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Transcript of July 22, 2015 to Amnesty International Board of Directors
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Salil Shetty July 22, 2015Secretary GeneralAmnesty International
Steven W. HawkinsExecutive Director
Amnesty International USA
Amnesty International Board of Directors
Dear Mr. Shetty, Mr. Hawkins and the Amnesty International Board of Directors:
We write to you in light of Amnesty International’s “Draft Policy on Sex Work ” to be reportedly submittedfor consideration at its International Council Meeting in Dublin, from 7-11 August 2015, and which endorsesthe full decriminalization of the sex industry.1
The signatories below represent a wide breadth of national and international human rights advocates,women's rights organizations, faith-based and secular organizations and concerned individuals, deeply
troubled by Amnesty’s proposal to adopt a policy that calls for the decriminalization of pimps, brothelowners and buyers of sex — the pillars of a $99 billion global sex industry.2 Most importantly, the signersinclude courageous survivors of the sex trade whose authority of experience informs us about the inescapableharms the sex trade inflicted on them and guides us toward finding meaningful solutions toward ending thesehuman rights violations.
Amnesty International was the first and most prominent organization to bring the concept of human rights tothe global community. Although Amnesty was late in understanding that women’s rights are human rightsand incorporating this concept in its mission, it was nevertheless seen as a beacon in mobilizing the public toensure governments’ implementation of the principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The“Draft Policy on Sex Work 3” flies in the face of this historical reputation.
We firmly believe and agree with Amnesty that human beings bought and sold in the sex trade, who aremostly women, must not be criminalized in any jurisdiction and that their human rights must be respected and protected to the fullest extent. We also agree that, with the exception of a few countries, governments andlaw enforcement grievously violate prostituted individuals’ human rights. However, what your “Draft Policyon Sex Work” is incomprehensibly proposing is the wholesale decriminalization of the sex industry, which ineffect legalizes pimping, brothel owning and sex buying.
Growing evidence shows the catastrophic effects of decriminalization of the sex trade. The Germangovernment, for example, which deregulated the industry of prostitution in 2002, has found that the sexindustry was not made safer for women after the enactment of its law.4 Instead, the explosive growth of legal brothels in Germany has triggered an increase in sex trafficking.5
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Amnesty International, 32nd International Council Meeting, Circular No. 18, 2015 ICM Circular: Draft Policy on Sex Work; AI Index: ORG 50/1940/20152 International Labour Organization, Profits and Poverty: The Economics of Forced Labour (Geneva: ILO, 2014),http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---declaration/documents/publication/wcms_243391.pdf # Amnesty uses the term “sex work,” a term invented by the sex industry and its supporters to mainstream and normalize the inherent violence, degradation
and dehumanization that defines prostitution. It is not a term that complies with the principles of human rights or with international law.4 German Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth, Report by the Federal Government on the Impact of the Act Regulatingthe Legal Situation of Prostitutes (Prostitution Act), (Berlin: 2007), https://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/sites/antitrafficking/files/federal_government_report_of_the_impact_of_the_act_regulating_the_legal_situation_of_prostitutes_2007_en_1.pdf 5 Seo-Young Cho, Axel Dreher and Eric Neumayer, “Does Legalized Prostitution Increase Human Trafficking?,” World Development 41 (2013): 75-76,http://www.lse.ac.uk/geographyAndEnvironment/whosWho/profiles/neumayer/pdf/Article-for-World-Development-_prostitution_-anonymous-REVISED.pdf
http://tasmaniantimes.com/images/uploads/Circular_18_Draft_Policy_on_Sex_Work_final.pdf
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Decriminalization of the sex trade renders brothel owners “businessmen” who with impunity facilitate thetrafficking of very young women predominantly from the poorest countries of Eastern Europe and the GlobalSouth to meet the increased demand for prostitution. For instance, the 2002 German deregulation lawspawned countrywide brothel chains that offer “Friday-night specials”6 for men who have license to purchasewomen for sexual acts that include acts of torture.7 This prompted mainstream news outlets to tag Germany
the “Bordello of Europe.” 8
Last year, leading trauma experts in Germany petitioned their government torepeal the 2002 law, underlining the extensive psychological harm that serial, unwanted sexual invasion andviolence, which are among the hallmarks of prostitution, inflicts on women. Harm reduction is not enough,they explain; governments and civil society must invest in harm elimination.9
Additionally, reports indicate that the Netherlands has also seen an exponential increase in sex traffickingthat is directly linked to that government’s decriminalization of the sex industry in 2000.10 The Dutchgovernment confirms such links.11 Up to 90%12 of the women in Amsterdam’s brothels are EasternEuropean, African and Asian women who are being patronized by predominantly Caucasian men. Without avibrant sex industry, there would be no sex trafficking.
