Kaatruveli September Issue 2012

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-2012

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: R.Mahendran,

34,Redriffe Road,

Plaistow,

London E13 0JX

: [email protected]

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'Alpha' - A

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(Phoenician) (hieroglyphs)

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. Our alphabet was not derived from the Egyptian hieroglyphs. The alphabet came

down through the phoenician, Greek and Latin languages into modern European -

Wilfred funk.

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. - - - - phoeniciar .

B,M,Q . 'Alpha' 'A ' ,

. Alpha- Beta . alphabet

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'Alpha' A .

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'beta' 'B' . The first two letters of the Greek alphabet, alpha and beta, were joined together to form our

word alphabet. Each letter of our alphabet, in its early beginning started with a picture or

drawing.

It may not have been an accident that the letter A became the first letter of all. In ancient

Phoenicia some 3000 years ago the letter A was alph and meant Ox. It was represented like a V, seemingly for the horns of an ox, and had a slanted bar across it ; but the Greeks latter

turned it upside down, which is the way we know it. The ox, of course, served the ancient

Phoenicians for food and work and shoes and clothing. A herd of cattle meant wealth to

them. This could have been the reason that ox, aleph, or A stands as our first letter.

(Word origins,p.7-8.)

(Hebrew) 'aleph'.

(Hebrew) 'alpha' 'alef' . 'alef' . Alef- the first letter of the alphabet, called alef = ox, cattle;.

- Hebrew. Dic.

.Alpha beta

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Alp aleph, alpha, alef :

'alp' aleph, alpha, alef

. Alp- - alp, alps, alpes, alpeis .

. . Alp- 1. (a) high mountain (b) (the alps) the high range of mountains in Switzerland and ad-

joining countries (b) growing or found on high mountains.

Alpine-adj. 1.a. of or relating to high mountains.

b.growing or found on high mountains.

2.(Alpine) of or relating to the Alps.

n. 1.a plant native to mountain districts.

2. a plant suited to rock gardens. (Latins Alpinus:)

Alpinist. n. a climber of high mountains, esp in the Alps. (French alpiniste) - C.O.D

Alps Alps Albion Albus .

alphine - .

Alpine -Middle French alpin, from Latin Alpinus from Alpes, the Alps, ultimately a name of

non-Indo European origin.

albino, albus . , It is not possible to determine which language was the source of borrowing for the English word

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Alps:

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alb, alba, al-

bin, albion, albus .

'albion'

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aleph, alpha, alef

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Albion - Old name of Great Britain. (albus)

- Lat. Dic

Alps Cassel's

'albus' ,

. Alpes -perhaps connected wtih albus, the Alps.

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Sveta parvata - snow mountain

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Alp, Alps

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Alp, Alps Alp aleph Alp

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alps

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donkey brownishgrey dun

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Alp, Alps

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Alp, Alps

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njhy;fhg;gpaUk; mwptpaYk; KUNfR ghf;fpaehjd;

mwpKfk; ,d;W jkpopy; fpilf;ff;$ba kpfTk; njhd;ikahd Ehy; njhy;fhg;gpak; vd;gNj mwpQHfspd; KbghFk;. njhy; - fh - gpak; vd;gNj mjd; tphpthFk;. njhy; vd;gJ njhd;ik> fh vd;gJ fhl;rp> ,ak; vd;gJ ,ak;Gjy; my;yJ nrhy;Yjy; vd;W nfs;sKbAk;. ,jid mbg;gilahf itj;Nj njhd;ikahd nkhoprhHe;j fhl;rpfis moFwf; $wpAs;shH vd;W nfhs;s KbAk;. njhy;fhg;gpak; vd;w ngahpid mbnahw;wpNa mjid vOjpatH njhy;fhg;gpaH vd;Nw Fwpj;jdH. ,yf;fpak; fz;ljw;F ,yf;fzk; ,ak;gpa njhd;ikAk; jpz;ikAk; tha;e;j nre;jkpo; vkJ jkpo; nkhopahFk;. njhy;fhg;gpaNk jw;Nghija njhd;ikahd Ehnydpd; mjw;F Kd;G vt;tsNth ,yf;fpaq;fs; fhy> ,aw;if> nraw;if mopTfshy; vkJ iff;Ff; fpilf;fhkw; Nghapw;W vd;gjw;F njhy;fhg;gpaNk rhd;whFk;. mjpy; Vwj;jhs 280 w;F Nkl;gl;l ,lq;fspNy vd;g vd;Wk;> vd;kdhH GytH vd;Wk; jdf;F Ke;jpa GytHfshy; $wg;gl;Ls;sjhfj; njhy;fhg;gpaH Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH. njhy;fhg;gpaj;jid ,d;iwa jkpo; nkhopapd; tpj;J vdyhk;. njhy;fg;gpaj;jpd; fhyk;

njhyfhg;gpaj;jpd; fhyj;jpidg; gy mwpQHfs; gythwhff Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdH. rpyH fpK 10>000; Mz;bw;F gyfhyj;jpw Kw;gl;lJ vd;Wk>. nghs;shr;rp kfhypq;fk; fpK.10>676 vd;Wk;> ehtyH NrhkRe;ju ghujpahH fpK 10Mk; Ehw;whz;L> nkhopQhapW NjtNeag;ghtzH fp.K 7Mk; Ehw;whz;L vd;Wk;> NguhrphpaH nts;isthuzH kw;Wk; tp.Mh;>Mh;.jPl;rpjh; fp.K 5Mk; Ehw;whz;L vd;Wk;> kiwkiy mbfs; fpK.3Mk; Ehw;whz;L> rPdpthr Iaq;fhH fpK 4Mk; Ehw;whz;L> gp.b.rPdpthr Iaq;fhH fpgp ,uz;lhk; Ehw;whz;nld;Wk; NguhrphpaH itahGhpg;gps;is fp.gp 4Mk; my;yJ 5Mk; Ehw;whz;nld;Wk; $wpAs;shHfs;. njhy;g;gpaj;jpd; mfg;> Gwr; rhd;Wfis itj;Nj fhyj;jpidf; fzpg;gH.

