Juglans in Italy (Ducci) - uni-freiburg.deregia, Juglans nigra and hybrids. An other dangerous...

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Cost Cost Action E42 Action E42 Growing Growing Valuable Valuable Broadleaved Broadleaved Tree Tree Species Species WG1 Workshop on WG1 Workshop on Genetics Genetics Leuven Leuven Belgium Belgium April 20th 2006 April 20th 2006 Recent developments in the selection Recent developments in the selection and breeding programme on and breeding programme on Juglans Juglans spp spp . in Italy . in Italy Fulvio Fulvio Ducci Ducci *, Maria Emilia *, Maria Emilia Malvolti Malvolti ** ** *CRA – Issel, Centre for Research on Silviculture – Lab. Forest Genetic Resources **CNR – Ibaf, Institute for Agro-Environmental and Forestry Biology

Transcript of Juglans in Italy (Ducci) - uni-freiburg.deregia, Juglans nigra and hybrids. An other dangerous...

Page 1: Juglans in Italy (Ducci) - uni-freiburg.deregia, Juglans nigra and hybrids. An other dangerous disease, named “Stem Canker”, new in Italy has been recorded by Anselmi et al. determined

CostCost Action E42Action E42GrowingGrowing ValuableValuable BroadleavedBroadleaved TreeTree SpeciesSpecies

WG1 Workshop on WG1 Workshop on GeneticsGeneticsLeuvenLeuven –– BelgiumBelgiumApril 20th 2006April 20th 2006

Recent developments in the selection Recent developments in the selection and breeding programme on and breeding programme on JuglansJuglans

sppspp. in Italy . in Italy

FulvioFulvio DucciDucci*, Maria Emilia *, Maria Emilia MalvoltiMalvolti****

*CRA – Issel, Centre for Research on Silviculture – Lab. Forest Genetic Resources

**CNR – Ibaf, Institute for Agro-Environmental and Forestry Biology

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CRA CRA –– IsselIssel & & CNRCNR--IbafIbafare synergic on Walnuts since 1986are synergic on Walnuts since 1986

They are based in central Italy and can operate in the wholenational territory.

CRA –ISSEL, Arezzo

CNR – IBAF Porano

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StartedStarted in in ’’80s 80s withwith setset--asideasideprogrammesprogrammes, , plantationsplantations withwith noble noble

hardwoods hardwoods continuedcontinued in the in the frameworkframework of the EU of the EU regulationregulation

2080/92.2080/92.

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About 150 000 ha

have been planted between

1985 and 2001.

70%

of seedlings used were

Walnuts

together with other hardwoods.

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The The mostmost importantimportant business business hashasbeenbeen forfor the nursery system:the nursery system:

aboutabout50 Millions 50 Millions €€Were Were spentspent forfor

propagation material supplypropagation material supply

This investment This investment justifiedjustified anan intensive action intensive action forforbreedingbreeding and and improvementimprovement

of the of the mostmost valuablevaluable speciesspecies in in EuropeEurope

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WalnutWalnut, a , a multipurposemultipurpose speciesspecies

J.regia: •Pollination by wind & insects

•Self pollination excluded in temperate climate

•Scattered near farms on small groups or by single tree,

•Hardly eroded genetically: preserving best materials is urgently requested.

•High maternal inheritance for manytraits:adaptative and phenotypic.

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Α. Typical radial Β. Typical tangential C. Tangential, dark heartwood

D. Typical forking figure Ε. Typical root figure F. Irregular figure Basic figures of walnut veneers

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CRA ISSEL and CNR IBAF CRA ISSEL and CNR IBAF developeddeveloped reserchreserch strategiesstrategies on on walnutswalnutsin order to:in order to:

1.1. Survey resources and their genetic Survey resources and their genetic variationvariation and and relationshipsrelationships withwith the the easterneastern populationspopulations;;

2.2. Preserve and investigate the Italian gene pool, severely Preserve and investigate the Italian gene pool, severely eroded;eroded;

3.3. Start the selection and improvement of basic materials as Start the selection and improvement of basic materials as populations, parental trees, seed populations, parental trees, seed orchardsorchards;;

4.4. Look for new valuable variation Look for new valuable variation sourcessources..

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11. . SurveySurvey of of resourcesresources and and theirtheirgeneticgenetic variationvariation and and relationshipsrelationships

withwith easterneastern populationspopulations

From a fruit cropstatus to… …..a habitus

suitable for forest purposes

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Indigenous area of J. regia L. specie

Current distribution of J.regia L.specie

The common walnut is native in Eurasian Continent.

