्य न वप्रय: ॥
• Sweet behaviour with good as well as wicked people
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Performance of duties
अथनन्दा परकृते्यषु स्वधमिपररपालनम्
कृपणेषु दयालुतं्व सविि मधुरा थगर: ॥
• Not criticizing others’ deeds
• Performing own duties
• Compassion on distressed
• Speaking sweet
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Four types of friends
थमिं जे्ञयं चतुथविधम् । (IV.75.76)
• Natural by birth
• Relationship (marriage etc)
• Hereditary
• One who has saved from danger
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Protection of subjects
आयुिकेयश्चोरेय: परेयो राजवल्लभात् ।
पृथथवीपथतलोभाच्च प्रजानां पञ्चधा भयम् ॥
• Five fold source of apprehension king should remove (V.82,83)
• The thieves
• Enemies of the land
• King’s favourites
• Greediness of the monarch
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Protection of subjects
• Give and take (V.84,85)
• Cows are tended and nourished as well as milked
• यथा गौ: पाल्यते काले दुह्यते च तथा प्रजा ।
• वसच्यते चीयते चैि लता पुष्पप्रदा यथा ॥ (५.८३)
• Florist tends and sprinkles water on plants and takes flowers
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Action against injustice
अस्रावयेदुपथचतान् साधु दुष्टव्रणाथनव
• Monarch should bleed freely his subordinates swelling with unlawful wealth like a surgeon bleeding a swelling abscess. (V.85)
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Creating trust
थवश्वसयेदथवश्वसं्त थवश्वसं्त नाथतथवश्वसेत् ।
• A king should create confidence in those who have no trust in him
`
• Should no place unusual confidence on those who are already in his confidence (V.90)
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प्रकृथतसम्पत्
Saptanga-
seven constituents of government
स्वाम्यत्यश्च राष्टर ं च दुगां कोशो बलं सुहृत् ।
परस्परोपकारीदं सप्ताङं्ग राज्यमुच्यते ॥
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Seven limbs
Government
King
Minister
Kingdom
Castle Treasury
Army
Allies
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Seven limbs
• परस्परोपकारीदं सप्ताङं्ग राज्यम् ।
• Even if one limb gets harmed, entire functioning is harmed
• First train yourself and then focus on other limbs
• Treasury and army are most important according to Kamandaka
• They should be taken forward by able ministers
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Subordinates
• Retinue equipped with different good qualities
• A king with wicked counsel is seldom approached
• Even if king is not good, people approach due to good counsel
• न दुष्ट्पररिारसु्त व्यालाक्रान्त इि दु्रम: ।
• Wicked counsellors prohibit the access of good to the king and exhaust king’s treasury
• तस्मातु्ससवचिो भिेत् ।
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Minister
• Noble lineage and character
• Great physical strength
• Eloquent in speech
• Far-sighted
• Energetic
• Ready witted
• Steady
• Faithful
• Patience • cheerfulness • Good health • Accuracy of memory • Exclusive devotion to
the empire • Unerring judgment • Firmness • Observance of secrecy
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Appointments (V.75)
• People who have theoretical and practical knowledge
• Honesty is tested
• energetic
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Ministers – friends and Guru
• नृपस्य ते वह सुहृदस्त एि गुरिो मता: ।
• True friends and guides
• King should be advised in right manner
• Give repeated warnings by minister when he errs.
