Jurnal Penelitian/Research Journal
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Transcript of Jurnal Penelitian/Research Journal
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KEKHL]L] MRQQBEY QKYLJ IKE YJYKH K]]BY] YRQEJPBQ QKYLJ
YBQCKIKV VBQYROARCKE HKAK VKIK VBQR]KCKKE OKER@KGYRQ
\KEN YBQIK@YKQ IL LIS YKCRE 16;;-16;=
Jhbc4
^lhhy \ketj
Okckslswk Vrjnrko ]tuil Kguetkesl Relvbrsltks Vutbrk Aktko
Iwl ]uolekrej
Ijsbe Vrjnrko ]tuil Kguetkesl Relvbrsltks Vutbrk Aktko
KA]YQKMY
Ycls stuiy wks mjeiumtbi wltc purpjsb tj bxkoleb tcb b``bmt j` kekhyst vkrlkahbs Murrbet
Qktlj (MQ) kei Yjtkh Kssbts Yurejvbr Qktlj (YKY) tj prj`lt nrjwtc le okeu`kmturlen
mjopkelbs tckt krb rbnlstbrbi le LIS le 16;;-16;=. Le tcls stuiy, okeu`kmturlen mjopkelbs
tckt krb bxkolebi jehy hloltbi tj sua-sbmtjr ls sua sbmtjr mjopkey okeu`kmturlen leiustry j`
`jjis kei abvbrknbs. Le tcls mksb rbsbkrmcbrs usbi iktk j` mjopkeys `lekemlkh stktbobets
sua-sbmtjr okeu`kmturlen leiustry j` `jjis kei abvbrknbs suaslilkrlbs pbr =; Ibmboabr,
wclmc ls hlstbi le wltc tcb klo lix tj kvjli tcb ue`klrebss le mjesjhliktbi `lekemlkh. Le tcls
stuiy, rbsbkrmcbrs uslen skophbs ks okey ks ;1 okeu`kmturlen mjopkelbs sua-sbmtjr `jjis
kei abvbrknbs leiustry wks bhbmtbi ay purpjslvb skophlen. K tjjh `jr k kekhysls tckt usbi le
tcls stuiy ouhtlphb rbnrbsslje kekhysls ls hlebkr mjopjueis, cypjtcbsls (mjb``lmlbet
ibtbrolektlje, trlkh @, kei trlkh t) tbstbi le tcb trlkh iktk mke ab mjemhuibi tckt tcb vkrlkahb
MQ kei YKY pkrtlkhhy ejt tjwkri tcb nrjwtc j` ebt slnel`lmkethy b``bmt tcb slnel`lmkemb wltc
tcb vkhub j` clnc slnel`lmkemb 6.62 tckt ls 6.>>6 kei 6.>9
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obrupkgke suoabr utkok pbrgboakenke leiustrl il iuelk. Vbrgboakenke pbruskckke
okeu`kgtur ikpkt ilnuekgke uetug obhlckt pbrgboakenke pbruskckke sbmkrk eksljekhlsob
ike pkik uouoeyk obenugur gbabrckslhke suktu pbruskckke abrikskrgke glebrdk
pbruskckke. Vbrgboakenke lel ikpkt ilhlckt aklg ikrl kspbg gukhltks prjiug yken
ilckslhgkeeyk okupue glebrdk pbruskckke sbmkrk gbsbhurucke, sbclennk pbrgboakenke
pbruskckke okeu`kgtur skenkt obolmu pkik pbruskckke dksk ike pbruskckke iknken.
]khkc sktu tuduke pbruskckke kikhkc hkak. Hkak obrupkgke suktu bhbobe yken pkhlen
pbetlen ikhko obelhkl glebrdk pbruskckke. Ckh lel ilgkrbekgke sbokgle aklg pbrtuoaucke
hkak obeueduggke akcwk sbokgle aknus glebrdk pbruskckke, sbclennk hkak pbruskckke
tbrsbaut ilnuekgke sbaknkl ikskr pbenkoalhke gbputuske levbstksl aknl pkrk levbstjr aklg
ikhko ebnbrl okupue hukr ebnbrl. Ilskoplen ltu, uetug obhlckt hkak ktku runleyk pbruskckke
ilpbrhugke hkpjrke gbukenke yken keikh, sbclennk pkrk levbstjr ikpkt obenkoalh gbputuske
levbstksl obhkhul hkpjrke gbukenke yken tbhkc ilkuilt. Hkpjrke gbukenke kikhkc mktktke
le`jroksl gbukenke suktu pbruskckke pkik suktu pbrljib kguetkesl yken ikpkt ilnuekgke
uetug obennkoakrgke glebrdk pbruskckke tbrsbaut. Yuduke hkpjrke gbukenke kikhkc
obeybilkgke le`jroksl kguetkesl yken obeykengut pjslsl gbukenke, glebrdk, sbrtk
pbruakcke pjslsl gbukenke suktu pbruskckke yken abroke`kkt aknl pkrk pbokgkl ikhko
pbenkoalhke gbputuske. Hkpjrke gbukenke yken hbengkp ikhko obelhkl glebrdk pbruskckke
kikhkc ebrkmk, hkpjrke hkak runl, hkpjrke pbruakcke bgultks, hkpjrke khlrke gks, ike mktktke
hkpjrke gbukenke.
Knkr abroke`kkt le`jroksl kguetkesl ikhko hkpjrke gbukenke, okgk ckrus kgukrkt,
tbpkt wkgtu, hbengkp, rbhbvke, tbrpbrmkyk, tbrvbrl`lgksl, ouikc ilpkckol, ike ouikc
ilpbrjhbc ikhko obobeucl gbautucke pbokgkl ikhko prjsbs pbenkoalhke gbputuske
(^lekroj, 16604;.>). Le`jroksl yken ilgktkgke kgurkt kpkalhk le`jroksl tbrsbaut abaks ikrl
gbskhkcke ike tlikg alks ktku tlikg obeybsktgke sbrtk ckrus dbhks obembrolegke okgsuieyk.
