Junior Cert Revision 2 By Rev. Well Cells Animal Plant Nucleus Vacuole Cell Wall Chloroplasts...
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Transcript of Junior Cert Revision 2 By Rev. Well Cells Animal Plant Nucleus Vacuole Cell Wall Chloroplasts...
Junior Cert Revision 2
By Rev. Well
Cells
• Animal • PlantNucleus
Vacuole
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
-contain Chlorophyll for photosynthesis
Cell Membrane
Food Groups
Proteins
VitaminsMinerals
Fats and Oils
Carbohydrates
Digestion -Breaking food down into smaller pieces
Teeth begin process of breaking down food
Food
Long chains of sugar called
Starch
Saliva contains an ENZYME
AMYLASEShorter sugars that start to be digested
Can you remember?
What are those three functions of a skeleton?
Support
Protection
Movement
Hold us upright
Ribs protect the lungs heart etc
Anchor for the muscles
Connective Tissue
Tendon Muscle to bone
Ligament bone connected to bone
Cartilage protects end of bone
Photosynthesis
water
Carbon dioxide
Energy from sunlight, with chlorophyll as a
catalyst, is used to combine CO2 and H2O to
form glucose and release O2
chlorophyll
oxygen
glucose
Water + Carbon Dioxide Glucose + Oxygen
Sunlight
Chlorophyll
Proving Photosynthesis
Phototropism
• The shoots (aerial parts) of a plant grow towards light due to phototropism.
• Phototropism allows shoots to get more light and make more food.
Phototropism is the change in growth
of a plant in response to light.
Water goes up the Xylem
From root To leaf then
Transpire
Sugar madeIn the leaf
Goes down The Phloem
Properties of an Acid
· Tastes sour· Turns blue litmus paper red
· Has a pH of less than 7· Lemon juice and vinegar are good examples.
ACID
Properties of a Base · Turns litmus paper blue· Has a pH greater than 7· taste bitter and have a slippery feel
· Bases that are soluble (dissolve in water) are called alkalis
Most hand soaps and drain cleaners are bases
p Hp H
A measure of how acidic something is
A measure of how acidic something is
T h e p H S c a l eT h e p H S c a l e
• A N e u t r a l s o l u t i o n h a s a p H o f 7 .
• A n A c i d i c s o l u t i o n h a s a p H b e l o w 7 .
• A B a s i c s o l u t i o n h a s a
p H a b o v e 7 .
• A N e u t r a l s o l u t i o n h a s a p H o f 7 .
• A n A c i d i c s o l u t i o n h a s a p H b e l o w 7 .
• A B a s i c s o l u t i o n h a s a
p H a b o v e 7 .
IndicatorsThese are chemicals that change colour in the presence of an acid or a base.
We get them from Plants.
Magnetic Field
`The area around a magnet where you can feel a magnetic force
Electromagnet• A soft iron rod has
no magnetic field• When current flows
in the wire the soft iron becomes magnetised so a magnetic field is detected by the plotting compasses.
Positive and Negative Charge
Same charges repel
Positive and Negative Charge
Unlike charges attract
Conductors and Insulators
A conductor is a substance through which electric charge flows readily. An insulator is a substance that strongly resists the flow of electric charge.
Conductor
insulator
Effect of Van De Graaf
• Hair is pushed apart as all the electrons on the hair repel each other.
Light on cards goes through if the cards are lined up. This also proves light
travels in straight lines
Reflection
Incident ray
Normal
Reflected ray
Angle of incidence
Angle of reflection
Flat Mirror
Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection
Refraction
Fisherman use a trident as light is bent at the surface
The fisherman sees the fish and tries to spear it
Focal Point
Focal Point
Lenses Two types of lenses
Converging Lens Diverging Lens
Dispersion
• Breaking up of white light into it’s colours
Primary and secondary colours
Parts of a Flowering Plant
Male Parts
Anther
Filament
Together called the STAMEN
Female Parts
Stigma
Style
Ovule
Ovary
Together called the CARPEL
PollenSexual reproduction is where two different cells meet
Sex cells are called GAMETES
Pollen is the male gamete
The female gamete is the EGG
When the pollen and egg meet this is called FERTILISATION
Water Treatment
Screening - Clean water passes through the screen and large objects do not
Sedimentation - Aluminium Sulphate is added allowed to settle.
