Journal of Ornamental Plants - Webs2... · 68 Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2:...
Transcript of Journal of Ornamental Plants - Webs2... · 68 Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2:...
Delaying of Postharvest Senescence of Lisianthus Cut Flowers by Salicylic Acid Treatment...67-74
Davoud Ataii, Roohangiz Naderi and Azizollah Khandan-Mirkohi
Effect of Agar and Different Culture Media on the Micropropagation of Rosa hybridacv.’Black Baccara’...................................................................................................................75-81
Mina Bayanati, Dariush Davoodi and Maryam Jafarkhani Kermani
The Effect of Pollination Time and Gibberellic Acid (GA3) on the Production and Seed
Germination of Phalaenopsis Orchids....................................................................................83-89
Hassan Kia Heirati, Rasoul Onsinejad and Fattaneh Yari
Effect of Magnetic Field on Seed Germination and Early Growth of Calendula officinalis L. ..91-96
Hosein Salehi Arjmand and Saeed Sharafi
Study on Interaction Effects of Mechanical and Geranium Essential Oil Treatments on Vase
Life of Cut Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum L.)..........................................97-103
Shahla Dashtbany and Davood Hashemabadi
Effect of Different Preservatives on Vase Life of Tuberose.................................................105-113
Afroz Naznin, M. Mofazzal Hossain, Kabita Anju-Man Ara, Md. MazadulIslam and Nadira Mokarroma
Enhancement of Growth Performances of Ophiopogon japonicas Ornamental Foliage Plant...115-121
S.M.K.H. Wijayabandara, J.W. Damunupola, S.A. Krishnarajah, W.A.M. Daundasekera and D.S.A.
Wijesundara
The Impact of Drought Stress of the Cultivation Medium on the Growth and Postharvest Life of
Lilium and Chlorophyll in Different Potassium Concentrations of Nutrient Solution.......123-130
A. Mohammadi Torkashvand and T. Toofighi Alikhani
Volume 5, Number 2
June 2015
Journal of Ornamental Plants
Scientific-Research
Journal of Ornamental Plants
It is approved publication of Journal of Ornamental Plants (based on approbation of 61st session
of "Survey and Confirmation Commission for Scientific Journals" at Islamic Azad University dated
on 01/25/2010.
Publisher: Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran.
Executive Director: Dr. Ali Mohammadi Torkashvand
Editor-in-Chief: Professor Roohangiz Naderi
Executive Manager: Dr. Shahram Sedaghat Hoor
Editorial Board:
Professor Ramin, A., Isfahan University of Technology, Iran
Professor Abdollah Hatamzadeh, University of Guilan, Iran
Professor Honarnejad, R., Islamic Azad University-Varamin Branch, Iran
Associate Professor Shahram Sedaghathoor, Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Iran
Dr. Davood Hashemabadi, Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Iran
Associate Professor Moazzam Hassanpour Asil, University of Guilan, Iran
Assistant Professor Behzad Kaviani, Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Iran
Professor Nagar, P.K., Institute of Himalayan Bio-Resource Technology, India
Professor Salah El Deen, M.M., Al Azhr University, Egypt
Assistant Editor: Zahra Bagheramiri
Abstracting/Indexing
SID, Index Copernicous, Islamic World Science Citation Center (ISC), Open-J-Gate, Magiran,
EBSCO, Directory of Research Journals Indexing (DRJI), Agricola and Journal Seek, DOAJ.
Journal of Ornamental Plants is an international journal devoted to the publication of original papers
and reviews in the Ornamental plants, Floriculture and Landscape. Articles in the journal deal with
Floriculture and Landscape. The scope JOP includes all Ornamental plants, Floriculture and Landscape.
All articles published in JOP are peer-reviewed. The journal is concerned with Ornamental plants, Flori-
culture, Landscape and covers all aspects of physiology, molecular biology, biotechnology, protected
cultivation and environmental areas of plants.
Publication schedule: The journal publishes: Article on original research in Ornamental plants,
Floriculture, Landscape and related fields that contain new information for solving Ornamental
plants, Floriculture and Landscape problems of world.
Submission of article: Typescripts should be submitted in Journal of Ornamental Plants (IAU-Rasht
Branch, Rasht, Iran) by email: [email protected]. Authors are urged to refer to “Instruction to
Authors” (published in all issues before submission of their typescripts).
Address: Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran.
Telfax: 0131- 4224069, email: [email protected]
Web Site: www. jornamental.com
Delaying of Postharvest Senescence of Lisianthus Cut Flowers by Salicylic Acid Treatment......67-74Davoud Ataii, Roohangiz Naderi and Azizollah Khandan-Mirkohi
Effect of Agar and Different Culture Media on the Micropropagation of Rosa hybrida cv.’Black
Baccara’......................................................................................................................................75-81Mina Bayanati, Dariush Davoodi and Maryam Jafarkhani Kermani
The Effect of Pollination Time and Gibberellic Acid (GA3) on the Production and Seed Germination
of Phalaenopsis Orchids.................................................................................................................83-89Hassan Kia Heirati, Rasoul Onsinejad and Fattaneh Yari
Effect of Magnetic Field on Seed Germination and Early Growth of Calendula officinalis L. .............91-96Hosein Salehi Arjmand and Saeed Sharafi
Study on Interaction Effects of Mechanical and Geranium Essential Oil Treatments on Vase Life of
Cut Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum L.)..............................................................97-103Shahla Dashtbany and Davood Hashemabadi
Effect of Different Preservatives on Vase Life of Tuberose.......................................................105-113Afroz Naznin, M. Mofazzal Hossain, Kabita Anju-Man Ara, Md. MazadulIslam and Nadira Mokarroma
Enhancement of Growth Performances of Ophiopogon japonicas Ornamental Foliage Plant...115-121
S.M.K.H. Wijayabandara, J.W. Damunupola, S.A. Krishnarajah, W.A.M. Daundasekera and D.S.A. Wijesundara
The Impact of Drought Stress of the Cultivation Medium on the Growth and Postharvest Life of Liliumand Chlorophyll in Different Potassium Concentrations of Nutrient Solution...........................123-130A. Mohammadi Torkashvand and T. Toofighi Alikhani
Content Page
www.jornamental.com
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 67-74, June, 2015 67
Delaying of Postharvest Senescence of Lisianthus Cut
Flowers by Salicylic Acid Treatment
Davoud Ataii *, Roohangiz Naderi and Azizollah Khandan-Mirkohi
Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources,
University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
*Corresponding author,s email: [email protected]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is considered to be plant signal molecule thatplays a key role in plant growth, development, and defense responses. Thephysiological mechanism of exogenous SA to affect the senescence of cutlisianthus flowers during vase life was investigated. Fresh cut lisianthusflowers were treated with distilled water (control), 0.5, 1 and 2 mM SA andthen held at 25 ◦C up to 12 days. Exogenous SA supply at 1 mM extendedvase life, which was associated with reduced electrolyte leakage and MDAcontent. SA treatment also reduced activity of lipoxygenase (LOX), whichis responsible for membrane lipid peroxidation. SA treatment also enhancedactivities of catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and decreasedH2O2 accumulation during vase life. Thus, exogenous SA supply couldmaintain membrane integrity by increasing antioxidant system activity,thereby retarding the senescence of cut lisianthus flower during vase life.
Keywords: Antioxidant enzyme, Lipoxygenase, Lisianthus, Salicylic acid, Vase life.
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 67-74, June, 201568
INTRODUCTION
Lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum) is becoming one of the most highly ranked cut flowers
in international markets, due to its rose-like flower shapes and beautiful colors (Bahrami et al.,2013). Vase life as a commercial attribute determines the flexibility of the market at any one time,
particularly for cut flowers. The short vase life of cut flowers is related to physiochemical processes
which affect senescence. These attributes are highly influenced by water loss and wilting during
transportation. Water deficit and consequent precocious senescence result in poor quality of cut
flowers and loss of markets, and there are many reports on these effects (Ezhilmathi et al., 2007).
Maintaining the quality of cut flowers is one of the main challenges of florists in the flower trade
worldwide. In floriculture, delaying the onset of senescence in order to prolong the vase life of cut
flowers is the focus of many researchers (Hassan and Ali, 2014).
Membrane deterioration is an early and characteristic feature of petal irreversible senes-
cence of cut flowers. Increased lipid peroxidation, mediated and sustained by phospholipid-de-
grading enzymes, such as phospholipase D (PLD) and lipoxygenase (LOX), results in a loss of
membrane integrity, which has been noted in the senescing petal tissues (Brown et al., 1990). It
has been observed that flower senescence is accompanied with increased permeability of petal
cells and increased ROS production (Reezi et al., 2009). Accumulation of harmful ROS such as
superoxide (O2.-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl radical (OH) lead to the oxidation of
the cells vital molecules such as loss of membrane integration via lipid peroxidation, protein ox-
idation, enzymatic activity inhibition, and, finally, damage to DNA and RNA and dictates, ulti-
mately, oxidative stress. In plant cells, ROS accumulation may be due to the inescapable leakage
of electrons onto O2 from the electron transport chain in chloroplasts and mitochondria and/or
by the activation of LOX or NADPH oxidases located in cell membranes (Aghdam and Bodbo-
dak, 2014). Cellular antioxidants are an important buffer against free radical-induced oxidations
(Smith et al., 1989). For the survival of plants, appropriate functioning of the antioxidant system
is important to maintain a balance between ROS production and scavenging. Several enzymes
such as catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) are involved in the scavenging of ROS
in plant systems (Scebba et al., 1999).
Postharvest treatments have been used to increase cut flowers vase life by regulating water
balance, distribution of assimilates, delaying senescence and blocking microbial agents. However,
use of nontoxic, easy to use and inexpensive molecules is always crucial in this respect for large-
scale applications. Salicylic acid (SA) has been considered a new potential alternative for this pur-
pose and has been found to affect physiological and biochemical functions in plants (Asghari and
Aghdam, 2010). In addition, a potential role of SA in response to stresses and gene expression
during senescence has been demonstrated (Morris et al., 2000). Recently, it has been found that
SA delayed gladiolus and rose cut flower senescence (Ezhilmathi et al., 2007; Alaey et al., 2011).
Alaey et al. (2011) suggested that the SA is able to increase the vase life of cut rose flowers and
delay senescence by regulating the plant water and increasing the scavenging capacity of cells. In
the present study, we investigated the effects of pulse treatment with SA on the vase life of cut
lisianthus flowers, as well as physiological and biochemical changes during its petal senescence.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Flowers and treatments
Cut flowers of lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum) ‘Miarichi Grand White’ were obtained
from a commercial greenhouse and were re-cut under tap water to have uniform length of 30 cm.
Flowers were then placed in a preservative solution containing distilled water (control), 0.5, 1 and
2 mM SA. All treatments were kept at 25 ± 1°C under a 16:8 h light/dark cycle and 60 ± 5% RH
for 24 hours. Subsequently, flowers were transferred to flasks containing only 200 ml-1 distilled
water. The end of vase life was evaluated as the time which 50% of the open flowers had wilted
(Cho et al., 2001).
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 67-74, June, 2015 69
Membrane integrity evaluation
Membrane permeability, expressed by relative electrolyte leakage rate, was measured by
the method of Jiang and Chen (1995). Thirty petal discs were immersed in 20 mL of 0.3 M mannitol
solution at 25 °C, followed by shaking for 30 min. Electrolyte leakage was determined with a con-
ductivity meter. Total electrolyte leakage was determined after boiling the samples for 10 min. and
cooling to 25 °C. Relative electrolyte leakage rate was expressed as a percentage of total electrolyte
leakage. MDA content was measured according to the method of Heath and Parker (1968). Frozen
petal tissues (1 g) from 10 flowers were ground finely in liquid nitrogen, then homogenized in 15
mL of 10% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and finally centrifuged at 5000 × g for 10 min. The super-
natant phase was then collected. MDA content was determined by adding 5 mL of 0.5% thiobar-
bituric acid (dissolved in 10% TCA) to 0.5 mL supernatant. The solution was heated at 95 ◦C for
20 min, quickly cooled, and centrifuged at 10,000 × g for 10 min to clarify precipitation. Ab-
sorbance at 532 nm was measured and subtracted from the non-specific absorbance at 600 nm.
The concentration of MDA was calculated with an extinction coefficient of 1.55 n mol L-1m-1.
MDA content was expressed as n mol g-1 fresh weight (FW).
According to method of Doderer et al. (1992), for analysis of LOX activity, frozen petal
tissues (1 g) from 10 flowers were ground finely in liquid nitrogen and then homogenized in 15
mL of 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). After centrifugation at 10,000 × g and 4 ◦C for 20 min,
the supernatant was collected and then used as the crude enzyme extract. LOX activity was assayed
at 25 ◦C by monitoring the formation of conjugated dienes from linoleic acid at 234 nm according
to the method of Axelrod et al. (1981). The reaction mixture (3 mL) contained 2.8 mL of 50 mM
sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), 0.1 mL of 10 mM sodium linoleic acid solution and 0.1 mL of
the crude enzyme solution. One unit of LOX activity was defined as a change of 0.01 in absorbance
per minute at 25 ◦C. The specific LOX activity was expressed as U mg-1 protein.
Antioxidant system activity evaluation
Frozen petal tissues (2 g) from 10 flowers were ground finely in liquid nitrogen and then
homogenized in 15 mL of 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 1% (w/v) PVP.
The homogenate was centrifuged at 10,000 × g for 15 min at 4 ◦C and then the supernatant was
used to determine activities of CAT and APX. CAT activity was assayed by measuring the disap-
pearance of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) according to the method of Oracz et al. (2009). The assay
mixture (3 mL) contained 2.95 mL of 44.25 M H2O2 in 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) and 0.05
mL of enzyme extract. CAT activity was calculated by a decrease in absorbance at 240 nm for 3
min at 25 ◦C. One unit of CAT activity was defined as the amount of the enzyme that caused a
change of 0.001 in absorbance per minute and the specific activity was expressed as U mg-1 protein.
APX activity was determined by the method of Nakano and Asada (1981). The reaction mixture
(3 mL) consisted of 1.5 M ascorbic acid, 0.3 M EDTA and 0.3 M H2O2 solution in 50 mM phos-
phate buffer (pH 7.0) and 0.1 mL of enzyme extract. Ascorbate concentration was followed by the
decrease in absorbance at 290 nm (extinction coefficient 2.8 mM cm-1). One unit of APX activity
was defined as 1 M ascorbate oxidized per minute at 290 nm and the specific activity was expressed
as U mg-1 protein. The protein concentration of petal extracts was estimated using the method of
Bradford (1976) by BSA as standard. The H2O2 content measured according to Patterson et al.(1984). Frozen petal tissues (1 g) from 10 flowers were homogenized with 10 ml of acetone at
0 °C. After centrifugation for 15 min at 6000 × g at 4 °C, the supernatant was collected. The su-
pernatant (1 ml) was mixed with 0.1 ml of 5% titanium sulphate and 0.2 ml ammonia, and then
centrifuged for 10 min at 6000 × g and 4 °C. The pellets were dissolved in 3 ml of 10% (v/v)
H2SO4 and centrifuged for 10 min at 5000 × g. Absorbance of the supernatant phase was measured
at 410 nm. H2O2 content was calculated using H2O2 as a standard and then expressed as µmol g-1
fresh weight (FW).
For physiological parameters, results were expressed as mean ± SE from 3 replications.
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 67-74, June, 201570
Statistical significance between mean values was assessed using one way analysis of variance with
SAS (Version 9.1) statistical software. Means were compared using the LSD test.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Vase life
As shown in Fig. 1, treatment with postharvest SA at 1 mM resulted in a higher lisianthus
cut flowers vase life (P<0.01). Based on these results, 1 mM SA for postharvest treatment was
chosen for further analyses.
Salicylic acid treatment and membrane integrity
Electrolyte leakage of the lisianthus cut flowers increased during vase life (Table 1). The
electrolyte leakage of lisianthus cut flowers treated with 1 mM SA at postharvest stage remained
lower than that in untreated control flowers (P<0.01; Table 1). As well, during vase life, the MDA
content in the lisianthus cut flowers increased (Table 1). Compared to the controls, a lower content
of MDA was found in the lisianthus cut flowers treated with postharvest 1 mM SA (P<0.01; Table
1). There was a significant increase in the activity of LOX in lisianthus cut flowers during vase
life (Table 1). The treatment with SA caused reduction in LOX activity in comparison to the control
for the whole 12 days of vase life (P<0.01; Table 1).
Electrolyte leakage is an effective parameter to assess membrane permeability and therefore
is used as an indicator of membrane integrity. In addition, lipid peroxidation, responsible for loss
Fig.1. Effects of salicylic acid treatment at 0.05, 1 and 2 mM
on vase life of lisianthus cut flowers.
Time (day) Treatmenta Membrane integrity
SA (mM) EL (%) MDA (n mol g−1 FW) LOX (U mg−1 protein)
3
6
9
12
Significant
Treatment
Time
T × T
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
df
1
3
3
18.55 ± 1.231 c
19.62 ± 1.186 c
22.15 ± 0.342 b
19.94 ± 0.935 c
26.48 ± 0.472 ab
20.37 ± 0.337 c
37.43 ± 1.652 a
22.44 ± 1.286 b
**
**
*
2.125 ± 0.751 d
1.432 ± 0.477 e
3.172 ± 0.282 c
2.052 ± 0.154 e
5.353 ± 0.354 b
3.752 ± 0.753 c
7.785 ± 0.425 a
5.423 ± 0.236 b
**
**
*
0.908 ± 1.531 d
0.686 ± 1.486 e
1.876 ± 0.382 c
0.758 ± 0.935 e
2.650 ± 0.452 b
1.131 ± 0.317 c
3.589 ± 1.128 a
2.149 ± 1.682 b
**
*
*
Table 1. Effect of postharvest salicylic acid treatment at 1 mM on electrolyte leakage,
MDA content and LOX enzyme activity of lisianthus cut flowers for 12 days.
Mean separation by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at P = 0.05. The same letters within a column are
not significantly different. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ns: not significant
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 67-74, June, 2015 71
of cell membrane integrity, could be evaluated by the content of malonyldialdehyde (MDA; Agh-
dam and Bodbodak (2014). Lipid peroxidation could be carried out by enzymatic oxidation of
unSFA by LOX or by non-enzymatic oxidation by ROS. MDA is the end product of the peroxida-
tion of membrane fatty acids. The quantity of MDA is used as a marker of oxidative stress and a
rise of MDA indicates damage of cell membrane integrity. The main result of both events is the
loss of the biomembrane functionality (Sevillano et al., 2009). Hassan and Ali (2014) reported that
the 1-MCP or SA treatments significantly prolonged the vase life and minimized the weight loss
of gladiolus spikes compared with the control. Both treatments enhanced the relative water content
(RWC) of leaves and maintained chlorophyll content compared with the control values, which
were decreased. Ethylene production, proline accumulation and MDA content were increased in
florets of untreated spikes. 1-MCP or SA reduced ethylene production, decreased both proline con-
tent and MDA level and hence maintained membrane stability. The increment in MDA has been
described as a biomarker of lipid peroxidation (Bailly et al., 1996) and thus decreased its level in
lisianthus cut flowers treated with SA indicates reduced lipid peroxidation. Reduced lipid peroxi-
dation participates to decreased electrolyte leakage in response to SA treatment. Such effect of SA
as lipid peroxidation reduction and maintained cell stability was previously reported by Ezhilmathi
et al. (2007) and Hatamzadeh et al. (2012). Reduced lipid peroxidation and retained membrane
stability have been demonstrated to be inversely proportional with flower senescence in gladiolus
(Hatamzadeh et al., 2012).
Mansouri (2012) reported that the SA at 0.1 and 1.0 mM and nitric oxide at 0.1 mM in-
creased vase life and decreased fresh weight loss of chrysanthemum flowers. Anthocyanin content
increased in chrysanthemum flowers treated with 1 mM SA and nitric oxide. The electrolyte leak-
age associated with MDA accumulation reduced in chrysanthemum flowers treated with SA and
nitric oxide treatments. Reducing sugar contents increased with SA treatment. Postharvest SA and
nitric oxide application at low concentration prolonged vase life of cut chrysanthemums by im-
proving the membrane stability and decreasing the lipid peroxidation. Mansouri (2012) suggested
that the extended vase life in SA treated chrysanthemums is associated with decreased fresh weight
loss, improved membrane permeability and decreased lipid peroxidation. According to our results,
SA might extend vase life through improving membrane permeability and decreasing of lipid per-
oxidation. Since lipid peroxidation is mediated by ROS (Kellogg, 1975), therefore SA may either
be directly scavenging ROS and thus decreasing lipid peroxidation, or it may be modulating the
activity of antioxidant enzymes. Senescing plant tissue also experiences an increase in LOX ac-
tivity, which also promotes the process of membrane polyunsaturated fatty acid peroxidation
(Lynch and Thompson, 1984). Similar to lipid peroxidation (MDA content), SA caused a decrease
in LOX activity during vase life (Table 1). An increase in LOX activity has been correlated with
an increase in cell membrane permeability and senescence in daylily and rose (Panavas and Ru-
binstein, 1998; Fukuchi-Mizutani et al., 2000).
Salicylic acid treatment and antioxidant system activity
As shown in Table 2, lisianthus cut flowers treated with SA showed higher activities of
CAT and APX associated with lower H2O2 accumulation during vase life (P<0.01; Table 1). Hassan
and Ali (2014) reported that the 1-MCP or SA treatments significantly prolonged the vase life and
minimized the weight loss of gladiolus spikes compared with the control. An increase in floret an-
tioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, SOD and POX) was observed in 1-MCP or SA treated spikes
compared with the control. The effects of 1-MCP or SA on floret senescence seemed not entirely
limited due to their effects on ethylene, but they most likely had a sustainable impact on the mem-
brane integrity. Hassan and Ali (2014) reported that the 1-MCP or SA treatments alleviated the
oxidative stress in cut flowers during postharvest senescence. The role of SA treatment in scav-
enging the ROS and preventing flower senescence is previously indicated (Ezhilmathi et al., 2007;
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 67-74, June, 201572
Hatamzadeh et al., 2012). The activities of antioxidant enzymes are considered as a response
against oxidative stress (Zhou et al., 2014). SA treatments enhanced the production of antioxidant
enzymes which scavenge the ROS, as indicated by the decreased level of MDA (Table 1 and 2).