Gbtlikgkgurktke sbaukc le`jroksl ikpkt tbrdkil gkrbek suoabr le`jroksl obenkhkol
nkennuke ktku gbsbenkdkke sbclennk obruskg ktku obenuakc iktk kshl tbrsbaut.
Retug obhlckt kspbg gukhltks yken ilckslhgke jhbc pbruskckke okeu`kgtur, glebrdk
pbruskckke, ike hkpjrke gbukenke ikpkt ilugur obhkhul skhkc sktu obilk pbenugurke ykltu
rkslj gbukenke. Qkslj gbukenke kikhkc suktu khkt kekhlsls uetug obelhkl glebrdk suktu
pbruskckke abrikskrgke pbrakeilenke iktk gbukenke yken tbrikpkt pkik pjs gbukenke,
sbpbrtl hkpjrke runl/hkak, ebrkmk, ike khlrke gks. Obeurut Ckek`l ike Ckhlo (166>4>0)
obeyktkgke akcwk rkslj gbukenke pkik ikskreyk ilaknl ikhko hlok okmko gktbnjrl, ykltu
rkslj hlguliltks, rkslj kgtlvltks, rkslj sjhvkalhltks, rkslj prj`ltkalhltks, ike rkslj pkskr. Qkslj
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hlguliltks kikhkc rkslj yken obenugur gbokopuke pbruskckke obobeucl gbwkdlake dkengk
pbeibgeyk, sbclennk rkslj lel ikhko pbebhltlke lel ilwkglhl jhbc rkslj hkemkr (murrbet rktlj).
Qkslj kgtlvltks kikhkc rkslj yken obenugur sbdkuc okek b`bgtl`ltks pbennuekke ksbt ibenke
obhlckt tlengkt kgtlvltks ksbt, rkslj lel ikhko pbebhltlke lel ilwkglhl jhbc rkslj pbrputkrke
tjtkh ksbt (tjtkh kssbts turejvbr rktlj). ]bhkle ikrl gbhlok dbels rkslj, tbrikpkt rkslj yken
tbrgklt ikhko pbebhltlke lel kikhkc rkslj pbrtuoaucke (nrjwtc rktlj). Qkslj pbrtuoaucke
(nrjwtc rktlj) kikhkc rkslj yken obenugur sbdkuc okek pbrgboakenke pbruskckke ibenke
oboakeilengke pbrljib gb-t ibenke pbrljib sbabhuoeyk. Qkslj lel ikhko pbebhltlke lel
ilwkglhl jhbc rkslj pbrtuoaucke hkak (bkrelen k`tbr tkx nrjwtc rktlj).
Qkslj hkemkr (murrbet rktlj) yken sbhkeduteyk ilslengkt obedkil MQ, ykltu rkslj yken
obenugur gbokopuke pbruskckke uetug obobeucl gbwkdlake dkengk pbeibgeyk ibenke
obennuekgke ksbt hkemkreyk ilaknl ibenke gbwkdlake hkemkr. ]bokgle tlennl rkslj lel
sbokgle aklg, tbtkpl MQ yken rbeikc obeueduggke rlslgj hlguliltks yken tlennl. ]bikengke
MQ yken tlennl obeueduggke kikeyk gbhbalcke ksbt hkemkr, yken kgke obopueykl pbenkruc
yken tlikg aklg tbrckikp prj`ltkalhltks pbruskckke. Ckh ilsbakagke gkrbek ksbt hkemkr sbmkrk
uouo obenckslhgke rbtureyken hbalc rbeikc ilakeilengke ksbt tbtkp.
Ibenke kikeyk kekhlsls rkslj hkemkr lel ikpkt oboabrlgke pbhuken gbpkik levbstjr
ikhko pbenkoalhke gbputuske. Khkske pbolhlcke murrbet rktlj ilgkrbekgke rkslj lel
obembrolegke hlguliltks pbruskckke ikhko oboabrlgke ckslh gbpkik levbstjr uetug
obenkoalh gbputuske.
Vbrputkrke tjtkh ksbt (tjtkh kssbts turejvbr rktlj) yken sbhkeduteyk ilslengkt obedkil
YKY, ykltu rkslj yken obenugur sbdkuc okek gbokopuke pbruskckke obenckslhgke
pbedukhke abrikskrgke tjtkh ksbt yken ilolhlgl pbruskckke. ]bokgle abskt YKY obeueduggke
sbokgle b`bgtl` pbruskckke ikhko obenbhjhk ksbteyk uetug obeuedken gbnlktke pbedukhke.
YKY yken tlennl obeueduggke okekdbobe yken aklg, ike sbakhlgeyk YKY yken rbeikc
obeueduggke okekdbobe yken gurken ikhko obenbvkhuksl strktbnl, pbokskrkeeyk, ike
pbenbhukrke ojikh. Ckh lel obeueduggke akcwk glebrdk pbruskckke yken sbokgle aklg
sbclennk ikpkt obelengktgke hkak pbruskckke ike sbakhlgeyk glebrdk pbruskckke yken
sbokgle tlikg aklg sbclennk tlikg ikpkt obelengktgke hkak pbruskckke sbmkrk prjpjsljekh.
Khkske ikhko pbolhlcke tjtkh kssbts turejvbr ilgkrbekgke pbrputkrke tjtkh ksbt
obembrolegke kgtlvltks pbruskckke. Ibenke obhlckt kgtlvltks pbruskckke lel ikpkt
oboabrlgke b`bgtlvltks gbpkik okekdbobe pbruskckke ikhko pbenkoalhke gbputuske.
Qkslj pbrtuoaucke hkak (bkrelen k`tbr tkx nrjwtc rktlj) kikhkc rkslj yken obenugur
pbrgboakenke hkak pbruskckke ibenke oboakeilengke pbrljib lel ibenke pbrljib
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sbabhuoeyk, ilokek pbrtuoaucke yken aklg obeueduggke akcwk pbruskckke obolhlgl
gbukenke yken aklg sbclennk kgke obelengktgke elhkl pbruskckke gkrbek abskreyk ilvlibe
yken kgke ilakykr il oksk yken kgke iktken skenkt abrnketuen pkik gjeilsl pbruskckke.