Filtration – passes through sandAdd chlorine to kill
bacteria and flourine
Hard and soft water• Add soap and mix
Add Soap solution
Add Soap solutionHard
WaterFew
BubblesOily scum
Soft WaterLots of
Bubbles
Where hard water comes fromAcid Rain
Limestone
Water dissolves the limestone (Calcium Carbonate) and the calcium
ions make the water hard
Water that runs off straight to
rivers and lakes is soft water
Advantages and Disadvantages of Hard and Soft Water
Advantage Disadvantage
HardGood for Heart and Beer
Scale in pipes
SoftGood for washing clothes
Girl children
Revise for Xmas exam
If you are reading this in May bad luck and keep going
• Thick muscular walls• Divided into 4
chambers• Right side pumps
blood to lungs• Left side pumps
oxygenated blood from the lungs to ALL parts of body
The heart has four
major blood vessels
VENA CAVA PULMONARY
VEIN
AO
RTA
PU
LM
ON
AR
YA
rter
y
VENA CAVA
From body
To body
From lungs
To lungs
All Blood Vessels
ArteryThick WallsBlood from heart
VeinsThin wallsBlood to heartContain valves
Capillaries
Very thin walls and tubeCarry oxygen and food to cells
Blood Summary
Type Function Appearance
PlasmaCarries glucose, protein and waste.
Clear Liquid
Red Blood CellCarry Oxygen to cells in Haemoglobin
Red or blue
White Blood Cell
Prevent Disease and attack invaders
Many different cells
Platelets Clot the blood Fragments of cells
Excretion- removing waste
products from the body
• Skin - Sweat• Kidneys-Urine• Lungs-Carbon
Dioxide + Water
bladder
urethra
renal vein carries blood from kidney
renal artery carries blood to kidney
kidney filters blood to remove urea
ureter transports urine to bladder
bladder stores urine
urethra releases urine
Sound is Energy
• Sound is caused by the movement of the medium it is travelling in
• Anything that vibrates makes sound
Compressions
in the medium
Loudspeaker
Sound in Space• Sound needs a medium (Air, String and
even water)• We can prove this by sucking all the air
out of a jar with an electric bell inside
When we have sucked out all the air from the jar we can not hear the electric bell
Glass bell jar
Vacuum
Electric Bell
Echo
• A reflected sound wave
If sound takes 2s the get to the cliff and return and sound travels at 340m/s.
Distance = Speed x time=340x2
=680m,
but how far away is the cliff face?
1) Amplitude – this is height of the wave.
2) Wavelength () – this is the distance between two corresponding points on the wave and is measured in metres:
3) Frequency – this is how many waves pass by every second and is measured in Hertz (Hz)
Crest
Trough
Ecology…• Study of the relationship between
plants and animals and their environment
Levels of organization - Terms
• Organism – living thing• Population – one species live in one place at one
time• Community – All populations (diff. species) that
live in a HABITAT.
Connections
Primary Producer Primary
Consumer Secondary Consumer
Top of the food chain
• Carnivore eats other animals
• Herbivore eats plants
• Omnivore eats plants and animals
Inside of the eye
pupil
iris
lens
optic
ner
ve
retin
a
Cili
ary
mus
cle
cornea
Choose a name from the list above to match the functions in the table
1. contains sensory cells which detect images
2. contracts and relaxes to change the shape of the lens
3. allows light into the eye and refracts (bends) the rays
4. brings messages to brain about what we are seeing
5. allows light into the inside of the eye
6. contracts and relaxes to change the size of the pupil
7. focuses a clear image on the retina
retina
ciliary muscle
cornea
optic nerve
pupil
iris
lens
how the taste buds gather information
humans detectfour tastes: sweet, sour, salt and bitter
sensory nerves bring messages to the brain
Distance, Speed and Time
Speed = distance (in metres)
time (in seconds)
D
TS
1) Dave walks 200 metres in 40 seconds. What is his speed?
2) Laura covers 2km in 1,000 seconds. What is her speed?
3) How long would it take to run 100 metres if you run at 10m/s?
4) Steve travels at 50m/s for 20s. How far does he go?
5) Susan drives her car at about 40m/s (136km/hr or 85mph). How long does it take her to drive 20km?
Speed vs. Velocity
Speed is simply how fast you are travelling…
Velocity is “speed in a given direction”…
This car is travelling at a speed of 20m/s
This car is travelling at a velocity of 20m/s east
Velocity-Time GraphsV
t1/.Constant Acceleration
V
t
2/.Constant Velocity
V
t
3/.Deceleration
Velocity-time graphs
80
60
40
20
010 20 30 40 50
Velocity
m/s
T/s
1) Upwards line =
Constant Acceleration
2) Horizontal line =
Constant Velocity
3) Shallow line =
Less Acceleration
4) Downward line =
Deceleration
Friction• Friction is the
force that opposes motion of a body when it is in contact with another.
Friction happens when 2 bodies are in contact.
Lubrication reduces friction
• Adaptation is the development of special characteristics by plants or animals to suit a particular environment.
Adaptation to environment