1. The Objectives of Journalism (i) Detecting or exposing crime or a serious misdemeanour.(ii) Protecting public health and safety.(iii) Preventing the public from being misled by some statement or action of an individual or organisation.2. In 1605, the first printed weekly newspaper to be published in Antwerp was called Relation. Johann Carolus (1575-1634) was the publisher of the Relation aller Furnemmen und gedenckwurdigen Historien (Collection of all Distinguished and Commemorable News). The `Relation' is recognized by the World Association of Newspapers, as well as many authors, as the world's first newspaper. The German Relation was published in Strasbourg, which had the status of an imperial free city in the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation. 3. Rule #1 Just the Facts, Rule #2 Know Your Audience, Rule #3 Cite Your Sources Rule #4 Focus on the Story Rule #5 The Reverse Pyramid4. The Vernacular Press Act was passed in 1878 under the Governor Generalship and Viceroyalty of Lord Lytton, for better control of Indian language newspapers. The purpose of the Act was to control the printing and circulation of seditious material, specifically that which could produce disaffection against the British Government in India in the minds of the masses.5. Press sub-editors, or subs, check the written text of newspapers, magazines or websites before it is published. They are responsible for ensuring the correct grammar, spelling, house style and tone of the published work. Subs make sure that the copy is factually correct and that it suits the target market. They also lay out the story on the page, write headings and may be involved with overall page design.6. TV popular mass media dominates public opinion10. The purpose of Interview is to collect information, and present views of the interviewee to readers, listeners or viewers. It helps interviewee to express his/her opinion about certain news/topic and provides the reporter with bytes for news content. 19. Qualities of reporterAreporteris a type of journalist whoresearches, writes, and reports on information to present insources, conductinterviews, engage in research, and make reports. The information-gathering part of a journalist's job is sometimes calledreporting, in contrast to the production part of the job such as writing articles. Reporters may split their time between working in anewsroomand going out to witness events or interview people. Reporters may be assigned a specificbeator area of coverage. The general qualities that every reporter must posses are:Memory for faces:A young reporter must have good memory for faces. He must cultivate the sixth sense and grow particular brain cells assiduously if he is to make full use of his opportunities.Once he is out to achieve this he will find plenty of people in his circle who are valuable to him as news supply source. He must know them and develop this foible even though its mainspring is vanity.The occasional task of a young reporter is to find a well known man or woman upon an incoming aircraft at the airport or a liner -at the seaport. Very occasionally his task is easy enough because an outstanding personality can be easily known and approached at the right moment. Moreover, if the reporter is associated with a good newspaper, the personality may himself/herself be interested in being accessible. He or she may be bursting with ideas and opinions in search of a right outlet. The journalist is the right person to avail the opportunity. Personalities can be known from the photographs.Remembering from pictures:A Successful reporter must have a good memory for pictured faces. He must also take out information about the personality he wishes to approach for interviews or news. A good memory for pictures is of tremendous utility to a1journalist in a strange environment. Every journalist has the experience of going from pillar to post for information or confirmation when minutes and seconds keep flying past. He may be sometimes held up by the official folk unnecessarily.What he should do is to care for every precious moment if he wishes to be the first to get the news through. But he has got to do everything so diplomatically that he does not lose any friend who can be of use as a source of news.No journalist expects that requests preferred to Secretaries and Ministers of Departments will always be met but he must move on the right track. As a result of the common experience of the current generation, a studied courtesy and in many cases a measure of personal friendship with high-ups would be of great value. Journalists can make use of the gift of remembering faces if they wish to avoid any embarrassing situations in their social career.Luckily most of the government departments in democracies are happy to deal with journalists and find useful outlets for their publicity. These considerations have made the task of the journalist easier but the qualities which go to the making of the successful journalist require that he may make the maximum use of the facilities available. If a young journalist knows the art of