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,e;jtifapy; NjtNeag; ghthzH $wpa fp.K. 7Mk; Ehw;whz;bid my;yJ 5Mk; Ehw;whz;bid mz;zsthff; nfhs;sKbAk; vd;W nghJthf mwpQhfshy; Vw;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. njhy;fhg;gpa mikg;G njhy;fhg;gpak; %d;W gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vOj;jjpfhuk;> nrhy;yjpfhuk;> nghUsjpfhuk; vd;gjhFk; NkYk; xt;nthU mjpfhuq;fSk; xd;gJ ,ay;fshfg; gphpf;fg; gl;Ls;sd. vOj;jpfhuk; 483 Ehw;ghf;fisAk;> nrhy;yjpfhuk; 456 Ehw;ghf;fisAk;> nghUsjpfhuk; 656 Ehw;ghf;fisAk; nkhj;jkhf 1650 Ehw;ghf;fs; cz;L. ehk; ,q;F Nehf;fg;NghtJ nghUsjpfhuj;jpd; xd;gJ ,ay;fspd; 9tJ ,ayhd kugpaypd; xU gFjpahf capHfspd; gFg;Gk; rpwg;Gk; kuGk; vd;gjhFk;. njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; mwptpay; (Science) njhy;fhg;gpaH fhyj;jpNy ,d;W toq;fptUk; mwptpay; vd;gJ ,Uf;ftpy;iy vd;gjid Vw;Wf; nfhz;L Mdhy; md;W njhy;fhg;gpauhNyh fpNuf;f mwpQH mhp];Nuhl;by; mtHfshNy rpe;jpf;fg;l;l rpe;jidapd; Cw;Wf;fNs gpd;G rpWJ rpwpjhf kdpjd; rpe;jpfj; njhlq;;fpaTld; mwptpay; my;yJ caphpaypy; tpQ;Qhd mwpthf ghpzkpf;fj;; njhlq;fpanjdyhk;. 5000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G njhy;fhg;gpahpd; rpe;jid ahtUf;Fk; xU tpag;ghdjhfNtAs;sJ. nghUsjpfhuj;jpy; kugpaypy; $wg;gLk; gy tpilaq;fs; tpQ;Qhd hPjpahf ,d;W ep&gpf;fg;gl;Ls;s gy tpi-laq;fis mtH jdJ mwptpay;f; fz;nfhz;L vOjp vk;iknay;yhk; tpag;gpy; Mo;j;jpAs;shH. tpyq;Ffspd; czHjpwid moFwf; $Wfpd;whH. njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; capHfsJ gFg;Gk;> rpwg;Gk;> kuGk;. Xd;wwp tJNt cw;wwp tJNt ,uz;lwp tJNt mjNdhL ehNt %d;wwp tJNt mtw;nwhL %f;Nf ehd;fwp tJNt mtw;NwhL fz;Nz Ie;jwp tJNt mtw;nwhL nrtpNa Mwwp tJNt mtw;nwhL kdNd Nehpjpd; czHe;NjhH newpg;gLj; jpdNu njhy;- nghU #j;: 571

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,q;F capHfspd; czHjpwDk; mjd; ghFghLk; gw;wpf;$w te;j njhy;fhg;gpaH XuwpT capH vd;gJ clyhy; kl;Lk; czHe;J mwptjhFk; vd;Wk;> tha;> %f;F Mfpa %d;wpdhYk; mwptJ vd;Wk; ehywpT vd;gJ cly;> tha;> %f;F> fz; vd;gdtw;wpdhy; czUk; capH vd;Wk; Ie;jwpT vd;gJ cly;> tha;> %f;F> fz;> nrtp vd;w Ie;J cWg;Gf;fspdhy; mwptJ vd;gjhFk;> MwwpT vd;gJ Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l Ie;jwpTld; NrHe;J nghUl;fisNah> xU fhl;rpapidNah md;wp jdJ caphpidNah> xU fUj;jpidNah gFj;J mwpe;J nfhs;tNj me;j MwhtJ mwpT vd;whH. ,jidNa jw;fhyj;Nj gFj;jwpT vd;gH. ,J kdpj ,dj;jpw;Nf nghUe;Jk;. Gy;Yk; kuDk; Xuwp tpdNt gpwTk; csNt mf;fpisg; gpwg;Ng njhy; -nghU #j; 572 Gy;> kuk; Kjypad Xuwpit cilad vd;Wk; ,t;thW Xuwpit cilad NtWk; cz;nld;Wk; mit nfhl;b> jhkiu vd;Wk; ,J clyhy; kl;Lk; czHjpwidg; ngWk; vd;W ciuahrphpaH Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH. ej;Jk; KuSk; ej;ij> myF> nehs;is vd;Wk; nfhs;tH. Kus; vd;gJ rpg;gp> fpspQ;ry;> Vuy; vd;Wk; nfhstH. ,it vWk;Gk; %d;wpT cilanjd;Wk; ,t;thwhf NtW tiffSk; cz;nld;Wk; ,it clyhYk; thap-dhYk; %f;fpdhYk; mwpAk; jpwd; ngw;w capHfs; vd;gH. ez;Lk Jk;gpAk; ehd;fwp tpdNt gpwTk; csNt mf;fpisg; gpwg;Ng njhy; -nghU #j; 575

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ez;Lk; Jk;gpAk; ehd;F mwptpidAilad. mNjNghy; ,t;thwhf NtWtif caphpdq;fSk; cz;L. ,it cly;> tha;> %f;F> fz; Mfpatw;wpdhy; mwpAk; jpwd; ngw;wd. khTk; Gs;Sk; Iawp tpdNt gpwTk; csNt mf;fpisg; gpwg;Ng njhy; -nghU #j; 576 ehd;F fhy; tpyq;FfSk; gwitfSk; Itif mwptpid cilad. ,t;thW NtWk; cz;L mit ghk;G> kPd;> Kjiy> Mik Nghd;witahFk;. ,it cly;> tha;> %f;F> fz;> nrtp Mfpa Ik;Gyd;fshy; mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; jd;ikadthk;. kf;fs; jhNk Mwwp TapNu gpwTk; csNt mf;fpisg; gpwg;Ng njhy; -nghU #j; 577 kf;fs; MwwpT capHfshFk;; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;L mJNghy NtWk; cz;L vd;gjdhy; mtw;Ws; NjtH> mRuH> ,af;fH KjyhNdhH mlq;Fk; vdgH. kdpjH cly;> tha;> %f;F> fz;> nrtp> kdj;jpdhy; mwpAk; gFj;jwpT Mfpa MwwpT cilaH vd;gH. ,jidtpl NkYk; $Wk;NghJ xUrhH tpyq;Fk; csntd nkhopg njhy; -nghU #j; 578 tpyq;fpd; xU gFjpapd MwwpTilanjdj; njhy;fhg;gpaH Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH. mjhtJ fpsp> ahid> Fuq;F Mfpadtw;wpidf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH. Fuq;fpy; ,Ue;Nj kdpjdJ ghpzhk tsHr;rp cUthdJ vd;w 1870y; cUthf;fpa rhs;]; lhHtpdpd; kdpjdpd; ghpzhk tsHr;rpf; Nfhl;ghL fz;Lgpbg;gjw;F vt;tsNth fhyj;jpw;F Kd;Ng Fuq;fpid kdpj czHtpw;Fr; rkdhd czHT cs;s gpuhzp vd;gjidf; fz;lwpe;j ngUkfd; njhy;fg;gpauhFk ,jdhy; mtiuAk; ehk; jj;JtQhdp vd;Nw miof;f KbAk;.. mJ NghyNy Ml;fis mwpe;J itj;jpUj;jy;> gy fhyj;jpw;F epid-tpy; itj;jpUj;jy;> nrhy;Yk; Ntiyfis Qhgfkhf itj;jpUe;J nra;jy;> kdpjd; mjidr; nrhy;yhtpbDk; mr;nraiyj; jhdhfNt nra;jy; vd;Dk; njhopw;ghLfspdhy; mtw;iwAk; rpytiffspy; MwwpTld; cs;s gpuhzpfshf ahid fpsp Fuq;F Nghd;wtw;wpidAk; NrHf;fpd;whH.