Its origin is probably the mountains of North-central Asia, Western and Eastern Himalayas and China. The diffusion was mainly due to Asian and

European ancient populations along the silk roads.

Walnuts were spread by humans into western Europe since prehistoric times, but did not reach England until perhaps the fifteen or sixteenth century.

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ExplorationExploration and and ResourceResource PreservationPreservation in western in western EuropeEurope

Since 1987 Analysis of genetic resources (National and FAIR R&D) :

a) in Italy, Europe and Euroasian continentb) on French inter-specific hybrids J. nigra x regia;c) Evaluation of diversity between and within fruit

varieties .d) Study of mating system

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Dominant Markers Codominant markers

Among them ………..Isozymes

RAPDS

ISSR

SSR

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UPGMA phenogram based on Nei’s pairwise genetic distance showing the relationships among 38 euroasiatic locations

Nei Coefficient0.02 0.05 0.09 0.13 0.16

Mosonmagyaròv

Tibet Xinjiang

RepositoryS. Sunbe

PuydeDome Vienne-Indre

Drome Ain

Ctsatalja Pecs

Melykut Bòny

Tiszakòròd Tszacsècse

Nagyar Mosonmagyaròv

Arcadia WestCreta

Pajaco Avellino Vicenza Sabina Terni

Caserta Treviso Napoli

Ragusa Agrigento Siracusa

Pordenone Udine

Gorizia Alazani

Doucheti Lagodekhi

Laponkouri Batsaraski

Skra

Georgia

Italy

Greece

Hungary

France

China

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PhiPT tridimensional plot

Hungary

Italy

Georgia

France

Greece

China

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MainMain ResultsResults fromfrom the the GeneticGenetic AnalysisAnalysis……

Regional samples

Na Ne Sk Ho He

(sd) F

(sd) Subcont.

samples Na Ne Sk Ho He

(sd) F

(sd) NW Spain 2.14 1.62 0.46 0.385 0.382

(0.031) 0.022 (0.017)

Europe 2.24 1.66 0.47 0.380 0.378 (0.021)

0.066 (0.010)

SW France

2.29 1.68 0.47 0.432 0.405 (0.034)

-0.027 (0.017)

SC France 2.14 1.55 0.52 0.319 0.354 (0.039)

0.052 (0.021)

Caucasus 2.43 1.56 0.61 0.345 0.364 (0.022)

0.025 (0.023)

SE France 2.29 1.57 0.56 0.400 0.364 (0.035)

-0.064 (0.033)

S Italy 2.29 1.67 0.48 0.394 0.401 (0.025)

0.013 (0.024)

NW China 2.57 1.94* 0.40 0.519 0.482 (0.015)

-0.040 (0.084)

Italy-Sicily 2.29 1.76 0.41 0.397 0.432 (0.026)

0.067 (0.031)

C Hungary 2.29 1.75 0.42 0.338 0.429 (0.020)

0.185 (0.043)

NE China 2.14 1.84 0.26 0.435 0.457 (0.013)

0.052 (0.088)

E Hungary 2.29 1.54 0.58 0.347 0.349 (0.023)

-0.008 (0.031)

N Greece 2.29 1.70 0.46 0.453 0.412 (0.024)

-0.072 (0.042)

All pop. 2.27 1.68 0.46 0.391 0.402 (0.019)

0.036 (0.012)

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AMOVA analysis

The AMOVA analysis on 38 locations found out that 70% of the variation was significantly attributed to the variation within population (p<0.001). These results agree with most of phenotypic traits which the highest variation component observedis individual and it is a great advantage for improvement.

AMOVA Analysis

Within Pops.70%

Among Pops.30%

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Main characteristics of walnut in W-Europe

Strong differentiation of the adaptive traits can be assumed among accessions located in different ecological conditions

The analised populations seem to be subjected to selection processes (especially in relation with biotic and abiotic stresses and human pressure).