Cellular membranes are highly prone to ROS such as H2O2 attack, and it is reasonable to
propose that progressive decline in membrane stability assayed by MDA content is probably the
consequence of enhanced ROS attack under decreasing antioxidant activity such as CAT and APX
enzymes activity during vase life (Table 2). Senescence of flowers has been delayed by the use of
commercial ROS scavengers, such as SA (Alaey et al., 2011). In the present study, the decline in
membrane integrity of lisianthus cut flowers was alleviated by treatment with SA, which was as-
sociated with an increase in CAT and APX activity in treated flower. It is therefore reasonable to
propose that SA has a role in the induction of antioxidant enzymes and/or might also be acting as
a scavenger of ROS, thus maintaining membrane integrity for extended period. Ezhilmathi et al.(2007) reported that petal wilting in Gladiolus is associated with ROS induced lipid peroxidation,
enhanced LOX activity, and decrease in ROS scavenging system in the form of SOD and CAT.
Also, Ezhilmathi et al. (2007) reported that the Gladiolus cut flowers treated with 5-sulfosalicylic
acid (5-SSA) exhibited significantly higher water uptake, vase life, number of opened florets and
lower number of unopened florets. Gladiolus cut flowers treated with 5-SSA also exhibited lower
respiration rates, lipid peroxidation and LOX activity, and higher membrane stability, soluble pro-
tein concentration, and activity of SOD and CAT. Results suggested that 5-SSA increased vase life
by increasing the ROS scavenging activity of the gladiolus cut flowers. Promyou et al. (2012)
reported that postharvest treatment with salicylic acid (2 mM for 15 min) alleviated CI in
anthurium cut flower, an effect associated with decreasing electrolyte leakage, MDA content
and lipoxygenase (LOX) activity, and increasing catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase
(SOD) activities, which led to a decreasing of spathe browning and fresh weight loss, two
detrimental effects of CI on this ornamental. Alaey et al. (2011) reported that the SA treated
cut rose flower showed higher water uptake, relative fresh weight, and CAT activity. SA retarded
the decrease of CAT activity during flowers senescence. Alaey et al. (2011) suggested that the
postharvest SA application prolonged vase life in cut rose flowers by improving the ROS scav-
enging capacity related to CAT activity and by better regulation of the water balance.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the study was an attempt to investigate the potential roles of SA in delaying
the senescence of cut lisianthus flowers. SA was able to prolong the vase life and delay flower
Time (day) Treatmenta Antioxidant system activity
SA (mM) CAT (U mg−1 protein) APX (U mg−1 protein) H2O2 (µ mol g−1 FW)
3
6
9
12
Significant
Time
Treatment
T × T
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
df
3
1
3
0.921 ± 0.151 a
1.242 ± 0.180 a
0.865 ± 0.381 b
0.882 ± 0.482 c
0.785 ± 0.175 c
0.821 ± 0.645 cd
0.687 ± 0.156 d
0.985 ± 0.613 c
**
**
*
2.43 ± 0.234 a
2.82 ± 0.193 a
1.36 ± 0.564 b
2.21 ± 0.342 ab
1.22 ± 0.457 c
1.88 ± 0.367 b
0.88 ± 0.456 d
1.34 ± 0.269 c
**
**
**
59.44 ± 7.235 a
49.26 ± 2.460 a
65.46 ± 3.875 b
51.87 ± 5.539 a
70.63 ± 7.789 c
56.79 ± 4.124 a
92.66 ± 5.724 d
78.76 ± 6.533 c
*
**
*
Table 2. Effect of postharvest salicylic acid treatment at 1 mM on antioxidant enzymes CAT
and APX activity and H2O2 accumulation of lisianthus cut flowers for 12 days.
Mean separation by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at P = 0.05. The same letters within a column are not
significantly different. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ns: not significant
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 67-74, June, 2015 73
senescence by maintaining membrane integrity, which was result from decreasing LOX enzyme
activity as responsible for membrane lipid peroxidation and increasing the antioxidant enzymes
CAT and APX activities, which was led to diminishing H2O2 accumulation. The effects of SA treat-
ment on retarding flower senescence was due to increased antioxidant enzyme activities and thus
reduced lipid peroxidation and maintained membrane stability, assayed by electrolyte leakage and
MDA content.
Literature Cited
Aghdam, M.S. and Bodbodak, S. 2014. Postharvest heat treatment for mitigation of chilling injury
in fruits and vegetables. Food Bioprocess Technology. 7: 37–53.
Alaey, M., Babalar, M., Naderi, R. and Kafi, M. 2011. Effect of pre- and postharvest salicylic acid
treatment on physio-chemical attributes in relation to vase life of rose cut flowers. Postharvest
Biology and Technology, 61: 91-94.
Asghari, M. and Aghdam, M.S. 2010. Impact of salicylic acid on post-harvest physiology of horticultural
crops. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 21: 502–509.
Axelroad, B., Cheesebrough, T.M. and Laasko, S. 1981. Lipoxigenase from soybeans. Methods
Enzymology, 71:441-451.
Bahrami, S.N., Zakizadeh, H., Hamidoghli, Y. and Ghasemnezhad, M. 2013. Salicylic acid retards
petal senescence in cut lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum ‘Miarichi Grand White’) flowers.
Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology, 54: 519-523.
Bailly, C., Benamar, A., Corbineau, F. and Dome, D. 1996. Changes in malondialdehyde content
and in superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione reductase activities in sunflower seed
as related to deterioration during accelerated aging. Physiologia Plantarum. 97: 104-110.
Bradford, M.M. 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of micro-gram quantities
of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry. 72: 248–254.
Brown, J.H., Paliyath, G. and Thompson, J.E. 1990. Influence of acyl chain composition on the
degradation of phosphatidylcholine by phopholipase D in carnation microsomal membranes.
Journal of Experimental Botany. 41: 979–986.
Cho, M.S., Celikel, F.G., Dodge, L. and Reid, M.S. 2001. Sucrose enhances the postharvest quality
of cut flowers of Eustoma grandiflorum. Acta Horticulturae, 543:304-315.
Doderer, A., Kokkelink, I., Van der Veen, S., Valk, BE., Schram, AW. and Douma, AC. 1992. Purification
and characterization of two lipoxygenase isoenzymes from germinating barley. Biochimica
et Biophysica Acta. 1120: 97–104.
Ezhilmathi, K., Singh, V.P., Arora, A. and Sairam, R.K. 2007. Effect of 5-sulfosalicylic acid on
antioxidant activity in relation to vase life of Gladiolus cut flowers. Plant Growth Regulation,
51: 99-108.
Fukuchi-Mizutani, M., Ishiguro, K., Nakayuama, T., Utsunomia, Y., Tanaka, Y., Kusumi, T. and
Ueda, T. 2000. Molecular and functional characterization of a rose lipoxygenase cDNA related
to flower senescence. Plant Science, 160:129–137.
Hassan, F.A.S. and Ali, E.F. 2014. Protective effects of 1-methylcyclopropene and salicylic acid on
senescence regulation of gladiolus cut spikes. Scientia Horticulturae. 179: 146-152.
Hatamzadeh, A., Hatami, M. and Ghasemnezhad, M. 2012. Efficiency of salicylic acid delay petal
senescence and extended quality of cut spikes of Gladiolus grandiflora cv. ‘Wing’s sensation’.
African Journal of Agricultural Research. 7: 540–545.
Heath, R.L. and Parker, L. 1968. Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplast. I. Kinetics and stoichiometry
of fatty acid peroxidation. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 125:189–198.
Jiang, Y.M. and Chen, F. 1995. A study on polyamine change and browning of fruit during cold
storage of litchi fruit. Postharvest Biology and Technology. 5: 245–250.
Kellogg, D.E. 1975. The role of phyletic change in the evolution of Pseudocubus vema Radiolaria.
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 67-74, June, 201574
Paleobiology. 1: 359–370.
Lynch, D.V. and Thompson, J.E. 1984. Lipoxygenase mediated production of superoxide anion in
senescing plant tissue. FEBS Letters. 173:251–254.
Mansouri, H. 2012. Salicylic acid and sodium nitroprusside improve postharvest life of chrysanthemums.
Scientia Horticulturae, 145: 29-33.
Morris, K.A.H., Mackerness, S., Page, T., John, C.F., Murphy, A.M., Carr, J.P. and Buchanan- Wollaston,
V. 2000. Salicylic acid has a role in regulating gene expression during leaf senescence. The Plant
Journal. 23: 677–685.
Nakano, Y. and Asada, K. 1981. Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate-specific peroxidase in
spinach chloroplasts. Plant and Cell Physiology, 22: 867–880.
Oracz, K., El-Maarouf-Bouteau, H., Kranner, I., Bogatek, R., Corbineau, F. and Bailly, C. 2009. The
mechanisms involved in seed dormancy alleviation by hydrogen cyanide unravel the role of
reactive oxygen species as key factors of cellular signaling during germination. Plant Physiol
ogy. 150: 494–505.
Panavas, T. and Rubinstein, B. 1998. Oxidative events during programmed cell death of daylily (Hemerocallis hybrid) petals. Plant Science, 133:125–138
Patterson, B. D., Macrae, E. A. and Ferguson, I. B. 1984. Estimation of hydrogen peroxide in plant
extracts using titanium (IV). Analytical Biochemistry. 134: 487–492.
Promyou, S., Ketsa, S. and van Doorn, W.G. 2012. Salicylic acid alleviates chilling injury in anthurium
(Anthurium andraeanum L.) flowers. Postharvest Biology and Technology. 64: 104–110.
Reezi, S., Babalar, M. and Kalantari, S. 2009. Silicon alleviates salt stress, decreases malondialdehyde
content and affects petal color of salt stressed cut rose (Rosa hybrida L.) Hot Lady. African
Journal of Biotechnology. 8: 1502–1508.
Scebba, F., Sebastiani, L. and Vitagliano, C. 1999. Protective enzymes against activated oxygen species
in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings: Responses to cold acclimation. Journal of Plant
Physiology. 155: 762-768.
Sevillano, L., Sanchez-Ballesta, M.T., Romojaro, F. and Flores, F.B. 2009. Physiological hormonal
and molecular mechanisms regulating chilling injury in horticultural species. postharvest technologies
applied to reduce its impact. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 89: 555–573.
Smith, I.K., Vierheller, T.L. and Thorne, C. 1989. Properties and functions of glutathione reductase in
plants. Physiologia Plantarum, 77:449-456.
Zhou, Q., Ma, C., Cheng, S., Wei, B., Liu, X. and Ji, S. 2014. Changes in antioxida-tive metabolism
accompanying pitting development in stored blueberry fruit. Postharvest Biology and Technology.
88: 88–95.
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 75-81, June, 2015 75
Effect of Agar and Different Culture Media on the
Micropropagation of Rosa hybrida cv.’Black Baccara’
Mina Bayanati 1, Dariush Davoodi 2 and Maryam Jafarkhani Kermani 3
1 Department of Horticultural Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran2 Department of Nanotechnology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, P.O. Box 31535-
1897, Karaj, I.R. Iran3 Department of Tissue Culture and Gene Transformation, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute
of Iran, P.O. Box 31535-1897, Karaj, I.R. Iran
*Corresponding author,s email: [email protected]
Abstract
In vitro propagation of plant has played a very important role in rapidmultiplication of cultivars with desirable traits and production of healthy anddisease-free plants. In the present investigation, the objectives were to optimizethe micropropagation of Rose hybrid ‘Black Baccarat’ cultivar. In proliferationstep, the nodal segments (1.5 cm) was cultured on both liquid and solid media(MS, VS and WPM). The results showed that the highest shoot proliferationwas obtained on VS medium. The highest amount of multiplication and thegrowth rate were obtained in the liquid medium. For rooting, three concentrationsof VS mineral salts (full-, half-, and quarter-strength) containing NAA (0.5µM) were tested in semi-solid and liquid media. Root initiation influenced bymineral concentration in the medium. The investigation showed that thehighest number of roots was observed in semi-solid 1/4 VS medium. Variationin multiplication and growth rate of explants can be explained on the basis ofwater potential and mineral availability to the explants in the liquid medium.
Keywords: Agar, Growth, Media, Multiplication, Rosa hybrida, Tissue culture.
76 Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 75-81, June, 2015
INTRODUCTION
Roses are the most economically important flowers in the world. There are more than
20,000 commercial cultivars, which are collectively based on only 8 of the approximately 200
wild species in the genus Rosa (Khosravi et al., 2007). In the last few years, in vitro propagation
has revolutionized commercial nursery business (Pierik, 1991). Tissue culture on the other hand
is becoming increasingly popular as an alternative to the conventional plant propagation methods
(Roberts and Schum, 2003). Significant features of in vitro propagation procedure are its enormous
multiplicative capacity in a relatively short span of time; production of healthy and disease- free
plants; and its ability to generate propagules around the year (Kumar et al., 2006). Micropropaga-
tion has five major advantages compared to the conventional methods of plant propagation: (i) it
is an valuable aid in the multiplication of elite clones of intractable/recalcitrant species; (ii) it is
important in terms of multiplying plants throughout the year, with control over most facts of pro-
duction; (iii) it is possible to generate pathogen-free plants even from explants of infected mother
plants; (iv) plant materials such as male sterile, fertility maintainer and restorer lines can be cloned;
and (v) it enables the production of a large number of plants in a short time from a selected number
of genotypes (Jafarkhani Kermani et al., 2011).
Horn (1992) marked a clear effect of genotypes on in vitro propagation in different cultivars
of Floribunda and Hybrid Tea rose. He observed that it was easy to propagate cultivars Kardinal
and Lilli Marleen, whereas it was very difficult to propagate Anthena, Mercedes, Pasadena and
Golden Times.
By using liquid medium, it may be possible to reduce costs to a level lower than solid
medium and liquid medium is better than solid medium in growth. Both the brand and concentra-
tion of agar also affect the chemical and physical characteristics of a culture medium (Debergh,
1983). Agar concentration and agar brand are known greatly influence the growth response of mi-
cropropagated plants (Signha et al., 1985; von Arnold and Eriksson, 1984). The effects of agar
concentration are on the shoot elongation, and leaf and apex necrosis. Shoot elongation was shown
to decrease with increasing agar concentration (von Arnold and Eriksson 1984), leaf mineral de-
ficiency (necrosis of the apex) and their subsequent drying in vitrified plants (Debergh and Maene,
1984).The use of liquid medium for in vitro culture has many advantages and has been the subject
of many studies over many years. It has also frequently been considered an ideal technique for
mass production as it reduces manual labor and facilitates changing the medium composition
(Berthouly and Etienne, 2002). Althorugh many positive results have been founded with liquid
culture, vitrification, physiological disorder of tissue culturesd plants in which tissue, exhibit
translucency, hyperhydric transformation, water loggying or glassiness, has been reported for many
crops cultured directly in liquid media (Chu et al., 1993). It is well known that agar as a solidifying
agent can have an effect on the growth and development of in vitro cultures (Pierik et al.,1997).Water relation and growth of plant in vitro are assumed to be closely related to the water
status of the culture medium. However, only a few studies have concerned water status of plant
in vitro. The objective of the study was to investigate the best media for micropropagation of Rosahybrid cv. ‘Black Baccara’ in vitro condition.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Plant material and general procedures
Nodal segments (1-1.5 cm) were taken from the stems of ‘Black Baccara’ plants in the rose
garden of the Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII). They were washed
thoroughly with running tap water for 30' and surface sterilized for 30 seconds in 70% (v/v) ethanol,
followed by a 15 min soak in 2.5% (v/v) sodium hypochlorite solution with a few drops of Tween-
20 as a wetting agent, and then rinsed three times with sterile distilled water. MS (Murashige and
Skoog, 1962) basal medium (without hormone) was used for the in vitro of induction of explants
in culture; the pH of the medium was adjusted to 5.8 before adding 8 g/L plant agar. Media were
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 75-81, June, 2015 77
autoclaved for 15 min at 121°C and 1.2 kPa pressure. Cultures were placed under high pressure
metal halide lamps on a 16/8 hour light/dark cycle in a culture room maintained at 21 ± 1°C.
Shoot proliferation step
Three culture media were employed; MS medium (Murashige and Skoog,1962), VS medium
(van der Salm et al., 1994) and WPM medium (Mc Crown and Lioyd, 1980) macro and micro element
(Duchefa). Axillary shoot of Rosa was cultured on both liquid and gelled (Fig. A). The pH medium
was adjusted to 5.8 before autoclaving medium containing BAP2 µM/l. Multiplication growth rate
were recorded after 21 days for three subsequent subcultures and the averages were calculated.
Rooting stage and acclimatization
Shoots were cultured on shoot elongation medium (VS minerale salts and vitamin without
hormones) for 27 days prior to rooting treatments. For rooting, three concentrations of VS mineral
salts and vitamins (full-, half-, and quarter-strength) containing NAA (0.5 μM) were tested in semi-
solid and liquid media. Each treatment involved 3 repeats with 3 explants. After 21 days, number
of roots and their lengths were recorded and data for different concentrations of VS media (full,
1/2 and 1/4) and state of media (semi-sold and liquid) were recorded. Plantlets were acclimatized
using a soil mixture consisting of peat moss and sand 1:1 (v/v) and successfully transferred to the
greenhouse after 3 weeks.
Experimental design and statistical analyses
For the proliferation stage experiments were conducted as factorial experiments based on
RCD with 5 replications and each replication included 3 explants in one glass baby food jar per
treatment. Rooting experiment, in vitro conservation and recovery of shoots were carried out in a
factorial based completely random design with 3 observations and 3 replications. In the rooting
stage, the percentage of rooting, number of roots per plantlet and total root length per plantlet were
recorded after four weeks. Analysis of variance was performed and comparisons of means were
conducted using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.
RESULTS
Shoot proliferation
The results showed that there was significant difference between the effect of media type
and vegetative traits of R. hybrid cv. ‘Black Baccara’ in proliferation stage (p<0.05). The lowest
shoot multiplication was observed on WPM medium while the highest shoots were formed on VS
medium and maximum number of leaves per explants (11.07) was production on the VS medium
(Table 1). The observation indicates that there were significant differences between solid and liquid
media and best result was achieved for proliferation by liquid medium (Table 2). Maximum number
of shoot per explants (2.66) was produced on the liquid medium. Maximum number of shoot per
explants (3.66) was produced on the VS liquid medium, whereas the maximum shoot length were
obtained on the MS liquid medium (Fig. 1 and 2). The growth rate increased from four weeks and
continued until the sixth week (Fig. 3).
Medium Culture Number of axillary
shoots per explant
Number of new leaves pro-
duced per explant
Shoot length
(cm)
Murashige & Skoog (MS)
Van der Salm (VS)
Woody Plant Medium(WPM)
2.1 b
2.49 a
1.47 c
9.37 b
11.07 a
3.49 c
2 a
2.1 a
1.78 b
Numbers followed by the same letter are not significantly differentns according Duncan Test (P<0.05).
Table 1. Effect of different media on some vegetative traits of R. hybrid cv. ‘Black Baccara’ in proliferation stage.
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 75-81, June, 201578
Root initiation
The average number of roots (4.6) and root length (4.5 cm) were significantly higher in 1/4
strength VS (Table 3). Table 3 compares the effect of semi-solid and liquid media. Statistical analy-
sis indicates that there was a significant difference between the average root length in semi-solid
and liquid media. The highest root length, root number was recorded in ¼ VS medium. The best
results were obtained on VS medium containing 1/2 strength of VS macro- micro- salts and vita-
mins. The rooted plants were not difficult to acclimatization at ±24 °C and relative humidity of
80% during initial stages of development gradually reduced to 40% after 4 weeks of culture and
was transferred to the greenhouse for flowering. Fig. 4 illustrates the morphogenetic responses of
the shoots treated with three (full, 1/2 and1/4) strengths of VS salts and vitamins.
Medium Number of shoot (per explants) Length of shoot (cm)
Solid medium
Liquid medium
1.66 b
2.66 a
1.65 a
1.56 a
Numbers followed by the same letter are not significantly differentns according Duncan Test (P<0.05).
Table 2. Effect of liquid and solid media on shoot number and length.
Fig.1. Effect of the basic medium (MS, VS, WPM) and the solid and liquid media on
number of shoot and height shoot.
Fig. 2. Shoot proliferation; Left) liquid medium, Right) solid medium.
Fig. 3. The growth rate of axillary shoots grown on solid
and liquid media within 6 weeks.
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 75-81, June, 2015 79
DISSCUSION
Plant tissues from numerous species have performed better when cultured in liquid medium
rather than on an agar medium (Berthouly and Etienne, 2005).Using liquid media in micropropa-
gation processes is considered to be the ideal solution for reducing plantlet production costs and
for considering automation (Debergh, 1983; Aitken-Christie et al., 1995). Indeed, liquid culture
systems provide much more uniform culturing conditions, the media can easily be renewed without
changing the container, sterilization is possible by ultrafiltration and container cleaning after a cul-
ture period is much easier (Berthouly and Etienne, 2005). Agar quality could affect, in principle,
all developmental processes, the regeneration of adventitious shoots and roots being the most sen-
sitive (Ahmadi et al., 2013). Pervios researches have also indicated that availability on cytokinins
different a solid versus liquid medium(Chu et al., 1993). Perhaps, the higher multiplication rate of
‘Black Baccara’ on liquid compared to solid medium (Table 2) in our studies was due to greater
availability of BAP or other compounds in liquid medium.
Decreasing agar concentration increased mineral availability and growth. Banana (Musaspp.) was micropropagated in vitro on agar at various concentrations: 0, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 g l-1 (Amiri
and Arzani, 2006).Growth is related to soluble mineral uptake. Mineral availability to the explants
depends on its solubility and mobility through the gel, both depend on availability of water (free
water). In other words, both solubility and transport of minerals decrease (possibly by precipitation
and fixation in the gel matrix) with decreasing water availability. It can be mentioned that the avail-
ability of water within the system may be adequate for normal growth, but not sufficient for mineral
solubility and mineral transport (water as carrier) (Amiri and Arzani, 2006). Variation in multipli-
cation and growth rate of explants can be explained on the basis of water potential and mineral
availability to the explants in the liquid medium.