Vbrtuoaucke hkak pkik pbruskckke ikpkt obopbrgukt cuauenke ketkrk abskreyk ktku ugurke
pbruskckke ibenke tlengkt hkak yken ilpbrjhbc, ilokek pbrtuoaucke hkak pkik pbruskckke
kgke obolhlgl duohkc ksbt yken abskr sbclennk oboabrlgke pbhuken yken hbalc abskr
ilikhko obenckslhgke prj`ltkalhltkseyk.
Ibenke ildkilgkeeyk rkslj gbukenke sbaknkl prbilgtjr pbrtuoaucke hkak il oksk yken
kgke iktken, okgk tbouke lel obrupkgke pbenbtkcuke yken mugup abrnuek aknl pkrk
pbokgkl hkpjrke gbukenke yken sbmkrk rllh sbrtk pjtbeslkh abrgbpbetlenke ibenke suktu
pbruskckke.
Abrikskrgke hktkr abhkgken tbrsbaut pbeuhls tbrtkrlg uetug obhkgugke pbebhltlke ibenke
duiuh KEKHL]L] MRQQBEY QKYLJ IKE YJYKH K]]BY] YRQEJPBQ QKYLJ
YBQCKIKV VBQYROARCKE HKAK VKIK VBQR]KCKKE OKER@KGYRQ
\KEN YBQIK@YKQ IL LIS YKCRE 16;;-16;=.
Knkr pbebhltlke lel abrdkhke ibenke hkemkr, okgk pbeuhls oboaktksl pbruskckke yken
iltbhltl ykltu pbruskckke okeu`kgtur sua sbgtjr leiustrl okgkeke ike oleuoke yken tbrik`tkr
il LIS tkcue 16;;-16;=.
Kikpue pbruouske okskhkc yken ilakcks kikhkc (;) Kpkgkc murrbet rktljabrpbenkruc
tbrckikp pbrtuoaucke hkak pkik pbruskckke okeu`kgtur yken tbrik`tkr il LIS: (1) Kpkgkc
tjtkh kssbts turejvbr rktlj abrpbenkruc tbrckikp pbrtuoaucke hkak pkik pbruskckke
okeu`kgtur yken tbrik`tkr il LIS: (=) ]babrkpk abskr murrbet rktljike tjtkh kssbts turejvbr
rktljabrpbenkruc tbrckikp pbrtuoaucke hkak pkik pbruskckke okeu`kgtur yken tbrik`tkr il
LIS:
Vbebhltlke lel abrtuduke uetug obenbtkcul murrbet rktlj abrpbenkruc tbrckikp
pbrtuoaucke hkak, tjtkh kssbts turejvbr rktljabrpbenkruc tbrckikp pbrtuoaucke hkak, ike
uetug obenbtkcul sbabrkpk abskr murrbet rktljike tjtkh kssbts turejvbr rktljabrpbenkruc
tbrckikp pbrtuoaucke hkak pkik pbruskckke okeu`kgtur yken tbrik`tkr il LIS.
Vbebhltlke lel abroke`kkt uetug oboabrlgke rb`brbesl aknl pkrk pbebhltl sbhkeduteyk
uetug obebhltl glebrdk gbukenke yken ilugur ibenke murrbet rktlj, tjtkh kssbts turejvbr rktlj,
ike pbrtuoaucke hkak sbrtk oboabrlgke le`jroksl yken abrckslh ilguopuhgke ikhko
pbebhltlke lel gbpkik levbstjr nuek sbaknkl akcke pbrtloakenke ikhko obhkgugke gbputuske
levbstksl.
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YLEDKRKE VR]YKGK IKE VBENBOAKENKE CLVJYB]L]
Obeurut Ckrkckp (16694=;6), prj`lt nrjwtc kikhkc rkslj yken obeueduggke
gbokopuke pbruskckke obelengktgke hkak abrslc tkcue lel ilakeilen ibenke tkcue hkhu.
Leilgktjr pbrtuoaucke hkak yken ilnuekgke ikhko pbebhltlke lel kikhkc hkak sbabhuo pkdkg
(bkrelen ab`jrb tkx). Vbennuekke hkak sbabhuo pkdkg sbaknkl leilgktjr pbrtuoaucke hkak
ilgkrbekgke uetug obencleikrl pbenkruc pbennuekke tkrl` pkdkg yken abrabik ketkr pbrljib
yken ilkekhlsls.
Obeurut Ckrkckp (16694=6;), murrbet rktlj obeueduggke sbdkuc okek kgtlvk hkemkr
obeutupl gbwkdlake-gbwkdlake hkemkr. ]bokgle abskr pbrakeilenke kgtlvk hkemkr ibenke
utken hkemkr sbokgle tlennl gbokopuke pbruskckke obeutupl gbwkdlake dkengk pbeibgeyk.
Obeurut Gksolr (16;14;=9), murrbet rktlj obrupkgke rkslj uetug obenugur gbokopuke
pbruskckke ikhko oboakykr gbwkdlake dkengk pbeibg ktku utken yken sbnbrk dktuc tbopj
pkik skkt iltknlc sbmkrk gbsbhurucke ibenke gktk hkle, sbabrkpk akeykg kgtlvk hkemkr yken
tbrsbilk uetug obeutupl gbwkdlake dkengk pbeibg yken sbnbrk dktuc tbopj.
Obeurut Ckrkckp (16694=6
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C=4 Murrbet rktlj ike tjtkh kssbts turejvbr abrskok-skok abrpbenkruc tbrckikp
pbrtuoaucke hkak, ilokek pbenkruc murrbet rktljhbalc ijoleke.