making short-cuts so much the better.Making friendships:It is important for the reporting journalist to make right type of friendships with his sources of information or news. He will find his source of knowledge widened or restricted, according to the way in which he can cultivate the friendships. Sometimes it is alleged that journalists are too busy to keep a social life. In actual fact, the case is the reverse. A journalist touches more of the social circles than any man. He remains 011 the fringe of them all and can turn them to his own professional use if he has the necessary capability.A journalist is inevitably in many respects a public figure. He sees the world, the both saint and the devil at close quarters and must on occasions hobnob with people for whom truth is no terror. The only temptation to which a journalist should not fall is superficiality, a shallow outlook and. perhaps, a certain amount of cynicism. He should have the sense to discriminate between what is superficial and what is real.He should not be easily bought over by vested interests by temptations of cheap entertainment or the offer of wine and women. Once he falls a prey to these temptations he will be ignoring his duty and not doing the right type of reporting which he is expected to do as an unbiased reporter. He must maintain a worthy outlook;" keep up his standards steady and judgments firm.A journalist has the advantage in forming his judgments of men and things as he sees the inside aspects of movements which often present a different side for the public view. While the man in the street sees the superficial, the journalist has gone into details and witnessed events from the deepest quarters.Freshness of mind:A journalist cannot afford to be stale in his ideas, concepts or pursuits. He has to be on his mental toes all the time. He must do a lot of reading and writing, be honest to himself. Find out more quickly than others the precious little knowledge he is in search. His writings must emit the bright sparks with every new contact. His every new story must be an improvement over the earlier one.Thrill of the hunt for news:An ideal reporter must respond to the urge and thrill of the news. News getting is not a matter of routine. He must be dynamic in his approach so that he can get preference to the routine journalists from the news agencies or other newspaper that may compete with him to find access to the source of news. Unless he has a thrill for news, he cannot prove to be a more efficient news-gatherer and interpreter of the movements of which he is an observer and from which he has to build the background for future coverage.The competitive aspect of modern journalism adds to the thrill rather than subtracts. The lust for a new fact in competition with others must have the effect of throwing a heightened light upon it and of getting it out of focus in relation to its setting. Thus, there is a constant war between the journalist's conception of the public appetite and the need to weigh facts carefully and to keep to a sense of values which is intrinsic.Sense of Responsibility:An ideal reporter, however brilliant and imaginative, must maintain a sense of responsibility. He must adjust his balance of things in such a way that he can keep to the interests of his organisation without sacrificing the public good. His over-enthusiasm should not land him into a situation where he may be called irresponsible. He must realise that he holds in his hand one of the reins by which mass movements are forged and that he must use it purposefully and with care.20. Role of Press in India's Struggle for FreedomAt the time of the first war of independence in 1857, many newspapers were in operation in the country. Many of these likeBangadootof Ram Mohan Roy,Rastiguftarof Dadabhai Naoroji andGyaneneshunadvocated social reforms and thus helped arouse national awakening.It was in 1857 itself thatPayam-e-Azadistarted publication in Hindi and Urdu, calling upon the people to fight against the British. The paper was soon confiscated and anyone found with a copy of the paper was prosecuted for sedition. Again, the first Hindi daily,Samachar Sudhavarashan,and two newspapers in Urdu and Persian respectively,DoorbeenandSultan-ul-Akbar, faced trial in 1857 for having published a 'Firman' by Bahadur Shah Zafar, urging the people to drive the British out of India. This was followed by the notroiusGagging Actof Lord Canning, under which restrictions were imposed on the newspapers and periodicals.Notable RoleIn the struggle against the British, some newspapers played a very notable role. This included theHindi Patriot!Established in 1853, by the author and playwright, Grish Chandra Ghosh, it became popular under the editorship of Harish Chandra Mukherjee. In 1861, the paper published a play, "Neel Darpan" and launched a movement against the British, urging the people to stop cultivating the Indigo crop for the white traders. This resulted in the formation of a Neel Commission. Later, the paper was taken over by Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar. The