For G N9, WPM and QL media were found to have a better effect on shoot proliferation
rate than either MS or MS medium and the possible explanation given for this was the reduced ni-
trogen content in WPM (Arab et al., 2014). Hyndman et al. (1982) succeeded in enhancing root
Concentration Number of roots per explant Root length (cm)
VS
½ VS
¼ VS
Semi solid medium
Liquid
1.5 c
4.2 a
4.6 a
4.9 a
2.7 b
2.8 b
2.9 b
4.5 a
3.9 a
1.8 b
Numbers followed by the same letter are not significantly differentnsaccording Duncan Test (P<0.05).
Table 3. Comparing average percentage of rooting, number of roots produced and root length in
different concentrations of VS (full, ½ and 1/4) salts and vitamins and semi-solid and liquid media.
Means in each column with different letters show significant differences according to Duncan’s
Multiple Range Test (P ≤ 0.05).
Fig.4. Shoot rooted in three strengths of VS
(A: Full, B: 1/2 VS, C:1/4 VS).
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 75-81, June, 201580
number and length of in vitro grown shoots of R. hybrida cv. Improved Blaze by lowering total ni-
trogen concentration of MS salts (6.0 to 7.5 mM) in the culture medium keeping other salt con-
centrations constant.
The average number of roots and root length were significantly higher in 1/4 strength VS
medium which is in accordance with Skirvin et al. (1990) who reported that the reduced salt con-
centration generally increased rooting in MS medium. Kumar et al. (2006) demonstrated that a
decrease in KNO3 and NH4NO3 concentration was the decisive factor for improving the rooting
percentage. Enhanced root initiation and growth in 1/4 strength medium could be attributed to a
more favorable nitrogen concentration availability and thus a higher rate of rhizogenesis than pro-
vided by full VS mineral salts (Khosravi et al., 2007). Rout et al. (1990) also reported that rooting
of micro-shoots was better in solid medium than that in liquid medium too. Senapati and Rout
(2008) reported rooting was readily achieved upon transferring the microshoots onto half-strength
MS medium supplemented with 0.25 mg/l IBA and 2% (w/v) sucrose. Although rose shoots often
proliferate readily in vitro, rooting of those shoots is proved to be more difficult. Kim et al. (2003)
suggested that rooting is affected by genotype; MS medium salts concentration, cold dark treat-
ment, and auxin type. The average number of roots and root length were significantly higher in
1/4 strength VS medium which is in accordance with Skirvin et al. (1990) who reported that the
reduced salt concentration generally increased rooting in MS medium.
CONCLUSION
A micropropagation system for Rosa hybrida cv. ‘Black Baccara’ has been worked out uti-
lizing nodal explants. Our investigation showed that the liquid VS medium with 2 µM/L BAP was
the best for proliferation of Rosa hybrida cv. ‘Black Baccara’ and micropropagated plants were
rooted and established in soil successfully. Also, the VS medium with additive Fe was better than
MS medium in all stages of micropropagation of this plant.
Litrature Cited
Ahmadi, E., Lolaie, A., Mobasher, S. and Bemana, R. 2013. Investigation of importance parameter
of plant tissue. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences. 5 (8): 900-905.
Aitken-Christie, J., Kozai, T. and Takayama, S.1995. Automation in plant tissue culture general
introduction and overview. In: J. Aitken-Christie, T. Kozai, M. L. A. Smith (eds.) Automation
and environment control in plant tissue culture. Kluwer Acad. Publ., Dordrecht, The Netherlands,
pp 1-18.
Amiri, M.E. and Arzani, K. 2006. Mineral availability and growth of banana (Musa acuminate var. Dwarf Cavendish) explant under various relative matric potential in vitro. Journal of
Food, Agriculture & Environment.4 (3 and 4): 84-88.
Arab, M., Yadollahi, A., Shojaeiyan, A., Shokri, S. and Shoresh Maleki, G. 2014. Effects of nutrient
media, different cytokinin types and their concentrations on in vitro multiplication of G·
N15 (hybrid of almond · peach) vegetative rootstock. Journal of Genetic Engineering and
Biotechnology,12: 81–87.
Berthouly, M. and Etinne, H. 2002. Temporary immersion systems in plant micropropagation. Plant
Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 69:215-231.
Chou, C.Y., Knight, S.L. and Smith, M.A.L. 1993. Effect of liquid culture on the growth and development
of miniature rose (Rosa chinensis). Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 212:55-249.
Debergh, P.C. 1983. Effects of agar brand and concentration on the tissue culture medium. Physiologiae
Plantarum. 59: 270–276.
Debergh, P. and Maene, L. V. 1984. Pathological and physiological problems related to in vivo culture of plants. Parasitica, 40:69–75.
Horn, W.A.H. 1992. Micropropagation of rose. In: Bajaj, Y.P.S (ed). Biotechnology in agriculture
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 75-81, June, 2015 81
and forestry Vol 20 High-tech and micropropagation IV. Germany 7 Springer. pp. 320–402.
Hyndman, S.E., Hasegawa, P.M. and Bressan, R.A. 1982. Stimulation of root initiation from cultured
rose shoots through the use of reduced concentrations of mineral salts. Horticultural Science,
17(1):82– 83.
Khosravi, P., Jafarkhani Kermani, M., Nematzadeh, G. and Bihamta, M. 2007. A protocol for mass
production of Rosa hybrida cv. Iceberg through in vitro propagation. Iranian Journal of
Biotechnology. 5(2): 100-104.
Kim, C.K., Chung, J.D., Jee, S.K. and Oh, J.Y. 2003. Somatic embryogenesis from in vitro grown
leaf explants of Rosa hybrida L. Journal of Plant Biotechnolgy, 5:161–164.
Kumar, P., Siba, R., Sharma, M, Sood, A. and Singh, P. 2006. In vitro propagation of rose. Biotechnology
Advances. 24: 94-114.
Mc Crown, B.H. and Lioyd, G .B. 1980. Commerically feasible micropropagation of mountain by
use of shoot tip culture. Proc. Inter. Plant Propoter. Sco. 30: 421-437.
Murashige, T. and Skooge, F. 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bio-assays with tobacco
tissue culture. Plant Physiology. 15: 473-497.
Pierik, R.L.M. 1991. Horticultural new technologies and applications proceeding of international
seminar on new frontiers in horticulture. Current Plant Science and Biotechnology in Agriculture.
12: 141-530.
Pierik, R.L.M., Oosterkamp, J., Manschot, G.A.J., Barth, T. and Scholten, H.J. 1997. Agar brand
± A dominating factor for shoot growth of juvenile and adult Quercus robur L. `Fastigiata'
in vitro. Plant Tissue Culture Biotechnology. 3(1): 27-31.
Roberts, A.V. and Schum, A. 2003. Cell, tissue and organ culture (micropropagation), In: Roberts,
A.V., Debener, T. and Gudin, S. Encyclopedia of rose science. Elsevier Academic Press.
Rout, G.R., Debata, B.K. and Das, P. 1990. In vitro clonal multiplication of roses. Proc. Natl. Acata
Sciences India. 60:8– 311.
Senapati, S.K. and Rout, G.R. 2008. Study of culture conditions for imporved micropropagation
of hybrid rose. Hort Science, 35(1): 27-34.
Singha, S., Townsend, E.C. and Oberly, G.H. 1985. Mineral nutrient status of crab apple and pear
shoots cultured in vitro on varying concentrations of three commercial agars. Journal of the
American Society for Horticultural Science. 110: 407-411.
Skirvin, R. M., Chu, M.C. and Young, H.J. 1990. Rose. In: Amirato, P.V., Evans, D.A., Sharp, W.R.
and Bajaj, Y.P.S. (eds). Handbook of Plant Cell Culture. Mc Graw Hill Publ. Co., Springer-Verlag,
NewYork. 716-743.
Van Arnold, S. and Eriksson, T. 1981. In vitro studies of adventitious shoot formation in Pinus contorta.
Canadian Journal of Botany, 59: 870–874.
Vander Salm, T.P.M., Van der Toorn, C.J.G.and Hanischten, Catech. 1994. Improtannce of the iron
chelate formula for micropropagation of Rosa hybrid L. Moneyway. Plant Cell, Tissue Organ
and Culture. 37: 73-77.
www.jornamental.com
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 83-89, June, 2015 83
The Effect of Pollination Time and Gibberellic Acid (GA3)
on the Production and Seed Germination of PhalaenopsisOrchids
Hassan Kia Heirati 1*, Rasoul Onsinejad 2 and Fattaneh Yari 3
1 M.S. Student, Department of Horticulture, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran2 Assistant Professor of Department of Horticulture, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran3 Department of Horticultural Science, Ramin Agricultural and Natural Resources University, Khozestan,
Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Iran
*Corresponding author,s email: [email protected]
Abstract
The germination power of orchids (Orchidaceae family) seems to betoo weak due lack of albumen. The study carried out with various treatmentsincluding pollination time and GA3 for breaking dormancy and increasingseed germination of orchids. The effect of pollination time (8 periods fromJanuary to August) and gibberellic acid (0, 500, 1000 and 1500 mg L-1) werestudied on germination of Phalaenopsis orchids. Capsules containing seedswith 2, 4, 8 and 10% hypochlorite sodium were disinfected. In order to growseedlings the culture medium of cocopeat and coal with the ratio of 1:5, andcocopeat, coal, industrial shell, and polystyrene with the ratio of 1:1:2:4 wasused. Results indicated that the most appropriate concentration of sodiumhypochlorite in order to disinfect the capsules was 2%. The best month forpollination of flowers was January. The highest yield from one capsuleobtained 15.3 seedlings in the medium of 1/2 MS containing 1000 mg L-1 gib-berellic acid. The produced seedlings were transferred to greenhouse in orderto hardening. The highest rate of viability was obtained through the mediumof cocopeat, coal, industrial shell, and polystyrene particles.
Keywords: Culture medium, Orchidaceae species, Seed treatment, Viability.
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 83-89, June, 201584
INTRODUCTION
Orchids have 800 types as well as 2500 species within Orchidaceae family and they are
considered as the largest plant families. Orchids have very small seeds as well as defective embryo
and no albumen, hence, requiring symbiosis with fungi for germination in the nature. It should be
noted that seed germination and seedling growth of orchids are very slow. There has been research
conducted in order to stimulate and increase the rate and power of seed germination and seedling
growth of orchids. Stimulation of seed germination and seedling growth within the medium con-
taining growth regulators has been more common.
Mahendran and Narmatha Bai (2012) found the highest rate of germination and seedling
growth of Cymbidium bicolor within a semi-solid MS medium containing 1 mg L-1 BA and 2 mg L-1
2,4-D. Cooling as well as other treatments including seeding with gibberellic acid were applied to
increase the percentage of seeds germination (Najafi et al., 2006). In another study, Sharma and
Tandon (2010) looked into the effect of flower age and capsules as well as banana and potato juice
on the seed germination rate of Dendrobium tosaense within MS medium. It has also been found
that pollination time plays an important role in ovule growth and seed germination (Nadeau et al.,1996).
Hence, the present study aims at determining the most appropriate time of pollination, op-
timized temperature, and different concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA3) for production and seed
germination of Phalaenopsis orchids.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The flowers of Phalaenopsis orchids were prepared from a greenhouse in Chalous, Mazan-
darn, Iran. It should be noted that artificial pollination was done in the greenhouse and seed cap-
sules were provided from there as well. Study treatments include pollination time in 8 levels (from
January to August), GA3 in 4 levels (0, 500, 1000, and 1500 mg L-1) and disinfection method of
seeds in 2 levels (30 seconds in alcohol 70% and 30 seconds in sodium hypochlorite with concen-
tration of 2, 4, 8, and 10%). Artificial pollination and seed germination were conducted within 1/2
MS medium. The study was carried out with 48 treatments with 3 replications. Evaluated characters
of the experiment were capsule production rate for pollinated flowers in different months, seed
germination percentage, seed germination rate, and seedling production yeild.
The experiment was done as factorial arrangement based on RCD. The studied factors in-
clude pollination time, different concentrations of GA3, temperature, and disinfection method. Data
analysis was done SAS software and means compared with DMRT within 5% probability level.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Analysis of variance regarding the effect of pollination time on the rate of seed production
and petals wilting of Phalaenopsis orchids indicated that pollination time significantly affected
seed production and petals wilting (Table 1).
The first successful sign of pollination has been the wilting of petals. As to the treatments,
the interval between pollination and petals wilting has been rather long, in a sense that the longest
interval (17 days) was related to flowers pollinated in February, while the shortest (4 days) belonged
Treatments df Mean Square
Pollination time
Error
cv (%)
7
12
25.31**
0.53
25
**: significant difference at 1% probability level.
Table 1. Analysis of variance regarding the effect of pollination time on the rate petals wilting of
Phalaenopsis orchids.
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 83-89, June, 2015 85
to pollinated flowers in January (Fig. 1).
Analysis of variance (Table 2) showed that there was a significant relationship (1% prob-
ability) between pollination time and the production of seed capsules of orchid flower. Fig. 2 shows
different means of capsule production among pollination times highlighting the point that the most
capsule production (4.07) among pollination times was found to be in January, while the least one
(0.4) observed in August.
The present study indicated that if pollination carried out in cool months of the year (e.g.
winter), capsule production rate is possibly high, while in spring and summer, in which the weather
seems to be hot, the least production rate of capsules can be seen. There are two external factors
(i.e. high temperature and ethylene) and physiological basis (such as short lifetime of ovule and
pollen grains as well as ovary growth failure) affecting capsule production.
According to the ANOVA, it was found that capsule disinfection treatment significantly
Fig. 1. Effects of time on the petals wilting of Phalaenopsis orchids.
Fig. 2. Effect of pollination time on the production of seed capsules.
Treatments df Mean Square
Production of seed capsules
Error
cv (%)
6
107
23.43**
0.49
21
**: significant difference at 1% probability level.
Table 2. Analysis of variance regarding the effect of pollination time on the production of seed
capsules of orchid flower. Phalaenopsis orchids.
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 83-89, June, 201586
(1% probability) affected Phalaenopsis orchids (Table 3).
Findings regarding capsule disinfection highlighted that if the concentration of sodium
hypochlorite is lower, pollution rate is high, and to the extent that sodium hypochlorite concentra-
tion is high, pollution is reduced. However, high concentration causes physical harms leading to
making the seeds black and useless. As to the treatments, the best performance was attributed to
alcohol 70% within 30 seconds and 94% percent of cultivated samples were healthy (Fig. 3 and
4), which was in agreement with studies done by Arditi (1993) and Chung et al. (2009) in terms
of disinfecting the capsules of Phalaenopsis amabilis.
Concerning Fig. 4, the treatment containing sodium hypochlorite 2% resulted in 78% health
of the seeds. When the concentration of sodium hypochlorite reached 8%, it was found that despite
the reduction of pollution, 23% of the cultivated samples within the medium of 1/2 MS turned to
Treatments df Mean Square
Disinfection treatment
Error
cv (%)
3
396
15.85
The sample was contaminated (2.16** The sample Defunct (2.31**)
0.09
19.22
**: significant difference at 1% probability level.
Table 3. Analysis of variance capsule disinfection treatments.
Fig. 3. Compare effects of sodium hypochlorite 2% and ethanol 70%
on disinfect of seed.
Fig. 4. Effects of sodium hypochlorite concentration on disinfect of
seed.
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 83-89, June, 2015 87
black in the second week and only 66% of the samples were healthy.
Fungal pollutions emerged after 7 days of cultivation, and the samples harmed by disin-
fection process were visible after 9 days. As to the treatment, the highest rate of seed germination
was obtained in February while the lowest rate was found to be in July. Data of seed germination
showed that the best time for capsule pollination is winter because winter seeds of pollinated flow-
ers showed the highest rate of germination. On the other hand, findings also concluded that summer
has been the most inappropriate season for pollination because there were a few produced capsules
as well as the least amount of seed germination (Fig. 5).
The first sign of seed germination was the production of green-colored protocorm. There
were white-colored rhizoids around these protocorms, which were in contact with the medium sur-
face and acted as the root. After many months, true leaves and roots formed and plantlet emerged
completely (Fig. 6). Pierick (1990) found that the required time from seeding to seedling growth
can be estimated as 6 months, although nothing presented with respect to the size of seedlings.
The highest treatment (15.3 seedlings) was obtained within the medium of 1/2 MS contain-
ing 1000 mg L-1 gibberellic acid (Fig. 7). The least number of seedlings was found in the controlled
seeds. The number of active buds in the medium containing GA3 in relation to the controlled seeds
indicated that this growth regulator has the potential to stimulate the buds in order to form the
shoots and germinating the seeds. Kosir et al. (2004) argued that the best yeild was obtained
through 8.53 seedlings for each seed within the commercial medium of Sigma P 6793 containing
2 mg L-1 BAP and 0.5 mg L-1 NAA.
ANOVA also indicated that there was a significant relationship (1% probability) on the ef-
fects of seedlings hardening for produced seedling of Phalaenopsis orchids (Table 4).
The best performance was attributed to the plants produced within enriched medium of
1/2 MS containing 1000 mg L-1 gibberellic acid. In order to make the cultivated seedling compatible
with the mentioned medium, the both media were distinguished as appropriate, in the sense that,
Fig. 5. Effect of time on seed germination on medium ½ MS.
Fig. 6. Protocorm and white-colored rhi-
zoids around these protocorms.
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 83-89, June, 201588
after 30 days, 99% (within the culture medium of cocopeat, coal, industrial shells, and polystyrene
particles with the ratio of 1:1:2:4) (1) and 96% (within the culture medium of cocopeat and coal
with the ratio of 1:5) (2) of seedlings were compatible with greenhouse conditions. It should be
noted that these seedlings showed an acceptable compatibility due to having more and longer roots
(Fig. 8).
Literature Cited
Arditi, 1993. Fundamental of orchid biology. Wiley Interscience, New York.
Chung, J.D., Chun, C.K. and Kim, S.S. 2009. Factors affecting growth of rhizome and organogenesis
of Korean native Cymbidium kanran. Journal of the Korean Society of Horticulture Science.
40: 485-488.
Kosir, P., Skof, S. and Luthar, Z. 2004. Direct shoot regeneration from nodes of Phalaenopsis orchids. Acta Agricultural. 83:336-366.
Fig. 7. Effects of different concentration GA3 on seed germination.
Fig. 8. Compatibility of seedlings on two mediums.
Treatments df Mean Square
Seedlings
Medium
Seedlings* Medium
Error
cv (%)
2
1
2
24
1.48
153.03**
50.7**
0.7 ns
2.03
1.48
**: significant difference at 1% probability level, ns: Not significant.
Table 4. Analysis of variance effects of seedlings compatibility on the flowers of Phalaenopsis orchids.
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 83-89, June, 2015 89
Mahendran, G. and Narmatha Bai, V. 2012. Direct somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration
from seed derived protocorms of Cymbidium bicolor Lindl. Word Scientific, India.
Nadeau, J. A., Zhang, X. Sh., Li, J. and O’Neill, Sh. 1996. Ovule development: Identification of
stage-specific and tissue-specific cDNAs. The Plant Cell. 8: 213-239.
Najaf., M., Banayan, L., Tabtiz, I. and Rastgo, M. 2006. Seed germination and seed dormancy
breaking techniques for Ferula gummosa and Teucrium polium. Journal of Arid Environments,
Article in press.
Pierik, R. L. M. 1990. In vitro culture of higher plants 1st edn. 325. Madrid. Ediciones Mundi-Prensa.
Sharma, A. and Tandon, P. 2010. In vitro culture of Dendrobium wardianum Warner: morphogenetic
effects of some nitrogenous adjuvants. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology. 35: 80- 85.
www.jornamental.com
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 91-96, June, 2015 91
Effect of Magnetic Field on Seed Germination and Early
Growth of Calendula officinalis L.
Hosein Salehi Arjmand and Saeed Sharafi *
Arak University, Agriculture Faculty, Iran-Arak
*Corresponding author,s email: [email protected]
Abstract
In order to study on effect of magnetic field on germination characteristicsand early growth of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) seeds an experimentwas carried out in laboratory conditions in Arak University of Iran. Seedswere magnetically exposed to magnetic field strengths, 100 or 200 mT fordifferent periods of time; D1 (control), D2 (1 h), D3 (6 h), D4 (12h), D5 (24 h)and D6 (continuous). Mean germination time (MGT) and the time required toobtain 10, 25, 50, 75 and 90% of seeds to germinate were calculated. The ger-mination time for each treatment were in general, higher than control values,in the other word in treated seeds time required for mean seed germinationtime increased nearly 4 hours in compared non treated control seeds. T10 fordoses D3, D4 and D5 significantly higher than the control values. Meangermination time significantly increased when the time of seed exposed atmagnetic field treatments increased, about 3 and 2 hour, respectively. Accordingto experiment results of seedling dry weight (SLDW), seed resource depletionpercentage (SRDP) and shoot length (STL) showed more decrease withincreasing of the exposure time in the magnetic field.
Keywords: Field intensity, Magnet, Seed resource depletion.
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 91-96, June, 201592
INTRODUCTION
Great development in medicinal plants has occurred in countries due to their high added
value as a consequence of the reappearance of phitotherapy, among other reasons. Marigold (Cal-endula officinalis L.) is one of the ornamental and medicinal plants in green space and drug in-
dustry, which it can grow in unfavorite conditions. In recent years, physical techniques take an
interest not only in the common and valued crop-farming factors, but also in those less expensive
and generally underestimated such as ionizing, laser or ultra violet radiation and electric and mag-
netic field, and therefore, plants mean an attractive model for the study of biological effects of
magnetic fields (Racuciu and Creangia, 2005; Sharafi et al., 2010a).
Studies on wheat (Sharafi et al., 2010 a,b), rice and onion showed that magnetic pre-treat-
ment improved the germination of seedling vigor of low viable seeds (Alexander and Doijode,
1995). Magnetic field pre-treatment had also positive effect on cucumber, such as stimulating
seedling growth and development (Yinan et al., 2005). Also, research study reported that 125 and
250 mT magnetic treatment produces a bio-stimulation on the initial growth stages and increase
the germination rate of several seeds as rice (Carbonell et al., 2000; Flórez et al., 2004), wheat
(Martínez et al., 2002), tomato (De Souza et al., 2005) and barley (Martínez et al., 2000).