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,t;thwhf Gjpa Nfhzj;jpy; mwptpay; rpe;jpidNahL Nehf;fpajhNyNa ,t;thwhd xU Gjpa fUj;jpid Kd;itj;J njhy;fhg;gpaH vOjpaJ vkJ jkpOf;F mtH nfhLj;j ngUiknadyhk;. ,t;thW mwptpay; hPjpapy; kugpaypy; Ma;e;j njhy;fhg;gpaH. ,t;thW jkpo; xypg;gpwg;gpid Ma;e;J ntspapl;l fUj;Jf;fSk; mwptpay; hPjpahd rpe;jidf;Fhpad. jj;Jt Nkij mhp];Nuhl;by; mtHfspd; caphpay; ghFghL ,tH fpK 4Mk; Ehw;whz;by; fpNuf;f ehl;by; tho;e;j xU jj;JtNkijahFk;. ,f;fhyk; jkpo; ehl;by; filr;rq;fk; ,Ue;j fhykhFk;. ,q;fhyj;Nj fpNuf;fHfSld; tzpfj; njhlHG jkpoHfSf;F ,Ue;jjnjd;gJ rq;f ,yf;fpa Ehy;fspy; ,Ue;J mwpe;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ. jkpo; murHfspd; fhtw; flikfspy; atdHfs; ,Ue;jhHfs; vd;W mNj rq;fEhy;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. atdHfs; vd;NghH fpNuf;fHfshFk;. mj;NjhL vkJ rq;f ftpijfspd; ghLnghUl;fSk; fpNuf;f ,yf;fpa ghL nghUl;fSk; mf;fhyj;Nj rpy gFjpfspy; fpl;lj;jl;l xNu ti-fahf ,Ue;jjnjd NguhrphpaH f. ifyhrgjp mtHfSk; NguhrphpaH NrtpaH jdpehafk; mbfshUk; Fwpg;gpLtJ

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Ks;se;jz;L ,y;yhjdntd;Wk; gFf;fpd;wJ. ,uj;jk; cs;sd vd;W tFj;jjpy; kdpjDk; NtW ghYhl;bfSk; Kl;ilapLk; gwitfSk; kPd; ,dKk; tUk;. ,uj;jk; ,y;yhj caphpfs; vDk;NghJ G+r;rp> GOf;fSk; fbd XLfisAila fly;tho; caphpdq;fisAk; mjhtJ rpg;gp> xf;lg];> fztha; Nghd;wdTk; mlq;Fk;. mtH caphpfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; (Hierarchical) mjid mikf;fpd;whH. ,jdhy; ,jid Ladder of Life or scala naturae or Great Chain of Being vd;W caphpfspd; Vzp vd;Wk; kpfg; nghpa njhlH rq;fpyp vd;Wk; miof;fpwhH. ,t;thwhf Gy;ypy; ,Ue;J kdpjd; tiu mjd; Kjd;ikj; jd;ikapypUe;J ,tH ghFgLj;jpAs;s caphpfis 11 juq;fspy; gphpj;Js;shH. ve;j kpUfq;fSf;Fk; xNu Neuj;jpy; je;jKk; nfhk;Gk; xd;whf ,Ug;gjpy;iy. ahidf;Fj; je;jk; ,Ug;gJNghy; khl;bw;F nfhk;G cz;L Mdhy; Fjpiuf;F ,uz;LNaapy;iy. Mdhy; khl;bw;Ff; fhypy; Fsk;G cs;sJ Nghy Fjpiuf;Ff; Fsk;G cz;L. khL ,iukPl;L mir NghLk; kpUfk; Mdhy; Fjpiu mg;gbahf mirNghl;L czit cz;gjpy;iy. ,e;j tifahYk; caphpfisg; ghFgLj;jpAs;shH. mLj;jhf ntg;gr; #oypYk; FspHr; #oypYk; thOk; caphpdq;fs; vd;w tifapYk; ghFgLj;jpAs;shH.. mhp];Nuhl;by; mtHfs; capH tiffisg; ghFgLj;Jk; NghJ

Soul of an organism - capUs;s thOk; jdpj; jhtuk; Vegetative soul - ,jidj; jhtuq;fspd; capH vd;Wk; $wyhk;. gjpaKiw Md;kh vd;W jpU.ngh.fdfrhghgjp mtHfs; tFf;fpd;whH. Vegeta-tive vd;gjd; Cambridge Dictionary fUj;Jg;gb %is ,af;fky;yhjJ vd;gJ nghUs;. ,J jdJ ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpw;Fk; tsHr;rpf;Fkhfr; nraw;gLfpd;wJ.

Sensitive soul- ,jid czH jpwd; cs;s capH tiffshfg; gphpj;Js;shH. ,J rpy jhtuq;fSf;Fk; ( njhl;lhw; rpZq;fp) gpuhzpfs; ( GO tiffisj;

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njhl;lhy; mJ jdJ ghJfhg;Gj; Njb cliyr; RUl;bf; nfhs;Sk;. kdpjd; neUg;gpidj; njhl;lhy; RLk; vd;w czHtpid czHe;jtd;. ,jid mtd; jdJ gFj;jwpthy; mwpthd;.