Gbrkengk abrplglr obrupkgke sletbsk tbetken cuauenke ketkr vkrlkabh yken ilsusue
ikrl abraknkl tbjrl yken tbhkc ilibsgrlpslgke (]unlyjej, 166
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Ib`lelsl jpbrksljekh kikhkc ib`lelsl yken obedkilgke vkrlkabh-vkrlkabh yken sbiken
iltbhltl obedkil abrsl`kt jpbrksljekh ikhko gkltkeeyk ibenke prjsbs pbenugurke vkrlkabh-
vkrlkabh tbrsbaut (]krwjej, 166041>). Vbebhltlke lel obennuekgke sktu vkrlkabh ibpbeibe
ike iuk vkrlkabh leibpbeibe.
Ykabh ;. Ib`lelsl Jpbrksljekh Pkrlkabh
PKQLKABHIB@LEL]L
PKQLKABH]GKHK VBENRGRQKE
;. Pkrlkabh
Ibpbeibe
(\)
Vbrtuoaucke
4Hkak
]bhlslc hkak
pbrljib sbgkrken
ibenke hkak
pbrljib
sbabhuoeyk
gbouilke ilaknl
ibenke hkak pkik
pbrljib
sbabhuoeyk
Qkslj BALY Ykcue lel BALY Ykcue Hkhu
BALY Ykcue Hkhu x;66%
1. Pkrlkabh
Abaks (S)
Murrbet Qktlj Qkslj ketkrk ksbt
hkemkr ibenke
hlkalhltks hkemkr
Qkslj Ksbt Hkemkr
Hlkalhltks Hkemkr
Yjtkh Kssbts
Yurejvbr
Vrjpjrsl ketkrk
pbedukhke abrslc
ibenke sbhuruc
gbgkykke yken
ilolhlgl
pbruskckke
Qkslj Vbedukhke Abrslc
Yjtkh Ksbt
]uoabr4 ilgboakengke uetug pbebhltlke
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Vjpuhksl ike ]kopbh
Vjpuhksl
Vjpuhksl kikhkc wlhkykc nbebrkhlsksl yken tbrilrl ktks suadbg ktku jadbg yken
obopueykl gukhltks ike gkrkgtbrlstlg tbrtbetu yken iltbtkpgke jhbc pbebhltl uetug ilpbhkdkrl
sbrtk iltkrlg gbslopuhkeeyk. Vjpuhksl ikhko pbebhltlke lel kikhkc pbruskckke okeu`kgtur sua
sbgtjr leiustrl okgkeke ike oleuoke yken tbrik`tkr il LIS pbrljib 16;;-16;= yken
abrduohkc 93 iktk ikrl ;0 pbruskckke.
]kopbh
Vbolhlcke skopbh ikhko pbebhltlke lel ilhkgugke ibenke obtjib purpjslvb skophlen.
Vurpjslvb skophlen kikhkc tbgelg pbebetuke skopbh ibenke pbrtloakenke tbrtbetu.
Vbrtloakenke-pbrtloakenke tbrsbaut kikhkc (;) Vbruskckke okeu`kgtur sua sbgtjr leiustrl
okgkeke ike oleuoke yken tbrik`tkr il LIS ike gjeslstbe pkik pbrljib pbebhltlke (tkcue
16;; skopkl ibenke 16;=)7 (1) Vbruskckke okeu`kgtur sua sbgtjr leiustrl okgkeke ike
oleuoke yken obeybilkgke iktk hkpjrke gbukenke sbhkok gurue wkgtu pbebhltlke (tkcue
16;; skopkl ibenke 16;=)7 ike (=) Vbruskckke tlikg obenckslhgke hkak ebnktl` sbhkok
pbrljib 16;; skopkl ibenke 16;=.
Abrikskrgke grltbrlk tbrsbaut, skopbh yken ilnuekgke ikhko pbebhltlke lel kikhkc =0
iktk ikrl ;0 pbruskckke okeu`kgtur sua sbgtjr leiustrl okgkeke ike oleuoke.
Dbels Iktk
Vbebhltlke lel obennuekgke iktk sbgueibr ykltu abrupk hkpjrke gbukenke tkcueke
pbruskckke okeu`kgtur sua sbgtjr leiustrl okgkeke ike oleuoke yken tbrik`tkr il LIS
ibenke kgclr tkcue pboauguke pkik tkennkh =; Ibsboabr 16;;, 16;1, ike 16;=.
Ybgelg Vbenuopuhke Iktk
Iktk yken ilpbrjhbc ikhko pbebhltlke lel ibenke obennuekgke obtjib ijguobetksl
ykltu pbenuopuhke iktk ibenke mkrk obopbhkdkrl, obenghksl`lgkslgke, ike obenkekhlsls iktk
sbgueibr yken abrupk hkpjrke gbukenke ike le`jroksl hkleeyk yken tbrgklt ikhko hlengup
pbebhltlke lel yken tbhkc ilpuahlgkslgke il LIS.
CK]LH IKE VBOAKCK]KE
Kekhlsls Ibsgrlptl`
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Pkhli E (hlstwlsb) =0
]uoabr4 Ckslh Vbenjhkcke ]V]] ;>.6
Ikrl tkabh 1 il ktks ilgbtkcul akcwk duohkc iktk yken ilnuekgke ikhko pbebhltlke lel
sbakeykg =0 iktk. ]bhkle ltu ilgbtkcul akcwk rktk-rktk pbrtuoaucke hkak sbabskr 6,=1>3
ibenke stkeikr ibvlksl sbabskr 6,2>;60, elhkl olelouo -6,=0 ike elhkl okgslouo 1,1=.