Grewal and Maheshwari (2011) investigated on the effects of magnetic treatment of irriga-
tion water on snow pea and Kabuli chickpea seeds emergence, early growth and nutrient contents
under glasshouse conditions. Hozayn and Qados (2010) investigate the application of magnetic
water for wheat crop production. It materializes that the study on utilization of magnetic water can
led to improve quantity and quality of wheat. So, using magnetic water treatment could be a prom-
ising technique for agricultural improvements but extensive research is required on different crops.
External constant magnetic field may exert influence on speed and displacement direction
of polarized particles of the substances. Stimulation of plants with magnetic field, as a way to in-
crease the quantity and quality of yields, has caught the interest of many scientists in the entire
world (Chastokolenko, 1984). The purpose of this study is to synchronize emergence, which leads
to uniform stand and improved yield and also to shorten the time between planting and emergence
and to protect seeds during critical or induced phase of seedling establishment.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Germination tests were carried out at laboratory conditions with marigold (Calendula of-ficinalis L.) seeds in Arak University of Iran. Germination tests were performed according to the
guidelines issued by the International Seed Testing Association (ISTA, 2004). The petri dishes
were placed in incubator at 25oC with 60% relative humidity with 14/10 photoperiod. The data re-
garding germination, days to 50% germination (G50) and mean germination time (MGT) were
recorded up to 20th day of experiment. After 20 days of experiment, the data regarding shoot and
Fig. 1. (left) Magnet and (right) vessel containing distilled
water. Roll of filter paper with seeds and the hollow cylindrical
magnet. N, S: North and South poles of magnet (Fig. from
Sharafi et al., 2010).
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 91-96, June, 2015 93
root length, shoot and root fresh and dry weights were also recorded. The rate of germination was
assessed by determining the mean germinating time (MGT).
The procedure of study was conducted according to Florez et al., (2007). The magnetic
fields generated by ring magnets with magnetic induction values B1 =100 mT and B2 = 200 mT;
the geometric characteristics are 7.5 cm external diameter, 3 cm internal diameter, 1cm high for
B1 and 1.5 cm high for B2 (Fig. 1). The magnet was placed at the top of the vessel to generate
each magnetic dose, and each roll containing 20 seeds was placed into hole of the magnet. All the
vessels containing rolls with seeds were labeled with numbers and randomly located to carry out
the test. The results were subjected to an analysis of variance (ANOVA) to detect differences be-
tween mean parameters. Means were compared using with LSD test at 5% level of probability to
detect differences between parameters of treated plants and control (Steel and Torrie, 1984).
RESULTS AND DISSCUSION
The variable magnetic field is a very significant factor in influencing the germination
process of marigold grains. It must be remembered, however, that this influence is varied and de-
pends on the power of magnetic field. Both for a weak magnetic field (100 mT) and for a strong
one (200 mT) the effect was very short-lasting and appeared in the initial phase of germination.
The percentage of germinated seeds (Gmx), time required for germination (parameters MGT, T10-
T90) were determined for each treatment, expressed as the means of the 3 replicates and are provided
in Table 1. The germination time for each treatment were in general, higher than corresponding
control values, in the other word in treated seeds time required for mean seed germination time
increased nearly 1 (D2) and 12 (D4) hours in compared non treated control seeds. Thus the rate of
germination of treated seeds was lower than the untreated seeds (Table 1). Results showed that
time required for T10 for doses D1 and D2 for 100 mT, and D1 for 200 mT were 130, 140 and 120
hours respectively, the same or significantly higher than the control values for marigold (Table 1).
As T10 in closely related to the onset of germination, these results indicate no response (for
5 treatments) and the delay of germination (for 3 treatments) of marigold seeds to magnetic field.
Mean germination time (MGT) significantly increased when the time of seed exposed at magnetic
field treatments increased, about 1 and 12 hours respectively, for marigold.
Magnetic field treatments exerted a significant effect on seedling dry weight, weight of mo-
bilized seed reserve, seed reserve utilization rate and seed reserve depletion percentage. According
to experiment results, seedling dry weight (g), weight of mobilized seed reserve (mg seed-1), seed
reserve depletion percentage (%) and seed reserve utilization rate (g g-1) characteristics in marigold
exposure of seed at magnetic field with D3, D5 and D6 caused seed germination significantly re-
duced but germination at D2 and D4 significantly increased (Fig. 2).
B=100mT T10(h) T25(h) T50(h) T75(h) T90(h) MGT (h) Gmx (%)
C
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
B=200mT
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
140cd
130d
155c
150c
170c
230b
270a
T10(h)
120d
140d
142d
205c
355a
315b
170c
170c
195bc
180bc
200b
290a
310a
T25(h)
157c
180c
165c
255b
382a
-
240c
210d
243c
270c
250c
330b
360a
T50(h)
187c
201c
185c
295b
412a
-
270d
252d
305c
350b
310c
360b
400a
T75(h)
225d
285c
240d
325b
450a
-
330bc
330bc
362b
390a
340b
400a
-
T90(h)
300c
315bc
285c
352b
480a
-
230c
220c
250bc
270b
258bc
325a
270b
MGT (h)
190c
226c
204c
285b
417a
-
96.05a
96a
97.95a
90.5b
98a
96.2a
79.22c
Gmx (%)
96.5a
94a
96.5a
90b
89.2b
-
Table 1. Effect of magnetic field on germination of marigold seeds.
*Means sharing similar letters in a column are statistically non significant at p≤0.05.
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 91-96, June, 201594
The stimulatory effect of the application of different magnetic doses on the germination is
in agreement with that obtained by other researchers. Florez et al. (2007), observed an increase
for initial growth stages and an early sprouting of rice and maize seeds exposed to 125 and 250
mT stationary magnetic fields. Martinez et al. (2000; 2002), observed similar effects on wheat and
barley seeds magnetically treated. Alexander and Doijode (1995) reported that pre-germination
treatment improved the germination and seedling. Vigor of low viability rice and onion seeds. Kavi
(1977) found that seeds exposed to a magnetic field absorbed more moisture. Carbonell et al.(2000) found that magnetic treatment produced a bio-stimulation of the germination. Also, the re-
sults of three-year investigation into the influence of constant magnetic field on the dynamics of
growth, development and yield of spring wheat showed that in general it was not favorable to de-
velopment and yield of the plant (Zhu, 2001). But, the mechanisms at work when plant and other
living systems are exposed to a magnetic field are not well known yet, but several theories have
been proposed, including biochemical changes or altered enzyme activities by Phirke et al. (1996).
Seed germination rate is an important parameter to analyze the initial growth of seed under
laboratory condition and also useful to evaluate the effectiveness of any particular endeavor to en-
hance the crop yield. It was observed from the experiment that seed germination start one to three
days earlier with the application of magnetic field as compared to control (Fig. 3). Similar finding
Fig. 2. The effect of magnetic field on: (a) seedling dry weight, (b) Weight of mobilized seed reserve,
(c) seed reserve depletion percentage, and (d) seed reserve utilization rate of marigold.
Fig. 3. The effect of magnetic field on: (a) root length (mm) and (b) shoot length (mm) of marigold.
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 91-96, June, 2015 95
were found by other researcher as Florez et al. (2004) affirmed an increase for the initial growth
stages and an early sprouting of rice seeds exposed to 125 and 250 mT stationary magnetic field.
Furthermore Sharafi et al. (2010 a,b) and Martinez et al. (2000, 2002) observed similar effects on
wheat and barley seeds. Dry weight was decreased due to magnetic field (Fig. 1a). The increased
plant biomass might be due to synchronized germination and early stand establishment in treated
seeds (Penuelas et al., 2005). These findings are similar with earlier research on pepper (Zhang etal., 1994) and Canola (Zhu, 2001). An increase in root length was recorded in magnet treatment
which might be the result of higher embryo-cell wall extensibility (Fig. 3b).
CONCLUSION
Results of the present laboratory experiments revealed few beneficial effects of magnetic
field for marigold seed germination. The germination time for each treatment were in general,
higher than control values, in the other word in treated seeds time required for mean seed germi-
nation time increased nearly 4 hours in compared non treated control seeds. T10 for doses D3, D4
and D5 significantly higher than the control values. Mean germination time significantly increased
when the time of seed exposed at magnetic field treatments increased, about 3 and 2 hour respec-
tively. According to experiment results of seedling dry weight (SLDW), seed resource depletion
percentage (SRDP) and shoot length (STL) showed more decrease with increasing of the exposure
time in the magnetic field. As magnetic field treatment is environment friendly technique and easy
to handle but further studies are needed to understand the mysterious mechanism behind magnetic
treatment and in turning it into technique to technology for end user benefits.
Litrature Cited
Alexander, M. P. and Doijode, S. D. 1995. Electromagnetic field, a novel tool to increase germination
and seedling vigor of conserved onion (Allium cepa L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) seeds
with low viability. Plan Genetic Resources Newsletter, 104: 1.
Carbonell, M. V., Martínez, E. and Amaya, J. M. 2000. Stimulation of germination in rice (Oryza sativa L.) by a static magnetic field. Electro and Magnetobiology, 19 (1): 121-128.
Chastokolenko, L.V. 1984. Effect of magnetic fields on somatic cell division in plants. Cytology
and Genetics, 5- 18.
De Souza, A., García, D., Sueiro, L., Licea, L. and Porras, E. 2005. Pre-sowing magnetic treatment
of tomato seeds: Effects on the growth and yield of plants cultivated late in the season.
Journal of Agricultural Research, (31), 113-122.
Flórez, M., Carbonell, M.V. and Martínez, E. 2004. Early sprouting and first stages of growth of
rice seeds exposed to a magnetic field. Electro and Magnetobiology, 19 (3): 271-277.
Flórez, M., Carbonell, M.V. and Martínez, E. 2007. Exposure of maize seeds to stationary magnetic
fields: Effects on germination and early growth. Environmental and Experimental Botany.
59: 68–75
Grewal, H.S. and Maheshwar, B.L. 2011. Magnetic treatment of irrigation water and snow pea and
chickpea seeds enhances early growth and nutrient contents of seedlings. Journal of
Bioelectromagnetics, 32: 58-65.
Hozayn, M. and Qados, A.M. 2010. Magnetic water application for improving wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop production. Agriculture and Biological Journal of North America, 1(4):
677-682.
ISTA, International rules for seed testing. 2004. International Seed Testing Assoc. Zurich, Switzerland.
Kavi, P.S. 1977. The effect of magnetic treatment of soybean seed on its moisture absorbing capacity.
Science and Culture, 43: 405-406.
Martinez, E., Carbonell, M. V. and Amaya, J.M. 2000. Stimulation on the initial stages on growth
of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) by 125 mT stationary magnetic field. Electro and Magnetobiology,
96 Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 91-96, June, 2015
19 (3): 271-277.
Martínez, E., Carbonell, M. V. and Flórez, M. 2002. Magnetic bio-stimulation of initial growth
stages of wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.). Journal of Electromagnet Biology and Medicine,
21 (1): 43-53.
Phirke, P. S., Kubde, A. B. and Umbakar, S. P. 1996. The influence of magnetic field on plant growth.
Seed Science Technology. 24: 375-392.
Racuciu, M. and Creangia, D.E. 2005. Biological effects of low frequency electromagnetic field in
Curcubita pepo. Proceedings of the Third Moscow International Symposium on Magnetism,
278-282.
Sharafi, S., Gholami, A. and Abbasdokht, H. 2010a. Effect of magnetic field, priming and salinity
on seed germination and early growth of wheat. World Academy of Science, Engineering
and Technology, 68: 1073-1078.
Sharafi, S., Gholami, A. and Abbasdokht, H. 2010b. Effect of magnetic field on seed germination
of two wheat cultivars. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 68: 1079-1084.
Steel, R.G.D. and Torrie, J.H. 1984. Principles and procedures of statistics. 2nd Ed. McGraw Hill
Book. Co. Inc., Singapore.
Yinan, L., Yuan, L., Yongquing Y. and Chunyang, L. 2005. Effect of seed pre-treatment by magnetic
field on the sensitivity of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) seedlings to ultraviolet-B radiation.
Environment and Experimental Botany, 54: 286-294.
Zhang, G., Wilen, R.W., Slinkard, A.E. and Gusta, L.V. 1994. Enhancement of canola seed germination
and seedling emergence at low temperature priming. Crop Science, 34: 1589–93.
Zhu, J.K. 2001. Overexpression of delta-pyrroline-5- caboxylate synthetase gene and analysis of
tolerance to water and salt stress in transgenic rice. Trends in Plant Science, 6: 66–72.
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 97-103, June, 2015 97
Study on Interaction Effects of Mechanical and GeraniumEssential Oil Treatments on Vase Life of Cut Chrysanthemum(Dendranthema grandiflorum L.)
Shahla Dashtbany 1 and Davood Hashemabadi 2*
1 MS. Student of Department of Horticulture, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran2 Assistant Professor of Department of Horticulture, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
*Corresponding author,s email: [email protected]
Abstract
The aim of this study is investigation on effect of stem end splittingand Geranium essential oil on vase life on quality of cut chrysanthemum(Dendranthema grandiflorum L.). This experiment arranged as factorial basedon RCD with 2 factors of stem end splitting at 2 levels (with splitting andwithout splitting) and Geranium essential oil at 6 levels (0, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 10%), with 12 treatments, 3 replications, 36 plots and 144 cut flowers. In this ex-periment traits such as vase life, water absorption, fresh weight, dry matterpercent and °brix were measured. ANOVA showed that different amongtreatments was significant for vase life, °brix and fresh weight in 1% probabilityand for dry matter percent and water absorption in 5% probability. Resultsshowed that different treatments improved vase life compared to control andmaximum vase life was achieved in 5 cm splitting + 10% Geranium essentialoil with 18.41 days compared to control (7.05 days).
Keywords: Chrysanthemum, Geranium essential oil, Stem end splitting, Vase life.
98 Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 97-103, June, 2015
INTRODUCTION
Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum L.) belongs to the Asteraceae family. This
is a native plant of China and cultivated for thousands of years. Todays, new varieties of this plant
were breeded for using as cut flowers, potted plants and garden plants and has a high economic
value in the global market (Kandil et al., 2011). Chrysanthemum is a non-climactric flower with
a long vase life and its long vase life is also due to non sensitivity to ethylene. However, the for-
mation of air embolism in the vascular of stem that prevents water transport in stem and leads to
close the vascular tubes which ultimately leads to increase hydraulic resistance in the stem and
water stress, and reduces the vase life of chrysanthemum (Halvey and Mayak, 1981; Van Leperen
et al., 2001).
Bactericidal compounds such as essential oils and plant extracts were used as environmen-
tally friendly compounds and as new factors that affect postharvest life of cut flowers (Solgi etal., 2009). The use of herbal essences in the preservative solution for cut flowers is relatively new
and the positive effect of these compounds have been reported (Solgi et al., 2009; Diy, 2008;
Mousavi Bazaz and Tehranifar, 2011).
Geranium is a flowering plant and is also valuable because of having ingredients or sec-
ondary metabolites. Parts of the plant used for preparing essence are the leaves and air parts. Aro-
matic geranium essence is similar to the rose flower and its main compound include geraniol,
citronellol, terpineol and alcohols (Mithila et al., 2011). Solgi et al. (2009) stated that the use of
essential oils of garden thyme and Shiraz thyme, and their active ingredients increased vase life of
cut flowers. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of aromatic geranium extract and
5 cm split on postharvest life and durability of chrysanthemum cut flower and introduce the best
treatments.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In October 2014, chrysanthemum cut flowers harvested at commercial stage from a green-
house in Isfahan and immediately were transferred to post-harvest laboratory. This study was per-
formed in factorial experiment based on RCD with 2 factors, the split of 5 cm of stem end and
without split and the second factor of aromatic geranium extract in 6 levels (0, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 10%)
with 12 treatments, 3 replications, 36 plots and 4 flowers in each plot. Vase life room was with 12
h photoperiod, light intensity of 12 µmol s-1 m-2, relative humidity of 60 to 70% and the temperature
of 20 ± 2° C.
Vase life was defined as the time from the start of treatment until the senescence of flowers.
Regarding the final weight of flower in the last day, recut weight, weight of losses and weight of
the first day, the increase of fresh weight was calculated according to the following equation:
Fresh weight increasing = (weight of losses + weight of recut+ final weight at last day of
the control life) - initial weight
Considering initial volume of vase solution (500 mL) and rate of evaporation in room and
reduction of volume of vase solution, water absorption was calculated by using following equation:
Water absorption (ml g -1 FW) = 500 - (mean evaporation of room + remained solution at
the end of vase life) ÷ the average of fresh weight cut flowers
After ending the vase life of the control, fresh weight of each flower was measured and at
the end of the vase life, it was placed at 70 ° C for 24 hours. After ensuring complete drying of
flowers, they were weighted by a digital scale. Dry matter percent was calculated from the fol-
lowing equation:
Dry matter percent = (dry weight ÷ fresh weight of flowers at the last day of the control
vase life) × 100
°Brix was measured manually in 2 stages by a refrectometer, N-1α model, manufactured
by ATAGO Company, Japan and the increase of °Brix was calculated by the following formula:
The increase of °Brix = °Brix of the last day - °Brix of the first day
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 97-103, June, 2015 99
Data analysis was performed using SAS software and comparision was performed accord-
ing to LSD test.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Vase life
Analysis of variance showed that the effects of aromatic geranium extract, split and the in-
teraction of them are statistically significant at the 1% level (Table 1). The results of the comparison
showed that all treatments increased vase life compared with the control. So that the control with
8.06 days had the minimum vase life and the split along with 10% aromatic geranium extract with
18.41 days had the maximum vase life among treatments (Fig. 1).
The use of antimicrobial compounds along with stem end split caused a significant im-
provement in the life of chrysanthemum cut flowers compared with the control.
Since the vase life is directly related to water absorption, it can be said that germicidal com-
position with the split used in Alstroemeria cut flowers increases water absorption through exposing
wide surface of stem with vase life solution and reduces microbial loads of vase solution and thus
helps maintaining freshness and durability of this cut flower by the continuation of water absorption
(Mehri, 2014). Solgi et al. (2009) studied on cut gerbera flowers and reported that the use of herbal
essences as a disinfectant and environmentally-friendly compound significantly increases with the
postharvest life of this cut flowers. Mousavi Bazaz and Tehrainfar (2011) also found similar results
regarding the positive effect of essences of cumin, mint and thyme on durability of Alstroemeriacut flowers. The researchers stated that treatment with 50 mg l-1 of thyme essence improves the
vase life of Alstroemeria for 2 days compared with the control.
Source df Vase life Dry matter percent °Brix Fresh weight Water absorption
Oil (O)
Splitting
(S)
O*S
Error
cv (%)
5
1
5
24
-
15.043**
91.52**
14.62**
1.913
9.31
33.51*
38.19*
34.84*
6.33
8.57
4.88**
1.416**
0.795**
0.173
23.81
53.61**
156**
58.39**
6.95
20.73
1.328*
28.81**
2.492*
0.497
17.29
**: Probability 1% *: Probability 5%
Table 1. ANOVA of effects of mechanical and Geranium essential oil treatments on traits.
Fig. 1. Effects of mechanical and Geranium essential oil treatments
on vase life.
S0= Without splitting S1= With 5cmsplittimg
O0= No Geranium essential oil O20= Geranium essential oil 4%
O5= Geranium essential oil 1% O40= Geranium essential oil 8%
O10= Geranium essential oil 2% O50= Geranium essential oil 10%
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 97-103, June, 2015100
Water absorption
Analysis of variance of data showed that geranium extract and interaction of them are sta-
tistically significant at the 1% level but splitting was significant at 5% probability (Table 1). Mean
Comparison of these two factors showed that 5 cm splitting + 10% geranium extract with 5.743
ml g-1 FW and the control with 2.320 ml g-1 FW had the highest and the lowest water absorption,
respectively (Fig. 2).
Inability to water absorption is the main cause of aging of cut flowers and reducing
the longevity of them. This is often done by closing the vessels. The use of antimicrobial com-
pound in vase solution by preventing the growth and performance of microbes, protects xylem
from obstruction and thus water absorption occurs without interruption and consequently the
freshness of the flowers is maintained (Kim and Lee, 2002; Shanan, 2012; Anjum et al., 2001).
In this study, all of the antimicrobial treatments and 5 cm split increased water absorption
compared with the control. Anjum et al. (2001) reported that the addition of antimicrobial
compounds in vase solution life prevents microbe growth and increases water absorption by
the cut flower. El-Hanafi (2007) argued that the use of antimicrobial compounds such as herbal
essence in vase solution, by reducing the solution's pH, causes balancing and water absorption
by the stem of cut carnation. Shanan (2012) reported that herbal essences by preventing the
vascular occlusion improves the absorption of water in rose cut flowers that the results of this
study is in agreement with the current study. Nabigol et al. (2006) found that antibacterial,
anti-ethylene and antibiotics compounds significantly increase water absorption in chrysan-
themum cut flowers.
Fresh weight
Analysis of variance of data showed that geranium extract, splitting and interaction of them
are statistically significant at the 1% level (Table 1). Results showed that all treatments in this ex-
periment increased fresh weight compared to control and maximum increase is related to the split
treatment and geranium extract of 8% with 20.06 g and the minimum is related to the control treat-
ment with 5.60 g (Fig. 3).
Several studies have shown that the use of antimicrobial compounds in vase solution of
cut flowers by reducing the microbial load and preventing the obstruction of the vessels increases
water absorption and finally increases the fresh weight and freshness of cut flowers and thus in-
creases the durability and good marketing of flowers. In this study, the use of antimicrobial com-
Fig. 2. Effects of mechanical and Geranium essential oil treatments
on water absorption.
S0= Without splitting S1= With 5cmsplittimg
O0= No Geranium essential oil O20= Geranium essential oil 4%
O5= Geranium essential oil 1% O40= Geranium essential oil 8%
O10= Geranium essential oil 2% O50= Geranium essential oil 10%
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 97-103, June, 2015 101
pounds by increasing water absorption caused increasing the fresh weight compared with the con-
trols. Jalili Marandi et al. (2011) reported that the Carum copticum essence at 500 mg l-1 increases
the fresh weight by 1.8 g compared with the control.