paper strongly opposed the Government's excesses and demanded that Indians be appointed to top government posts. TheIndian Mirrorwas the other contemporary of this paper which was very popular among the reading public.Yet another weekly,Amrita Bazar Patrikawhich was being published from Jessore, was critical of the government, with the result that its proprietors faced trial and conviction. In 1871, thePatrikamoved to Calcutta and another Act was passed to suppress it and other native journals.Marathi PressMahadev Govind Rande, a leading leader of Maharashtra, used to write inGyan Prakashas well as inIndu Prakash. Both these journals helped awaken the conscience of the downtrodden masses. Another Marathi weekly,Kesariwas started by Tilak from January 1, 1881. He aIongwith Agarkar and Chiplunkar started another weekly journal,Mrathain English. The Editor of the'Daccan Star'Nam Joshi also joined them and his paper was incorporated withMaratha. Tilak and Agarkar were convicted for writings against the British and the Diwan ofKolhapur. Tilak'sKesaribecame one of the leading media to propagate the message of freedom movement. It also made the anti-partition movement of Bengal a national issue. In 1908, Tilak opposed the Sedition ordinance. He was later exiled from the country for six years. Hindi edition ofKesariwas started from Nagpur and Banaras.Press and the First Session of CongressThe Editors commanded a very high reputation at the time of the birth of the Indian National Congress. One could measure the extent of this respect from the fact that those who occupied the frontline seats in the first ever Congress session held in Bombay in December 1885 included some of the editors of Indian newspapers. The first ever resolution at this Session was proposed by the editor ofThe Hindu, G. Subramanya Iyer. In this resolution, it was demanded that the government should appoint a committee to enquire into the functioning of Indian administration. The second resolution was also moved by a journalist from Poona,Chiplunkarin which the Congress was urged to demand for the abolition of India Council which ruled the country from Britain. The third resolution was supported by Dadabhai Naoroji who was a noted journalist of his time. The fourth resolution was also proposed by Dadabhai Naoroji.There were many Congress Presidents who had either been the editors or had started the publication of one or the other newspapers. In this context, particular mention may be made of Ferozeshah Mehta who had started theBombay Chronicleand Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya who edited the daily,Hindustan. He also helped the publication ofLeaderfrom Allahabad. Moti Lal Nehru was the first Chairman of the Board of Directors of theLeader. Lala Lajpat Rai inspired the publication of three journals, thePunjabi,Bandematramand thePeoplefrom Lahore. During his stay in South Africa, Gandhiji had brought outIndian Opinionand after settling in India, he started the publication ofYoung India; Navjeevan, Harijan, Harijan SevakandHarijan Bandhu. Subash Chandra Bose and C.R. Das were not journalists but they acquired the papers likeForwardandAdvancewhich later attained national status. Jawaharlal Nehru founded theNational Herald.Revolutionary Movement and the PressSo far as the revolutionary movement is concerned, it did not begin with guns and bombs but it started with the publication of newspapers. The first to be mentioned in this context isYugantarpublication of which was started by Barindra Kumar Ghosh who edited it also. When the Ghadar party was organised in Amenca, Lala Hardayal started publication of the journal 'Ghadar'. Within one year, millions of copies of this journal were published in Hindi, Urdu, Punjabi, Gujarati, Marathi and English and sent to India and to all parts of the world where Indians were residing. In the beginning the copies of the journal were concealed in parcels of foreign cloth sent to Delhi. It was also planned to smuggle the printing press into India for this purpose. But then the war broke out and it became almost impossible to import printing machinery from abroad. Lala Hardayal was arrested in America and deported to India. One of his followers Pandit Ramchandra started publishingHindustan Ghadarin English. With the U.S. joining the war, the Ghadar party workers were arrested by the American Government. When the trail was on, one of the rivals of Pandit Ramchandra managed to obtain a gun and shoot him dead in the jail itself. The death of Ramchandra led to the closure of this paper.In 1905 Shyamji Krishna Verma started publication of a journalIndian Sociologistfrom London. It used to publish reports of political activities taking place at the India House in London. In 1909 two printers of this journal were convicted. Shyamji Krishna Verma left England for Paris from where he started the publication of the journal. Later on, he had to leave for Geneva. He countinued to bring out the journal from there for two or three years more. In Paris, Lala Hardayal, in collaboration with Madam Cama and Sardar Singhraoji Rana brought