Jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas), studies from

Mexico. Fishery, Ecology & Climate

Salinas-Zavala C.A. &CIBNOR-Jumbo-Squid-Team:

S. Camarillo-Coop, A. Mejia-Rebollo, R. Rosas-Luis, J. Ramos-Castillejos, R. Ramírez-Rojo, D Arizmendi, G. Bazzino, N. Dimaté & U. Markaida-Aburto.

csalinas@cibnor.mx Honolulu, Hawaii, nov. 2006

•FISHERY.•Geographical context. Transition Climate Zone•Landings & Retrospective•Socioeconomics aspects

•ECOLOGY.•Gulf of California Studies

•Populations structure variability•Juveniles studies

•West Coast of Baja & California Current Studies•Adults Spatial Distribution•Growth & Age•Feeding•Paralarvae collected

•CLIMATE•ENSO vs. Spatial distribution changes•Biological Action Centers (BAC´S)•Some indicators of parallelisms between south/north hemispheres

•REMARCKS

OUTLINE

FISHERY

Transition Zone

Oceanic thermic condition

FisheryGeographic context

High interannual variability

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

1971

1974

1977

1980

1983

1986

1989

1992

1995

1998

2001

2004

2007

Land

ings

(t)

FisheryLandings & Retrospective

Arti

sana

lper

iod Ja

pane

seex

plor

ing

No

fishi

ngpe

riod

La N

iña

88-8

9

El N

iño

cond

ition

s

Per

iod

high

abun

danc

e

El N

iño

97-9

8La

Niñ

a 99

-00

Exp

lorin

gw

estc

oast

El N

iño

03-0

4

2005

Fishing in west coast

FisherySocioeconomics aspects

Populations dynamicsscarce knowledge.Fourth fishery in Mexico.Employs more than 3,500 fishermens in the NorthwestMexico.Mantain the fishery industryactive & create parallelindustries.Beneficious for the regional people.High potential todevelopment add valueindustry.

FisherySocioeconomics aspects

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003Year

Ship Average Price Pangas Average Price

Aver

age

pric

eon

beac

h(p

esos

)

Table I. Nominal & Real average price of Jumbo Squid in Guaymas for 1995 and 2003

*Deflactation used Index of products-prices from Bank of Mexico 1994=0. Source: Data from landings records of major & minor boats, Fishery Office in Guaymas, Son.

Pangas Ships

1995 2003 1995 2003

Average nominal price 1.33 1.32 1.43 1.64 Average real price* 0.81 0.34 0.86 0.43

Price of 2003 equivalent to 1995

1.7 2.6

ECOLOGY

¨To increase the knowledge for the management of marine resources¨

FEMALES

1996 1997 1998 1999 2003 2004YEAR

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

ML

(cm

)

MALES

1996 1997 1998 1999 2003 2004YEAR

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

ML

(cm

)

EcologyGulf of California Studies

1. Interannual variability of the populations structure

Bazzino, et al., 2006 submitted

Our results indicate the existence of a strong variability in the population structure of jumbo squid within the Gulf of California, mainly at level of the sizes structure, which is reflected in the size of first maturity. The changes in the abundance and population structure of jumbo squid seem to be related not only to the occurrence of events El Niño but also to the intensity or magnitude of such. Figure show interannual variability of the mantle dorsal length (MDL) of jumbo squid in Santa Rosalía, BCS, Mexico. Data before 2003 from Markaida (2002 & 2006)

EcologyGulf of California Studies

2. Presence of paralarvae

0

20

40

60

80

100

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Months

Ind.

2003 2004

During 2003 and 2004 were made in Santa Rosalia BCS monthly, nocturnal and superficial trawls with a conical simple net (60 cm of diameter and 505 µ). Organisms corresponding to the Rhynchoteuthion paralarvae characteristic of the Family Ommastrephidae were collected, which would indicate that the area is also used to carry out the spawning of this specie.