Increasing °Brix
Analysis of variance showed that effect of geranium extract, effect of splitting and interac-
tion of them are statistically significant at the 1% level (Table 1). Mean comparison showed that
the maximum increase in °Brix is associated with the split treatment and geranium extract of 10%
with 3.886% and the minimum one is related to the control treatment with 0.586% (Fig. 4).
The most important factor in delaying senescence of cut flowers is the increase in the
amount of carbohydrates in the flower. Sugar (TSS) is one of the most important factors of deter-
mining the life of cut flowers. Therefore, carbohydrate increases the vase life (Mutui et al., 2011).
Researchers believe that the recutting the cut flower stems under water and the efficacy of antimi-
crobial compounds on reducing the microbial load and enhancing the solution absorption causes
maintaining and increasing carbohydrates in the stem of cut flowers (Basiri et al., 2011; Bartoli etal., 1997). Elgimabi and Ahmad (2009) reported that the antimicrobial compounds increase the
amount of carbohydrates in the stem of rose cut flowers. Sugars had an important osmotic potential
that by entering into the vacuole of the petals cells reduce cell osmotic potential and delay aging
by increasing respiration (Edrisi, 2009).
Fig. 3. Effects of mechanical and Geranium essential oil treatments
on fresh weight.
S0= Without splitting S1= With 5cm splittimg
O0= No Geranium essential oil O20= Geranium essential oil 4%
O5= Geranium essential oil 1% O40= Geranium essential oil 8%
O10= Geranium essential oil 2% O50= Geranium essential oil 10%
Fig. 4. Effects of mechanical and Geranium essential oil treatments
on °Brix.
S0= Without splitting S1= With 5cm splittimg
O0= No Geranium essential oil O20= Geranium essential oil 4%
O5= Geranium essential oil 1% O40= Geranium essential oil 8%
O10= Geranium essential oil 2% O50= Geranium essential oil 10%
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 97-103, June, 2015102
Dry matter percentage
Analysis of variance of data showed that effect of geranium extract, splitting and interaction
of them are statistically significant at the 5% level (Table 1). Mean comparison of interaction of
two factors showed that split treatment with 10% aromatic geranium extract with 32.41 percent,
had the highest dry matter compared with the control with 24.69 percent (Fig. 5).
Sucrose provides required energy for more survival of flowers and affects the structure of
the flower tissues cell wall and delays aging through this and causes increasing the dry weight and
the water retention (Sun and Gubler, 2004). Hashemabadi (2012) by an experiment on carnation
cut flowers, showed that the effect of compounds extending the vase life of cut flowers on the pre-
vention of dry weight loss by preventing the degradation of carbohydrates. Nabigol et al. (2006)
showed that the antimicrobial compounds increase the biomass of chrysanthemum by controlling
microorganisms and improving water uptake. In this study, split and geranium extract increase the
absorption of water and sucrose in vase solution and the percentage of dry matter.
CONCLUSION
The results showed that the split of 5 cm and geranium extract causes significantly an in-
crease in postharvest life of the chrysanthemum cut flowers. In current study, the split of 5 cm at
the end of stem with 10% geranium extract improved the vase life of chrysanthemum cut flowers
more than 10 days compared to control. Therefore, these treatments as an extended solution for the
vase life of chrysanthemum cut flowers are recommended to retailers and consumers of this flower.
Litrature Cited
Anjum, M.A., Naveed, F., Sahakeel, F. and Amin, S. 2001. Effect of pulsing, packaging and storage
treatments on vase life of Chrysanthemum cut flowers. Advances in Horticulture and Foresty.
6: 125-131.
Bartoli, C.G., Juan. G. and Edgardo, M. 1997. Ethylene production and responces to exogenous
ethylens in senescing petals of Chrysanthemum morifolium L. cv ‘Rom’. Plant Seience.
124: 15-21.
Basiri, Y., Zareii, H., Mashayekhi, K. and Pahlavani, M. 2011. Effect of rosemary extract on vase
life and some qualitative characteristic of cut carnation flower (Dianthus caryophyllus cv.
‘White Liberty’). Journal of Stored Products and Postharvest Research, Vol. 2(14): 261-265.
Di, W. 2008. Effects of antibiotics on the senescence of Gerbera jamesonii cut flower. Journal of
Anhui Agriculture Sciences. 25: 10768-10770.
Fig. 5. Effects of mechanical and Geranium essential oil treatments
on dry matter percent.
S0= Without splitting S1= With 5cmsplittimg
O0= No Geranium essential oil O20= Geranium essential oil 4%
O5= Geranium essential oil 1% O40= Geranium essential oil 8%
O10= Geranium essential oil 2% O50= Geranium essential oil 10%
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 97-103, June, 2015 103
Edrisi, B. 2009. Postharvest physiology of cut flowers. Payam-e-Digar Publication. 150 pages.
Elgimabi, M. N. and Ahmed, O. K. 2009. Effects of bactericide and sucrose pulsing on vase life
of rose cut flowers (Rosa hybrida L.). Botany Research International, 2(3): 164-168.
El-Hanafi, S. 2007. Alternative additives to vase solution that can prolong vase life of camation
flowers (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). Journal Product Environmental. 12(1): 206-216.
Halevy, H. and Mayak, S. 1981. Senescing leaves lose photosynthetic activity. Current Science.
64: 226-234.
Hashemabadi, D. 2012. Comparison effect of silver thiosulphate and silver nanoparticle on vase
life of cut carnation cv. ‘Tempo’. Final Report to Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch,
Iran. 101p.
Jalili Marandi, R., Hassani, A., Abdollahi, A. and Hanafi, S. 2011. Improvement of vase life cut
gladiolus flowers by essential oils, salicylic acid and silver thiosulphate. Journal of Medicinal
Plants Research. 5: 5039-5043.
Kandil, M.M., Elsaddy, M.B., Mona, H.M., Afaf, M.H. and Iman, M.S. 2011. Effect of putrescine
and unicanzole treatments on flower characters and photosynthetic pigments of Chrysanthemum indicum L. Plant. Journal of American Science. 7(3): 399-405.
Kim, Y. and Lee, J.S. 2002. Anatomical difference of neck tissue of cut roses as affected by bent
neck and preservative solution. Journal of the Korean Society for Horticulture Science.
43(2): 221-225.
Mehri, M.S. 2014. Effects of mechanical and physical treatments on vase life of cut alstroemeria
(Alstroemeria hybrida L.). Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirement in ornamental
plants. Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Rasht, Iran.
Mithila, J., Murch, S.T., Krishna Raj, S. and Saxena, P.K. 2001. Recent advances in pelargonium
in vitro regeneration system. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture. 67: 1-9.
Mousavi Bazaz, A. and Tehranifar, A. 2011. Effects of chemical preservatives on enhancing vase
life of gerbera flowers. Journal of Tropical Agricultural. 41: 56-58.
Mutui, T.M., Emongor, V.E. and Hutchinson, M.J. 2011. Effect of accel on the vase life and postharvest
quality of alstromeria (Alstroemeria aurantica L.) cut flowers. African Journal of Biotechnology
2: 82-88.
Nabigol, A., Naderi, R., Babalar, M. and Kafi, M. 2006. Effect of some chemical treatments and
cold storage on vase life of cut chrysanthemum. Persian Article Bank. Number of Peper, 511.
Shanan, N. 2012. Application of essential oils to prolong the vase life of rose (Rosa hybrid L. cv.
‘Grand’) cut flowers. Journal of Horticultural Science and Ornamental Plants. 4(1): 66-74.
Solgi, M., Kafi, M., Taghavi, T.S. and Naderi, R. 2009. Essential oils and silver nanoparticles (SNP)
as navel agents to extend vase life of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii cv. ‘Dune’) flowers. Postharvest
Biology and Technology. 53: 155-158.
Sun, T.P. and Gubler, E. 2004. Molecular mechanism of gibberellins signaling in plants. Annual
Review of Plant Physiology. 55: 197-223.
Van Leperen, W., Nijsse, J., Keijzer, C.J. and Van Meteren, V. 2001. Induction of air embolism in
xylem conduits of pre-defined diameter. Journal of Experimental Botany. 52: 981-991.
www.jornamental.com
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 105-113, June, 2015 105
Effect of Different Preservatives on Vase Life of Tuberose
Afroz Naznin 1*, M. Mofazzal Hossain 2, Kabita Anju-Man Ara 1, Md. Mazadul Islam3 and Nadira Mokarroma 4
1 Horticulture Research Center, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur 1701, Bangladesh2 Department of Horticulture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur
1706, Bangladesh3 Farm Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur 1701, Bangladesh 4 Plant physiology Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur 1701, Bangladesh
*Corresponding author,s email: [email protected]
Abstract
This study was carried out to investigate the effect of differentpreservative solutions to improve the keeping quality of tuberose (Polianthestuberosa cv. Single). These preservative solutions (treatments) were: T1= 2%sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3, T2= 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3 + 25 mg/lcitric acid, T3= 2% sucrose + 300 mg/l HQS, T4 = 2% sucrose + 300 mg/lHQS+ 25 mg/l citric acid, T5= 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3 + 300 mg/lHQS, T6= 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3 + 300 mg/l HQS+ 25 mg/l citricacid, T7= 0.01 % sodium hypochloride, T8= 0.05 % sodium hypochloride, T9=0.10 % sodium hypochloride and T10= tap water (control). The results showedthat all treatments had improved the keeping quality and vase life of the cutflowers comparing to control ones. Among all these treatments, 2% sucrose +200 mg/l AgNO3 + 300 mg/l HQS+ 25 mg/l citric acid showed best wateruptake, water loss uptake ratio, percentage of maximum increase in freshweight of the cut flower stem and vase life which was extended up to 10 days.According to the results of this research it is concluded that, 2% sucrose + 200mg/l AgNO3 + 300 mg/l HQS+ 25 mg/l citric acid are suitable for prolongationof tuberose vase life.
Keywords: Citric acid, Keeping quality, Polianthes tuberosa, Preservative solution, Sodium
hypochloride, Sucrose.
106 Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 105-113, June, 2015
INTRODUCTION
Tuberose (Polianthes tuberose L.), a member of Amaryllidaceae family was originated in
Mexico and grown on large scale in Asia. It is an important cut flower crop from aesthetic as well
as commercial point of view. In Bangladesh, its commercial cultivation was introduced during
1980 by some pioneer and innovative farmers at Panishara union of Jhikorgachathana under Jessore
district near the Benapol border (Hoque et al., 1992). Tuberose occupies a very selective and special
position to flower loving people. It has agreat economic potential for cut flower trade and essential
oil industry. Apart from ornamental value, tuberose is extensively utilized in medicines for
headache, diarrhea, rheumatism and allied pains. In Bangladesh, for the last few years,tuberose
has become a popular cut flower for its attractive fragrance and beautiful displayin the vase. Now
it has high demand in the market and its production is highly profitable (Ara et al., 2009).
Improvement of keeping quality and extend of vase life of cut flowers are important areas
in floricultural research. Senescence of cut flowers is induced by several factors e. g. water stress,
carbohydrate depletion, microorganism (Gowda, 1990: Van Doorn and Witte, 1991) etc. Accom-
plishment of the extension of vase life depends on proper harvesting, postharvest handling and a
preservative solution for ensuring an ample supply of water, metabolites and regulatory substances
to petals and leaves.Water balance is determined by transpiration and water uptake and is the main
factor affecting longevity and quality characteristics of cut flowers (Da Silva, 2003). Occlusion at
the end of the basal stem is the primary cause of low water uptake by cut flowers (He et al., 2006).
Investigations pertaining to extend the vase life of cut flowers by several preservative/
chemicals i.e. silver nitrate, sucrose, HQS, HQC, aluminium sulphate, cobalt sulphate, kinetin,
boric acid, citric acid, ascorbic acid after harvest in different formulations and combinations to en-
hance the vase life of cut flowers have been made with varying success (Van et al., 1991; Reddy
et al., 1997; Anjum et al., 2001; Saini et al., 1994 and Pruthi et al., 2002) in many countries of
the world. But in Bangladesh, a little work has been done in respect of using floral preservative to
enhance the vase life of cut flowers. Considering the facts, such research is very important for the
greater interest of the scientist as well as the growers and flower shop- keeper of our country. The
present study was therefore undertaken to investigate different preservative solutions and deter-
mining the best ones which extend vase life and improve the keeping quality of tuberose cut flower.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This experiment was conducted at the Laboratory of Landscape, Ornamental and Floricul-
ture Division of Horticulture Research Centre, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur
during the period from April 2013 to May 2013.
Experimental materials
Spikes of tuberose were selected as experimental material. Fresh tuberose spikes of about 55
cm was harvested from the field of Landscape, Ornamental and Floriculture Division of Horticulture
Research Centre, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur in the morning to avoid ex-
cessive heat and immediately the spikes were placed in plastic buckets containing cold water in order
to rehydrate the flowers. The spikes were brought to the laboratory within ½ hour after harvest. Spikes
were sorted into different groups (based on the size and number of florets per spike) in order to main-
tain uniformity in thematerial used for experiment. The spikes were again cut to uniform length of
50 centimeter and all the leaves were removed to avoid contact with the solution.
Treatments
The study consisted of ten treatments-
T1= 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3
T2= 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3 + 25 mg/l citric acid
T3= 2% sucrose + 300 mg/l HQS
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 105-113, June, 2015 107
T4 = 2% sucrose + 300 mg/l HQS + 25 mg/l citric acid
T5= 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3 + 300 mg/l HQS
T6= 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3 + 300 mg/l HQS + 25 mg/l citric acid
T7= 0.01 % sodium hypochloride
T8= 0.05 % sodium hypochloride
T9= 0.10 % sodium hypochloride and
T10= Control (Tap water)
Experimental design
The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications.
Methods
Single spike was used for each bottle. A total number of 30 flowers were used to hold the
floral preservatives which were prepared freshly and dispensed into the bottles. Bottles were kept
at room temperature (25-35 °C) and relative humidity (RH) of 65-80% with adequate aeration.
Preparation of vase solutions
The required concentrations of sugar solution (2%), AgNO3 solution (200 mg/l), HQS so-
lution (300 mg/l), sodium hypochloride solution (0.01-0.05-0.10%) and citric acid (25 mg/l) were
prepared by dissolving calculated amount of these chemicals in water. Tap water was used as con-
trol solution.
Collection of data
Data were recorded for floret opening (%), floret deterioration (%), total quantity of water
uptake, total quantity of water loss, loss uptake ratio, fragrance of the flowers (on 6th day), fresh
weight of spike, vase life, incidence of stem rotting etc. Floret opening, recorded from the day
when the first floret opened till the spike was discarded and expressed in percentage. Floret dete-
rioration, recorded from the day when the first basal floret became dry and closed and expressed
in percentage. The water uptake by the cut spikes was estimated by subtracting the amount of
water at the end of experiment from the initial volume and expressed in grams. Water loss is the
difference between the initial and final weights of bottle with solution and spike represents the
loss of water and expressed in grams.
Statistical analysis
The data recorded on different parameters were statistically analyzed with the help of
‘MSTAT’-C software. The difference between treatment means were compared by Duncan’s Mul-
tiple Range Test (DMRT) according to Steel and Torrie (1960).
Placement of tuberose flower stick in glass bottle.
108 Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 105-113, June, 2015
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Floret opening (%)
Floret opening for a period of 10 days by the spikes differed in case of different vase
solution (Fig. 1). Spikes held in T6 (97.76%) recorded the maximum % of floret opening
which was statistically similar to T5 (95.24%) while, the minimum floret openingwas found
in control (65.78%). Similar results have been recorded in gladiolus and carnation (Halevy,
1987 and Mayak et al., 1973). When sucrose was present in the holding solution, the activities
of sucrose synthetase, sucrose -P- synthase and sucrose -6P- isomerase in the flowers re-
mained high for bud opening. In absence of sucrose, enzyme activity decreased as the flower
aged. The decrease in activity appeared to be related to very low protein synthesis (Bose etal., 1999).
Water uptake (g/spike)
Total water uptake for a period of 10 days by the spike differed significantly in case of dif-
ferent vase solutions (Table 1). The spikes held in T6 (62.0 g) had the highest water absorption
compared with the control and other treatments. These may be due to a synergistic effect, which
improved water balance by maintaining turgidity. The high absorption of water uptake by T6, as
observed in the present investigation, similar with previous results obtained in tuberose (Anjum etal., 2001).When flowers are detached from the plant, water loss from these continues through tran-
spiration. The ideal flower preservative is that which allows water absorption in flower tissues
(Salunkhe et al., 1990). Water absorption from the preservative solution maintains a better water
balance and flower freshness (Reddy and Singh, 1996) and saves from early wilting resulting in-
enhanced vase-life.
Water loss (g/spike)
Water loss from the tissue during the experimental period was significantly affected by dif-
ferent vase solutions (Table 1). The spikes held in T10 (control) with lower water uptake, recorded
the lowest water loss (36.0 g); those held in T6 (2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3 + 300 mg/l HQS
Fig. 1. Effect of preservatives on % floret opening of tuberose.
T1= 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3, T2= 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l
AgNO3 + 25 mg/l citric acid, T3= 2% sucrose + 300 mg/l HQS, T4 = 2%
sucrose + 300 mg/l HQS+ 25 mg/l citric acid, T5= 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l
AgNO3 + 300 mg/l HQS, T6= 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3 + 300 mg/l
HQS+ 25 mg/l citric acid, T7= 0.01 % sodium hypochloride, T8= 0.05 %
sodium hypochloride,T9= 0.10 % sodium hypochloride and T10= Control
(tap water)
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 105-113, June, 2015 109
+ 25 mg/l citric acid) with maximum water uptake, recorded the maximum water loss (57.5 g).
These results supported by Reddy et al. (1997) in tuberose that an adequate moisture level can be
maintained in cut vases given sufficient water uptake or sufficient water retention.
Water loss uptake ratio
This ratio was not significantly affected by different vase solutions (Table 1). However, the
minimum water loss and uptake ratio of was recorded in T6 (0.8) and the ratio was highest for the
spikes held in control solution (1.3). According to Kabir et al. (2011), the minimum water loss-
uptake ratio indicated better relation with flower quality.
Fragrance of flower
The results presented in Table 1. demnostrated that the flowers in T6 and T5 were more fra-
grant other treatments. No fragrance was found in the solution which contains NaOCl (T7, T8 T9)
indicating adverse effects of this chemical on fragrance of the flowers. Fragrance is an important
quality parameter when flowers are kept for interior decoration, it makes the environment pleasant.
Fragrance might be lost due to the fungal attack at stem cut ends; hence if a suitable preservative
is added in the vase solution, this may helps in maintain the fragrance of flowers for a longer
period. Almost similar result has also been reported by Anjum et al. (2001) in tuberose.
Treatments Water uptake
(g/spike )
Water loss
(g/spike)
Water loss
uptake ratio
Fragrance
of flower
Incidence of
stem rotting
2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3
2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3 + 25 mg/l citric acid
2% sucrose + 300 mg/l HQS
2% sucrose + 300 mg/l HQS+ 25 mg/l citric acid
2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3 + 300 mg/l HQS
2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3 + 300 mg/l HQS+ 25
mg/l citric acid
0.01 % sodium hypochloride
0.05 % sodium hypochloride
0.10 % sodium hypochloride
Control (tap water)
CV%
43.9 cd
50.0 bc
47.9 bc
44.9 c
51.1 b
62.0 a
35.6 e
39.0 d
32.7 ef
30.0 f
10.0
44.0 c
49.9 ab
48.0 b
45.0 bc
51.3 ab
52.5 a
38.0 de
41.1 d
37.0 de
36.5 e
9.7
1.0 ab
1.0 ab
1.0 ab
1.0 ab
1.0 ab
0.8 b
1.1 ab
1.1 ab
1.1 ab
1.3 a
4.5
+
+
+
+
++
++
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
+
+
-
-
+
+
+
+
-
Table 1. Effect of different preservatives on postharvest physiology of tuberose.
Fig. 2. Stem rotting in different preservative solutions of tuberose.
T1= 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3, T2= 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3 +
25 mg/l citric acid, T3= 2% sucrose + 300 mg/l HQS, T4 = 2% sucrose +
300 mg/l HQS+ 25 mg/l citric acid, T5= 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3 +
300 mg/l HQS, T6= 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3 + 300 mg/l HQS+ 25
mg/l citric acid, T7= 0.01 % sodium hypochloride, T8= 0.05 % sodium
hypochloride,T9= 0.10 % sodium hypochloride and T10= Control (tap water)
110 Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 105-113, June, 2015
Incidence of stem rotting
At first rotting of stick was started in control solution (6th day), then rotting was observed
on sticks which held in T7 (7th day) and T9 (7th day) (Fig. 2). No stem rotting incidence was found
in case of T1, T2, T5 and T6. This might be due to the fact that the sucrose, AgNO3, HQS and citric
acid prevents in the holding solution acted as a biocide inhibiting microbial population that might
have resulted in blockage of the vascular tissues.
It was in conformity with the findings of Nagaraja et al. (1999) who opined that sucrose,
AgNO3, HQS and citric acid prevents microbial occlusion of xylem vessels in tuberose thereby
enhancing water uptake and increasing longevity of flowers. The findings of the experiment are
further supported by those of Khondakar and Majumdar (1985) in tuberose and Acock and Nichols
(1979) in cut carnations.
Changes in fresh weight of spikes
Fig. 3. represent the changes of fresh weight of spikes held in different vase solution
up to 10th day at one day interval. It was observed from the graphical presentation that in all
treatments including control, a gentle increase in weight of spike was noted up to the 3rd day.
There after depletion in weight of spike was observed, those held in tap water and solution
containing NaOCl. Increasing trend continued up to 6 days in the spikes held in solution con-
taining sucrose, AgNO3, HQS and their combinations with citric acid. However, the maxi-
mum fresh weight of spike was observed in T6 (65 g). Spikes held in solutions with different
concentration of sucrose, AgNO3, HQS and citric acid maintained their weight above the ini-
tial one even up to 7th day of vase life, while those held in tap water and solutions free from
sucrose, AgNO3, HQS and citric acid gained their weight below their initial weight after 4th
day. These results indicated that sucrose, AgNO3, HQS and citric acid help the spike to main-
tain their weight.
Floret deterioration (%)
Floret deterioration percentage was maximum in T10 and minimum in T6 (Fig. 4). Combi-
nation of 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3 + 300 mg/l HQS + 25 mg/l citric acid inhibited climacteric
ethylene synthesis, increased invertase activity in developing buds and significantly reduced floret
deterioration.