outVandematramandTalwar.AfterYugantar, it wasVandematramthat played a significant role in the freedom struggle. This journal was established by Subodha Chandra Malik, C.R. Das and Bipin Chandra Pal on August 6, 1906. Its editor, Aurobindo Ghosh, the editor ofSandhya, B. Upadhyay and editor ofYugantarB. N. Dutt had to a face a trial for espousing the cause of freedom.So far as the Hindi papers were concerned, they looked to government for support for some time. Bhartendu Harish Chandra was the first to start a journalKavi Vachan Sudhain 1868. Its policy was to give vent to the miseries of the people of India. When the Prince of Wales visited India, a poem was published in his honour. The British authorities were given to understand that the poem had two meanings and that one word used in the poem could also mean that the Prince of Wales should get a shoe-beating!The government aid to journals likeKavi Vachan Sudhawas stopped for publishing what was objectionable from the government point of view. Bhartendu Harish Chandra resigned from his post of an honorary Magistrate. His two friends, Pratap Narain Mishra and Bal Krishna Bhatt started publication of two important political journalsPradeepfrom Allahabad, andBrahmanfrom Kanpur. ThePradeepwas ordered to be closed down in 1910 for espousing the cause of freedom.TheBharat-Mitrawas a famous Hindi journal of Calcutta which started its publication on May 17, 1878 as a fortnighly. It contributed a lot in propagating the cause of the freedom movement. The journal exposed the British conspiracy to usurp Kashmir. Several other papers published from Calcutta which played an important role in freedom struggle included Ambika Prasad Vajpayee'sSwantrtmtra, Ramanand Chatterjee'sModern Review'in English,Pravasi Patra'in Bengali andVishal Bharatin Hindi.One of the foremost Hindi journalist who has earned a name for his patriotism was Ganesh Shanker Vidyarthi. In 1913, he brought out weeklyPratapfrom Kanpur. He made the supreme sacrifice in 1931 in the cause of Hindu-Muslim unity. Krishna Dutt Paliwal brought outSainikfrom Agra which became a staunch propagator of nationalism in Western U. P. The noted Congress leader, Swami Shradhanand, started the publication of Hindi journalVir Arjunand Urdu journalTej. After the assassination of Swami Shradhanand, Vidyavachaspathi and Lala Deshbandhu Gupta continued the publication of these journals. They were themselves prominent Congress leaders.In Lahore, Mahashaya Khushal Chand brought outMilapand Mahashaya Krishna started publishing Urdu journals which helped a lot in promoting the national cause. In 1881, Sardar Dayal Singh Majitha on the advice of Surendra Nath Bannerjee brought outTribuneunder the editorship of Sheetala Kant Chatterjee. Bipin Chandra Pal also edited this paper for sometime. Later in 1917, Kalinath Rai joined the paper as its editor.There is not a single province in India which did not produce a journal or newspaper to uphold the cause of the freedom struggle. A. G. Horniman made theBombay Chroniclea powerful instrument to promote militant nationalism. He himself took part in the meetings where Satyagraha used to be planned. He published vivid accounts of the Jallianwala Bagh carnage for which one correspondent of his paper, Goverdhan Das, was sentenced to three years' imprisonment by a military court. Horniman too was arrested and deported to London even though he was ill at that time. Amritlal Shet brought out the Gujarati journalJanmabhumiwhich was an organ of the people of the princely states of Kathiawad, but it became a mouthpiece of national struggle. Similarly another Gujarati journalSaanjvartmanplayed a prominent role under the editorship of Sanwal Das Gandhi, who played a very significant role in the Quit India Movement in 1942. It was soon after independent formed a parallel Government in Junagarh and forced the Nawab of Junagarh to leave the country. The three editors of the Sindhi journalHindiJairam Das Daulatram, Dr. Choithram Gidwani and Hiranand Karamchand, were arrested, their press closed and the property of the paper confiscated.In Bihar the tradition of national newspapers was carried forward by Sachidanand Sinha, who had started the publication ofSearchlightunder the editorship of Murtimanohar Sinha. Dev Brat Shastri started publication of'Nav ShaktiandRashtra Vani'. The weeklyyogiand theHunkar'also contributed very much to the general awakening.22Aninterviewis a conversation between two or more people wherequestionsare asked by the interviewer to elicit facts or statements from the interviewee.[1]Interviews are a standard part ofqualitative research. They are also used injournalismandmediareporting (seeInterview (journalism)) and in various employment-related contexts.The qualitative research interview seeks to describe and the meanings of central themes in the life world of the subjects. The main task in interviewing is to understand the meaning of what the interviewees say. Interviewing, when considered as a method for conducting qualitative research, is a technique used to understand the experiences of others.