Murrbet Qktlj (MQ) obolhlgl rktk-rktk sbabskr 1,6960 ibenke stkeikr ibvlksl sbabskr
;,;==6>, elhkl olelouo 6,90, elhkl olelouo
6,9< ike elhkl okgslouo 1,
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Nkoakr 1.Ejrokh Vrjakalhlty Vhjts
]uoabr4 Ckslh Vbenjhkcke ]V]] ;>.6
Abrikskrgke ckslh pbenjhkcke ]V]] yken iltueduggke jhbc nkoakr 1 pkik ojibh
tbrsbaut obeueduggke akcwk iktk pbruskckke okeu`kgtur sua sbgtjr leiustrl okgkeke ike
oleuoke tkcue 16;;-16;= pkik ojibh rbnrbsl hlebkr abrnkeik abrilstrlausl ejrokh. Ckh
tbrsbaut tbrdkil gkrbek iktk ilsbgltkr nkrls ilknjekh obeybakr ike obenlgutl krkc nkrls
ilknjekh. ]bhkle udl ejrokhltks ibenke obennuekgke nrk`lg clstjnrko ike ejrokh
prjakalhlty phjtsikpkt ilnuekgke udl ejepkrkobtrlg Gjhojnjrjv-]olrejv sktu skopbh (G-
]). Rdl ejepkrkobtrlg lel ilhkgugke uetug obopbrgukt udl ejrokhltks yken sbmkrk vlsukh
gbhlcktke ejrokh pkik nrk`lg clstjnrko ike ejrokh prjakalhlty phjts. Rdl Gjhojnjrjv-
]olrejv abrtuduke uetug obenudl kpkgkc vkrlkabh ibpbeibe ike vkrlkabh leibpbeibe ikpkt
tbrilstrlausl ejrokh. Ckslh pbebhltlke Gjhojnjrjv-]olrejv Ybst ikpkt ilhlckt pkik tkabh =.
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Ykabh =. Gjhojnjrjv-]olrejv Ybst
Jeb-]kophb Gjhojnjrjv-]olrejv Ybst
Nrjwtc MQ YKY
E =0 =0 =0
Ejrokh Vkrkobtbrsk,,a Obke .=1>3 1.6960 ;.1=2=
]ti. Ibvlktlje .2>;60 ;.;==6> .93>90
Ojst Bxtrbob Il``brbembs Kasjhutb .1;2 .1;< .111
Vjsltlvb .1;2 .1;< .111
Ebnktlvb -.;1= -.;03 -.;;=
Gjhojnjrjv-]olrejv T ;.13< ;.=;= ;.==6
Ksyop. ]ln. (1-tklhbi) .6>1 .60= .623
k. Ybst ilstrlautlje ls Ejrokh.
a. Mkhmuhktbi `rjo iktk.
]uoabr4 Ckslh Vbenjhkcke ]V]] ;>.6
Abrikskrgke ckslh Gjhojnjrjv-]olrejv yken ilskdlgke ikhko tkabh = ikpkt
ilslopuhgke akcwk iktk pbruskckke okeu`kgtur sua sbgtjr leiustrl okgkeke ike oleuoke
tkcue 16;;-16;= pkik ojibh tbrsbaut abrilstrlausl ejrokh. Ckh tbrsbaut ikpkt ilaugtlgke
akcwk elhkl Ksyop. ]lnel`lgkesl pbrtuoaucke hkak sbabskr 6,6>1 hbalc abskr ikrl tlengkt
slnel`lgkesl 6,627 elhkl Ksyop. ]lnel`lgkesl murrbet rktlj sbabskr 6,60= hbalc abskr ikrl
tlengkt slnel`lgkesl 6,627 ike elhkl Ksyop. ]lnel`lgkesl tjtkh kssbts turejvbr sbabskr 6,623
hbalc abskr ikrl tlengkt slnel`lgkesl 6,62, sbclennk iktk tbrsbaut (E?=0) obolhlgl ilstrlausl
ejrokh.
Rdl Kutjgjrbhksl
Rdl kutjgjrbhksl abrtuduke uetug obenudl kpkgkc ikhko suktu ojibh rbnrbsl hlebkr
abrnkeik tbrikpkt gjrbhksl ketkrk gbskhkcke pkik pbrljib t ibenke gbskhkcke pkik pbrljibt-;.
Ckslh pbebhltlke udl Iurale-^ktsje ikpkt ilhlckt pkik tkabh 9.
Ykabh 9. Iurale-^ktsje
Ojibh
Iurale-
^ktsje iH iR 9-iR 9-iH
; 1.036 ;.=29 ;.23> 1.9;= 1.090
k. Vrbilmtjrs4 (Mjestket), HknZNrjwtc, MQ, YKY
a. Ibpbeibet Pkrlkahb4 Nrjwtc
]uoabr4 Ckslh Vbenjhkcke ]V]] ;>.6
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Abrikskrgke ckslh Iurale-^ktsje yken ilskdlgke ikhko tkabh 9 ikpkt ilslopuhgke
akcwk iktk pbruskckke okeu`kgtur sua sbgtjr leiustrl okgkeke ike oleuoke tkcue 16;;-
16;= pkik ojibh rbnrbsl hlebkr abrnkeik tbrikpkt kutjgjrbhksl. Ckh tbrsbaut ikpkt ilaugtlgke
akcwk elhkl I^ 1,036 5 9-iH 1,090 sbclennk elhkl I^ 1,036 tbrikpkt kutjgjrbhksl ebnktl`.
Retug obopbrgukt ckslh tbrsbaut ilnuekgke udl Que, il okek nkennuke kutjgjrbhksl tbrdkil
dlgk slnel`lgkesl il akwkc 6,62. Ckslh pbebhltlke udl rue tbstikpkt ilhlckt pkik tkabh 2.