Ecology

Presence of juveniles in the Gulf of California & West Coast

In research cruises inside and outside the Gulf of California, juveniles organisms with MDL between 1,81 - 8,58 cm were collected with dip-net, which suggests an ample distribution of the spawning & nursery grounds. These organisms are preserved in alcohol for future genetic analyses

Ecology

Importance of the jumbo squid in the pelagic ecosystem of the Gulf of California

Nombre del Grupo Biomasa (ton/km-2)

P/B base anual

Q/B base anual

EE

1 Aves marinas 0.01300 0.379 73.769 2 Cachalote 0.03 0.03 5.275 3 Mamíferos marinos 0.015 0.08 20.252 4 Tiburones pelágicos 0.473 7.628 0.736 5 Pelágicos mayores 0.195 1.257 9.747 0.7 6 Pelágicos medianos 1.109 0.885 5.198 0.965 7 Pelágicos menores 5.742 4.505 15.722 0.94 8 Demersales 1.792 0.956 3.782 0.869 9 Myctophidae 0.863 1.592 7.262 0.803 10 Calamar gigante 0.568 3.252 13.819 11 Eufausidos 1.1 7 24.886 12 Langostilla 2.7 1.201 17.362 13 Macrobentos 0.8320 3.48 12.704 0.907 14 Camarones 0.59 2.29 26.198 15 Zooplancton 12 25.678 86.264 0.900 16 Meiobentos 2.113 11.284 39.52 17 Fitoplancton 95.952 0.9 18 Detritus 3

Control top-down in central part of the Gulf of California

Rosas-Luis, 2005

Sampling squid

Ecology

West Coast off Peninsula of Baja California Studies

Ecology

West Coast off Peninsula of Baja California Studies

-118 -116 -114 -112 -110

24

26

28

30

32

IMECOCAL 0401/02

-118 -116 -114 -112 -11022

24

26

28

30

32

100.45

113.35

117.45

123.45123.42

127.6

1 00.45

11 3 .35

1 17.45

1 23 .451 23 .42

127 .6

IMECOCAL 0404/05

-118 -116 -114 -112 -11022

24

26

28

30

32

110.6

113.5

117.55

120.6120.65

123.6127.45

127.5

130.5

133.55

137.5137.45

IMECOCAL 0407

-118 -116 -114 -112 -11022

24

26

28

30

32

103.5

107.55

110.45110.4110.37

113.4113.45

113.6

117.65117.6117.55

120.65

123.6

123.42

127.45127.5

127.55

130.5

IMECOCAL 0410

-118 -116 -114 -112 -11022

24

26

28

30

32

IMECOCAL 0501/02

-118 -116 -114 -112 -11022

24

26

28

30

32

IMECOCAL 0504/05

-118 -116 -114 -112 -11022

24

26

28

30

32

-118 -116 -114 -112 -11022

24

26

28

30

32

IMECOCAL 0510

2004

2005

Adults distribution

Mejia-Rebollo, 2006

The presence of the adults has been continouslythe last two years

Ecology

West Coast off Peninsula of Baja California Studies

Growth & AgeTable II. Statistics comparation between growth curves of jumbo squid D. gigas from West coast 2004 & Gulf of California 1995-1997, in accordance for Integral Logistic Model. N number of individuals, SCR Residual square residuals, MCR Residual Exp2, *** P<0.001 Sex N Parameters SCR MCR F(3,385) P Females CO GC

143 247

Y∞ =877.5 K=0.009536 To=234.9 Y∞=896.1 K=0.0118 To=235

1255.39 489250

8.9035 2005

51.50 ***

Males CO GC

46 133

Y∞=792.1 K= 0.01065 To=214.3 Y∞=842.1 k=0.0116 to=223.3

328.4971 236077

7.465 1815

12.24 ***

Mejia-Rebollo, 2006

Data for GC from Markaida, 2002

The growing parameters are statistically differentbetween GC and CO

Ecology

West Coast off Peninsula of Baja California Studies

Feeding

Tabla III. Porcentage of preys in the diet of jumbo squid in the west coast of Baja California Peninsula

Preys 2004 2005 Pleuroncodes planipes 61.45 74.77 Vincingueria spp 12.71 8.41 Mictophidae 2.78 2.04 Copepoda 10.25 Pteropoda 2.72 0.51 Piscies 0.90 3.56 Octopoda 0.11 0.59 Teuthidae 2.91 1.78 MONI 1.63 2.21 Others 4.54 6.13

Rosas-Luis, in prepation

Main prey

Ecology

West Coast off Peninsula of Baja California Studies

Feeding during the day

¨…..During a research cruise on board of BIP XII of the CIBNOR at March, 2005 were observed jumbo squids feeding during the day and surface at 23° 26.84´ LN and 110° 39.84´ LW (12:35 p.m.). The great abundance of red crab (Pleuroncodesplanipes) in the surface was evident and the squids swam throughout of them. When they were feeding elevated its arms and tentacles outside the water. Nine organisms were collected, eight were females in stages III, IV & V of maturity and one male in advanced stage of maturity V. The average of MDL was of 73,9 (♀) and 63,0 (♂) cm. Figure show squid feeding red crab in surface during the day and squid with red crab between arms.….¨