Before starting an interview, you should have a good idea of the type of interview you are about to do and its purpose.The purpose of an interview is to gather usable audio to illustrate your story. This audio may be live or recorded. If it is recorded - which is more likely - the end result could be 15 seconds or several minutes. The cut itself could be used for a news bulletin, a package or a documentary. In spite of these varied uses, the principles of good interviewing are the same.

But before you start, you should have a good idea of the type of interview you are about to do and its purpose. You will probably be guided in this by the brief given to you by the news editor.

Remember the reason for getting audio through an interview is to have someone else like an expert, official or eyewitness say something that the newsreader cannot - comment.

Types of Interviews and TechniquesThere are several types of news media interviews,ranging from impromptu ones in a crisis to long-planned, easy going talkshow type of interviews. The senior journalist must know the types of interviews and the techniques involved for two reasons. First, there may come a time when you will be the subject of a media interview if the PAO is unavailable (or if you are serving as a PAO in a smaller command). Second, you are frequently called upon to conduct media training for those individuals scheduled for a media interview.ACCIDENT OR INCIDENT. In the highly charged emotional atmosphere of an accident or incident where news media may be denied access due to on going investigations, recommend to the CO that he make a brief statement to the news media and take a few questions. With the help of the news media, the CO may do the ll l following: Reach out to crew families and assure them thatthe CO is in charge, all that can be done is beingdone, and so forth.Tell the public of heroic acts.Express thanks to those individuals or organiza-tions involved in rescue, firefighting, and so on.Any questions about accident details may beanswered with the following statement: I m sorry, Icannot discuss details that will be part of the ongoingNavy investigation.In a tragic accident or incident,senior fleet PAOs will be involved and will provide youroffice with advice and guidance.GENERAL. This is a one-on-one interviewinvolving a reporter and an individual involved in aspecific event or issue. You and the PAO may grant thistype of interview on a case-by-case basis, depending onthe sensitivity of the issue and if the subject matter is notbeyond the responsibility of the person to beinterviewed. The PAO should monitor the interview andtape-record it in case questions arise later on the contextof the answers or if the interviewee is misquoted.TALK SHOW. Many local television and cablestations have interview shows where people in thenews are interviewed. These are referred to as softinterviews that usually focus on the personality of theperson or command, rather than on hard news issues.Nevertheless, prior preparation is important even for asoft interview. Be sure you know if there will be anotherspeaker on the show who will be asked their opinions ofthe issues the interviewee will address.Since the talk show interview is usually scheduledin advance and topics may be agreed upon in advance,the interviewee must be aware that new questions mayarise tied to current events in the news. For example, ifthe CO is scheduled for a 0900 interview on the heelsof a major naval incident nine hours earlier, he canexpect some questions on it.AMBUSH.This type of on-the-run, unantici-pated interview usually is related to some major issue orcontroversial event. The person leaves his home, acongressional hearing or a courtroom, and is suddenlyfaced with television cameras, microphones andshouted questions. The main rule here is to keep cool,smile and move as soon as possible. It is acceptable tosay I am sorry, I do not have the time to talk to you. Once the subject stops to answer one question, it isharder to move on.REMOTE.This is similar to the general interviewbut involves the interviewee in one loation (such as onthe ships bridge or pier) and the interviewer in atelevision studio asking questions. There may also be athird party linked by another remote location or in thetelevision studio. The interviewee has an earplug to hearthe questions.The main drawback to this interview is thedistraction and confusion the audio feedback makes inthe earplug. This technical problem makes theinterviewee more nervous and thus interferes with theability to do the best interview possible. Practice withthe remote will help, but such interviews are alwaysdifficult.EDITED.As you already know, any interview,whether it be print, radio or television, may be edited ifit is not done live. The problem with the edited interviewis that an answer may be edited out of context.Oneanswer to this problem is to have command personnelonly appear on live radio or television shows. However,even alive interview can be stage-managed by the host.