Rational soul - ,jid gFj;jwpT capHfs; vd;w ti-fapy; mlf;fpAs;shH. ,jw;F kdpjNd cjhuzk;. xU Ntiyiaj; njhlq;Fk; NghJ mjd; rhp gpiofis rPHJhf;fpg; ghHj;J jdf;Fg; ghJfhg;ghdjhfTk;> gpuNahrdg;gLk; tifapy; nra;tJ gFj;jwptpd;ghw;gLk;.

kpUfq;fis Vegetative soul kw;Wk; Sensitive soul vd;w ,U tiff;Fs;Sk; mlf;Ffpd;whH. gFj;jwpT %is ,af;fky;yhj czHTG+Htkhd caph; vd;w tiff;Fs; mlf;Ffpd;whH. ,J ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpw;Fk;> ,lk;ngaHe;J jphptjw;Fk;> czHjpwd; cs;sJkhd tiff;Fs;Sk; NrHf;fpd;whH.

kdpjid Vegetative soul, Sensitive soul, Rational soul vd;w %d;W tiffspDs;Sk; mlf;Ffpd;whH. tpyq;fpDf;Fhpa Kjy; ,uz;L ,yf;fzq;fisAk; rpwg;ghf gFj;jwptpidAk; kdpjDf;F NrHj;Js;sNj rpwg;gk;rkhFk;.

njhy;fhg;gpaH mwpT vd;gjid mhp];Nuhl;by; capH vd;fpd;whH. mwpT vd;gJ mwpAk; jpwd; vd;gjhFk;. mJ njhLjy;> Nfl;ly;> ghHj;jy;> Ritj;jy;> Rthrpj;jy;> kdpjdpd; rpe;jpj;jypdhYk; mjidg; gFj;J mjd; rhp> gpiofis Ma;e;jwptjhYNk kdpjDf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; gFj;jwpT vd;gjhk;. Mdhy; %isiag; gad;gLj;jhjjyhYk;> czHjpwj;jhYk; gFj;jwpthYk; kl;Lk; capHfshfj; jdpj;Jg;gphpf;f KbahJ. xU clk;gpw;F xU capH kl;LNkAz;L mjid vt;tz;zk; kdpjDf;F Vegetative soul, Sensi-tive soul, Rational soul Mfpa %d;W Soul fSk; cz;L vd;W nfhs;s KbAk;. Soul vd;gjidj; jkpopy; capH vd;Wk; rk];fpUjj;jpy; Md;kh vd;Wk; nfhs;tH.

vJ vt;thnwdpDk; njhy;fhg;gpauJ gFg;Gf;fSk;

37

mhp];Nuhl;ly; mtHfsJ gFg;Gf;fSk; etPd tpQ;Qhdj;jpw;F NkYk; Ma;tpw;F xU topiaj; jpwe;J tpl;Ls;snjd;Nw $wNtz;Lk;. njhy;fhg;gpauJ gFg;gpy; $Ljyhf caphpd; gFg;gpidtpl mwpT gw;wp tpsf;fNk cs;sjidf; fhzyhk;.

crhJiz Ehy;fs;

njhy;fhg;gpak; - vOj;jjpfhuk; - ,sk;G+uzH ciu NguhrphpaH K.rzKfk;gps;is.

njhy;fhg;gpak; - GypA+H Nfrpfd; ciu. Wikipedia a Free Encyclopedia search on Aristotle.

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38

NgUk; GfOk; ehbj;Njb XLk; kdpjd;

- EzhtpY}h; fh. tprauj;jpdk; (,yz;ld;) - cyf kf;fs; midtUk; tplhKaw;rpAld; nraw;gl;Lj; jkJ nghUshjhuj;jpy; Kd;dpiyaila tpUk;Gfpd;wdh;. mjdhy; ,t;Tyfk; Kd;Ndwp tUfpd;wJ. xU ehl;bd; epiy me;ehl;bYs;s kf;fs; iffspy;jhd; jq;fpAs;sJ. ehlhdhy; vd;d?> fhlhdhy; vd;d? Nklhdhy; vd;d?> gs;skhdhy; vd;d? vt;tplj;Nj ey;y kf;fs; tpsq;Ffpd;wdNuh> mt;tplj;J epyKk; ed;whf tpsq;Fk;. epyj;ijg; nghWj;jjy;y tho;Tk; jho;Tk;. me;je;j epyj;J kf;fisg; nghWj;jNj tho;Tk; jho;Tk; vd;W rq;f ,yf;fpakhd vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fspy; xd;whd GwehD}W nrg;Gfpd;wJ. ehlh nfhd;Nwh; fhlh nfhd;Nwh; mtyh nfhd;Nwh; kpirah nfhd;Nwh; vt;top ey;yth; Mlth;> mt;top ey;iy; thopa epyNd! xsitahh; --(187) vt;top ey;yth; Mlth; vd;w Gyth; $w;W ,q;F Nehf;fw;ghyJ. MltuJ xOf;fNk cyf Nkk;ghl;bw;F mbg;gilahFk;. mjdhw;whd; me;ehspy; cyif Mz;fs; cyfk; vd;wdh; NghYk;. NgUk; GfOk; ehbj; Njb Xlhj kdpjd; ,y;iynad;Nw $wyhk;. ,jw;F mtdpy; ,Ue;J CWk; MirePh; Cw;Wj;jhd; fhuzkhFk;. ,/J ,aw;if top epd;w kug-pay; ce;jyhFk;. mjdhy; mtd; kz; Mir> nghd; Mir> ngz; Mir nfhz;L efh;fpd;whd;. NkYk; ,tw;Wld; NguhirAk; gpbj;Jg; NgUk;> GfOk; Ntz;bg; glhj ghLgl;Lj; jtpf;Fk; kdpj rKjhaj;ijAk; fhz;fpd;Nwhk;. ,Uf;Fk; epiwtpy; jhpj;jpUe;J kdk;

39

kfpoKbahjtdha;j; jj;jspf;Fk; epiyahy; mtd; mi-lAk; gad; xd;Wk; ,y;iynadyhk;. ,dp> NgUk; GfOk; gw;wp ,yf;fpaq;fs; $Wk; ghq;fpidAk; fhz;Nghk;. jpUf;Fws; ,ue;J tUk; ViofSf;F ; mwptpy;; rpwe;jth;f;F my;yhky; kw;wth;f;F ,y;iy. ej;jk;Nghy; NfLk; csjhFk; rhf;fhLk; tpj;jfh;f; fy;yhy; mhpJ. - (Fws; 235)

vf; fhhpaj;jpy; Njhd;wpDk; mjpy; GfOs;stdha; tuNtz;Lk;. m/jpd;Nwy; mjpy; Njhd;whjpUg;gJ ey;yJ. Njhd;wpd; GfnohL Njhd;Wf

40

m/jpyhh; Njhd;wypd; Njhd;whik ed;W. - (Fws; 236)

Gfo; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;w czh;r;rp ,y;yhj kf;fs; epiwe;j ehL> nry;t tsk; Fd;wpa ehlhfj;jhd; ,Uf;Fk;. tirapyh tz;gad; Fd;Wk; ,irapyh

ahf;if nghWj;j epyk;. -- (Fws; 239)