Amnesty appears to shape its opinion about the sex industry primarily from the perspective of the HIV/AIDSsector, including UNAIDS.13 As worthy as their global work is, it is evident that these groups have very littleunderstanding, if any, of violence against women and the intersectionality of race, gender and inequality.Defending the health and human rights of women is significantly more complex than the single aim of protecting individuals from HIV/AIDS, however critical. The primary goals of UNAIDS and other agenciesthat support limited harm reduction policies in the sex industry seem far more concerned with the health ofsex buyers than the lives of prostituted and sex trafficked women. On the other hand, medical professionals,including gynecologists and mental health providers, confirm that regardless of how a woman ends up in thesex trade, the abuse, sexual violence and pervasive injuries these women endure at the hands of their pimpsand “clients,” lead to life-long physical and psychological harm — and, too often, death.14
Moreover, international laws and covenants15 recognize the abuse of power over acutely vulnerable
populations — the poor, the incested, the transgendered, the homeless — as a tool for the purpose of
6 Nisha Lilia Diu,“Welcome to Paradise: Inside the World of Legalised Prostitution,” The Telegraph, January 8, 2015, http://s.telegraph.co.uk/graphics/projects/welcome-to-paradise/ 7 For a list of ‘sexual services’ the German brothel chain Pascha offers in Cologne, Munich, Salzburg, Linz and Graz, go to http://www.pascha.de/en/8 Cordula Meyer, Conny Neumann, Fidelius Schmid, Petra Truckendanner and Steffen Winter, “Unprotected: How Legalizing Prostitution Has Failed,” DerSpiegel , May 30, 2013, http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/human-trafficking-persists-despite-legality-of-prostitution-in-germany-a-902533-3.html Jim Reed, “Mega-brothels: Has Germany become the ‘bordello of Europe’?,” BBC , February 21, 2014 http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26261221
9 “TraumatherapeutInnen gegen Prostitution!” EMMA, September 25, 2014, http://www.emma.de/artikel/traumatherapeutinnen-gegen-prostitution-31778710 Daalder, A. L. (2007). Prostitution in The Netherlands since the lifting of the brothel ban [English version]. The Hague: WODC / Boom Juridische
Uitgevers, https://english.wodc.nl/onderzoeksdatabase/1204e-engelse-vertaling-rapport-evaluatie-opheffing-bordeelverbod.aspx11 Wim Huisman and Edward R. Kleemans, “The challenges of fighting sex trafficking in the legalized prostitution market of the Netherlands,” Crime, Lawand Social Change 61.2 (2014): 215-228.
Naftali Bendavid, “Amsterdam Debates Sex Trade,” The Wall Street Journal, June 30, 2013,
http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324049504578543370643627376 "$ KLPD (Korps Landelijke Politiediensten) – Dienst Nationale Recherche (juli 2008). Schone schijn, de signalering van mensenhandel in de vergunde
prostitutiesector. Driebergen. 13 Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, UNAIDS Guidance Note on HIV and Sex Work (Geneva: United Nations, 2012)http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/sub_landing/files/JC2306_UNAIDS-guidance-note-HIV-sex-work_en.pdf 14 See two interviews, respectively conducted by Taina Bien-Aimé, with German trauma expert Dr. Ingeborg Kraus in “Germany Wins the Title of ‘Bordelloof Europe’: Why Doesn’t Angela Merkel Care?” The Huffington Post , May 27, 2015, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/taina-bienaime/germany-wins-the-title-of_b_7446636.html; and Dr. Julia Geynisman, founder of the Survivor Clinic in “’If You Build It, They Will Come’: The Survivor Clinic Tackles SexTrafficking in New York City,” The Huffington Post , July 14, 2015, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/taina-bienaime/if-you-build-itthey-will-
_b_7785724.html 15 Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children, supplementing theUnited Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime , Palermo, 15 November 2000, United Nations Treaty Series, vol. 2237, p. 319; Doc.A/55/383
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exploitation. Disenfranchised women of color, including Aboriginal, Native, First Nations, African-American and “Scheduled Castes” women, are overwhelmingly represented among the prostituted and thesex trafficked.16 Every day, we combat male access to women’s bodies through power and control, fromfemale genital mutilation to forced marriage; from domestic violence to violation of reproductive rights. Theexchange of money for such access does not eliminate the violence women face in the sex trade. It isunfathomable that a human rights organization of Amnesty’s stature is failing to recognize prostitution as a
cause and consequence of gender inequality.
A primary way of protecting the human rights of commercially sexually exploited individuals is to providecomprehensive services and exit strategies, should they opt to leave the sex trade, and to hold their exploitersaccountable. A number of governments have already passed legislation that reflects this gender and humanrights framework.17 In a 2014 resolution, the European Parliament also recognized prostitution as a form ofviolence against women and an affront to human dignity, urging its members to pass laws that decriminalize solely those who sell sex and criminalize solely those who purchase it.18
Consequently, should Amnesty vote to support the decriminalization of pimping, brothel owning and sex buying, it will in effect support a system of gender apartheid , in which one category of women may gain protection from sexual violence and sexual harassment, and offered economic and educational opportunities;while another category of women, whose lives are shaped by absence of choice, are instead set apart forconsumption by men and for the profit of their pimps, traffickers and brothel owners. Neither the UniversalDeclaration of Human Rights, nor international law excepts any human being from enjoying a life free ofviolence and of dignity.