No gene flow among populations.

Therefore, we observed an important differentiation within populations because of genetic drift within each one

Walnut populations (whatever are they) are adapted to local environments

Chinese populations appear to conserve a good level of genetic variability and a gene pool different from that of the European populations.The Chinese populations should be preserved in order to maintain genes probably disappeared in Europe.

In spite of it, each considered Country conserves a peculiar amount of genetic diversity

W genetic resources are well adapted to the local environment, may be considered as the gene resource for selection of nut or wood varieties.

An interesting base for breeders and nurseries for reforestation purposes.

Therefore, this was the situation observed:

General Conclusion:

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The The aboveabove findigsfindigs havehave beenbeenconfirmedconfirmed alsoalso in the in the

frameworkframework of of WW--BrainsBrainsinternationalinternational teststests forfor adaptiveadaptive

traitstraits

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Site Chiusi EU Walnuts test -2006

The Ponte Rovescio test Site (Chiusi – Siena), aged 10

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The same knowledge was used at the same time forpreservation, selection and testing activities in Italy

• Exploring new areas and populations

• Phenotypic individual selection

• Establishment of clonal collections

• Establishment of a network of progeny/provenance tests

• Assessing phenotypic and phenology trait variation

FOR SPECIFIC AIMS:

• Testing variation followingdifferent selection pressure forestablishing seed orchards

• Valorising an Italianhybridogenic population

Survey 1999 - 2005Survey 1985 - 1992

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Example I Example I -- Testing Models for establishing Testing Models for establishing

Walnut Seed OrchardsWalnut Seed Orchards

Materials and methods:2 test (aged 8) were used to compare materials for Central Italy;

•20 to 13 half-sib progenies were tested;

•Their provenance: Alps, Tuscany Apennines, Emilia-Romagna Apennines;

•280 + 212 trees wereexamined;

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MainMain traitstraits examinedexamined, , whichwhich havehave beenbeen foundfound havinghaving high high maternalmaternal inheritanceinheritance::

-- bud breakbud break (score 1(score 1--7), surveyed on 2 years and averaged 7), surveyed on 2 years and averaged on fixed dates;on fixed dates;

-- heightheight and and height incrementheight increment (cm);(cm);

-- basal diameterbasal diameter (cm) and (cm) and DBHDBH (cm) and increments;(cm) and increments;

-- mean mean branch anglebranch angle (scored: 0 vertical to 7 horizontal);(scored: 0 vertical to 7 horizontal);

-- branch basal diameterbranch basal diameter (cm);(cm);

-- apical dominanceapical dominance (scored: 1 bad to 7 very good);(scored: 1 bad to 7 very good);

-- total number of main branchestotal number of main branches; ;

-- stem formstem form (scored: 1 crooked to 7 straight;(scored: 1 crooked to 7 straight;

-- frost damagesfrost damages (scored 1 very hard to 10 no damages). (scored 1 very hard to 10 no damages).

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Phenotype traits

Phenology

Scores fordamage intensity

Frost resistanceAfter the selection was carried out on the base of these traits …….

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……..provenanceprovenance and and progeny field tests were screened for progeny field tests were screened for resistanceresistance//tolerancetolerance toto::

Gnomonia leptostylaGnomonia leptostyla, , Xanthomonas Xanthomonas juglandis juglandis ((leaf bacterial cankerleaf bacterial canker) and ) and bark bark canker bycanker by Phytophthora sppPhytophthora spp. . on on JuglansJuglansregiaregia,, Juglans nigraJuglans nigra and and hybridshybrids..

An otherAn other dangerous diseasedangerous disease, , namednamed ““Stem Stem CankerCanker””, new in , new in ItalyItaly has been recorded has been recorded by Anselmi by Anselmi etet alal.. determined by determined by a a complex complex of of bacterialbacterial and fungi and fungi organismsorganisms..