Gfo; NjlhtpbDk; Fw;wk; GhpahjpUg;NghNu thoj; njhpe;jth;fs;. cs;s Gfo; mope;J NghFk;gb tho;Nthh; thoj; njhpahjth;fNs!. tirxopa tho;thNu tho;thh; ,irnahopa tho;thNu thoh jth;. -- (Fws; 240) ,t;thW jpUts;Sth; mwnewp epd;W jhk; ahj;j Kg;ghypy; Gfo; gw;wp Xh; mjpfhuj;jpy; $wpr; nrd;Ws;shh;. ,jpfhrq;fs; ,uhkhazj;jpy; ,uhtzd; fLe; jtkpUe;J Kf;Nfhb tho;ehSk;> vf;Nfhb ahuhYk; nty;yg;glha; vd;w tuKk; ngw;Wg; gy;yhz;Lfs; muNrhr;rpg; NgUk; GfOk; ngw;W tho;e;jtd;. Kf;Nfhb tho;ehSk; Kad;Wila ngUe;jtKk; Kjy;td; Kd;ehs; vf;Nfhb ahuhYk; nty;yg;glha; vdf;nfhLj;j tuKk;

41

Vidj; ,e;J tPufhtpaq;fshd ,uhkhazj;jpYk;> kfhghujj;jpYk; ty;yik ngWjy;> Ngh;GfoPl;ly;> may; ehLfisj; jk; Mjpf;fj;jpy; itj;jpUj;jy;> murpd; nghJ tho;T tsk; rpwj;jy;> Nghh; Ghpe;j gop ePf;fy; Nghd;wtw;wpw;fhff; Fjpiuahfk; nra;ag;gl;l nra;jpfSk; fhz;fpd;Nwhk;. ,d;Dk; mf;fhyj;jpy; caph;g;gypaply; xU rh;t rhjhuz epfo;thf cs;sijAk; mwpfpd;Nwhk;. ,t;thwhd ahfq;fs; kd;dh;fshy; kl;Lk;jhd; nra;ag;glyhk; vd;gJ xU rpwg;G tpjpahFk;. njhy;fhg;gpak; fy;tpr; rpwg;G> jWfz;ik (mQ;rhik)> Gfo;ik> nfhilj;jd;ik vd;W nrhy;yg;gl;l ehd;F tifahYk; ngUkpjkhdJ cz;lhFk; vd;gJ njhy;fhg;gpah; $w;whFk;. fy;tp jWfz; Gfo;ik nfhilnadr; nrhy;yg; gl;l ngUkpjk; ehd;Nf. --- (nghUs; 253) thl;Nghhpy; vjph;j;J epd;w giftid vjph;nfhz;L ntw;wpthif #ba murpsq;Fkuid me;ehl;L kf;fs; Gfo;e;J ghuhl;bg; giw Kof;fp mtDf;F muirf; nfhLj;Jf; nfhz;lhbdh;. ,d;Dk; Nghh;f;fsj;jpy; tPur;rhnta;jpa Nghh;tPuh;fspd; epidthf eLfy; el;L> mijf; Nfhapyhf vOg;gp> mjpy; mth; gPLfisj; jPl;b> mf; fy;ypw;Fg; ngUQ; rPUk; rpwg;Gk; nra;J> elg;gl;l fy;ypidj; nja;tkhfg; Nghw;w>p tzq;fp> tho;j;jp te;Js;s nra;jpfisj; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; gbf;fpd;Nwhk;. ths;kiye;J vOe;Njhid kfpo;e;Jgiw J}q;f ehltw;F mUspa gps;is ahl;Lk; fhl;rp fhy;Nfhs; ePh;g;gil eLfy; rPh;j;j kugpy; ngUk;gil

42

tho;j;jnyd;W (nghUs; 63-17-20) mfehD}W Nghhpy; ,we;Jgl;l fue;ij tPuh;fspd; ngah;> Nghh;g;ngUik> Gfo;> fPh;j;jp ahTk; vOjp> kapw;gPyp #l;b> ghiy epyj;jpy; cah;e;j eLfw;fs; ehl;lg;gl;L> mth; gpbj;jpUe;j Ntiy me; eLfy;yUfpy; ehl;b> Nflaq;fSk; mjd;fz; rhh;j;jg;gl;bUe;j fhl;rpfis mfehD}w;wpy; fhz;fpd;Nwhk;. ,t;thW eLfy; el;L> ehl;ilf; fhj;j Nghh;tPuiug; Nghw;wpg; GfOk; goe;jkpoh; kuG fhzPH;. Mlth; ngaUk; gPLk; vOjp mjh;njhWk; gPyp #l;b gpwq;Fepiy eLfy; Nty;Cd;W gyif Ntw;WKid fLf;Fk; ntUtU jFe fhdk;. - (131-10-13) GwehD}W gifth; fth;e;j Mepiufis kPl;Lf; nfhzh;e;j Nghhpy; fue;ij kwth; ,we;Jgl;ldh;. mth;jk; tPuk;> Gfo;; Nghw;wp> kapw;gPyp #l;b> ge;jypd;fPo; elg;gl;l eLfy;ypy; mth; ngah; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sik vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fspy; xd;whd GwehD}w;wpd; fhl;rpahFk;. klQ;rhy; kQ;iQ mzpkaph; #l;b ,lk;gpwh; nfhs;shr; rpWtopg; glQ;nra; ge;jh;f; fy;kpir aJNt. -- (260-26-28) Ngh; - Gfo; NjLk; topKiwfs; jk; eyk; fUjpg; NgUk; GfOk; NjLNthh; gyh;. jk;ik kwe;J gpwh; eyk; fUjp tho;Nthh; xU rpyh;. jk; ehl;Lf;fhfTk;> r%fj;;Jf;fhfTk; tho;e;J khz;Nlhh; ,d;ndhU rpyh;. ,iwg; gzpf;Fj; jk;ik mh;g;gzpj;J kf;fis Mw;Wg;gLj;jpNahh; NtnwhU rpyh;. ,d;Dk;> NgUk; GfOk; miltjw;F ,t;Tyfpy; gy;NtWgl;l

43

JiwfSk;> KiwfSk; cs;sd. ,it gw;wpr; rw;W tphpTgLj;jpg; ghh;g;Nghk;.

kd;dh; thpirapy; %Nte;juhd Nru> Nrho> ghz;ba kd;dh;fs; NgUk;> rPUk;> GfOk; ngw;Wr; Nru> Nrho> ghz;ba ehLfisr; nrt;tNd ey;yhl;rp Ghpe;J te;jdh;. Mdhy;> ,ilapy; mth;fs; Nghh; ntwp nfhz;L xUth;Nky; xUth; nghUjp ehLfisAk; muirAk; ,oe;J jk;ikj;jhNk kha;j;Jf; nfhz;ldh;.

