Judith Habicht-Mauche, UCSC, Spring 2005

Plan for Today’s Class

View rest of video: “The Hearth,” part of Out of the Past video series

Take short 5 minute break

Return for short lecture on “The Archaeology of Gender”

Judith Habicht-Mauche, UCSC, Spring 2005

REMEMBER!!

Critical Book Reviews are due

IN CLASS

Thursday, May 19, 2005

See Appendix 1 for Guidelines

Judith Habicht-Mauche, UCSC, Spring 2005

Unit 7 Quiz

Available from Tuesday 3 pm to Friday midnight

You must take 7 out of 9 quizzes to pass this class

Judith Habicht-Mauche, UCSC, Spring 2005

Unit 7: Social Relations and Identities

Lecture 2

The Archaeology of Gender

Judith Habicht-Mauche, UCSC, Spring 2005

Social Status

“Rights, duties, privileges, powers, liabilities and immunities” that accrue to an individual based on some culturally-defined set of criteria.

Criteria: age, gender, kinship, occupation, class, race, ethnicity, place of residency, etc.

Judith Habicht-Mauche, UCSC, Spring 2005

Sex and Gender

Sex: biological differences between males and females

Gender: culturally constructed social categories that reference male/female difference in various and complex ways

Judith Habicht-Mauche, UCSC, Spring 2005

The Archaeology of Gender

Largely by-product of Post-Processual Critique of the 1980s and 1990s

Two Approaches:Critical Theory: stories about past actively

reinforce or contest social conditions in the present.

Marxist: analyzes changing roles of men and women in society and relative value of the products of their labor (control and power).

Judith Habicht-Mauche, UCSC, Spring 2005

Critical Theory Example:

Women in Society: invisible, ignored, delegated to domestic tasks.

Women in Archaeology: invisible, ignored, delegated to “domestic tasks.”

Women in Prehistory: invisible, ignored, delegated to domestic tasks.

Joan Gero (1985) “Socio-Politics and the Woman-at-Home Ideology.”

Judith Habicht-Mauche, UCSC, Spring 2005

Marxist Analysis Example (1)

Cathy Lynne Costin (2002) “Cloth Production and Gender Relations in the Inka Empire.”

Judith Habicht-Mauche, UCSC, Spring 2005

Women in Andean Society: principle producers of social “wealth” in the form of textiles

Judith Habicht-Mauche, UCSC, Spring 2005

Wari women’s control over products of their own labor and their participation in the political arena changed as result of Inka conquest.

Judith Habicht-Mauche, UCSC, Spring 2005

Marxist Analysis Example (2)

“The Shifting Role of Women and Women’s Labor on the Late Prehistoric-Protohistoric Southern High Plains”Paper presented at 5th World Archaeological

Congress in June, 2003 and recently published (April 2005) in volume on “Gender and Hide Production.”

Reappraisal from “gendered perspective” of material analyzed for dissertation in 1980s

Judith Habicht-Mauche, UCSC, Spring 2005

Late Prehistoric to Protohistoric Transition on the

Southern High Plains:Demise of mixed farming-hunting-

gathering economies.Spread of specialized bison hunting and

processing economies.Expansion in the scope and intensity of

inter-regional interaction and trade.

Judith Habicht-Mauche, UCSC, Spring 2005

Potential Causes of Change

Deteriorating climatic conditions.

Expansion of southern bison herds.

Demographic pressure and economic competition from migrating Athapaskan groups.

Judith Habicht-Mauche, UCSC, Spring 2005

Interaction with Rio Grande Pueblos

Judith Habicht-Mauche, UCSC, Spring 2005

Reasons for Increasing Trade

Exchange of basic food stuffs--bison meat for corn--means of “buffering” shortages due to drought

Creates mutualistic relationships between H-G and farmers

Ambitious males took advantage of social disruption to enhance individual wealth, power, and prestige

Bison Hides: form of social capital; exchanged as part of competitive status-building activities

Judith Habicht-Mauche, UCSC, Spring 2005

Ceremonial vs. Individual Trade

Arena of men. Exotic and high-value

manufactured goods. Elaborate rituals and

competitive displays. Fictive adoptions and

exogamous marriages.

Arena of women. Domestic and

subsistence goods, plus personal items.

Products of their own labor.

Little pomp or ceremony.

Judith Habicht-Mauche, UCSC, Spring 2005

Increasing Hide Production and the Shifting Role of Women’s Labor

Women’s roles shift from domestic food producers to commodity hide producers.Hides used by men in competitive status-building activities.Women no longer control products of their own labor.

Judith Habicht-Mauche, UCSC, Spring 2005

Shifting Role and Status of WomenExpectations of Model:

Intensification of bison processing and production of bison by-products.

Decreasing access by women to exotic raw materials and finished products.

Presence of non-local women on Protohistoric Southern High Plains sites.

Judith Habicht-Mauche, UCSC, Spring 2005

The Garza Complex

(A.D. 1500-1700)

Judith Habicht-Mauche, UCSC, Spring 2005

Evidence for Intensive Bison Processing and Hide Production

Judith Habicht-Mauche, UCSC, Spring 2005

Women’s Access to Exotic Materials: Obsidian

PP ESCR BVK MBFT0

2

4

6

8

10

12

MontgomeryFCCGarnsey SprBridwellGarzaLott

Formal Tools Made From NM Obsidian

Tool Types

No. of Tools

Judith Habicht-Mauche, UCSC, Spring 2005

Women’s Access to Exotic Materials: Imported Jewelry and Personal Ornaments

Dentalium Olivella Oliva Turquoise Euro Glass0

10

20

30

40

MontgomeryFCCBridwellLottHeadstreamLonghorn

Exotic Personal Ornaments (Beads and Pendants)

Exotic Material

Number

Judith Habicht-Mauche, UCSC, Spring 2005

Evidence of Non-Local Women:Pottery

Judith Habicht-Mauche, UCSC, Spring 2005

Evidence for Non-Local Women:Bone Chemistry Analysis

Judith Habicht-Mauche, UCSC, Spring 2005

Summary

Protohistoric Southern High Plains economies focused on hunting, processing, and exchange of bison products.

Shift in women’s labor from subsistence production to commodity production.

Women have less control over products of their own labor.

Women’s labor converted into men’s status through competitive exchanges of dressed hides.