Fig. 3. Changes in fresh weight of tuberose spike held in different
preservatives.
T1= 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3, T2= 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3 +
25 mg/l citric acid, T3= 2% sucrose + 300 mg/l HQS, T4 = 2% sucrose +
300 mg/l HQS+ 25 mg/l citric acid, T5= 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3 +
300 mg/l HQS, T6= 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3 + 300 mg/l HQS+ 25
mg/l citric acid, T7= 0.01 % sodium hypochloride, T8= 0.05 % sodium
hypochloride,T9= 0.10 % sodium hypochloride and T10= Control (tap water)
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 105-113, June, 2015 111
Vase life (days)
From this study it is observed that vase life differed in case of different vase solutions (Fig.
5). Maximum vase life was recorded in T6 (10 days) followed by T5 (9 days). The minimum vase-
life was noted in control (6 days). Water absorption was greatly influenced by a mixture of sucrose,
AgNO3, HQS and citric acid. Tuberose spikes held in T6 (2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3 + 300
mg/l HQS + 25 mg/l citric acid) had a highest absorption index than other treatments. Sucrose in-
creases the vase life of lisianthus flower compared to control plants (Kiamohammadi and Hashe-
maabadi, 2011). Sucrose in preservative solution can replaces with the losses carbohydrates and
preventsall activity related to senescence (Goszczynska and Rudnicki, 1988). Also, Van doorn
(2001) reported that flowers in present of sugar, are resistant to ethylene.
Microorganisms, which grow in vase water, include bacteria, yeasts and molds are harmful
to cut flowers through their development in, and their consequent blockage of xylem at cut ends,
preventing the water absorption. They also produce ethylene and toxins, which accelerate flower
Fig. 4. Effect of preservatives on % floret deterioration in tuberose.
T1= 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3, T2= 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3 +
25 mg/l citric acid, T3= 2% sucrose + 300 mg/l HQS, T4 = 2% sucrose +
300 mg/l HQS+ 25 mg/l citric acid, T5= 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3 +
300 mg/l HQS, T6= 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3 + 300 mg/l HQS+ 25
mg/l citric acid, T7= 0.01 % sodium hypochloride, T8= 0.05 % sodium
hypochloride,T9= 0.10 % sodium hypochloride and T10= Control (tap water)
Fig. 5. Effect of preservatives on vase life of tuberose.
T1= 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3, T2= 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3
+25 mg/l citric acid, T3= 2% sucrose + 300 mg/l HQS, T4 = 2% sucrose +
300 mg/l HQS+ 25 mg/l citric acid, T5= 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3 +
300 mg/l HQS, T6= 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3+ 300 mg/l HQS+ 25
mg/l citric acid, T7= 0.01 % sodium hypochloride, T8= 0.05 % sodium
hypochloride,T9= 0.10 % sodium hypochloride and T10= Control (tap water)
112 Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 105-113, June, 2015
senescence and reduce vase life. Adding a suitable germicide in vase water can check the growth
of microbes. Silver salts, mainly AgNO3 is an effective bactericide, which is often added in vase
water at a concentration of 10-200 mg/l for the extension of vase-life (Singh et al., 2003). Sulphate
of hydroxyl quinolene also influenced the vase-life of flowers. Their mode of action is associated
with control of microbial activity or control of metabolism in flowers (Singh et al., 1994). This
might be due to the inhibition of vascular blockage by sucrose + AgNO3 + HQS+ citric acid, as
suggested by Pathak (1981) in tuberoses, as well as retardation of microbial growth, as suggested
by Reid (2002) in cut flowers. Cut flower longevity has been shown to be associated with main-
tenance of fresh weight (Gowda and Gowda, 1990). Spike held in 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3
+ 300 mg/l HQS + 25 mg/l citric acid solution maintained their fresh weights above initial weight
even up to 7 days of vase life, while those held in tap water and other treatments gained their
weight below their initial weight after 4th day.
These results indicated that AgNO3, sucrose, HQS and citric acid helped the spike to main-
tain their weight. These results are in agreement with previous workers who have reported in-
creased vase-life of tuberose cut flowers when placed in solutions of AgNO3 (Anjum et al., 2001)
or HQS (Singh et al., 1994). Soaking of tuberose flower stems in 200 mg/l AgNO3 also improved
flower longevity by over 50% (Singh et al., 2000).
CONCLUSION
Based on the results of this study, it could be concluded that all chemicals used in this study
have improved the vase life of the cut tuberose flower over control. The present study indicates
that 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3 + 300 mg/l HQS + 25 mg/l citric acid treatment has improved
tuberose cut flower quality by increasing vase life as measured by number of days, water uptake,
maximum increase in fresh weight and inhibiting stem rot incedence. Therefore, 2% sucrose +
200 mg/l AgNO3 + 300 mg/l HQS + 25 mg/l citric acid solution has potentiality to be used as a
commercial cut flower preservative solution for prolonging vase life and postharvest quality of
tuberose cut flowers.
Literature Cited
Acock, B. and Nichols, R. 1979. Effect of sucrose on water relation and senescing of carnation
cut flowers. Annals of Botany, 44: 221-230.
Anjum, M. A., Naveed, F., Shakeel, F. and Amin, S. 2001. Effect of some chemicals on keeping quality
and vase life of tuberose Polianthus Tuberosa L. cut flowers. Journal of Research Science,
12:1-7.
Ara, K. A., Sharifuzzaman, S. M. and Ahmed, S. 2009. Floriculture in Bangladesh. A Paper Presented
on Expert Consultation Meeting of Floriculture. Kunming, China. pp. 9-20.
Bose, T.K., Maiti,R.G., Dhua, R.S. and Das, P. 1999. Tuberose. p. 505-514. In: Floriculture and
Landscaping, Nayaprakash, Calcutta, India.
Da Silva, J.A.T. 2003. The cut flower: postharvest considerations. Online Journal of Biological
Sciences, 3: 406-442.
Goszczynska, D.M. and Rudnicki, R.M. 1988. Storage of cut flowers. Horticultural Reviews, 10:
35-62.
Gowda, J.V.N. 1990. Effect of sucrose and aluminum sulphate on the postharvest life of tuberose
double. University of Agricultural Science, Bangalore, 19(1):14- 16.
Gowda, J.V.N. and Gowda, V.N. 1990. Effect of calcium, aluminum andsucrose on vase life of
gladiolus. Crop Research, 3(1): 105-106.
Halevy, A.H. 1987. Recent advances in post-harvest physiology of carnation. Acta Horticulturae,
216: 243-254.
He, S., Joyce, D.C., Irving, D.E. and Faragher, J.D. 2006. Stem end blockage in cut grevillea
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 105-113, June, 2015 113
‘Crimson-Yul-Lo’ inflorescence. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 41:78-84.
Hoque, A.M.M.M., Mannan, M.A., Rafiuddin, M.A., Hossain, E. and Akhtar, M.S. 1992. Effect
of size and number of bulbs per hill on the yield of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.).
Bangladesh Horticulture, 20(1): 81-83.
Kabir, K., Sharifuzzaman, S.M., Ara, K.A., Rahman B.M.S. and Rahman, M.H. 2011. Vase life
and quality of tuberose cut flowers as influenced by different preservative solutions. International
Journal of Bio Research, 10(5): 14-21.
Khondakar, S.R.K. and Majumdar, B.C. 1985. Studies on prolonging the vase life of tuberose cut
flowers. South Indian Horticulture, 33: 145-147.
Kiamohammadi, M. and Hashemaabadi, D. 2011. The effects of different floral preservative solutionson
vase life of lisianthus cut flowers. Journal of Ornamental and Horticultural Plants, 1(2):
115-122.
Mayak, S., Bravdo,B.,Guijji,A. and Helevy, A. H. 1973. Improvement of opening of cut gladiolus
flowers by pretreatment with high sugar concentrations. Scientia Horticulturae, 1: 357-365.
Nagaraja, G.S., Gowda, J.V.N. and Farooqi, A. 1999. Influence of chemicals and packing on the
shelf life of tuberose flowers. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 12: 132-136.
Pathak, S. 1981. Influence of different preservative solution on the opening and vase life of tuberose
spikes. A Ph. D. Thesis Submitted to the University of Burdwan, West Bengal. p.185.
Pruthi, V., Godara, R.K. and Bhatia, S.K. 2002. Effect of chemicals on vase life of Gladiolus cv.
‘Happy End’. Haryana Journal of Horticultural Sciences, 30 (1-2): 52-53.
Reddy, B.S. and Singh, K. 1996. Effect of aluminum sulphate and sucrose on vase life of tuberose.
Journal of Maharashtra, 21(2): 201- 203.
Reddy, B.S., Singh, K., Gangadharappa, P.M. and Sathyanarayana, R.B. 1997. Vase life of tuberose
flower as influenced by chemicals. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 10: 1049-1054.
Reid, J. 2002. Effects of sucrose and biocide on the vase life of cut flowers. Postharvest Biology
and Technology, 15 (1): 33-40.
Saini, R.S., Yamdaqni, R. and Sharma, S.K. 1994. Effect of chemicals on shelf life and quality of
tuberose. South Indian Horticulture, 42:376-378.
Salunkhe, D.K., Bhat, N.R. and Desai, B.B.1990. Postharvest biotechnology of flowers and ornamental
plants. Springer- Verlag, Berlin.
Singh, K., Arora, J.S. and Singh, K. 2000. Effect of sucrose and 8-HQC on vase life as well as opening
of buds of tuberose. Journal of Ornamental Horticulture, 3:111-113.
Singh, K., Reddy, B.S. and Gupta, A.K. 1994. Role of gibberellic acid, 8- hydroxyquinoline sulphate
and sucrose in extending postharvest vase life of tuberose flowers cv. Double. p. 519-524.
In: Floriculture technology, Trades and Trends (Eds) Prakash, J. and K.R. Bhandry, Oxford
and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. Calcutta.
Singh, K.P., Suchitra, K. and Kumar, K.V. 2003. Vase life and quality of anthurium cut flowers as
influenced by holding solutions. Journal of Ornamental Horticulture, 6(4): 362-366.
Steel, R.E.D. and Torrie, J.H. 1960. Principles and procedure of statistics. Mc. Grow Hill Book Co.
Inc. New York. pp. 107-109.
Van Doorn, W.G. 2001. Role of soluble carbohydrates in flower senescence: a survey. Acta Horticulturae,
543:179-183.
Van Doorn, W.G. and Tijskens, L.M.M. 1991. Flores: A model on the keeping quality of cut flowers.
Agricultural System, 35: 111-127.
Van Doorn, W.G. and Witte, Y. 1991. The mode of action of bacteria in the vascular occlusion of
cut rose flowers. Acta Horticulturae, 298: 165-167.
www.jornamental.com
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 115-121, June, 2015 115
Enhancement of Growth Performances of Ophiopogonjaponicas Ornamental Foliage Plant
S.M.K.H. Wijayabandara 1*, J.W. Damunupola 2, S.A. Krishnarajah 3, W.A.M. Daundasekera 2 and D.S.A.
Wijesundara 3
1 Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka2 Department of Botany, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka3 Royal Botanic Gardens, Department of National Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
*Corresponding author,s email: [email protected]
Abstract
Ophiopogon japonicus is a perennial, ornamental foliage plant, whichbelongs to the family Liliaceae. It has a high demand in the local andinternational export market due to the presence of glossy white-green strippedlanceolate leaves. Improved leaves and plants of O. japonicus will be morepopular in the floriculture industry. Hence, objective was to investigate thegrowth responses of O. japonicus for best potting media and fertilizertreatments. Shoots of O. japonicus trimmed up to 4 cm from the root-shootjunction were potted in two potting media as soil type 1, coir dust, compostand sand as 1:1:1 and soil type 2, sand, coir dust 1:1 by volume. High nitrogenfertilizer, balanced fertilizer and high phosphorous fertilizer were applied asfoliar sprays in three concentrations (×1/2, ×1 and ×2 times of the RBG rec-ommended dosages) and distilled water was used as the control. There was asignificant (p<0.05) effect of growing media on the O. japonicus leaf length,plant fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, number of leaves andnumber of shoots. However, there was no significant difference between thecontrol and fertilizer treatments on leaf length, shoot dry weight, number ofleaves and number of shoots while there was a significant difference amongfertilizer treatments on plant fresh weight and root dry weight. Most effectivepotting media and fertilizer treatment for O. japonicus were sand:coir dustmedia (1:1) and Royal Botanic Gardens, Sri Lanka-recommended dosage(RBG) of fertilizer treatments (high nitrogen (2.5 g/L), balanced (1.25 g/L)and high phosphorous fertilizer (2.5 g/L), respectively.
Keywords: Fertilizer, Floriculture industry, Potting media.
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 115-121, June, 2015116
INTRODUCTION
Ophiopogon japonicus is a perennial, ornamental foliage plant, belonging to the family Lil-
iaceae (USDA, 2013). It is an easy crop to grow and leaves can be harvested 5-8 months after
planting hence earnings from the crop is quick compared to other crops. It is a very valuable and
widely utilized plant species in indigenous Chinese medicine as well (Ye et al., 2005). O. japonicushas a high demand in the international foliage export industry due to the presence of attractive
white-green stripped lanceolate leaves. However, one of the selection criteria for this foliage species
is the demand for long leaves (50-60 cm), which is a limiting factor at the moment. Improved
leaves and plants of O. japonicus will be more popular in the floriculture industry. The long, bright
coloured, shiny, straight, healthy leaves with increased postharvest longevity will increase the pre-
vailing demand.
In ornamental plant production, selecting the most appropriate media is essential (Fitzpatric,
1981). There are different types of potting medium components such as peat, pine bark, animal
manure, calcinied clay (Dewayne et al., 1993) coir dust: sand: compost (Herath et al., 2013).
Compost is produced by recycling organic disposal materials with the aid of micro flora
under specific temperature and aeration conditions (Badar and Qureshi, 2014). Due to the increment
of organic matter content the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil can be enhanced
with compost (Liu et al., 2013). Kiran et al. (2007) recommended leaf mold or house waste compost
as the best potting media for development of bulbs of Dahila sp. Furthermore, Castro et al. (2008)
reported urban waste compost as the most suitable media for Chrysanthemum production.
Coir dust is a dominant by-product in coconut fiber production. It can be used to improve
depleted soil by maintaining its organic matter content (Vidhana Arachchi and Somasiri, 1997).
According to Rubasinghe et al. (2009), Chiritamoonii, which is an endemic wild flowering plant,
produced less vigorous roots with less number of adventitious roots in sand media compared to
sand: coir dust medium. Moreover, the highest fresh weight of root, highest root length and highest
shoot length was observed in sand: coir dust medium.
Fertilizers are supplied as nutrient improvers for soil and enhance the productivity of crops
(Ingles, 2004). However, optimum nutrient range varies with the plant species. A complete fertilizer
should consist of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K), which are essential for plant
growth. Nitrogen increases leaf length (Rademacher and Nelson, 2001) while P enhances the rapid
growth of plants. Potassiumin volves in many functions in plants such as enzyme activity, protein
synthesis, photosynthesis, osmoregulation, stomatal movement, energy transfer, phloem translo-
cation, ionic balance and stress resistance (Wang et al., 2013). El-Naggar and El-Nashorty (2009)
stated that the number of leaves per plant of Hippeastrum vittatum had increased significantly by
using complete fertilizer of N:P:K (19:19:19) at 5 g/plant. Kapugama and Peiris (2010) showed
that the balance complete fertilizer with 20:20:20 ratio performed well on Anthurium sp. cv“Trop-
ical Red”. Chemical fertilizers such as anhydrous ammonia, ammonium nitrate, urea, super phos-
phate, ammoniated phosphates, potassium nitrate and potassium chloride are the most commonly
used fertilizers (Ingles, 2004). Hence, in this study the objective was to investigate the growth re-
sponses of O. japonicus for different potting media and fertilizer treatments.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study site
The experiments were conducted in the semi glass house of the Department of Botany, Fac-
ulty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka during the period of January to June 2013
(mean average temperature 27 ± 2 oC, mean average humidity 78 ± 2%).
Plant material
Healthy plants of O. japonicus were obtained from the Royal Botanic Gardens (RBG), Per-
adeniya (7° 15' 47" N, 80° 36' 10"E) and Kandyan home gardens (7° 17' 47" N, 80° 38' 6" E).
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 115-121, June, 2015 117
Establishment of plant material in different potting media
Plastic pots of 14 cm in diameter and 13 cm in depth were used for the trial, filled with two
types of media. Soil type 1 contained a mixture of coirdust, compost and sand 1:1:1 by volume.
Soil type 2 contains a mixture of sand and coir dust 1:1 by volume. Shoots of O. japonicus trimmed
up to 4 cm from the shoot- root junction were potted.
Fertilizer application
Three different fertilizer treatments; high nitrogen fertilizer (30:10:10), balanced fertilizer
(20:20:20) and high phosphorous fertilizer (10:52:10) were applied in three concentrations (×1/2,
×1 and ×2 times of the RBG recommended dosages; i.e. recommendations made by the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Sri Lanka) as foliar sprays. Distilled water was used as the control. Fertilizer
treatments were given four weeks after plant establishments. High nitrogen fertilizer and balanced
fertilizer were spayed at ten days intervals, for a period of two and half months. Consequently,
high phosphorus and balanced fertilizer treatments were carried out same as above for the same
duration. Two types of potting media and four fertilizer treatments as a factorial design were es-
tablished. Each treatment consisted of 15 replicates. Pots were arranged randomly in a completely
randomized design. Three trials were carried out separately.
Growth parameters measured
Six months after the plant establishment, length of leaves, number of new shoots and num-
ber of new leaves were measured. Roots and shoots were oven dried separately at 70ºC for 48
hours and dry weight of shoots and dry weight of roots were taken (Hettiarachchi et al., 2010).
Data were analyzed using the two-way ANOVA procedure in the SAS statistical software
(version 9.13). Duncan mean separation test was used to identify the significant differences among
the treatments.
RESULTS
Most suitable potting media and fertilizer application
Leaf length
Results showed that different potting media had a significant effect (p<0.05) on O. japon-icus leaf length while there was no significant difference between the control and fertilizer treat-
ments on leaf length. The highest leaf length (12.4 cm) was recorded in S2F1 (coir: sand media
with RBG recommended dosage of fertilizer) treated plants while lowest leaf length (3.5 cm) was
recorded in S1F2 (compost: coir: sand media with twice of RBG recommended dosage of fertilizer)
treated plants. When comparing highest leaf lengths of plants grown in both soil types, leaf length
of plants grown in S2 media showed a 3.5 fold increment than plants grown in S1 media. Further-
more, according to the results, in both potting media, the lowest leaf length was reordered in F2
(twice of RBG recommended dosage of fertilizer) treated plants. This may be due to over dose of
fertilizer treatments causing retardation of the increment of leaf length (Table 1).
Number of new shoots
There was a significant difference (p<0.05) on the number of shoots of O. japonicus when
grown on sand:coir dust mixed potting media than compost:sand:coir dust media. Number of shoots
were higher in plants grown in S2 comparerd to S1. The highest number of new shoots (1.47) was
observed in S2F1 treated plantscomparerd to other treatments.The lowest number of new shoots
(0.47) was recordered in S1F1/2treated plants. However, there was no significant difference between
fertilizer treatments on number of shoots (Table 1).
Number of new leaves
There was no significant difference in the number of new leaves with different concentra-
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 115-121, June, 2015118
tions of fertilizer treatments. The highest number of new leaves were obtained in S2F1 (8.93) treated
plants whereas lowest number of leaves were recorded in S1F2 (2.67) treated plants. Number of
new leaves were higher in plants grown in S2 comparerd to S1 (Table 1).
Fresh weight of plants
There was a significant difference (p<0.05) between potting media as well as fertilizer
treatments on the fresh weight of plants of O. japonicus. Highest fresh weight of plants was
recordered in S2F1 (7.27 g) treated plants while the lowest fresh weight of plants was recorded in
S1F2 (1.13 g) treated plants. Thus, fresh weight of plants was higher in plants grown on S2 com-
parerd to S1 (Table 1).
Dry weight of shoots
Regarding the dry weight of shoots, different potting media showed a significant difference
(p<0.05) while similar trend was observed in different fertilizer treatments. The highest dry weight
of shoots (0.31 g) was observed in S2F1 treatment while lowest (0.04 g) obtained with S1F2 treated
plants (Table 1).
Dry weight of roots
Results in table 1, indicates the significant difference (p<0.05) of root dry weight due to
diferent potting media as well as fertilizer tretments. Highest average root dry weight (0.42 g)
was recorded in S2F1 treatments while lowest (0.05 g) obtained S1F2 treated plants (Table 1).
DISCUSSION
Two types of potting media coir: compost: sand (S1) and coir: sand (S2) and three different
fertilizer treatments (×1/2, ×1 and×2 times of the RBG recommended dosages) of high N, P and
balanced fertilizer were used in this study. Growth of O. japonicus was investigated under 6 pa-
rameters; length of leaves, number of new shoots, number of new leaves, fresh weight of the plants,
dry weight of shoots and dry weight of roots. Results of the present study showed that S2 media
promoted O. japonicus plant growth than S1 media.
Coir dust can retain high amount of water due to its high water holding capacity. Roots
tend to absorb water and thus leaf length can be increased. Furthermore, particle density of coir is
low and it indicates the presence of high specific surface. These characters of coir are the evidence
of high absorption capability of water and ions (Rubasinghe et al., 2009). In general, pore size
contributes to the distribution of water and air in the soil and affects growth of a plant (Vidhana
Arachchi and Somasiri, 1997). Coir is used as a substitute to peat and is commercially popular
Medium Treatment Leaf length
(cm)
Plant fresh
weight (g)
Number of
new leaves
Number of
new shoots
Shoot dry
weight (g)
Root dry
weight (g)
S1
S1
S1
S1
S2
S2
S2
S2
LSD(n=15)
F0
F1/2
F1
F2
F0
F1/2
F1
F2
6.7a
4.0a
5.8a
3.5a
10.9b
9.4b
12.4b
7.9b
3.37
2.031a
1.945a
2.550b
1.128a
3.688c
3.564c
7.267d
2.958c
1.84
4.27a
3.27a
4.47a
2.67a
6.33b
7.07b
8.93b
5.47b
NS
0.60a
0.47a
0.73a
0.53a
1.13b
1.07b
1.47b
0.8b
NS
0.137a
0.098a
0.101a
0.039a
0.191b
0.195b
0.313b
0.175b
0.10
0.106ab
0.074b
0.091a
0.053b
0.235cd
0.201d
0.418c
0.16d
0.09
Control (F0), ½ (RBG recommendered fertilizer) (F1/2), RBG recomendered fertilizer (F1), 2 (RBG recomendered fertilizer)
(F2) in soil type 1 sand: coir: compost (S1) and soil type 2 sand: coir ( S2). Means that do not share a letter are significantly
different for a particular medium and or fertilizer treatments.