Ykabh 2. RdlQue Ybst
Ques Ybst
Restkeikrilzbi
Qbsliukh
Ybst Pkhubk -.;==9=
Mksbs 8 Ybst Pkhub ;3
Mksbs 5? Ybst Pkhub ;3
Yjtkh Mksbs =0
Euoabr j` Ques ;>
T -.26>
Ksyop. ]ln. (1-tklhbi) .0;1
k. Obilke
]uoabr4 Ckslh Vbenjhkcke ]V]] ;>.6
Abrikskrgke ckslh udl rue tbstyken ilskdlgke ikhko tkabh 2 ikpkt ilslopuhgke akcwk
iktk pkik udl ejepkrbobtrlg tbrsbaut tlikg tbrdkil kutjgjrbhksl aklg kutjgjrbhksl pjsltl`
okupue kutjgjrbhksl ebnktl`. Ckh tbrsbaut ilaugtlgke ibenke obhlckt elhkl Ksyop. ]ln. (1-
tklhbi) sbabskr 6,0;1, elhkl tbrsbaut hbalc abskr ikrl elhkl slnel`lgkesl sbabskr 6,62 sbclennk
ilslopuhgke akcwk iktk pkik pbruskckke okeu`kgtur sua sbgtjr okgkeke ike oleuoke pkik
ojibh rbnrbsl tbrsbaut tlikg tbrdkil kutjgjrbhksl sbmkrk kmkg.
Rdl Ouhtlgjhlebkrltks
Rdl ouhtlgjhlebkrltks abrtuduke uetug obenudl kpkgkc ikhko suktu ojibh rbnrbsl hlebkr
abrnkeik tbrdkil gjrbhksl yken tlennl ketkrk-ketkrk vkrlkabh-vkrlkabh leibpbeibe. Ckslh
pbebhltlke udl ouhtlgjhlebkrltks ikpkt ilhlckt pkik tkabh 0.
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Ykabh 0. Rdl Ouhtlgjhlebkrltks
Ojibh
Mjhhlebkrlty ]tktlstlms
Yjhbrkemb PL@
; (Mjestket)
MQ . ;.6=9
YKY . ;.6=9
k. Ibpbeibet Pkrlkahb4 Nrjwtc
]uoabr4 Ckslh Vbenjhkcke ]V]] ;>.6
Abrikskrgke ckslh mjhhlebkrlty stktlstlmsyken ilskdlgke ikhko tkabh 0 ikpkt ilslopuhgke
akcwk iktk pkik ojibh tbrsbaut tlikg tbrdkil ouhtlgjhlebkrltks. Ckh lel ilgkrbekgke elhkl
tjhbrkemb ikrl gbiuk vkrlkabh leibpbeibe abrkik il ktks 6,;6 ike elhkl Pkrlkemb Le`hktlje
@kmtjr(PL@) krl gbiuk vkrlkabh leibpbeibe abrkik il akwkc elhkl ;6, sbclennk ilslopuhgke
akcwk iktk pbruskckke okeu`kgtur sua sbgtjr leiustrl okgkeke ike oleuoke tkcue 16;;-
16;= pkik ojibh rbnrbsl hlebkr abrnkeik tlikg tbrdkil ouhtlgjhlebkrltks.
Rdl Cbtbrjsgbikstlsltks
Rdl cbtbrjsgbikstlsltks abrtuduke uetug obenudl kpkgkc ikhko suktu ojibh rbnrbsl
hlebkr abrnkeik tbrikpkt gbtlikgskokke vkrlkes ketkrk pbenkoktke yken sktu ibenke
pbenkoktke yken hkleeyk. Ckslh pbebhltlke udl cbtbrjsgbikstlsltks ikpkt ilhlckt pkik nkoakr=.
]uoabr4 Ckslh Vbenjhkcke ]V]] ;>.6
Nkoakr =. ]mkttbrphjt
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Abrikskrgke ckslh pbenjhkcke ]V]] yken iltueduggke jhbc nkoakr = ikpkt
ilslopuhgke akcwk iktk pbruskckke okeu`kgtur sua sbgtjr leiustrl okgkeke ike oleuoke
tkcue 16;;-16;= pkik ojibh rbnrbsl hlebkr abrnkeik tlikg tbrdkil cbtbrjsgbikstlsltks. Ckh lel
ilgkrbekgke iktk pkik ojibh tbrsbaut tlikg obolhlgl gbskokke vkrlkes ketkrk TVQBI
ibenke ]QB]LI yken krtleyk iktk-iktk yken ilnuekgke ikhko ojibh rbnrbsl hlebkr abrnkeik
obeybakr sbmkrk kmkg aklg gb krkc ktks okupue krkc akwkc ike tlikg abrkik il sktu tbopkt
ikrl suoau \ sbrtk tlikg oboabetug pjhk tbrtbetu pkik nkoakr il ktks.
Kekhlsls Qbnrbsl Hlebkr Abrnkeik
Kekhlsls rbnrbsl hlebkr abrnkeik kikhkc suktu khkt kekhlsls pbrkokhke elhkl pbenkruc iuk
vkrlkabh abaks ktku hbalc (leibpbeibe) tbrckikp vkrlkabh tbrlgkt (ibpbeibe). Pkrlkabh
leibpbeibe ikhko pbebhltlke lel kikhkc murrbet rktlj ike tjtkh kssbts turejvbr sbrtk vkrlkabh
ibpbeibe kikhkc pbrtuoaucke hkak. Ckslh pbebhltlke rbnrbsl hlebkr abrnkeik ikpkt
iltueduggke pkik tkabh >.
Ykabh >. Gjb`lslbe Qbnrbsl
Mjb``lmlbetsk
Ojibh
Restkeikrilzbi Mjb``lmlbets
]tkeikrilzbi
Mjb``lmlbets
A ]ti. Brrjr Abtk
; (Mjestket) .909 .=2=
MQ -.610 .63< -.621
YKY -.60> .16> -.62>
k. Ibpbeibet Pkrlkahb4 Nrjwtc
]uoabr4 Ckslh Vbenjhkcke ]V]] ;>.6
Abrikskrgke ckslh udl rbnrbsl hlebkr abrnkeik yken ilskdlgke ikhko tkabh > ikpkt
ilpbrjhbc pbrskokke rbnrbsl hlebkr abrnkeik. Vbrskokke rbnrbsl tbrsbaut kikhkc sbaknklabrlgut4
? + + Quous 9.;
? 6,909 6,610 6,60>
Gbtbrkenke4
? Gjestketk (mjestket)
;? Gjb`lslbe rbnrbsl ikrl S;
1? Gjb`lslbe rbnrbsl ikrl S1S;? Murrbet Qktlj (MQ)
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S1? Yjtkh Kssbts Yurejvbr(YKY)
Ikrl pbrskokke rbnrbsl il ktks, okgk ilslopuhgke abrlgut lel4
;. Gjestketk () obolhlgl elhkl sbabskr 6,909 obeueduggke akcwk dlgk vkrlkabh murrbet
rktlj (MQ) ike tjtkh kssbts turejvbr (YKY) abrelhkl gjestke ktku ejh, okgk vkrlkabh
pbrtuoaucke hkak abrelhkl pjsltl`, ykltu sbabskr 6,909.