Ecology

West Coast off Peninsula of Baja California Studies

Paralarvae preserved on ethanol

Ramos-Castillejos, in preparation

252 Rhynchoteuthion2005

CLIMATE

¨Scales of variability & marine resources¨

Climate

ENSO vs Changes Distribution of Jumbo Squid

Puerto Adolfo López Mateos, Buena Vista, Aguas Litorales, Bahía Magdalena, Isla Magdalena, Puerto San Carlos, Banderitas, Punta

Entrada Bahía Magdalena

Bahía de la Paz, Isla Espíritu Santo, San Juan de la Costa, El Coyote, Isla San José, El Sausoso, Pichilingue, San Evaristo

La Paz

Ensenada Blanca, Ligui, Loreto Loreto

Mulegé, Bahía Concepción, Punta Chivato, San Nicolás, Bahía de Santa Inés, El Coloradito, Isla San Marcos, Roca Lobos

Mulegè

San BrunoSan Bruno

San LucasSan Lucas

Santa Rosalía, Santa María, Cabo Vírgenes Santa Rosalía

Fishing siteAREA

Puerto Adolfo López Mateos, Buena Vista, Aguas Litorales, Bahía Magdalena, Isla Magdalena, Puerto San Carlos, Banderitas, Punta

Entrada Bahía Magdalena

Bahía de la Paz, Isla Espíritu Santo, San Juan de la Costa, El Coyote, Isla San José, El Sausoso, Pichilingue, San Evaristo

La Paz

Ensenada Blanca, Ligui, Loreto Loreto

Mulegé, Bahía Concepción, Punta Chivato, San Nicolás, Bahía de Santa Inés, El Coloradito, Isla San Marcos, Roca Lobos

Mulegè

San BrunoSan Bruno

San LucasSan Lucas

Santa Rosalía, Santa María, Cabo Vírgenes Santa Rosalía

Fishing siteAREA

Dimaté, 2004

La Niña 1999

El Niño 1997

Climate

Basin effects on changes distribution of Jumbo Squid?

Jumbo squid from West Coast off Baja

Possible mechanism to explain the expansion ofDosidicus gigas population into the north hemisphere

Dosidicus gigas

118° 116° 114° 112°24°

26°

28°

30°

32° 9801-02

1 - 1516 - 63

64 - 255

256 - 1023

Org / 1000 m

118° 116° 114° 112°

9807

3

?

Camarillo-Coop, 2006

BACsBACs

Punta BandaPunta BandaPunta EugeniaPunta EugeniaBahía MagdalenaBahía Magdalena

San Diego San Diego BightBightMontereyMonterey BayBay

1997

2000+

Olig

otro

phic

wat

ers

When El Niño events…

Exist parallelisms betweenSouth & North Hemispheres?

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

Año

Cap

tura

(t)

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

*

tons

Jigging Fleet Artisanal fleet Total* Pre liminary

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Land

ings

(t)

Jumbo squid Landings

Mexico Peru

Chile

370,000 t in 2005!

37° N - 40° S 125° WSurface – 1500 m

Main concentrations zones

México: Central region of theGulf of California

• Sudamérica: Coast of Perú & ChileAfter Wormuth, 1998

Sitka, Alaska

Chiloe, Chile

Photo: Dr. Hochberg

Spreading distribution

La Jolla, 2002

New Port Beach2004

Chiloe, Chile 2004

Puerto Montt, Chile 2004

Strandings

JUMBO SQUID ARE SPREADING ITS JUMBO SQUID ARE SPREADING ITS GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION IN BOTH GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION IN BOTH HEMISPHERES.HEMISPHERES.

KEY QUESTION

YES

RemarksJumbo squid is one of the most important fishery in Mexico

Recently is more frequently in the California Current

This specie is a voracious and active predator

It has an important paper in the trophic structure of the pelagic ecosystem

ENSO affect the distribution of Jumbo Squid in northwest Mexico

Already cross the border!

The next questions are:

How many years it will remain here?

Exist parallelism between south & north hemisphere spreading squids?

We need study the habitat & long term climate fluctuations

Grupo Calamar GiganteCIBNOR

Dr. César A. Salinas Zavalae-mail csalinas@cibnor.mx

Thanks!

New Horizon cruise, 2006

Dosidicus gigaswild egg mass

Artificial fertilization

NEWS!!