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ResultsResults and and ConclusionConclusion::

No significant differences between progenies No significant differences between progenies for growth (H) at age XVfor growth (H) at age XV;;

Differences were significant for diameters and Differences were significant for diameters and very significant forvery significant for phenologyphenology, frost damages, , frost damages, stem form and dominance;stem form and dominance;

Those last four characters are well correlated: Those last four characters are well correlated: late budlate bud--breaking trees can avoid late frosts breaking trees can avoid late frosts and therefore stem form can be better.and therefore stem form can be better.

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Performance indexes of progenies in both the tests allowed the selection of superior progenies:

PB: site Ponte Buriano

Ficulle: the second site.

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MultitraitMultitrait SelectionSelection : a : a SelectionSelection IndexIndex waswas usedusedSSI=I=ΣΣnn PerfPerf. H99 + (. H99 + (ΣΣ μμW* W* PerfPerf.(Frost, .(Frost, StemStem, , BranchBranch, , StraigthnessStraigthness))))

Selection of best per f or ming pr ogenies in Pontebur iano f or H99 and Mean qual i ty tr ai ts.

0,00

0,20

0,40

0,60

0,80

1,00

1,20

0,00 0,10 0,20 0,30 0,40 0,50 0,60 0,70 0,80

Mean Qual i ty

Selection of best per f or ming pr ogenies in Ficul le f or H99 and Mean qual i ty tr ai ts.

0,000,100,200,300,400,500,600,700,800,901,00

0,00 0,20 0,40 0,60 0,80

M ean Quality

Selection of pr ogenies f or man qual i ty and mean H99 avar aged on the total exper iment

0,00

0,10

0,20

0,30

0,40

0,50

0,60

0,70

0,80

0,00 0,20 0,40 0,60 0,80

H99 PB - FIC

Stability of Progenies common to Ponteburiano and Ficulle tests for phenology at the same date (higher the value, later

the progeny)

0,000,100,200,300,400,500,600,700,800,901,00

0,00 0,50 1,00 1,50

FIC 19 4 96

St abilit y of common progeny growt h perf ormances at age 8 among sit es

0,00

0,10

0,20

0,30

0,40

0,50

0,60

0,70

0,80

0,90

1,00

0,00 0,20 0,40 0,60 0,80 1,00

H99 PB

Frost Performance vs. H99 in Ponteburiano

0,00

0,20

0,40

0,60

0,80

1,00

1,20

0,00 0,20 0,40 0,60 0,80 1,00

H99 performance

Fros

tRes

iste

nce

Per

form

ance

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The The mainmain geneticgenetic parametersparameters werewereexaminedexamined

to assess possible changes in to assess possible changes in genetic structure and loss of genetic structure and loss of diversity during the selection diversity during the selection

steps.....steps.....

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1) 1) the the total populationtotal population of of J. regiaJ. regia in field, without in field, without considering considering a prioria priori its structuration in progenies. It was its structuration in progenies. It was compared to a compared to a pseudo natural populationpseudo natural population of of Italy;Italy;

22) the ) the wholewhole population sub population sub –– divided by divided by halfhalf--sib sib progeniesprogenies;;

3)3) the the best 6 progeniesbest 6 progenies selected phenotypically among the selected phenotypically among the 12 12 tested;tested;

4) the 4) the best trees selected withinbest trees selected within the best 6 the best 6 progenies;progenies;

5) a 5) a more strict selectionmore strict selection: the : the 4 4 ““superior progeniessuperior progenies””within those selected in point within those selected in point 3;3;

6) 6) all trees phenotypically superiorall trees phenotypically superior((≥≥ 10 % compared to 10 % compared to the field test the field test average).average).

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Homozygosity (inbreeding? isolation? Earlier Homozygosity (inbreeding? isolation? Earlier selection activities?) is relatively selection activities?) is relatively high;high;

About 67% of intraAbout 67% of intra--specific neutral (isozymes) specific neutral (isozymes) markers variation depends on the individual markers variation depends on the individual component;component;

It will be possible to select late flushing trees, It will be possible to select late flushing trees, and/or with low environment interaction, and then and/or with low environment interaction, and then good stem form and vigour good stem form and vigour materials;materials;

TThe reduction of progenies didnhe reduction of progenies didn’’t modify t modify significantly variation compared to the Italian significantly variation compared to the Italian walnut gene pool we have exploredwalnut gene pool we have explored

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Selected progenies

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EffectsEffects of the of the selectionselection intensityintensity on on FisFis

Homozygosity Homozygosity decreasedecreasein in modelsmodels wherewhere progenyprogenyselectionselection isis carriedcarried out out increasingincreasing strictnessstrictness of of selectionselection (2, 3 and 4);(2, 3 and 4);

FisFis increasesincreases againagain wherewherethe the individual selectionindividual selection isisappliedapplied: 5. : 5. withinwithin the best the best progeniesprogenies, 7. , 7. allall the the treestrees> 10%.> 10%.