Peter Benenson, the founder of Amnesty, once said: “The candle burns not for us, but for all those whom wefailed to rescue from prison, who were shot on the way to prison, who were tortured, who were kidnapped,who ‘disappeared.’ That is what the candle is for.”
Amnesty's reputation in upholding human rights for every individual would be severely and irreparablytarnished if it adopts a policy that sides with buyers of sex, pimps and other exploiters rather than with the
exploited. By so voting, Amnesty would blow out its own candle.
We implore Amnesty to stand on the side of justice and equality for all.
Sincerely yours,
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), New York, 18 December 1979, United Nations Treaty Series,vol.1249, in which Article 6 urges member States to “take all appropriate measures, including legislation, to suppress all forms of traffic in women and
exploitation of prostitution of women.” The UN General Assembly Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others, 2 December1949, A/RES/317 states that “prostitution is incompatible with the dignity and worth of the human person and endangers the welfare of the individual, thefamily and the community.”16 Cherry Smiley, “Real change for aboriginal women begins with the end of prostitution,” The Globe and Mail, January 14, 2015,http://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/real-change-for-aboriginal-women-begins-with-the-end-of-prostitution/article22442349/ 17 These set of laws, currently known as the “Nordic Model,” were passed by Sweden (1999), South Korea (2004, with modifications), Iceland (2008),
Norway (2009), Canada (2014, with modifications), Northern Ireland (2015). Other jurisdictions debating the enactment of the “Nordic Model” in theirlegislatures include France, Ireland, Israel, Lithuania and certain jurisdictions in the United States.18 Report on sexual exploitation and prostitution and its impact on gender equality, European Parliament Committee on Women’s Rights and GenderEquality, 4 February 2014 available from http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+REPORT+A7-2014-0071+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN#title1
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Magdy Abdel-HamidEgyptian Association For CommunityParticipation Enhancement Egypt
Tahira Abdulla Pakistan
Peter Abetz MLAParliament of Western Australia Australia
Adopt Nordic WA Australia
Mohammed AliHuman Rights Activist and Board Member,Feminist Initiative Oslo Norway
Leila El AliExecutive Director, Association Najdeh(member of IFE-EFI) Lebanon
Coralie Alison National Director of Operations, CollectiveShout Australia
Nancy AllenHuman Trafficking Freedom CoalitionUSA
Benedict AlnaesHuman Rights Activist and Board Member,Feminist Initiative Oslo Norway
Rev. Dr. Cheryl AnthonyJudah InternationalUSA
APT (Act to Prevent Trafficking)
Ireland
Martha Lucía Arcila A.
Mirela ArqimandritiExecutive Director, Gender Alliance forDevelopment Center Albania
Roxana Arroyo
President, Fundación Justicia y GéneroCosta Rica
Billy B. AshbyUSA
Muriel Salmona, Doctor of Psychiatry,PresidentJudith Trinquart, Doctor of Legal Medicine,
General SecretaryAssociation Mémoire Traumatique etVictimologie
France
Gertrud ÅströmPresident, Hela HUT ABSweden
Holly G. Atkinson, M.D., FACP
Director, Human Rights ProgramArnhold Global Health Institute at Mount SinaiUSA
Colleen AtwoodUSA
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Élaine AudetWriter and Editor, Sisyphe.orgCanada
Seher Aydar
Leader, Anti-racism Center, Oslo Norway
Jackie AzizSecretary to Director of Mission, St. Joseph’sHospiceUK
Bagong Kamalayan Survivors’ CollectiveThe Philippines
Laure BanksGreater Allen CathedralUSA
Trisha BaptieFounding Member and Community EngagementCoordinator, EVE (formerly Exploited Voicesnow Educating)
Canada
Laure BanksGreater Allen Cathedral
Christine BaranskiUSA
Barbara BaresUSA
Angela BassettUSA
Hélène BédardLa Maison de MartheCanada
Cynthia BellingerRestoring Our Community Media Arts NetworkUSA
Samantha Berg
Women’s Liberation Front (WoLF)USA
Stina BergstenFounder and Board Member, Feminist InitiativeParty Oslo Norway
Taina Bien-AiméExecutive Director, Coalition Against
Trafficking in Women – InternationalUSA
Julie BindelJournalist and Feminist Campaigner, BoardMember, SPACE InternationalUK
Collette N. Bishop, MSW