• Giving proper direction when king is blind due to anger, proud and arrogance
• King may fall into the trap of enemy if not rightly advised
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Kingdom
भूगुणैविध्दते राष्टर ं तद्वृक्तध्दनृिपवृध्दये ।
• Fertility of the soil
• Flourishing condition of the kingdom
• Country where living is cheap, fertile soil, situated at the foot of the mountain,
equipped with artisans, traders etc
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Fort
जलवद् धान्यधनवद् दुगां कालसहं महत् ।
• King should settle in fort which has an extensive area, strengthened with highest and massive walls, sheltered by mighty mountains, forests and deserts
• Well stuffed with provisions of money and abundant supply of water
• King without castle is unsteady like patches of cloud before a strong wind
• दुगषहीनो नरपवतिाषताभ्रियिै: सम: ।
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Four types of Durgas
औदकं पावितं वाक्षिमररणं तथा ।
• जलदुगष, पिषतदुगष, िनदुगष, मरुदुगष
• Fort should be equipped with water, weapons, implements of war and soldiers, numerous defences
• Country having communications both by land and by water and furnished with castles is worthy to live for a king
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Treasury
बहवादानोऽल्पथन:स्राव:
• Great source of income and less outgoing
• Full of desirable things, precious jewels
• Earned though lawful means
• Capable of bearing big calamities
• Usage is for the sake of dharma and nourishing servants
• धमषहेतोस्तथाथाषय भृत्यानां भरणाय च ।
• आपदथं च संरक्ष्य: कोश: कोशिता सदा ॥
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Army
नानाप्रहरणपेतो नानायुध्दथवशारद: ।
• Obedient from the time of ancestors
• United
• Well paid, strong with power and skills
• Don’t get tired by travel etc
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Allies
आदौ तन्व्व्यो बृहन्मध्या सतां मैत्र्य: सररत्समा: । (shallow in the beginning, deep in the middle and
widening at each step) • त्याग – not greedy
• थवज्ञान - knowledgeable
• सत्त्व- steady in prosperity and adversity
• महापक्षम्-great following
• थप्रयंवद: - sweet spoken
• आयथतक्षम: - unchanging in coming times • अदे्वष्यम् – cannot be hated
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Three ways --- three fruits
विविधो वमिसंग्रह: ।
• Cordial welcome even from a distance
• Using agreeable words
• Warm hospitality
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Who is enemy ?
• Pursuance of one and the same object is common (VIII.14)
• Sahaja – born in same family
• Krtrima- one who is antagonistic or incites antagonists
• Prakrta- immediate neighbour
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Vijigishu- aspires to win
सम्पन्नसु्त प्रकृथतथभमिहोत्साह: कृतश्रम: ।
जेतुमीषणशीलश्च थवथजगीषुररथत मृत: ॥
Monarch aspires to expand his territory, equipped with seven constituents, endowed with great energy and longs to obtain victory over others (VIII.6)
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Vyasanans
व्यस्यत्यधो वा व्रजथत तमात् तत् पररवजियेत् ।
• Defects in the Prakrti which are responsible for downfall
• Five types of vyasanas caused by destiny
• Fire, floods, famine, diseases and sudden occurences
• Rest are manmade
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Vyasanas
• King
िाग्दण्डयोश्च पारुष्यमथषदूषणमेि च
पानं स्त्री मृगया द्यूतं व्यसनावन महीपते :॥
• Excessive harshness in the words spoken
• Punishments given
• Defect in the administration of finance
• Excessive love for hunting, gambling etc
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Vyasanas- Ministers
• आलसं्य स्तब्धता दपष: प्रमादो िैरकाररता ।
• All vyasanas of king are included
• Sluggishness
• Inactivity
• Arrogance
• Erring habits
• Attitude of taking enmities
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Vyasanas -kingdom
अथतवृथष्टरनावृथष्टमूिषका: शलभादय: ।
असत्करश्च दण्डश्च परचक्राथण तस्करा: ॥
• Excessive rain, drought
• Rats, mice and parrots
• Unjust taxation
• thieves and robbers
• Abandonment of king by his forces
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Vyasanas- fort
थवशीणियन्त्रप्राकारपररखात्वशस्त्रता ।
• Disorder and decay of the implements of war
• Failure in stock of good and fuels
• Want of weapons
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Vyasanas-treasury
व्ययीकृतो पररथक्षप्तो भथक्षतोऽसथञ्चतस्तथा ।
• Extravagance, outlay in different projects
• Misappropriation by the officials and servants
• Want of accumulation
• Fraud, robbery