JP ©1 2 3 Stars are born, grow up, mature, and die. A star’s mass determines its lifepath. Let M...
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Transcript of JP ©1 2 3 Stars are born, grow up, mature, and die. A star’s mass determines its lifepath. Let M...
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JP © 1
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JP © 2
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JP © 3
• Stars are born, grow up, mature, and die.
• A star’s mass determines its lifepath.
Let MS = mass of the Sun = ONE SOLAR MASS
Stellar Evolution
• Low Mass ( INITIAL MASS < 8MS )
• High Mass ( INITIAL MASS > 8 MS )
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JP © 4
Stellar Evolution
INITIAL MASS < 8MS INITIAL MASS > 8 MS
MAIN SEQUENCE
RED GIANT
PLANETARY NEBULA
WHITE DWARF
MAIN SEQUENCE
RED GIANT
SUPERNOVA
NEUTRON STAR BLACK HOLE
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JP © 5
Stars are born deep in molecular clouds.
• Cold (10 – 30 K), dense
• Cold enough for H2 to exist
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JP © 6
GRAVITY OVERCOMES THERMAL PRESSURE
THESE REGIONS (CORES) BECOME
MORE DENSE AND COMPACT
COLLAPSE RELEASE OF GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY
THERMAL ENERGY
it radiates infrared from its surface
protostar
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JP © 7
When protostar collapses, its angular momentum is conserved
– it rotates faster
– As matter falling into the protostar, it flattens into a (protostellar) disc
– a planetary system may form from this disc
Star Formation
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JP © 8
The PROTOSTAR collapses until its core reaches 107 K in temperature
PROTON – PROTON CHAIN FUSION
REACTION BEGINS
“HYDROGEN BURNING HAS BEGUN”
THE STAR FINDS ITS POSITION ON THE MAIN SEQUENCE OF THE
“HERTZSPRUNG – RUSSELL DIAGRAM.”
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JP © 9
BROWN DWARFS
Never get hot enough for fusion to begin
Never reach the main sequence
Brown dwarf
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JP © 10
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JP © 11
THE POSITION ASSUMED ON THE MAIN SEQUENCE DEPENDS UPON THE STARS MASS
10MS
MS
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JP © 12
LARGER STARS HAVE SHORTER LIVES
60MS 1 million years
10MS 10 million years
MS 10 billion years
1 billion years3MS
0.1MS 1 million million years
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JP © 13
END OF MAIN SEQUENCE
INERTHe
CORE
Hydrogen
Burning
Shell
Cool Extended
Hydrogen Envelope
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JP © 14
LEAVING THE MAIN SEQUENCE
– Hydrogen fuel supply decreases
– Gravity gets the upper hand
– The core begins to collapse
– H shell heats up and He fusion begins there
– Energy released is greater than gravity from above
– The outer layers of the star expand and cool
– The star becomes a RED GIANT
M > 0.4 MS
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JP © 15
HELIUM FUSION OCCURS AT 100 000 000 K
4He 4He4He
12CARBON
3 4 He ► 12 C + 2 γ
The “TRIPLE ALPHA” process
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JP © 16
2500 K6000 K10000 K30000 K
SURFACE TEMPERATURE
AB
SO
LU
TE
MA
GN
ITU
DE
M
0
+5
+10
+15
-5
-10
REDGIANT
After 1 G year
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JP © 17
RED GIANTS
THE STAR IS UP TO 10 000 TIMES BRIGHTER
HELIUM BURNING IS VERY TEMPERATURE SENSITIVE
SMALL CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE CAN LEAD TO LARGE CHANGES IN THE FUSION RATE, DESTABILISING THE OUTER LAYERS.
FLUCTUATIONS IN TEMPERATURE AND LUMINOSITY CAN OCCUR – UNTIL THE CORE HELIUM SUPPLY DWINDLES – AFTER 100 MILLION YEARS.
THE CORE IS NOW MAINLY CARBON AND OXYGEN
GRAVITAIONAL COLLAPSE OCCURS AGAIN, HEATING THE CORE SUFFICIENTLY FOR HELIUM FUSION TO BEGIN IN THE SHELL.