The Organization for Prostitution Survivors(OPS) and Seattle Therapy Alliance (STA)USA
Aud Karin BjørnExecutive Committee Member and BoardMember, The Women's Front of Norway Norway
Emily Blunt
UK
Susan BolotinUSA
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Anne BonfiglioExecutive Director, Partnership for StudentAdvancementUSA
Helle BorgenFeminist Spokesperson and Vice President, RedParty of Norway Norway
Lise BouvetCollectif Resources Prostitution France
Debra Boyer, PhDExecutive Director, Organization forProstitution SurvivorsUSA
Jane BradleyUSA
Mar Brettmann, PhD
Executive Director, BEST (Businesses EndingSlavery & Trafficking)USA
Sally Ann Brickner, OSFJustice, Peace, and Integrity of CreationCoordinator, Congregation of Sisters of St.AgnesUSA
Jimmie BriggsFounding Executive Director, ManUpCampaign, and Current Executive Director,LOVE (Leave Out Violence)
Tina BrownUK/USA
Dana BuchmanUSA
Ted Bunch
Co-Founder, A CALL TO MENUSA
Judith BuckmanSouth Jersey National Organization for Women(NOW) – Alice Paul ChapterUSA
Susie Tomkins BuellUSA
BUKLOD Survivors – OlongapoThe Philippines
Francesca BurackEnterprising and Professional Women – NYC(EPW-NYC)USA
Autumn BurrisFounding Director, Survivors for SolutionsUSA
Twiss ButlerUSA
Rev. William CabanTemplo Candelero de Oro
Lydia CachoAuthor and Activist; Winner – AmnestyInternational Human Rights Award (2008),Amnesty International U.S.A Ginetta SaganAward (2009) and Women of the WorldThompson Reuters Award for Bravery inJournalism (2012) Mexico
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Laure CailleGeneral Secretary, Libres MarianneS (LMS) France
Campaign to End Rape and Truth About Rape
UK
Pilar Gonzalez CanoMember, RENATE (Religious in Europe Networking Against Trafficking & Exploitation)Spain
Micheline CarrierEditor, Sisyphe.orgCanada
Rev. Dr. Michael CarrionEvangelical Covenant Church and NationalLatino Evangelical CoalitionUSA
Vednita CarterFounder and President, Breaking Free, Inc.USA
Phoebe Cates-KlineUSA
Michelle ChapmanYouthful Solutions
CEDAW WatchThe Philippines
Luce CloutierAnthropologist and Consultant Canada
Margaux ColletOsez le féminisme! France
John ConversetDirector, Office of JPIC, North AmericanProvince, Comboni MissionariesUSA
Chris CooperUSA
Marianne CooperUSA
Lawrence CouchDirector, National Advocacy Center of theSisters of the Good ShepherdUSA
Ziba CranmerExecutive Director, Demand AbolitionUSA
Sr. Colette CroninThe Institute of Our Lady of MercyUK
Rev. Adrian Dannhauser,Chair, Task Force Against Human Traffickingfor the Episcopal Diocese of New YorkUSA
Wendy DavisDirector, Rooms of our OwnUK
Sr. Joan Dawber, SC
Executive Director, LifeWay NetworkUSA
Michèle DayrasSOS Sexisme France
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Sr. Lynda Dearlove rsmwomen@thewellUK
Elizabeth F. Defeis
Professor of Law, Seton Hall School of LawUSA
Dr. Stephen M. De Luca, Esq.Chairman, Legislative/Policy Committee, NJCoalition Against Human TraffickingUSA
Jonathan DemmeUSA
Michelle Madden DempseyProfessor of Law, Villanova University Schoolof LawUSA
Grace Hightower De NiroUSA
Monique DentalFounding President, Réseau Féministe“Ruptures” France
Claire DesaintVice President, Association Réussir l'égalitéFemmes-Hommes (REFH) France
Fatoumata Siré DiakitéExecutive Director, Association pour leDéveloppement de la Femme and ACTPEW Mali
Danny DiazLove Gospel AssemblyUSA
Rossana Dimarca
Member of Parliament and FeministSpokesperson, Swedish Left PartySweden
Winifred DohertyCongregation of Our Lady of Charity of theGood ShepherdWorldwide
Domestic Violence Advocacy Service Ireland
Robert DouglasSCOUSA
Catherine J. DouglassUSA
Jennifer DrewConsultant, Scottish Women AgainstPornographyUK
Geneviève DuchéPresident, l’Amicale du Nid France
Rose Dufour Ph.D.,
Anthropologist and Executive Director, LaMaison de MartheCanada
Martin DufresneZéromacho QuébecCanada
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Jaha DukurehFounder and Executive Director, Safe Hands forGirlsUSA/The Gambia
Lena DunhamUSA
Linda EmondUSA
EMMA MagazineGermany
Diane English
USA
Rev. Que English NYC Faith-Based Coalition Against HumanTrafficking and Domestic ViolenceUSA
Rev. Tim EnglishBronx Christian Fellowship
USA
Mary Enright, DMJUSA
Jean EnriquezExecutive Director, Coalition AgainstTrafficking in Women – Asia Pacific (CATW-AP)The Philippines
Eve EnslerPlaywright and Founder, V-DayUSA