Kw;Wk; Jwe;j Kdpth;fSk; NgUk; GfOk; ehb ki-yAr;rpf;Fk;> fhl;Lf;Fk; nrd;W> fLk; jtkpUe;J> tuk; gy ngw;W> vjph;nfhs;gtiur; rgpj;J> khKdpth;fshf khz;Gld; tho;e;jdh;. ,th;fs; kj;jpapy; Nghl;lh Nghl;bfSk;> ehd; nghpJ> eP rpwpJ vd;fpw mfq;fhuq;fSk; kype;jpUe;jijAk; ehk; fhz;fpNwhk;.)

fh;zd;> ghhp Nghd;Nwhh; ,ue;J tUNthh;f;F ,y;iynadhJ thhp toq;fpf; nfhil ts;sy;fs; vd;W ngahPl;bg; Gfo; ngw;wpUe;jdh;.

rq;f fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j mfj;jpadhh;> ,iwadhh;> Fd;nwwpe;j KUfNts;> epjpapd; fpotd;> njhy;fhg;gpadhh;> ,Ue;ijA+h;f; fUq;NfhopNkhrp> nts;@h;f;fhg;gpad;> jpiuad;khwd;> Jtiuf;Nfhkhd;> fPue;ijahh;> rpWNkjhtpahh;> Nre;jk;G+jdhh;> ef;fPudhh;> mwpTi-laudhh;> ,se;jpUkhwd; MfpNahh; rq;fj;jpypUe;J jkpo;g;gzp Mw;wpg; NgUk; GfOk; ngw;w Gyth;fsha; tpsq;fpdh;.

gw;gy Jiwfspy; jk; tplhKaw;rpia Kd;itj;J> cyfr; rhjid epiyehl;b> Nkijah; gl;bay; E}ypy; ,lk; ngw;W cyfg; GfoPl;bg; ngUi-kailfpd;wdh; gyh;.

gzk; gilj;j gyh; vt;tpj Kaw;rpAk; ,d;wpg; gzj;ij tPrpg; gw;gy ed;ikfisg; ngw;Wg; NgUk; GfOld; ew;gpuirfshf elkhLtijAk; ehk; fhz;fpd;Nwhk;.

44

fk;gd;> ts;Sth;> ,sq;Nfh> Nghd;w Gyth;fs; jkpOf;F Mw;wpa ngUQ; Nritia cyfk; ed;fwpAk;. Njrpa ftp ghujpahh; mth;fisg; gw;wp ,t;tz;zk; ghj;njhLj;Js;shh;.

ahkwpe;j GythpNy fk;gidg; Nghy;

ts;Sth; Nghy; ,sq;Nfhitg; Nghy;

g+kpjdpy; ahq;fZk; gpwe;jjpy;iy. fhe;jp> NaR> Gj;jh;> egpehafk; Nghd;wth;fs; jk; ehl;Lf;Fk; kjj;Jf;Fk; Mw;wpa Nritia ,d;Wk; kf;fs; jk; kdjpy; epWj;jp mth;fisj; nja;tkhf topgl;L epw;fpd;wdh;.

jpUKiwfs; gd;dpuz;Lk;> mWgj;J %d;W ehad;khUk;> gjpndz; rpj;jh;fSk>; jpUts;StUk; mUspj; je;j Njthuk;> Nfhit> jpUthrfk;> jpUke;jpuk>; jpUf;Fws; Mfpait jkpopd; GfioAk; ngUikiaAk; ghuwpa vLj;Jf; $wp epw;fpd;wd. tpQ;Qhdpfs;> jj;JtNkijfs;> Ma;thsh;fs;> Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;ghsh;fs; Nghd;Nwhh; ehl;Lf;Fk;> kdpj Fyj;Jf;Fk; Mw;Wk; mUk; ngUk; Nritfs; tpi-ykjpg;gpy; mlq;fhjit. ,th;fs; Nkd;ik fUjp> ,th; ,we;jtplj;Jk; ,Ug;gth;fshfNt fzpf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.

td tpyq;Ffshd ahid> rpq;fk;> Gyp Mfpait NgUk; GfOk; ngw;W fhl;by; epykikj;J ,uhrhf;fshf Ml;rp; Ghpe;J tUfpd;wd. kw;iwa kpUfq;fnsy;yhk; mtw;wpd; gpuirfs; Nghy tho;e;J tUfpd;wd. jpUl;Lj; njhopypy; NgUk; GfOk; ngw;wth;fis ehk; mwpNthk;. ,th;fsplk; gyh; te;J ghlk; Nfl;Lg; gbg;gJz;L. ,th;fs; xU Fohk; mikj;Jj; njhopy;gLth;. Kjyw;w tpahghuk; nra;fpd;wdh;. ,J xU ghtj; njhopyhFk;.

45

murpay; thjpfs; jk; kf;fis Vkhw;wpg; ngha;Aiu $wpg; GfOld; elkhLtijAk; ehk; nghJthf mwpNthk;. rpy ngz;fs; NgUk;> GfOk;> gzKk; xUq;Nf ngWk; ,d;ndhU topAk; cz;L. cjhuzj;Jf;F> gzk; gilj;j cyfg; Nguofp xUj;jp vl;Lj; jpUkzq;fs; Ghpe;J mt;ntl;ilAk; tpthfuj;Jr; nra;J tpl;L> mtsJ vOgjhk; (70) mfitapy; xU ehw;gJ (40) taJg; igaidj; jpUkzk; nra;J Gfo; ngw;whs;> vd;gJ nra;jp. rpy tpQ;Qhdf; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; ehl;ilAk; kf;fisAk; mopj;njhopj;J tpLfpd;wd. ,jw;F cjhuzkhf my;Ngl; Ia;d;];iud; cjtpf; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l mZFz;ilf; $wyhk;. ehk; epiyehl;Lk; cyf rhjidfSk;> tpQ;Qhdg; Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;GfSk>; cyfj;Jf;Fk; kf;fSf;Fk; ed;ik gaf;ff;$badtha; mikjNy cz;ikg; Gfo; jUk; vd;W $wyhk;. -000-