ItIt isis similarsimilar forfor best best treestreeswithinwithin the the worstworstprogeniesprogenies (6).(6).

Variation of homozigosity across the six selection levels considered, including (6) the best trees from the non

selected progenies

0,0000,1000,200

0,3000,400

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Selection level

Fis FIS

The whole progeny test

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RESULT:RESULT:Two main models could be Two main models could be established:established:

1.1. By using whole By using whole selected selected progeniesprogenies (> 10% of (> 10% of average);average);

2.2. By using By using best treesbest treesselected within the best selected within the best progenies;progenies;

An hypothetical seed An hypothetical seed orchard, established with orchard, established with the progenies selected, the progenies selected, could supply could supply ““TestedTested””propagation materials and propagation materials and have variability similar to have variability similar to larger western Europe larger western Europe populationspopulations..

RecurrentSelection withinthe best progenies

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2. New 2. New variationvariation sourcesource: : aa

hybridogenichybridogenic populationpopulation((ItalyItaly))

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Juglans nigra J. nigra x regia Juglans regiaCluster UPGMA after isozyme analysis

0023

0022

0021

0018

00170016

0015

0014

0013

0012

0011

0010

0009

0008

00070006

0005

0004

0003

0001

Correspodance analysis results from 13 polymorphic loci

SSR-Principal coordinates analysisAnalisi. * J. nigra; ** J. regia; * ibridi

During the earlier survey of walnut genetic resources, a “strange”population was noted in “90s, but only 10 yrs. after it has been possible to

start a deep research programme

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Specific alleles: Juglans nigra

Juglans regia

Intraspecific variability of SSR loci WGA1 and WGA202;identification of hybrid individuals

3x 2x HybridsN21 H1 H2 H19

3x 2x HybridsN21 H1 H2 H19

H20

H20

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N21IMP1

H20

0.270.27

0.120.12

-0.04-0.0422

-0.19-0.19

-0.35-0.35-0.20-0.20

-0.29-0.29

-0.12-0.12

-0.10-0.10

0.050.05

11

330.010.01

0.230.23

0.400.40

0.110.11

0.220.22

Plot of PCoordA: individual SM coefficients based on allele presence/absence of SSRs

IMP1 N21

H20

Starting morphol.survey:

Material: 138 samples

69 J. nigra (8N; 46VR16NC)

21 Hybrids (4H; 17IMP)

48 J. regia (10R; 38B-V)

Somatic chromosome number (pollen): 2n = 48 3xTriploid !Genome composition:NNR

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A hybridogenicmother

J.nigra:

80 years

Dbh: 100 cm

H: 35 m

A hybrid

Mass propagationby grafts and seeds byhot callusing & hastening,

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39Cost Action E-42

Final Final aimaim::

EstablishingEstablishing a a SeedSeed OrchardOrchard..

Studying siblings in several Studying siblings in several generationsgenerationsand and establishingestablishing a network of comparative a network of comparative teststests..

Studying opportunities offered by Studying opportunities offered by reproducing reproducing HybridsHybrids..

Studying opportunities offered by the Studying opportunities offered by the triployd triployd hybridhybrid..

Page 40: Juglans in Italy (Ducci) - uni-freiburg.deregia, Juglans nigra and hybrids. An other dangerous disease, named “Stem Canker”, new in Italy has been recorded by Anselmi et al. determined

40Cost Action E-42

Thank You for youkind and patientattention!

These results were producedin the framework of:

MiPAF (Ministry for Agriculture and Forestry Policies) Project:

RI.SELV.ITALIA 1.1 –Biodiversity and Forest Reproductive Materials