European Women’s Lobby – French Chapter France
Matthew B. Ezzell, PhDAssociate Professor of SociologyDepartment of Sociology & AnthropologyJames Madison UniversityUSA
Alda FacioExpert Member on L.A.C., Working Group onthe Issue of Discrimination Against Women,Human Rights CouncilCosta Rica
Madge FahySocial Questions Committee,Catholic Women's League of Victoria and
Wagga Wagga Australia
Natasha FalleSex Trade 101Canada
Melissa Farley, Ph.D., Executive Director,Prostitution Research & Education
USA
Rev. Grant FinlayUniting Aboriginal and Islander ChristianCongress (UAICC) Tasmania Australia
Anna FisherUK
Catherine A. FitzpatrickWriter and TranslatorUSA
Mark FlynnChrist United Methodist ChurchUSA
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Marie-Hélène FranjouPublic Health Doctor France
Margot Franssen, OC
Co-Chair, National Task Force on SexTrafficking of Canadian Women and GirlsCanada
Pierre Fritsch France
Paulo FullerThe Philippines
Sr. M. Cordis GanslmeierSisters of Our Lady of CharityProvinzleiterin,Germany/Albania
Kate GanzUSA
Pat Gartlan Nordic Model Australia Coalition (NorMAC)
and Amnesty International Australia Australia
Henry Louis Gates, Jr.USA
Mariam Garuba, M.D.USA
Sarah Gavron
UK
Julia Geynisman, M.D.Founder, Survivor Clinic, and Obstetrics andGynecology, New York Presbyterian – WeillCornell Med CenterUSA
Myani Gilbert Master of Social Work Student, University ofWashingtonUSA
Cheryl GloverUnion Grove Missionary Baptist ChurchUSA
Molly GochmanStardust FundUSA
Margeaux GraySurvivor Advocate, Motivational Speaker, Artist
National Survivor NetworkUSA
Sr. Margaret GonziCongregation of Our Lady of Charity of theGood Shepherd Malta
Aneta Grabowska
Mary GreyRENATE (Religious in Europe NetworkingAgainst Trafficking & Exploitation) Poland
Catríona GrahamAnti-Trafficking Awareness Officer, ImmigrantCouncil of Ireland Ireland
Diane GuilbaultVice President, Pour les droits des femmes duQuébec (PDF Québec)Canada
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Ruchira GuptaFounder and President, Apne Aap WomenWorldwide, and Professor, New YorkUniversity India
Lynda HaddockUK
Rev. Kate HaggarMinister of Religion Australia
Marie Hélène Halligon, OLCGSMain Representative for Congregation of Our
Lady Charity of the Good Shepherd, GoodShepherd International Justice and Peace Office(Vienna) and Core Member, RENATE(Religious in Europe Networking AgainstTrafficking and Exploitation) France
Lilian Halls-FrenchCo-President, Euromed Feminist Initiative IFE-
EFI France
Jalna HanmerUK
Ingrid HalvorsenHuman Rights Activist and Board Member, TheWomen's Front of Norway Norway
Marcia Gay HardenUSA
Rev. Maria HarreroHis Grace FellowshipUSA
Yasmeen HassanGlobal Director, Equality NowWorldwide
Anne Hathaway
USA
Dr. Anita HeiligerSociologist, Gender Studies/ViolencePrevention, KOFRA (Communication Centerfor Women in Work and Life) and InitiativeStop SexkaufGermany
Rev. Dr. Peter Heltzel
Micah InstituteUSA
Rosen HicherSurvivor and Abolitionist ActivistMarche Pour L’Abolition France
Adriane Hill
New York Theological SeminaryUSA
Kaethe Morris HofferExecutive Director, Chicago Alliance AgainstSexual ExploitationUSA
Matthew Holloway - BSocSc (Couns)Secretary, Nordic Model Australia Coalition
(NorMAC)
Ingrid HörneboAdvisor, Norwegian Parliament, andRepresentative, The Norwegian Socialist LeftParty Norway
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Klein Huhuette France
R. Evon Idahosa, Esq.Founder/Executive Director
PathFinders Justice Initiative, Inc.USA/Nigeria
Gerald ImperialThe Philippines
Ashley ByrdCarolyn Carney Calvin Chan Cristina Chapelle
Emily CraigTim CraigDaniela Lancara Ashish Mathew R. York MooreDouglas PaillereInterVarsity Christian Fellowship
USA
Irish Countrywomen’s Association Ireland
Irish Nurses and Midwives Organisation Ireland
Katie Irwin NJ Coalition Against Human TraffickingUSA
Ghada JabbourCo-Founding Member and Head of theExploitation & Trafficking in Women Unit,KAFA (enough) Violence & Exploitation Lebanon
Margarita Jankauskait! Center for Equality Advancement Lithuania
Aurora Javate-de Dios
Board Chair, Coalition Against Trafficking inWomen – InternationalThe Philippines
Rodrigo JiménezCo-Director, Women, Gender and JusticeProgram, United Nations Latin AmericanInstitute for Crime PreventionCosta Rica
Lone Alice JohansenSenior Advisor, Secretariat of the ShelterMovement Norway Norway