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52

gy;fiy tpj;jfu; mE.it.ehfuh[d;

rpyuJ ,sikg;gUtk; fy;tp tpisahl;L

vdf;fopAk; NghJ ,d;Dk; rpyu; gy topfshYk; jkJ MSikiaAk; mwpthw;wy;fisAk; tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;fpd;wdu;. njhopy;jifikfis Mf;fpf;nfhz;L cj;jpNahfj;jpy; mku;e;Jnfhz;lgpd; mjw;Fg;gpd; Mf;fG+u;tkhf vjpYk; ftpij> fl;Liu> ehlfk; vd vy;yhg;gFjpfspYk; MokhfTk; mfykhfTk; fhy; gjpj;J- gf;jp ,yf;fpa E}y;fs; ,uz;Lf;Fk; rpwg;ghf ciu vOjpaNjhL-Vida Jiwfshd Clfk;-cstpay;-rhuzPak; -rpWtu; eyd;-tYtpoe;Njhu; eyd;-nrhw;nghopthw;wy;-njhopw;rq;f nja;tj;jpUkfs; jq;fk;kh mg;ghf;Fl;b> tl;lhuf; fy;tp mjpfhup ngh.rptQhdRe;juk;> fyhepjp.eh.Rg;gpukzpak;> fiyg;NguuR V.up.nghd;Dj;Jiu> gpugy ngz; vOj;jhsu;fs;; Nfhfpyh kNfe;jpud;> Fwkfs; ,uhkypq;fk;> fyhNfrup M.jk;gpj;Jiu> irtg;Gytu;.R.nry;yj;Jiu> gz;bju;.rpmg;Gj;Jiu >f.ghy Re;juk;>fp.kNfe;jpuuh[h>jpUkjp.j.rpjk;guehjd;>jpUkjp.nfs.Rg;gpukzpad; Mfp NahUld; ,ize;J fiy ,yf;fpaj;Jiwapy; Gjpa ji-yKiwia cUthf;fp mth;fis rfy tifapYk; jFjpAs;sth;fshf tsu;j;njLj;j ngUikapy; mE.it.

53

ehfuh[Df;Fk; Kf;fpa gq;Fz;L. mjdhy; mtiu gyu; njy;ypg;gio fiy ,yf;fpa fsj;jpd; gpjhkfu; vd ghuhl;b kfpo;fpd;wdu;. Fwpg;ghf Nghuhl;l fhyj;jpYk; ,lg;ngau;TfspYk; cly; jsu;e;j epiyapYk; kdk; jsuhJ njhlu;e;J nrayhw;wpatu;.

aho;g;ghzk; cLg;gpl;bia gpwg;gplkhf;nfhz;lhYk; ,tuJ je;ijahu; ituKj;JTk; jhahu; ,uhrk;khTk; mEuhjGuj;jpy; nrhe;j tPL> taw;fhzpfs; vd mirahr;nrhj;Jfisf; nfhz;bUe;j fhuzj;jhy; ,tuJ fy;Y}upf;fhyKk; ,sikg; gUtKk; mEuhjGuj;jpy; fope;jJ.

thrpg;ig thyag;gLj;jpajhy; gs;spg;gUtj;jpNyNa gj;jpupiffNshL njhlu;igAk; vOj;jhu;tj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhz;lhu;. 1950k; Mz;by; 16taJ G+u;j;jpahF Kd; njd;dpe;jpahtpypUe;J ntsptUk; fz;zd; rQ;rpiff;F vOj Muk;gpj;jhu;. njhlu;e;J tPuNfrup xg;Nru;tu; gj;jpupiffspd; epUguhf nra;jpfSk; mDg;g Muk;gpj;jhu;. gj;jpupif Gifg;glg;gpbg;ghsuhfTk; jdJ jpwikfis tsu;j;Jf;nfhz;lhu;. ,t;thuk;gk; gpw;fhyj;jpy; kWf;fKbahky; %yk; rpijf;fg;glhJ Rit Fiwahky; jkpOf;Fupa rpwg;ghd mzpfSld; Ritahd ghly;fshf Nehu;Nt`y; ,Ue;J ftpij mkpo;jk; vd jkpohf;fpj;je;jhu;. rpyghly;fs; fyhepjp Nf.fNzrypq;fk; mtu;fshYk; jkpohf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

mtu; midj;J JiwfspYk; gjtpfspYk; Kd;dzpapy; jpfo;tjw;F ngw;Wf;nfhz;l fy;tpj;jifikfSk; fhuzkhFk;. ,e;jpahtpy; r%fNritAk; eyNdhk;gYk; bg;Nshkh gl;lk;-

54

nfhOk;Gj;Jiw Mrpupau; fyhrhiy gapw;rp-yz;ld; gy;fiyf;fof ,ilepiyg;gl;lk;- ,yq;ifg;gy;fiyf;fof rl;lkhdp Kjy;epiyj;Nju;tpy;; rpj;jp-; nrd;id irtrkha irtg;Gytu; gl;lk;-,yq;if mjpgu; Nrit- ,yq;if fy;tp epu;thf Nrit guPl;irfspy; rpj;jp Mfpatw;iwg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;.

cj;jpNahfj;jpYk; gbg;gbahf cau;Tfisg;ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;. Muk;gj;jpy; Rfhjhu jpizf;fsj;jpYk; Gifapuj jpizf;fsj;jpYk; vO-JeuhfTk;>gpd;du; Mrpupauhf mEuhjGuk; tpNtfhde;jh tpj;jpahyak;; nfhOk;G tpNtfhde;jh tpj;jpahyak;>nfhOk;G Nwhay; fy;Y}up Mfpatw;wpy; flikahw;wpdhu;. ,yq;if mjpgu; Nritf;F epakdk; ngw;W kd;dk;gpl;b nj`ptis jhtb Mfpa ,lq;fspy; flikahw;wp > ,yq;if fy;tp epu;thf Nrit epakdk; ngw;W fpspnehr;rp tyaf;fy;tpg;gzpkidapy; cjtpg;gzpg;ghsuhff; flikahw;wpdhu;. 1994y; ghupr thjk; fhuzkhf ,isg;ghwpagpd; vOj;ijj;njhlu tpUk;gp ,lJ ifahy; vOjg;gofp jd; Kaw;rpapy; jsu-hky; Mf;fg;zpahw;wpa tz;zkpUe;jhu;.

vdJ ghu;itapy; mE.it.ehfuh[d; tho;tpy; 1971 k; Mz;L kpf Kf;fpakhd tUlk;. me;j Mz;by; mtUf;Fk; njy;ypg;gio ehfypq;fk; jk;gjpfspd; kfs; Nerg+gjpf;Fk; jpUkzk; eilngw;wJ. jpUkjp NerG+gjp ehfuh[d; mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; rq;fPjG+\zk; gl;lk; ngw;w Mrpupia. mE.it.ehfuh[dpd; fhupak; ahtpDk; ifnfhLj;J-gf;fj;Jizahf ,Ue;jjhy; Kaw;rpfs; ahTk; jpUtpi-dahfpd. 1971k; Mz;L mE.it.ehfuh[Df;F nfhOk;G tpNtfhde;jh fy;Y}upf;F khw;wk; fpilj;jJ. 1971y; khu;fop kq;ifau; E}iy ntspapl;lhu;. jdJ je;ijahupd; ngaiu epiyepWj;j tpUk;gp itukhd; ntspaPLfshf ituKj;Jtpd; kfd; ehfuh[dpd; E}y;fs; ntsptu Muk;gpj;jd. ,yf;fpa tpj;jfu; mE.it.ehfuh[Df;Fk; rq;fPjG+\zk; NerG+gjp ehfuh[Df;Fk; rpthD[d; Gj;jpudhfg; gpwf;f ghf;fpak; nra;jhu;.