1. Gjb`lslbe rbnrbsl murrbet rktlj abrelhkl ebnktl` (S;) ykltu -6,610. Gkrbek vkrlkabh
murrbet rktlj abrelhkl ebnktl` okgk vkrlkabh murrbet rktlj tlikg ikpkt
illetbrprbtkslgke. Ckh lel ilsbakagke gkrbek vkrlkabh leibpbeibe MQ sbmkrk slouhtke
tlikg obolhlgl pbenkruc tbrckikp vkrlkabh pbrtuoaucke hkak.
=. Gjb`lslbe rbnrbsl tjtkh kssbts turejvbr abrelhkl ebnktl` (S1) ykltu -6,60>. Gkrbek
vkrlkabh tjtkh kssbts turejvbrabrelhkl ebnktl` okgk vkrlkabh tjtkh kssbts turejvbrtlikg
ikpkt illetbrprbtkslgke. Ckh lel ilsbakagke gkrbek vkrlkabh leibpbeibe YKY sbmkrk
slouhtke tlikg obolhlgl pbenkruc tbrckikp vkrlkabh pbrtuoaucke hkak.
Vbenudlke Clpjtbsls
Rdl Gjb`lslbe Ibtbroleksl
Gjb`lslbe ibtbroleksl (Q1) ilnuekgke uetug obenudl sbabrkpk abskr pbrkeke vkrlkabh
leibpbeibe sbmkrk slouhtke obopbenkrucl pbruakcke yken tbrdkil pkik vkrlkabh leibpbeibe.
Ckslh pbebhltlke udl stktlstlg Q1yken iltueduggke pkik tkabh 3.
Ykabh 3. Ojibh ]uookry
Ojibh ]uookrya
Ojibh Q Q ]qukrb
Kidustbi Q
]qukrb
]ti. Brrjr j` tcb
Bstloktb Iurale-^ktsje
; .6>6k .662 -.622 .2300> 1.036
k. Vrbilmtjrs4 (Mjestket), YKY, MQ
a. Ibpbeibet Pkrlkahb4 Nrjwtc
]uoabr4 Ckslh Vbenjhkcke ]V]] ;>.6
Abrikskrgke ckslh ojibh suookry yken ilskdlgke ikhko tkabh 3 ikpkt ilhlckt elhkl
gjb`lslbe ibtbroleksl (Kidustbi Q ]qukrb) sbabskr 6,622 ktku 2,2% ikrl vkrlkabh ibpbeibe
ykltu pbrtuoaucke hkak ikpkt ildbhksgke ktku ilpbenkrucl jhbc vkrlkabh leibpbeibe (murrbet
rktljike tjtkh kssbts tuejvbr) ike slskeyk sbabskr
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Rdl @
Rdl stktlstlg @ ilnuekgke uetug obenudl slnel`lgkesl pbenkruc murrebt rktljike tjtkh
kssbts turejvbr tbrckikp pbrtuoaucke hkak sbmkrk slouhtke. Ckslh pbebhltlke udl stktlstlg @
ikpkt ilhkgugke ibenke udl KEJPK yken iltueduggke pkik tkabh -.=1= .>9.6
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Abrikskrgke ckslh udl t yken ilskdlgke pkik tkabh ;6 ikpkt ilgbtkcul akcwk murrbet rktlj
obolhlgl elhkl tcltuensbabskr -6,1>6 okgk elhkl
tcltuenhbalc gbmlh ikrl ttkabh. Elhkl tkrk` slnel`lgke lel hbalc abskr ikrl tlengkt slnel`lgkesl ykgel
sbabskr 6,62 sbclennk Cj iltbrlok ike Ck iltjhkg, yken abrkrtl vkrlkabh murrbet rktljsbmkrk
pkrslkh tlikg obolhlgl pbenkruc slnel`lgke ike ebnktl` tbrckikp pbrtuoaucke hkak. Vbenkruc
vkrlkabh murrbet rktlj kikhkc ebnktl`, ilokek vkrlkabh murrbet rktlj yken tlennl mbeibruen
obeklggke pbrtuoaucke hkak pbruskckke ike sbakhlgeyk murrbet rktlj yken rbeikc
mbeibruen obeuruegke pbrtuoaucke hkak pbruskckke.
Elhkl tcltuenuetug vkrlkabh tjtkh kssbts turejvbrkikhkc sbabskr -6,=1= ike ttkabh sbabskr
1,6=921 ( sbabskr 6,626 ike ibnrbb j` `rbbijosbabskr e-g?=0-=? ==) ibenke tlengkt tkrk`
slnel`lgke sbabskr 6,>9< okgk elhkl tcltuenhbalc gbmlh ikrl ttkabh. Elhkl tkrk` slnel`lgke lel hbalc
abskr ikrl tlengkt slnel`lgkesl ykgel sbabskr 6,62 sbclennk Cj iltbrlok ike Ck iltjhkg, yken
abrkrtl vkrlkabh tjtkh kssbts turejvbr sbmkrk pkrslkh tlikg obolhlgl pbenkruc slnel`lgke ike
ebnktl` tbrckikp pbrtuoaucke hkak. Vbenkruc vkrlkabh tjtkh kssbts turejvbr kikhkc ebnktl`,
ilokek vkrlkabh tjtkh kssbts turejvbryken tlennl mbeibruen hbalc b`bgtl` ikhko pbennuekke
tjtkh ksbt abrikskrgke pbedukhke ike sbakhlgeyk tjtkh kssbts turejvbr yken rbeikc
obeueduggke akcwk gurken b`bgtl` ikhko pbennuekke tjtkh ksbt abrikskrgke pbedukhke.