Sarah JonesUSA
Gu"rún Jónsdóttir
Spokeswoman, Stígamóta Iceland
Boriana JönssonEuromed Feminist Initiative IFE-EFI France
Rev. Dr. Emma Jordan-SimpsonConcord Baptist ChurchUSA
Daisy Z. Alvarez JuarezVenezuela
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Lyne JubinvilleComputer Science Professional and Treasurer,Pour les droits des femmes du Québec (PDFQuébec)Canada
Borbala JuhászHungarian Women’s Lobby Hungary
Jennifer KaySex Trafficking Survivors UnitedUSA
Miyuki Kawachi
University of the PhilippinesThe Philippines
Anne KelleherCommunications, RENATE (Religious inEurope Networking Against Trafficking andExploitation) Ireland
Constance Kennedy, CSJCo-Chair of Coalition, Religious Congregations- to Stop Human Trafficking (CRC-STOP),Social Justice Committee, Congregation of St.JosephUSA
Dr. Renate KleinFINRRAGE (Australia) and AmnestyInternational Australia QLD Branch Member
Australia
Inge KleineAbolish Prostitution Now and Abolition 2014Germany
Greta KlineUSA
Kevin KlineUSA
Owen KlineUSA
Rita KohliTools for ChangeCanada
Dr. Ingeborg KrausScientists for a World Without ProstitutionGermany
Cathrine Linn KristiansenFirst Name, Feminist Initiative Oslo, and BoardMember, The Women's Front of Norway Norway
Lisa KudrowUSA
Iluta LaceDirector, Marta Resource Centre for Women Latvia
Yeun Lagadeuc-Ygouf France
Lee LakemanCanada
Barbara Arminio La MortBenedictine AcademyUSA
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Felicity LangtonChair, Collective Shout Australia
Kylla Lanier
Deputy Director, Truckers Against TraffickingUSA
Imam Khalid LatifThe Islamic Center at New York UniversityUSA
Sr. Hannah Rita Laue OPDominican Sisters of Bethany, Sv. Jazepaklosteris Latvia
Aye Sithu Htun (a) Mary Eunan LawrenceCongregation of Our Lady of Charity of theGood Shepherd
Annette Lawson OBEChair, The Judith Trust,Immediate Past Chair, National Alliance of
Women’s Organisations (NAWO)UK
The Lebanese Women Democratic Gathering(RDFL) Lebanon
Simone LeConte-ParkerBerean Community and Family Life CenterUSA
Catherine LeeFounder, Justice for Women program atUniversity Maine School of Law, and ManagingDirector, Lee International, Climate ChangeAdvisory Services
USA
Jimmy LeeExecutive Director, Restore NYCUSA
Leila LesbetWomen’s Rights Activist, Special EducationTechnicianCanada
Hannah HartmanDylan WalkerLet My People Go
USA
Dr. Helen LieblingSenior Lecturer in ClinicalPsychology/Associate of African Studies
Centre, Coventry UniversityUK
Martha Linehan, IMT, CDPOrganization for Prostitution Survivors (OPS)USA
Phyllida LloydUK
Rachel LloydFounder/CEO, GEMSUSA
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Marta LópezDesignada Regional para América Latina y elCaribe-OIJPBP, Congregación Nuestra Señorade la Caridad del Buen Pastor
Shelia LynchDaughters of Mary and Joseph, CaliforniaUSA
Angela LytleExecutive Director, Women’s Human RightsInstitute, Center for Women Studies inEducation, University of TorontoCanada
Isla MacGregorWhistleblowers Tasmania, Nordic ModelAustralia Coalition (NorMac) Australia
Nozizwe Madlala-RoutledgeFounder and Board Member, Embrace DignitySouth Africa
Aïssata MaïgaProject Coordinator, Institute for Security &Development PolicySweden
Manchester Feminist NetworkUK
Valerie MarcheseUSA
Elizabeth MargoshesUSA
JoAnn Mark, ASCExecutive Director, Partnership for GlobalJusticeUSA
Stella MarrSex Trafficking Survivors UnitedUSA
Margaret MartinDirector, Women's Aid Ireland
Micheline MasonUK
Maureen MasterLawyer and Graduate Student researchingProstitution, MSt Programme in InternationalHuman Rights Law, University of OxfordUK
Josua MataSecretary-General, SENTRO (Workers’ Center)
The Philippines
Jacques MattinetteLa Maison de MartheCanada
Stacey McCaig
Sr. Ethna McDermottProvince Leader for Ireland, Congregation of
our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd Ireland
Maureen McGowan, rgsHandCrafting Justice, Inc.USA
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Síle McGowan HFBReligious Institute of the Sisters of the HolyFamily of Bordeaux, Member, APT Ireland (Act
to Prevent Trafficking Ireland) Ireland
Karen McHughCEO, Doras Luimni Ireland
Louise McLeodWomen Graduates-USAUSA
Sarah McMahonPsychologist and Founder, BodyMattersAustralasia Australia
Sandra McNeillJustice for WomenUK
Jane McVeighUSA
Jessica MinhasFounder and CEO, I'll Go FirstUSA
Asunción MiuraSpain