mE.it.ehfuh[dpd; Mf;fq;fs; vy;yhk; E}y;tbtk; ngwtpy;iy vdpDk; ntspahd gjpide;J E}y;fs; gpd;tUkhW:-

55

gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fshf kyu;e;jit- khu;fop kq;ifau;

,e;E}y; Fd;wf;Fb mbfshuhy; ngupJk; ghuhl;lg;ngw;w E}y;.jpUntk;ghit trdeilapy; fijAUthf;fp gbg;Nghiu gutrg;gLj;Jk; jd;ikaJ.

tpehafu; jpUtUs; E}y; rpWtUf;fhd rpe;jidf; fi-jfisf; nfhz;lJ.

gl;lupd; mgpuhkp khd;kpak; E}ypy; mE.it.ehfuh[dpd; mw;Gjkhd tpupTiu fisg; gbj;jpd;Gwyhk;

,tupd; rpWtu; ,yf;fpaq;fs; gpd;tUgit

khztu; ey;Yiuf;Nfhit- 1964 y; tPuNfrup gj;jpupifapy; khztu;kyu; gFjpapy;; ntspte;j fl;LiufSld; tpNr\ fl;LiufSk; Nru;e;J- Vd;? vjw;fhf ? vg;gb? vd khztu;fspd; rpe;jdhrf;jpia tsu;f;fj;jf;fit

jha; jUk; jhyhl;L- rpWtu;fs; tpUk;Gk; ghly;fs; epiwe;j E}y;.

fhl;by; xU thuk; - kpf kpf mw;Gjkhd Jzpr;riy tutiof;Fk; tPu jPur; nray;fis tpsf;Fk; E}y; rpWtu;fSf;F ed;F gpbf;Fk; trdeilapy; vOjg;gl;ls;sJ. ,e;E}Yf;F mur rhfpj;jpa tpUJ fpilj;jJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

mtd; ngupatd; -rpWtu;fSf;fhd mUikahd fij E}y;

NjlYk; gjpj;jYk; - fypypNah- Nru; Irhf; epA+w;wd;- Y}ap]; gh\;lu; Nghd;w tpQ;Qhdpfs; fijfs; nfhz;l tpla cs;slf;fj;Jf;fhfTk; nkhop eilf;fhfTk; khztu;fs; tpUk;gp thrpf;Fk Gj;jfk;

rpWtu; rpe;jidf;fijfs- fhyk; fhykhf tha;nkhopahff;Nfl;l rpWfijfSf;F tbtk; nfhLj;J rpWtu; kdq;fspy; gjpa itj;Js;shu;.

rpW fijfs; vd;w tifapy;-xU fhyj;Jr;rpWfijfs; E}iyr;Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;syhk;. 1955 Kjy; 1985 tiu vOjpa 11 rpWfijfs; ,e;E}ypy; cs;sd.

fl;Liufs; vd;w tifapy; fUj;Jk; vOj;Jk; E}iyAk; Fwpg;gplyhk; mt;tg;NghJ

56

vOjp ntspahfpa gy Jiw rhu;e;j fl;Liufs; khztu;fSf;F kl;Lkd;wp rfyUf;Fk; gad;jUgtit.

mwptpaw; Ngioapy; xUrpy kzpfs; vd;Dk; E}ypy; thndhypapy; xypgug;ghfp khztu;fSf;F kl;Lkd;wp rfyUf;Fk; gad;jUk; tplaq;fs; mlq;fpAs;sd.

rpWtu; ftpijapw; Gjpa rpe;jidfs; E}ypy; Mly; ghlYld; gbg;gpid A+l;Lk; tplaq;fs; cz;L.

rpWtUk; mtu;jk; mwpTrhu; rhjdq;fSk; E}ypy; rpWtu; Njliyj;J}z;l ty;y Fwpg;Gfs; cz;L.

rpWtu;fhd gonkhopf;fijfs; E}ypy; gbg;gpidiaAk; kfpo;tpidAk; jUk; fi-jfisf;fhzyhk;.

njy;ypg;gio fiy ,yf;fpa fsk; ntspapl;l Nfhyq;fs; Ie;J ehlf E}ypy; xU ehlfk; ,tUilaJ.

mE.it.ehfuh[Df;Ff; fpilj;j tpUJfs;

1988 y; ,yq;if murpd; fyhrhu mikr;R- fhl;by; xU thuk; E}Yf;fhf ,yf;fpa tpj;jfu; ; tpUJ toq;fpf; nfsutpj;jJ.

2000 Mz;L tlf;F fpof;F khfhz gz;ghl;lYty;fs; jpizf;fs tpUJ rpwe;j rkaE}yhfpa mgpuhkp khd;kpak; tpsf;f Ma;Tiu f;F toq;fpf; nfsutpj;jJ.

2002 y; rpwe;j rpWtu; E}yhf rpWtu; rpe;jidf;fijfSf;F tpUJ fpilj;jJ.

2002 y; rpupj;jpud; tpUJ mE.it.ehfuh[Df;F fpilj;jJ.

2004 mfpy ,yq;if fz;zjhrd; kd;wk;; ,yf;fpa Nte;J tpUJ toq;fpf; nfsutpj;jJ.

2007y; epiwe;j jkpo;j; njhz;ilg;ghuhl;b mfpy ,yq;if fk;gd; fofk; tpUJ toq;fpf; nfsutpj;jJ.

2010 y; vOj;jhsu; Cf;Ftpg;G ikaj;jhy; -jkpo; ,yf;fpa Nkk;ghl;Lf;F cukha; epd;Wioj;j %j;j gilg;ghsp mE.it.ehfuh[Df;F jkpopay; tpj;jfu;

57

gl;lKk; tTdpA+u; = ,uhkfpU\;zu;-fkyehafp jkpopay; tpUJk; toq;fpf;nfsutpj;jJ.

mEuhjGuk; tpNtfhde;jh jkpo; kfh tpjjpahyak; itutpoh nfhz;lhba NghJ mE.it.ehfuh[idg; ghuhl;bf; nfsutpj;jJ.

mE.it.ehfuh[d; vdJ jha; top khkd;. vdJ jhahupd; jhahUk;> mtupd; jhahUk; cld; gpwg;Gf;fs;. mjdhy; mtiu Kd;khjpupahff; nfhz;L Kd;Ndw Ntz;Lnkd ngw;Nwhu; top fhl;baJk; vdJ tsu;r;rpf;F fhuzk;-

cLit.v];.jpy;iyeluhrh

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Kaatruveli September Issue 2012

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Transcript of Kaatruveli September Issue 2012