Table 1. Average leaf length, fresh weight of plant, number of new leaves, number of new shoots, dry
weight of shoots and roots of O. japonicus with respect to different potting media and fertilizer treatments.
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 115-121, June, 2015 119
worldwide as a potting media for ornamental plants. Further, it is environmentally friendly and
low cost (Ahmad et al., 2012).
Plants grown in S1, which contained compost, showed a reduction of leaf length compared
to the plants grown in S2 potting media. This can be due to many reasons such as, release of nutri-
ents in compost at a very slow rate that are not in readily available form to plants. Thus, plants
may be unable to absorb essential amount of nutrients (Seran et al., 2010). Further, compost
medium can vary in content and may consist of heavy metals and pathogens as well. However,
some compost media contain inherent deficiencies such as high salinity, leading to stunted growth
and chlorosis of plants (Bugbee, 2002), inappropriate pH value and high heavy metal concentration
(Wilson et al., 2001). Burger et al. (1997) suggested that, composted green waste have to be
blended with other growing material such as perlite and peat moss in order to minimize above
mentioned deficiencies. In contrast to Burger et al. (1997), Wilson et al. (2001) recorded that a
perennial ornamental plant, Orthosiphon stamineus reduced its growth in peat or coir dust amended
with compost media, which is also in accordance with our results.
Fain and Paridon (2004) reported that calcinied clay produced higher quality O. japonicusplants than standard nursery media. According to their view it reduces labor cost, which is required
to harvest bare root production. Herath et al. (2013) reported that leaf mould: soil: sand in 1:1:1
was the best soil medium for the growth of O. japonicus. High levels of N, P, K can be toxic to
plants and retard its growth (De Lucia et al., 2013). According to results obtained, there was no sig-
nificant effect of different concentrations of fertilizer treatments on leaf length, number of leaves,
and number of shoots and dry weight of shoots. Further, findings of Broschat et al. (2008) concluded
that the visual quality of Stenotaphrum secundatum ‘Floratam’, Pentas lanceolata, Nandina do-mestica, and Allamanda cathartica ‘Hendersoni’ were similar for all fertilizer types tested. Three
different fertilizer concentrations (×1/2, ×1 and ×2 times of the RBG recommended dosages) of
high N, P and balanced fertilizer were used in this study. Half a dosage of fertilizer was used to
compare the yield with the RBG recommended dosage in order to reduce the cost on fertilizer.
Meanwhile, twice the RBG dosage was used to check whether it gives a higher yield than RBG
recommended dosage. However, there was a significant difference among fertilizer levels on root
dry weight and plant fresh weight. Fresh weight and dry weight are factors, which are used to assess
plant growth (Taiz and Zeiger, 1991). Maximum growth and best quality yield can be harvested
with the accurate combination of nutrients with a suitable potting media (Ahmad et al., 2012).
According to the results, we recommend coir: sand media and RBG recommended dosages
of fertilizer for speedy increment of leaf length in O. japonicus, which will enhance the mar-
ketability this ornamental foliage plant.
.
CONCLUSION
Most effective potting media and fertilizer treatment for O. japonicus were sand: coir media
with Royal Botanic Gardens, Sri Lanka recommended dosage of fertilizer treatment i.e.,high ni-
trogen (2.5 g/L), balanced (1.25 g/L) and high phosphorous fertilizers (2.5 g/L), respectively.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Financial assistance by the National Science Foundation, Sri Lanka (NSF Grant No.
RG/2012/AG/03) is acknowledged.
Literature Cited
Ahmad, I., Ahmad, T., Gulfam, A. and Saleem, M. 2012. Growth and flowering of gerbera as influenced
by various horticultural substrates. Pakistan Journal of Botany,44: 291-299.
Badar, R. and Qureshi, S.A. 2014.Composted rice husk improves the growth and biochemical parameters
of sunflower plants. Journal of Botany, Volume 14, Article ID 427648, 6 pages.
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 115-121, June, 2015120
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/427648.
Broschat, T.K., Sandrock, D.R., Elliott, M.L. and Gilman, E.F. 2008. Effects of fertilizer type on
quality and nutrient content of established landscape plants in Florida. Hort Technology,
18 (2): 278-285.
Bugbee, G.J.2002. Growth of ornamental plants in container media amended with biosolids compost.
Compost Science and Utilization,10: 92-98.
Burger, D.W., Hartz, T.K. and Forister, G.W. 1997. Composted green waste as a container medium
amendment for the production of ornamental plants. HortScience, 32(1): 57-60.
Castro, C., Siva, A.M., Da Pauletti, S.C., Spacki, D.R., Vacarin, A.P., Silva, R.N.D., Da Dartora,
L.P.E. 2008. Organic residues in the culture of Chrysanthemum and the physical attributes
of the soil. Agrarian,1: 21-35.
De Lucia, B., Cristiano, G., Vecchietti, L. Rea, E. and Russo, G. 2013. Nursery growing media:
agronomic and environmental quality assessment of sewage sludge-based compost. Applied
and Environmental Soil Science Volume 2013, Article ID 565139, 10 pageshttp: //dx. doi.
org/10.1155/2013/565139.
Dewayne, L.I., Richard, W.H. and Thomas, H.Y. 1993. http://university.uog.edu/ cals/people/ Pubs/
CN00400.pdf
El-Naggar, H. and El-Nasharty, A.B. 2009. Effect of growing media and mineral fertilization on
growth, flowering, bulb productivity and chemical constituents of Hippeastrum vittatum,
herb. American Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Science, 6(3): 360-371.
Fain, G.B. and Paridon, K.L. 2004. Production of bare root Ophiopogon japonicus using calcined
clay as a growth substrate. Proceedings of Southern Nursery Association Research Conference,
Mississippi,USA, 49: 313.
Fitzpatrick, G. 1981. Evaluation of potting mixes derived from urban waste products.Proceedings
of Florida State Horticultural Society,10: 95-97.
Herath, H.E., Krishnarajah, S.A. and Damunupola, J.W.2013. Effect of two plant growth hormones
and potting media on an ornamental foliage plant, Ophiopogonsp. International Research
Journal of Biological Sciences, 2(12): 11-17.
Hettiarachchi, C.S., Kumar, P.S., Abayasekara, C.L., Kumara, R.K.G.K., Ekanayake, E.M.H.G.S.
and Kulasooriya, S.A. 2010. Cross inoculation response of Vignaradiata and Vignamungowith Rhizobia from wild non-edible legumes. Proceeding of the Peradeniya University Research
Sessions, Sri Lanka,15.
Ingels, J.E. 2004. Ornamental horticulture: Science operations & management. 3rd edition, pp.20-33.
State University of New York, College of Agriculture and Technology Cobleskill, New York.
Kapugama, D.D.I. and Peiris, S.E. 2010. Identifying a most suitable growing medium and fertilizer
combination for the Anthurium cv ‘Tropical Red’. National Symposium on Floriculture
Research. Department of National Botanical Gardens, Sri Lanka, 76-82.
Kiran, M., Baloch, J., Waseem, K., Jilani, M.S. and Khan, M.Q. 2007. Effect of different growing
media on the growth and development of Dahlia (Dahlia pinnata) under the agro-climatic
condition of Dera Ismail Khan. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 10 (22): 4140-4143.
Liu, C. H., Liu, Y., Fan, C. and Kuang, S.Z. 2013. The effects of composted pineapple residue
return on soil properties and the growth and yield of pineapple. Journal of Soil Science and
Plant Nutrition, 13 (2): 433-444.
Rademacher, I. F. and Nelson, C.J. 2001. Nitrogen effects on leaf anatomy within the intercalary
meristems of tall fescue leaf blades. Annals of Botany,88(5): 893-903.
Rubasinghe, M.K., Amarasinghe, K.G.K.D. and Krishnarajah, S.A. 2009. Effect of rooting media,
naphthalene acetic acid and gibberellic acid (GA3) on growth performances of Chiritamoonii. Ceylon Journal of Science (Biological Sciences), 38 (1): 17-22.
Seran, T.H., Srikrishnah, S. and Ahamed, M.M.Z. 2010. Effect of different levels of inorganic fertilizers
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 115-121, June, 2015 121
and compost as basal application on the growth and yield of onion (Allium cepa L.). The
Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 5(2): 64-70.
Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E. 1991. Plant physiology. The Benjamin Cummings Publishing Company,
Inc. Califonia. United States Department of Agriculture. 2013. http://plants.usda.gov/ java/
profile?symbol=OPHIO3
Vidhana Arachchi, L.P. and Somasiri, L.L.W. 1997. Use of coir dust on the productivity of coconut
on sandy soils. Cocos,12: 54-71.
Wang, M., Zheng, Q., Shen, Q. and Guo, S. 2013. The critical role of potassium in plant stress response.
International Journal of Molecular Science, 14: 7370-7390.
Wilson, S.B., Stoffella, P.J. and Graetz, D.A. 2001. Use of compost as a media amendment for
containerized production of two subtropical perennials. Journal of Environment Horticulture,
19: 37-42.
Ye, M., Guo, D. Ye, G. and Huang, C. 2005. Analysis of homoisoflavonoids in Ophiopogon japonicus by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn. Journal of American Society Mass Spectrometry,16: 234-243.
www.jornamental.com
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 123-130, June, 2015 123
The Impact of Drought Stress of the Cultivation Medium
on the Growth and Postharvest Life of Lilium and Chlorophyll
in Different Potassium Concentrations of Nutrient Solution
A. Mohammadi Torkashvand* and T. Toofighi Alikhani
Department of Horticulture, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
*Corresponding author,s email: [email protected]; [email protected]
Abstract
To study the effect of different concentrations of potassium in thenutrient solution and water stress on the quality and quantity yield of LiliumLA cv.Termoli, a pot experiment was conducted based on completely randomizeddesign in sand and perlite medium (50:50) in three levels of potassium (K-free, 6 mM K and and 12 mM K in Hoagland solution) with three replications.In the present study, the growth indices, post-harvest life of flower andpotassium and chlorophyll contents were measured in shoots. The resultsshowed that the plant dry/fresh weight and vegetative height was highest in 6mM potassium treatments. Lily postharvest life at 6 mM K was increased 5.7days relative to k-free conditions. The chlorophyll a, b and total content innutrient solution without K were lower than in nutrient solution with 6 and 12mM potassium.
Keywords: Chlorophyll, Growth medium, Perlite, Postharvest life.
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 123-130, June, 2015124
INTRODUCTION
Among the various kinds of bulbous plants, Lilium is uniquely beautiful flowers that its
colorful plants favor high price and is grown as cut flowers or pot (Sajid et al., 2009). This plant
is ranked fourth followed by rose, carnation and chrysanthemums. Every year, this plant in Nether-
land flower auction market is sale about 150 million cut (Burchi et al., 2010). One of the most im-
portant factors affecting the quality of the flowers is appropriate nutrition. Nutrients supply affects
on plant growth and metabolism. Nutritional studies on bulbous flowers are difficult, because the
nutrients are in storage form in the bulb. So to overcome nutritional problems mentioned above,
cultivation experiments on mediums without nutrients along with nutrient solution are recom-
mended (Naseri and Ibrahimi, 2002). Potassium has considerable importance in Lilium nutrient.
This element lead to optimal improves in plant growth and increases flowers post harvesting life
because of the role in the protein synthesis process, neutralizing anions and adjusting osmotic po-
tential (Pardo et al., 2006). This element play a role in protein synthesis, photosynthesis and trans-
port materials from its. In the case of potassium deficiency, the activity of some enzymes, uptake
and transport of some nutrients will reduce (Kanai et al., 2007). Morgan (1992) and Ma et al.(2004) reported that lines of rapeseed and mustard that showed high osmotic adjustment had high
concentration of potassium in their tissues.
Potassium ions catalyze the transfer of materials from photosynthesis. This is probably re-
lated to photophosphorylation processes. Increasing photophosphorylation and photosynthetic
electron transport in plants having sufficient good potassium ions is observed. Photosynthetic elec-
tron transport system is the major source of reactive oxygen production in plant tissues (Asada,
1994) that have the potential to produce single oxygen and superoxide. The present study was de-
signed to investigate the effect of different concentrations of potassium in nutrient solution under
conditions of drought stress on yield of lily.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Premature bulbs of lilium LA hybrid cv.‘Termoli’ were prepared and were transferred to
the Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Guilan, Iran. A completely randomized
design with three treatments in three replicates in a medium sand and perlite (50:50) was designed.
The medium moisture and water-holding capacity condition was always faced dry between two
irrigations. Treatments were consisted of three levels of zero (nutrient solution without potassium),
6 mM potassium and 12 mM potassium in Hoagland solution.
Perlite with a diameter of 1 to 2 mm (fine) was used and several times washed with double
distilled water for reduce fluoride. River sand was washed several times to be free of any mud and
then packed in cellophane bags and were disinfected using an autoclave (120°C for 15 min). Lily
bulbs incubated with 10g Benomyl fungicide solution in ten liters of water for 15 minutes before
planting. And then, were placed on paper without rinsing and were completely dried by air flow.
Pots made with a height of 15 cm and two liters volume were disinfected with sodium hypochlorite
1%. Bulbs was planted after disinfect inside the pot with a depth of 10 cm and then were placed
in a greenhouse spacing 20×20 cm and irrigated with 300 mL of deionized water immediately for
each pot. Average, minimum and maximum temperatures during the growing period were measured
by the thermometer that was 18-22 and 17-16°C at day and night, respectively.
Hoagland solution was used in the experiment (Hoagland, 1950). Salts present in the
Hoagland formula are including potassium phosphate, potassium nitrate, calcium nitrate and mag-
nesium sulfate which containing six elements of phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen, calcium, sulfur
and magnesium. Then, a molar solution of each of them was prepared as a mother or stock solu-
tions. Applying a certain amount of each salt stock solution, sufficient amount of needed nutrients
is provided. However, to control or change one or more nutrient concentrations, concentrations of
other elements in the formula will change. Due to changes in potassium concentration in the nu-
trient solution (in standard mode, 6 mmol), potassium nitrate in K-free condition is not intake.
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 123-130, June, 2015 125
Decrease in the amount of nitrogen in the nutrient solution due to decreased intake of calcium ni-
trate compensated from ammonium nitrate salt. The main reason for the use of ammonium nitrate
is to supply nitrogen both in nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4
+). Increase in potassium concen-
tration in the nutrient solution at a concentration of 12 mM is supplied through potassium sulfate.
Potassium salts used in any concentration can be seen in Table 1.
The nutrient solution system was an open system and nutrient solution with irrigation water
(300 mL) was used once every three days. The status to maintain moisture in sand and perlite
medium was in such a way that medium was encountered with drought and the plant faced with
drought stress during both irrigations. To measure the flowering time, the number of days from
bulbs planted in pots to the first appearance of bud was counted. Lilies stem end height, stem di-
ameter, reproductive height (distance between the lowest pedicel to tip of the longest bud), and
shoot dry weight were measured. To measure the durability of the cut flowers, cut flowers are
placed in water and the number of days from harvesting cut flowers until when 50% of petals
falling from each sample, were counted.
To measure potassium, 0.3 g dried sample in oven with 2.3 mL mixture of sulfuric and sal-
icylic acids were soaked for 24 hours. Then, the samples were heated to 180 °C and the solution
was colorless adding intermittent and low hydrogen peroxide. Then the solution is brought to the
related volume with distilled water and filtered (Emami, 1996).
Chlorophyll content was determined using Arnon (1949) method. To measure chlorophyll
content, 0.5 g of green leaves in liquid nitrogen in a porcelain mortar in ice container without light
with 0.5 g magnesium carbonate was ground and gradually adds about 10 ml of acetone 80%. One
ml of the prepared extract after centrifugation was placed in a spectrophotometer cell and the
amount of light absorbed by chlorophylls a and b was read at 645 and 663 nm wavelengths, re-
spectively. The amount of chlorophyll a, b and total were determined by the following formula:
V/W×Cchl.a: (0.0127) (oD 663) – (0.000259) (oD 645)
V/W×Cchl.b: (0.0229) (oD 645) – (0.000469) (oD 663)
CchlT: (0.0202) (oD 645)-(0.0080) (oD 663) × V/W
Where, C is chlorophyll a, b and total concentration in mg/g leaf fresh weight and oD is
the light absorption rate at corresponding wavelengths and V is the acetone 80% volume and W is
leaf fresh weight.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 2 shows the results of data analysis of variance related to the effect of potassium con-
centration in nutrient solution on plant growth indices. Effect of treatments on shoot dry weight,
postharvest life, shoots potassium concentrations and the number of secondary buds was significant
at 1% and shoot fresh weight, bud coloring time, vegetative and reproductive height, initial number
of buds, stem diameter and flower diameter was significant at 5%.
Tables 3-5 show the effect of treatment on the growth indices of lilium. The highest shoot
fresh/dry weight is related to 6 mmol of potassium with 16.6 g and 14.1g, respectively. Shoot fresh
Macronutrients
Micronutrients12 mM K 6 mM K Without potassium
KH2PO4
KNO3
Ca(NO3)2,4H2O
MgSO4,7H2O
K2SO4
KH2PO4
KNO3
Ca(NO3)2,4H2O
MgSO4,7H2O
H3PO4
Ca(NO3)2,4H2O
MgSO4,7H2O
NH4NO3
H3BO3
MnCl2.4H2O
ZnSO4.7H2O
CuSO4.5H2O
H2MoO4.H2O
Fe2(C4H4O6)3
Table 1. The salts applied in preparation of nutrient solution in three concentrations of potassium.
Control: 2 peat +1 perlite in volume rate; PSC: peanut shells compost
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 123-130, June, 2015126
weight in 12 mM potassium showed significant reduction compared with the control, and the 6
mM potassium. It seems that in 6 mM potassium, potassium had been adequately and plants with
potassium stock lost less water. As a result, water conservation increased shoot fresh weight. Sulter
(1957), Tisdale et al. (1985) and Huber (1985) also stated that, due to its role in the growth and
development of plant cells and making cell turgor and opening and closing of stomata, potassium
maintain water in plant and this has greatly increased plant fresh weight.
It seems that shoot fresh weight reduction in treatment 12 mM potassium than 6 mmol is
due to an antagonistic effect of these element and other nutrients. Bould (1964) stated that increase
potassium levels in the nutrient solution due to antagonist's effect of potassium with magnesium
and calcium reduced their uptake by the plant. These findings are corresponded to Barra-aguilar
et al. (2012) in lily and Wang (2007) in the orchid flowers.
There is no significant difference between the time of bud coloring in K-free and 6 mM
potassium medium (Table 3). Double increasing the potassium reduce bud coloring time. The re-
sults are corresponded to Wang (2007) on the orchid flowers. Stem diameter in 12 mM potassium
treatments was significantly decreased compared to K-free treatment (Table 4). According to the
results of Table 5, the reduction in diameter of open flowers was found in 12 mM potassium con-
Variation
Resources
Freedom
Degree
Mean Squared
Fresh
weight of
shoot
Dry weight of
shoot
Time to
appearance
flower bud
Buds
coloring time
Postharvest
life
Potassium Con-
centration in
shoot
K concentration
Error
K concentration
Error
K concentration
Error
2
16
2
16
2
16
6745.1*
1750.5
Vegetative
height
741.7*
185.2
stem
diameter
5.42*
1.37
32.0**
0.37
reproductive
height
142.2*
36.2
Opened flower
diameter
4521.6*
987.2
45.4ns
62.2
Primary flower
bud number
4.8*
1.3
Leaf
number
100.0ns
97.4
532.0*
135.0
secondary flower
bud number
18.4**
1.57
Fresh weight of
underground organ
20.8ns
287.2
546.0**
34.4
Flower bud
aborted number
0.9ns
2.2
Fresh weight
of rooted stem
24.9ns
23.5
18.7**
0.48
First flower
bud length
978.2ns
874.8
Dry weight of
rooted stem
1.4ns
1.80
Table 2. Variance analysis of data related to the effect of potassium concentration in nutrient solution on plant growth.
K concentration in
nutrient solution
Fresh weight
of shoot (g)
Dry weight
of shoot (g)
Vegetative
height (cm)
Reproductive
height (cm)
Time to appearance
flower bud (day)
Buds coloring
time (day)
Without K
6 mM
12 mM
121.3 c
158.3 a
133.0 b
9.9 c
15.4 a
13.0 b
86.9 b
98.5 a
94.0 a
9.2 b
9.5 b
11.0 a
28.2
26.7
28.2
42.8 a
43.0 a
30.2 b
Table 3. The effect of treatment on Fresh and dry weight of shoot, vegetative and reproductive height,
time to appearance flower bud and buds coloring time.
K concentration in
nutrient solution
First flower bud
length (mm)
Leaf
number
Primary flower
bud number
Secondary flower
bud number
Flower bud
aborted number
Stem diam-
eter (mm)
Without K
6 mM
12 mM
59.8
64.6
50.4
92.9
90.8
86.5
5.4 a
6.0 a
4.2 b
1.6 a
2.0 a
0.5 b
0.88
0.62
0.67
14.6 a
15.2 a
13.8 b
Table 4. The effect of treatment on first flower bud length, leaf number, bud number and stem diameter.
K concentration in
nutrient solution
Opened flower
diameter (mm)
Fresh weight of
underground organ (g)
Fresh weight of
rooted stem (g)
Dry weight of rooted
stem (g)
Without K
6 mM
12 mM
146.6 a
134.2 a
102.8 b
48.4
46.5
48.6
8.0
7.8
5.6
1.8
1.4
1.2
Table 5. The effect of treatment on flower diameter, fresh weight of underground organ and fresh and dry
weight of rooted stem.