Vbedukhke yken tlennl obeueduggke tbrikpkt pbenkruc tbrckikp pbeikpktke. Vbeikpktke
yken tlennl mbeibruen obeklggke hkak pbruskckke ike sbakhlgeyk pbeikpktke yken rbeikc
mbeibruen obeuruegke hkak pbruskckke.
Vboakckske Ckslh Vbebhltlke
Vbenkruc Murrbet Qktlj Ybrckikp Vbrtuoaucke Hkak
Clpjtbsls pbrtkok yken ilkdugke pkik pbebhltlke lel kikhkc tbrikpkt pbenkruc murrbet
rktlj tbrckikp pbrtuoaucke hkak. Murrbet rktlj obrupkgke rkslj yekn obenugur ksbt hkemkr
yken ilolhlgl pbruskckke ikhko obobeucl hlkalhltks dkengk pbeibgeyk. Ikrl ckslh pbebhltlke
lel ilpbrjhbc elhkl gjb`lslbe rbnrbsl uetug vkrlkabh murrbet rktlj sbabskr -6,610, elhkl tcltuen
sbabskr -6,1>6, ilokek elhkl
slnel`lgke lel hbalc abskr ikrl tlengkt slnel`lgkesl ykgel sbabskr 6,62. Ibenke ibolglke
clpjtbsls pbrtkok yken obeyktkgke akcwk tbrikpkt pbenkruc murrbet rktlj tbrckikp
pbrtuoaucke hkak tlikg ikpkt iltbrlok, yken abrkrtl vkrlkabh murrbet rktlj tlikg obolhlgl
pbenkruc slnel`lgke tbrckikp pbrtuoaucke hkak.
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Abrikskrgke augtl boplrls yken kik ike ckslh pbebhltlke yken ilpbrjhbc,
obenleilgkslgke akcwk vkrlkabh murrbet rktlj tlikg obolhlgl pbenkruc yken slnel`lgke
tbrckikp pbrtuoaucke hkak. Ckslh pbebhltlke lel skok ibenke ckslh pbebhltlke yken ilhkgugke
jhbc ]krl ike ]uhlstykwktl (166, elhkl tcltuen sbabskr -6,=1= ike ttkabh sbabskr 1,6=921 ibenke elhkl slnel`lgke sbabskr
6,>9
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Ckek`l, Okoiuc O., ike Kaiuh Ckhlo. Kekhlsls Hkpjrke Gbukenke. Bilsl Gbtlnk.
\jnykgkrtk4 ]YLB \GVE. 166>.
Ckrkckp, ]j`yke ]yk`rl. Kekhlsls Grltls Ktks Hkpjrke Gbukenke. Dkgkrtk4 Qkdk Nrk`leij
Vbrskik. 1669.
Cbry.Kekhlsls Hkpjrke Gbukenke. Dkgkrtk4 Auol Kgskrk. 16;1.
Duolenke.Kekhlsls Hkpjrke Gbukenke. Dkgkrtk4 VY. Auol Kgskrk. 1660.
Gksolr.Kekhlsls Hkpjrke Gbukenke. Dkgkrtk4 Qkdkwkhl Vrbss. 16;;.
Vrlckil, Yjtj.Ibtbgsl Mbpkt Gbukenke4 > Kekhlsls Qkslj Gbukenke. Dkgkrtk4 Vpo. 1663.
Qkckrdkputrk, Cbeirk ].Augu Vkeiuke Vrkgtls7 Okekdbobe Gbukenke ike Kguetkesl, Retug
Bgsbgutl` Vbruskckke. Dkgkrtk4 ]khboak Bopkt. 166.6 Ike Kphlgksl ]tktlstlg Vbebhltlke.
Akeiuen4 Kh`kabtk. 16;;.
]khslykc, ]rl Okrckbel. Kekhlsls Vbenkruc ^jrglen Mkpltkh tj Yjtkh Kssbts Qktlj, Yjtkh
Ibat tj Yjtkh Mkpltkh Kssbts, Yjtkh Kssbts Yurejvbr, Nrjss Vrj`lt Okrnle ike Ebt Vrj`lt
Okrnle Ybrckikp Vbruakcke Hkak (]tuil Gksus Vkik Vbruskckke Okeu`kgtur yken
Ybrik`tkr il ABL Vbrljib 1662-166). ]jhusl, 3(=). 166
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]uarkokeyko, G. Q. & Dcje D., ^lhi. Kekhlsls Hkpjrke Gbukenke (@lekemlkh ]tktbobet
Kekhysls). Augu 1. Dkgkrtk4 ]khboak Bopkt. 16;6.
]unlykrsj, Nbrvkslus. Kguetkesl Gjpbrksl4 ]lsltbo, Obtjib, ike Kekhlsls Hkpjrke
Gbukenke. \jnykgkrtk4 Mkps. 16;;.
]unlyjej.Obtjib Vbebhltlke Alsels. Akeiuen4 Kh`kabtk. 1663.
]unlyjej.Obtjib Vbebhltlke Guketltktl` Gukhltktl` Ike Q&I. Akeiuen4 Kh`kabtk. 16;1.
]ueyjtj, Ikeken.Kekhlsls Qbnrbsl ike Rdl Clpjtbsls. \jnykgkrtk4 Mkps. 16;;.
]ykosuile ike Mbgy Vrlokyutk. Qkslj Gbukenke ike Vrbilgsl Vbruakcke Hkak Vbruskckke
Okeu`kgtur yken Ybrik`tkr il Aursk B`bg Leijebslk. Abeb`lt Durekh Okekdbobe ike
Alsels, ;=(;)4 0;-0