Rev. Gil MonroseMt. Zion Church of God 7th DayUSA
Florence MontreynaudEncore féministes! France
Rachel MoranAuthor and Co-Founder, SPACE International Ireland
Michele Morek, OSUCoalition Coordinator, UNANIMA InternationalUSA
Robin MorganThe Sisterhood is Global InstituteUSA
Laura Morie
Certified Senior Advisor, Rotary District 5370Canada, Governor ElectCanada
Johanne MorneauLa Maison de MartheCanada
Stacey Morse
USA
Marianne MouchikhineMember, Collctif Libertaire Anti Sexiste(CLAS) France
Carey MulliganUK
Belinda MunozUSA
Jonathan NambuThe Philippines
-
8/20/2019 July 22, 2015 to Amnesty International Board of Directors
17/23
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Andrea Salwen Kopel, Executive DirectorMaria Mostajo, President
Pamela Kling Takiff, Advocacy LeadershipChairNational Council of Jewish Women New
York Section (NCJW NY)
USA
National Council of Jewish WomenUSA
Chris Troy
DaneliaNY CityServe
USA
Sr. Taskila NicholasOpportunity Village Nepal Nepal
Ana Maria R. Nemenzo
International Committee Member, World Marchof Women, PhilippinesThe Philippines
Lene NilsenEquality and Anti-Discrimination Ombudsmanand Board Member, Feminist Initiative Oslo Norway
Joan Nissman
USA
Clare NolanGood Shepherd International Justice PeaceTraining Facilitator, Sisters of the GoodShepherdUSA
Torill NustadExecutive Committee and Board Member, The
Women's Front of Norway Norway
Ellen O’Malley-DunlopCEO, Dublin Rape Crisis Centre Ireland
Terry O'Neill National Organization for WomenUSA
Lise ØstbySenior Advisor, The Norwegian Directorate forChildren, Youth and Family Affairs Norway
Hannah PakulaUSA
Clydie PasiaThe Philippines
Pavee Point Ireland
Michelle PerniniUSA
Kat Pinder
Survivor Activist and Amnesty InternationalAustralia, QLD Branch Committee Member Australia
-
8/20/2019 July 22, 2015 to Amnesty International Board of Directors
18/23
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Maudy PiotPresident, Association Femmes pour le Dire,Femmes pour Agir France
Kent R. PipesPresident, The Affordable Homes Group, Inc.USA
Imelda PoolePresident, Mary Ward Loreto Foundation, andPresident, RENATE (Religious in Europe Networking Against Trafficking andExploitation) Albania
Dianne PostAttorneyUSA
Carol Pregno RGS, Province LeaderCentral South US ProvinceSisters of the Good ShepherdUSA
Caroline Price, rgsSocial Justice Coordinator, Congregation of OurLady of Charity of the Good Shepherd Australia/New Zealand
Pierre-Guillaume Prigent France
Anna Quindlen
USA
The Rev. Alison J. QuinChrist the King Episcopal ChurchUSA
The RadFem CollectiveUK
Rape Crisis and Sexual Abuse CounsellingCentre, Sligo, Leitrim & West Cavan
Ireland
Jody RaphaelSchiller DuCanto & Fleck Family Law Center,DePaul University College of LawUSA
Janice G. RaymondProfessor Emerita, University of Massachusetts,AmherstUSA
Anne ReamVoices and FacesUSA
Theresa RebeckUSA
Diane RedskyExecutive Director, Ma Mawi Wi Chi ItataCentre, Inc., and Former Project Director, National Task Force of Sex Trafficking ofWomen and Girls in Canada, andCanada
Red Youth Norway
Rev. Llloyd Reid JrGreater Mt. Bethel Pentecostal TabernacleUSA
RENEW FoundationThe Philippines
-
8/20/2019 July 22, 2015 to Amnesty International Board of Directors
19/23
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Jorunn Friis ResetSecretary, The Women's Front of Norway Norway
Lina Alvarez Reyes
Founder, Feminist Initiative Youth NorwayBoard Member, Feminist Initiative Oslo
Shea M. RhodesDirector, Villanova University School of LawInstitute to Address Commercial SexualExploitationUSA
Lesley Rimmel
Core Faculty Member, Gender and Women'sStudies Program, Oklahoma State UniversityUSA
Rev. Dr. Raymond RiveraLatino Pastoral Action CenterUSA
Amy Robinson
USA
Caitlin RoperCampaigns Manager, Collective Shout Australia
Janica RosalesThe Philippines
Anne Rothing
Women's Rights Activist and Board Member,The Women's Front of Norway Norway
Deborah RushUSA
Malika Saada SaarExecutive Director, Human Rights Project forGirls (Rights4Girls)USA
Rev. Raleigh SadlerMissionary BaptistWorldwide
Mary SalterUSA
Samaritana Transformation MinistriesThe Philippines
Rev. Addie Sanders-BanksThe Groundswell GroupUSA
Sanlaap India
Jeanne SarsonPersons Against Non-State Torture
Canada
Viktoria SaxbyPolitical Advisor, The Center Women ofSwedenSweden
Marjorie F. SaylorSurvivor, Survivor Leader Network of SanDiego (SLNSD) and Runaway Girl, Inc., S.M.E.