THE STAR FOLLOWS THE GIANT TRAIL AGAIN.
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JP © 18
END OF CORE HELIUM BURNING
INERTC & OCORE
Helium
Burning
Shell
Cool Extended
Hydrogen Envelope Hydrogen
Burning
Shell
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JP © 19
REDGIANT
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JP © 20
HELIUM FLASHES CONTINUE.
CORRESPONDING CHANGES IN LUMINOSITY AND TEMPERATURE.
EVENTUALLY THE ENVELOPE IS BLOWN AWAY IN A
PLANETARY NEBULA.
A WHITE DWARF REMAINS – NO MORE FUSION
COOLS TO A BLACK DWARF
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JP © 21
ENVELOPE EJECTION
BARE CORE
WHITE DWARF
BLACK DWARF
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JP © 22
WHITE DWARFS WITH
A MASS > 1.4 MS
ARE UNKNOWN
THE CHANDRASEKHAR LIMIT
MASSIVE STARS SUFFERA DIFFERENT FATE
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JP © 23
WHEN THE CORE CONTAINS ESSENTIALLY JUST IRON, IT HAS NOTHING LEFT TO FUSE
(GREATEST NUCLEAR BINDING ENERGY).
TYPICAL CORE MASS = 1.4 MS
TYPICAL SIZE = 0.5 EARTH DIAMETER
CORE FUSION CEASES. IN LESS THAN A SECOND, THE STAR BEGINS THE FINAL PHASE OF
GRAVITATIONAL COLLAPSE.
THE REPULSIVE FORCE BETWEEN THE NUCLEI OVERCOMES THE FORCE OF GRAVITY, AND THE CORE RECOILS OUT FROM THE
HEART OF THE STAR IN AN EXPLOSIVE SHOCK WAVE
THE CORE TEMPERATURE RISES TO OVER 100 BILLION DEGREES AS THE IRON ATOMS ARE CRUSHED TOGETHER.
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JP © 24
The stellar remnant is a NEUTRON STAR
or a BLACK HOLE.
supernova
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JP © 25
NEUTRON STARS
?
Crystalline Iron crust
Neutron superfluid
Superconducting protons
Under immense pressure electrons become degenerate
?
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JP © 26
PULSARS ARE RAPIDLY ROTATING NEUTRON STARS
TYPICAL PULSE RATE = 4 Hz
PULSAR
SPIN AXISMAGNETIC AXIS IN
EARTH’S DIRECTION
Pulsars have jets of particles moving [ at near the light speed]
out above their magnetic poles.
These jets produce very powerful beams of light, which sweep around as the pulsar rotates.
They appear as a “cosmic lighthouse”.
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JP © 27
WHEN THE CORE LEFT AFTER A SUPERNOVA EXCEEDS THREE SOLAR
MASSES A BLACK HOLE REMAINS
A 10 SOLAR MASS BLACK HOLE WOULD HAVE A DIAMETER OF 30 KM
BLACK HOLES WARP SPACEWARP TIME
BLACK HOLES REALLY AREHOLES IN SPACEHOLES IN TIME
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JP © 28
WITHIN THE EVENT HORIZON, THE ESCAPE VELOCITY IS GREATER THAN THE VELOCITY OF LIGHT
EVENT HORIZON
NO PARTICLE CAN ESCAPE, NOT EVEN LIGHT ITSELF
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JP © 29
RSch is known as the Scharwzchild Radius and marks the boundary of the Event Horizon.
The Escape Velocity on the surface of a gravitational body depends only on its mass and size. For a gravitational body
with mass M and radius R, the escape velocity on its surface is given by
R
GMvescape
22
If the radius of the object is smaller than 2
2
c
GMRSch
Light will not escape.
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JP © 30
THERE IS PROBABLY A SUPER MASSIVE BLACK HOLE WITH A MASS OF A MILLIONS SUNS AT THE CENTRE OF OUR MILKY WAY
GALAXY