USA
Jean SchaferCo-Director, SDS Hope House, Inc.USA
-
8/20/2019 July 22, 2015 to Amnesty International Board of Directors
20/23
$+
Deborah Schatz National Council of Jewish Women, EssexCounty SectionUSA
Kay Asbjørn Knutsen SchjørlienWriter, Feminist and Representative, NorwegianSocialist Left Party in Oslo. Norway
Madeleine SchultzAuthor, Journalist and Human Rights Activist Norway
The Hon. Dr Jocelynne A. Scutt
Barrister and Human Rights Lawyer,Visiting Professor and Senior Fellow,United Kingdom, United States & Australia Australia
Kyra SedgwickUSA
Susan M. Seeby, CSA
General Councilor, Congregation of Sisters ofSt. AgnesUSA
Barbara SeidleFounder, The Hannah More ProjectUSA
Bonnie Shapiro Northern New Jersey Chapter of National
Organization for Women (NOW)USA
Dawn ShawSecretary, Social Questions Committee,Catholic Women's League of Victoria andWagga Wagga Australia
Rameen N. SheikhPresident, Red Youth Oslo Norway
Louise ShohetUSA
Line SchouFounder and Board Member, Feminist Initiative
Party Oslo Norway
Shanta ShresthaBeyond Beijing Committee Nepal
Dr. Carla SinzUSA
Michèle SiroisPrésidente, Pour les droits des femmes duQuébec (PDF Québec)Canada
Sisters of the Holy Family of Bordeaux Ireland
Daisy Elizabeth Sjursø
Executive Committee Member and BoardMember, The Women's Front of Norway Norway
-
8/20/2019 July 22, 2015 to Amnesty International Board of Directors
21/23
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Tina SkotnesExecutive Committee Member and BoardMember, The Women's Front of Norway Norway
Susan L. Smalley, Ph.D.Professor Emeritus, UCLA and Board Member,Equality NowUSA
Liz Smith Australia
Eris Smyth Australia
Pastor Michelle SotoFierce Woman Found Ministries, IncUSA
Hannah SorkinUSA
Space Allies
Japan
Srabani Sarkar NeogiSouth Kolkata Hamari Muskan India
Johanne St-AmourCanada
Kestia St Juste
Kay’s Music Studios LLCUSA
Gloria SteinemUSA
Rev. Penny StephensChaplain, St. Joseph’s HospiceUK
Major Katie Stoops
Salvation ArmyUSA
Mgr. ThLic. Blanka Stráníková andKlára Marie StráníkováCzech Republic
Meryl StreepUSA
Katarina StoralmWomen’s Rights Activist and Leader, Ottar Norway
Agnete StrømHuman Rights Activist and Board Member, TheWomen’s Front of Norway Norway
Rose StyronUSA
Maria SvenssonActing Chairwoman, Feminist Initiative Sweden
Gwénola SueurGeneral Secretary, SOS les Mamans France
Annie SugierPrésidente, Ligue du Droit International desFemmes (LDIF) France
Fumi Suzuki Japan
-
8/20/2019 July 22, 2015 to Amnesty International Board of Directors
22/23
$$
Lucy S. Takagi, PsyDUSA
Pil Teisbo
Executive Committee Member and BoardMember, The Women's Front of Norway Norway
Donna IzzardJacqui PowellThe 3W Life
USA
Emma ThompsonUK
Anita TonerPresident, Catholic Women’s League ofVictoria and Wagga Wagga Australia
Meagan TylerCoalition Against Trafficking in Women
(CATW)-Australia Australia
Rev. Naomi Tyler-LloydTrinity Baptist Church
Yasmin VafaCo-founder and Director of Law & Policy,Human Rights Project for Girls (Rights4Girls)USA
Maria Narcisa Vicanco ValarezoSpain
Mélusine VerteluneMember, Collectif Libertaire Anti-Sexiste,Marche Pour L’abolition France
Glòria Casas VilaPlataforma Catalana pel Dret a No serProstituïdesSpain
Jonathan Walton New York City Urban Project Director,InterVarsity Christian Fellowship, and Directorand Founder, the LoGOFF MovementUSA
Simone WatsonProstitution Survivor and Director, NordicModel Australia Coalition (NorMac) Australia
David WayneSurvivor Advocate, Hope Hollow ExploitationVictim Assistance and Consultation Services,and Member of National Survivor Network/Coalition to Abolish Slavery and TraffickingUSA
Sr. Barbara Wells, RGSSisters of the Good ShepherdToronto, ONCanada
Ali WentworthUSA
Karin WerkmanInstitute for Feminism and Human Rights
Sweden
Rebecca WhisnantUniversity of DaytonUSA
-
8/20/2019 July 22, 2015 to Amnesty International Board of Directors
23/23
$#
Allison WilliamsUSA
Bronwyn WilliamsMember, Nordic Model Australia Coalition
(NorMAC) Australia
Rev. Jesse WilliamsConvent Avenue Baptist ChurchUSA
Rev. Roslyn WillisAccepted MinistryUSA
Debra WingerUSA
Kate WinsletUK
Women and Gender Institute, Miriam CollegeThe Philippines
Shannon WongOrange County LegislatorUSA
Andrée YanacopouloBoard Member, Pour les droits des femmes duQuébec (PDF Québec)Canada
Theresa YehTapei Women's Rescue FoundationTaiwan
Jungsook "Grace" YoonExecutive Director, Korean American FamilyService Center (KAFSC)USA
Youth and Students Advancing Gender Equality India
Youth and Students Advancing Gender EqualityThe Philippines
Theresa SymonsGood Shepherd Services Malaysia
Teresa Ulloa ZiaurrizRegional Director, Coalition AgainstTrafficking in Women – Latin America and theCaribbean Mexico