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 123-130, June, 2015 127
centration compared to without K. It seems in the plant fed with nutrient solution 12 mM potas-
sium, potassium content of the nutrient solution was sufficiently high (luxury consumption).
The plants first grew normally, but gradually during plant reproductive development, high con-
centrations of potassium left its negative effects through agonistic effect on the uptake of other
nutrients; especially calcium which is contributes in the increase of cell wall and increase the
flower diameter. And thus the diameter of the opened flower in the treatment was decreased.
Barrera-Aguilar et al. (2012) in study on Lilium in Mexico examined the effect of 4 potassium
levels (0, 5, 10, 20 mM) in Hoagland solution on Lilium growth and photosynthesis grown in
acidic peat. The results showed that at concentrations 5 to 10 mM, flower diameter, plant height
and plant dry weight was increased; however, higher concentrations of potassium had adverse
effect on the listed traits. Wang (2007) examined the impact of different levels of potassium (50,
100, 200, 300, 400, 500 ppm) on the Phalaenopsis orchid. The results showed that the largest
and tallest inflorescence regardless of the medium was obtained at level of 300 ml/l. The higher
amount had an inverse effect on all traits.
Lily postharvest life at a concentration of 6 mM potassium was increased 5.7 days than in
the potassium-free conditions (Fig. 1); however there is not found significant difference between
postharvest in 12 mM potassium in nutrient solution and potassium-free conditions.
Increase potassium in the nutrient solutions based on the antagonistic action between potas-
sium, magnesium and calcium may decrease the uptake of magnesium and calcium (Bould, 1964).
Fig. 1. The effect of K concentration in nutrient solution
on postharvest life.
Fig. 2. The effect of K concentration in nutrient solution
on K concentration of shoot.
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 123-130, June, 2015128
Another reason for reducing flowers postharvest life in 12 mM potassium than 6 mmol of potas-
sium can be high concentration of potassium in the root environment which prevents the uptake
of calcium and magnesium in the plant. It is worth noting that among other elements, calcium and
magnesium play the most important role in increasing the postharvest life of cut flowers. The effect
of calcium on the lily postharvest longevity (Seyedi et al., 2011), Robichuax (2008) in poinsettia
and Sosanan (2007) in sunflower has been reported. Probably the reason for no significant differ-
ence in the lily postharvest in 12 mM potassium with potassium-free is that lilies are bulbous plants
and nutrients stored in its bulb (Naseri and Ebrahim, 2002). According to the results in Fig. 2, the
increase of nutrient solution potassium increased in potassium concentrations in shoots. This in-
crease was more than twice the concentration of potassium in potassium-free nutrient solution.
This is due to the greater supply of potassium by nutrient solution and more potassium uptake by
the plant. Increasing potassium uptake can be a reason in the increase of vase life.
The results in Table 6 show that chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content in nutrient
solution without K was lower than in nutrient solutions 6 and 12 mM potassium. It seems that, as
a non-organic osmolit in osmotic adjustment, potassium has been effective to reduce the negative
effects of drought stress (Ma et al., 2004 and 2006) and consequently to improve metabolic
processes including forming chlorophyll. Potassium is involved in the synthesis of chlorophyll
pigment precursor (Kumar and Kumar, 2008). This element play a role in protein synthesis, pho-
tosynthesis and transport materials from its. In the case of potassium deficiency, the activity of
some enzymes, uptake and transport of some nutrients will reduce (Kanai et al., 2007).
CONCLUSION
Results showed that the plant fresh and dry weight and plant vegetative height in the treat-
ments 6 mM potassium was highest. Lily postharvest at a concentration of 6 mM potassium was
increased 5.7 days relative to k-free condition. The amount of chlorophyll a, b and total in the nu-
trient solution k-free was lower than in the nutrient solution with 6 and 12 mM potassium.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was supported by a grant from the Islamic Azad University, Rasht, fund based on
a Research Design. The author would like to thank the university and particularly Dr Amirrteimoori,
Dr Fallah, Dr Kefayati and Dr Pourahmad for their aid and use of equipment and facilities.
Literature Cited
Arnon, D.I. 1949. Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplast polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris.
Plant Physiology, 24 (1): 1-15.
Asada, K. 1994. In causes of photooxidative stress and amelioration of defence. Systems in plants
(Eds Foyer, C.H. and Mullineaux, P.M.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Ft, pp. 77-104.
Barrera-Aguilar, E., Valdez-Aguilar, L.A., Caqstillo-Gonzalez, A.M., lbarra-Jimenez L., Rodriguez-Garcia,
R. and Alia-Tejaqcaql I. 2012. The potassium nutrition affects the growth and photosynthesis
of Lilium cultivated in a cidic peat. Revisit a Mexicana de Cinencias Agricolas, 3 (5): 1011- 1022.
Barrs, H.D. and Weatherly, P.E. 1962. A re-examination of the relative turgidity technique for estimating
water deficits in leaves. Australian Journal of Biological Science, 15: 413–428.
K Concentration
Carotenoid Chlorophyll A Chlorophyll B Total Chlorophyll
(mg/g FW)
Without K
6 mM K
12 mM K
0.67
0.66
0.67
1.77 b
1.97 a
1.91 a
1.21
1.44
1.39
2.98 b
3.44 a
3.30 a
Table 6. The effect of treatment on carotenoid, chlorophyll a, b and total.
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 123-130, June, 2015 129
Bould, C. 1964. Leaf analysis as a guide to the nutrition of fruit crops. V. S and culture N, P, K,
Mg experiments with strawberry (Fragaria spp.) Journal of Science and Food Agriculture,
15: 474- 487.
Burchi, G., Prisa, D., Ballarin, A. and Menesatti, P. 2010. Improvement of flower color by means
of leaf treatments in lily. Science Horticulture, 125: 456- 460.
Cakmak, I. 2005. K. alleviates detrimental effects of abiotic stresses in plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition,
68: 521-530.
Criley, R., Aoparvin, P.E., Hori, T.M. and Leon Hardt, K.W. 2001. Carnation clay tip dieback.
ISHS Acta Horticulturae 152. II International Symposium on Carnation Culture.
Dhindsa, R.A., Plumb-Dhindsa, P. and Thorpe, T.A. 1981. Leaf senescence: correlated with increased
levels of membrane permeability and lipid peroxidation, and decreased levels of superoxide
dismutase and catalase. Journal of Experimental Botany, 126: 93-101.
Emami, A. 1996. Methods of plant analysis. Volume II, Soil and Water Research Institute, Technical
Bulletin No. 982 (In Persian).
Hemeda, H.M. and Kelin, B.P. 1990. Effects of naturally occurring antioxidants on peroxidase activity
of vegetables extracts. Journal of Food Science, 55: 184-185.
Hogland, D.R. and Arnon, D.I. 1950. The water culture method for growing plants without soil.
California Agricultural Experiment Station Circular. 347.
Huber, S.C. 1985. Role of potassium in photosynthesis and respiration. PP. 369-391. In: RD. Munson,
R.D. (Ed), Potassium in Agriculture, ASSA and SSSA, Madison, WI.
Kanai, S., Ohkura, K., Adu-Gyamfi, J., Mohapatra, P., Saneoka, H. and Fujita, K. 2007. Depression
of sink activity precedes the inhibition of biomass production in tomato plants subjected to
potassium deficiency stress. Journal of Experimental Botany, 58: 2917–2928.
Kumar, A.R. and Kumar, M. 2008. Studies on the efficacy of sulphate of potash on physiological,
yield and quality parameters of banana cv. ‘Robusta’ (Cavendish- AAA). Eurasian Asia
Journal of Biological Science, 2: 102-109.
Ma, Q.S., Niknam, R. and Turner, D.W. 2006. Response of osmotic adjustment and seed yield of
Brassica napus and Brassica jounce to soil water deficit at different growth stages. Australian
Journal of Agricultural Research, 57: 221-226.
Ma, Q.F., Turner, D.W., Levy, D. and Cowling, W.A. 2004. Solute accumulation and osmotic adjustment
in leaves of Brassica oilseeds in response to soil water deficit. Australian Journal of Agricultural
Research, 55: 939-945.
Manivel, L., Kumar, R.R., Marimuthu, S. and Venkatesalu, V. 1995. Foliar application of potassium
for increasing drought tolerance in tea. Journal of Potassium Research, 11: 81-87.
Morgan, J.M. 1992. Osmotic components and properties associated with genotypic differences in
osmoregulation in wheat. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 19(1): 67-76.
Nakano, Y. and Asada K. 1987. Purification of ascorbate peroxidase in spinach chloroplast: in inactivation
in ascorbate-depleted medium and reactivation by monodehydroascorbate radical. Plant
Cell Physiology, 28: 131-140.
Naseri, M. and Ebrahimi Gheravi, A. 1998. Bulbous flowers physiology (translated). Jihad Mashhad
University Press, 352 p.
Pardo, J.M., Cubero, B., Leidi, E.O. and Quintero, F.J. 2006. Alkali cation exchangers: roles in
cellular homeostasis and stress tolerance. Journal of Experimental Botany, 57: 1181- 1199.
Robichaux, M. 2008. The effect of calcium or silicon on potted miniature rose or poinsettias. M.Sc.
Thesis in the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Louisiana State University.
Sairam, R.K., Deshmankh, P.S. and Saxena, D.C. 1998. Role of antioxidant systems in wheat genotypes
tolerance to water stress. Biology Plantarum., 41 (3): 387-394.
Sajid, G.M., Kaukab, M. and Ahmqad, Z. 2009. Foliar application of plant growth regulators
(PGRs) and nutrients for improvement of lily flowers. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 41 (1):
233- 237.
Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 123-130, June, 2015130
Seyedi, M., Mohhammadi Torkashvand, A. and Allahyari. M.S, 2011. Effect of medium, calcium
concentration and nutrition on yield of lily. M.Sc. Thesis, College of Agriculture, Islamic
Azad University, Rasht Branch.
Sharma, P. and Dubey, R.S. 2005. Drought induces oxidative stress and enhances the activities of
antioxidant enzymes in growing rice seedlings. Plant Growth Regulation, 46: 209-221.
Sosanan, S. 2007. Effect of pre and postharvest calcium supplementation on longevity of sunflower
(Helianthus annuus). M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Horticulture, Louisiana University and
Agricultural and Mechanical College
Sulter, C.H. 1985. Role of potassium in enzyme catalysts. Pp. 337- 349. In: Munson, R. D. (Ed.),
Potassium in Agriculture, ASA, CSSA and SSSA, Madison, WI.
Tisdale, S.L., Nelson, W.L. and Beaton, J. 1985. Soil fertility and fertilizers. 4th Ed. Macmillan
Pub. Co., New York.
Vyas, S.P., Garg, B.K., Kathju, S. and Lahiri, A.N. 2011. Influence of potassium on water relations,
photosynthesis nitrogen metabolism and yield of cluster bean under soil moisture deficit
stress. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology, 6: 30-37.
Wang, Y.T. 2007. Potassium nutrition affects growth and flowering of Phalaenopsis grown in a bark
mix or sphagum moss substrate. Horticulture Science, 42: 1563- 1567.
برای بررسی غلظت های مختلف پتاسیم در محلول غذایی و تنش آب بر کیفیت و
کمیت عملکرد سوسن رقم ’ترمولی‘، یک آزمایش گلدانی بر پایه یک طرح کامالً تصادفی
در بسرت ۵۰:۵۰ درصد حجمی شن و پرلیت در سه غلظت بدون پتاسیم، ۶ میلی مول و
۱۲ میلی مول پتاسیم با سه تکرار انجام شد. در مطالعه حارض، شاخص های رشد، عمر پس
از برداشت و مقدار پتاسیم و کلروفیل برگ اندازه گیری شد. نتایج نشان داد که بیشرتین
رشد رویشی و وزن تر و خشک گیاه در تیامر ۶ میلی مول پتاسیم به دست آمد. عمر پس
از برداشت سوسن در تیامر ۶ میلی مول پتاسیم، ۵/۷ روز نسبت به رشایط بدون پتاسیم
افزایش یافت. مقدار کلروفیل های a، b و کل در غلظت های ۶ و ۱۲ میلی مول بیشرت از
محول غذایی بدون پتاسیم بود.
دهــیـکـ چ
اثر تنش خشـکى حاصل از بسـتر کشـت بر رشـد، عمر پس از برداشت و مقدار کلروفیل سوسـن در غلظت هاى مختلف پتاسـیم در محلول غذایى
على محمدى ترکاشوند* و تى. توفیقى علیخانىگروه باغبانى، دانشگاه آزاد اسالمى، واحد رشت، رشت، ایران
تاریخ تایید: 22 اردیبهشت 1394 تاریخ دریافت: 26 اسفند 1393 [email protected]; [email protected] :ایمیل نویسنده مسئول *
کلیــد واژگــان: کلروفیل، بستر رشد، پرلیت، عمر پس از برداشت.
مجله گیاهان زینتىwww.jornamental.com قابل دسترس در سایت
شماره استاندارد بین المللى چاپ: 6433-2251 شماره استاندارد بین المللى آنالین: 2251-6441
مجله گیاهان زینتى، سال پنجم، شماره 2، (1394)8
مجله گیاهان زینتىwww.jornamental.com قابل دسترس در سایتشماره استاندارد بین المللى چاپ: 6433-2251 شماره استاندارد بین المللى آنالین: 2251-6441
Ophiopogon japonicus افزایش عملکرد گیاه زینتىاس.ام.ك.اچ. ویجایاباندارا1*، جى. دبلیو.دامونوپوال 2، اس.آ. کریشناراجا 3، دبلیو.آ.ام دانداسکرا 2 و دى.اس.آ ویجسوندارا 3
1 فارغ التحصیل موسسه علوم، دانشگاه پرادنیا، سرى النکا2 گروه گیاهشناسى، دانشگاه پرادنیا، سرى النکا
3 باغ سلطنتى گیاهشناسى، گروه باغ هاى گیاهشناسى ملى، پرادنیا، سرى النکا
تاریخ تایید: 3 تیر 1394 تاریخ دریافت: 6 اردیبهشت 1394 [email protected] :ایمیل نویسنده مسئول *
کلیــد واژگــان: کود.، صنعت گل کارى، بستر گلدانى.
7 مجله گیاهان زینتى، سال پنجم، شماره 2، (1394)
دهــیـکــــت. چ ـــواده Liliaceae اس ـــه خان ـــق ب ـــی متعل ـــاه زینت ـــک گی Ophiopogon japonicas ی
ـــر ـــه خاط ـــی ب ـــی خوب ـــادرات بین امللل ـــن ص ـــی و همچنی ـــازار محل ـــاه دارای ب ـــن گی ای
برگ هـــای نیـــزه ای شـــکل ســـاده بـــراق بـــا رنـــگ ســـفید مایـــل بـــه ســـبز می باشـــد.
در صنعـــت گل، بهبـــود برگ هـــا و رشـــد ایـــن گیـــاه از اهمیـــت ویـــژه ای برخـــوردار اســـت. هـــدف از ایـــن مطالعـــه، بررســـی بهرتیـــن پاســـخ O. japonicus بـــه بســـرت
ـــل ـــاالی مح ـــانتی مرتی ب ـــاه از ۴ س ـــی گی ـــش هوای ـــت. بخ ـــودی اس ـــامر ک ـــت و تی کشـــاک ـــوع خ ـــاوی دو ن ـــی ح ـــرتهای گلدان ـــه بس ـــد و ب ـــده ش ـــه بری ـــاقه و ریش ـــال س اتصـــه نســـبت ـــل، کمپوســـت و شـــن ب ـــاف نارگی منتقـــل شـــد: ۱- بســـرت حـــاوی خاکســـرت الی۱:۱:۱ و ۲- شـــن و خاکســـرت الیـــاف نارگیـــل بـــه نســـبت ۱:۱ بـــه صـــورت حجمـــی. ســـه تیـــامر کـــودی شـــامل کـــود دارای نیـــرتوژن زیـــاد، کـــود متعـــادل و کـــود دارای
فســـفر زیـــاد بـــه صـــورت محلول پاشـــی در ســـه غلظـــت ۰/۵، ۱ و ۲ برابـــر غلظـــت
ـــر ـــت. آب مقط ـــه کار رف ـــکا (RGB) ب ـــی رسی الن ـــلطنتی گیاه شناس ـــاغ س ـــنهادی ب پیشـــاه، ـــر گی ـــرگ، وزن ت ـــر طـــول ب ـــامر شـــاهد اســـتفاده شـــد. بســـرت رشـــد ب ـــوان تی ـــه عن بـــر ـــرگ و ســـاقه در ســـطح ۵ درصـــد اث ـــی و ریشـــه و تعـــداد ب ـــدام هوای وزن خشـــک ان
ـــر طـــول ـــامر شـــاهد و تیامرهـــای کـــودی ب ـــن تی ـــی داری بی ـــر معن ـــی دار داشـــت. اث معنبـــرگ، وزن خشـــک انـــدام هوایـــی و تعـــداد بـــرگ و ســـاقه دیـــده نشـــد، در حالـــی کـــه
ـــاه و وزن خشـــک ـــر گی ـــر وزن ت ـــر ب ـــی داری در اث ـــاوت معن ـــودی تف ـــن تیامرهـــای ک بیـــرت ـــبت ۱:۱ خاکس ـــاوی نس ـــرت ح ـــت، بس ـــرت کش ـــن بس ـــد. مؤثرتری ـــاهده ش ـــه مش ریشـــرم در ـــاد (۲/۵ گ ـــرتوژن زی ـــودی نی ـــا تیامرهـــای ک ـــب ب ـــه ترتی ـــل و شـــن ب ـــاف نارگی الی
ـــود. ـــرت) ب ـــرم در لی ـــاد (۱/۲۵ گ ـــفر زی ـــادل و فس ـــرت)، متع لی
اثر چند محلول نگهدارنده در حفظ کیفیت گل مریم این مطالعه برای بررسی
(Polianthes tuberosa cv. ‘Single‘) انجام شد. تیامرها (محلول های نگهدارنده) عبارت
T۲ ،AgNO: ۲ درصد ساکارز + ۳بودند از: T۱: ۲ درصد ساکارز + ۲۰۰ میلی گرم در لیرت
AgNO + ۲۵ میلی گرم بر لیرت اسید سیرتیک، T۳: ۲ درصد ساکارز ۳۲۰۰ میلی گرم در لیرت
۲۵ + HQS ۲ درصد ساکارز + ۳۰۰ میلی گرم در لیرت :HQS، T۴ ۳۰۰ میلی گرم در لیرت +
+ AgNO۳میلی گرم بر لیرت اسید سیرتیک، T۵: ۲ درصد ساکارز + ۲۰۰ میلی گرم در لیرت
۳۰۰ + AgNO۳۳۰۰ میلی گرم در لیرت HQS، T۶: ۲ درصد ساکارز + ۲۰۰ میلی گرم در لیرت
میلی گرم در لیرت HQS + ۲۵ میلی گرم بر لیرت اسید سیرتیک، T۷: ۰/۰۱ درصد هیپوکلراید
سدیم، T۸: ۰/۰۵ درصد هیپوکلراید سدیم، T۹: ۰/۱۰ درصد هیپوکلراید سدیم و T۱۰: آب
شهری (شاهد). نتایج نشان داد که همه تیامرها کیفیت نگهداری و عمر گلدانی گل های
شاخه بریده را نسبت به شاهد بهبود دادند. در بین تیامرها، بیشرتین جذب آب، نسبت
جذب به هدر روی آب، افزایش وزن تر ساقه در تیامر ۲ درصد ساکارز + ۲۰۰ میلی گرم
AgNO + ۳۰۰ میلی گرم در لیرت HQS + ۲۵ میلی گرم بر لیرت اسید سیرتیک دیده ۳در لیرت
شد که عمر گلدانی گل به ۱۰ روز افزایش یافت. طبق نتایج تحقیق حارض، تیامر مذکور
بهرتین تیامر در طوالنی کردن عمر گلدانی گل مریم محسوب می شود.
دهــیـکـ چ
اثر محلول هاى نگهدارنده مختلف بر عمر گلدانى گل مریم
افروز نازنین 1*، ام. مفضل حسین 2، کابیتا آنجو مان آرا 1، ام دى. مازادل اسالم 3 و نادیرا مکروما 4مرکز تحقیقات باغبانى، موسسه تحقیقات کشاورزى بنگالدش، گازیپور، بنگالدش
تاریخ تایید: 1 تیر 1394 تاریخ دریافت: 13 فروردین 1394 [email protected] :ایمیل نویسنده مسئول *
کلیــد واژگــان: اسید سیتریک، کیفیت نگهدارى، گل مریم، محلول نگدارنده، هیپوکلراید سدیم ساکارز.
مجله گیاهان زینتىwww.jornamental.com قابل دسترس در سایت
شماره استاندارد بین المللى چاپ: 6433-2251 شماره استاندارد بین المللى آنالین: 2251-6441
مجله گیاهان زینتى، سال پنجم، شماره 2، (1394)6
بــه منظــور بررســی اثــر شــکاف ٥ ســانتیمرتی و عصــاره شــمعدانی عطــری بــر (Dendranthema grandiflirum L.) عمــر گلجایــی و خصوصیــات گل بریــده داودیــور، شــکاف ــا دو فاکت ــی ب ــه طــرح کامــال تصادف ــر پای ــی ب ــل ٢ عامل ــش فاکتوری آزمایانتهــای ســاقه در ٢ ســطح (شــکاف و بــدون شــکاف) و عصــاره شــمعدانی عطــری در ٦ ســطح (٠، ١، ٢، ٤، ٨ و ١٠ درصــد) بــا ١٢ تیــامر، ٣ تکــرار، ٣٦ پــالت و ١٤٤ شــاخه گل انجــام شــد. در ایــن مطالعــه صفاتــی از قبیــل عمــر گلجایــی، جــذب آب، افزایــش وزن تــر، مــاده خشــک و افزایــش درجــه بریکــس مــورد ارزیابــی قــرار گرفــت. نتایــج نشــان داد کــه عمــر گلجایــی، افزایــش درجــه بریکــس و افزایــش وزن تــر در ســطح ١ درصــد
آمــاری معنــی دار شــده اســت و صفــات مــاده خشــک و جــذب آب در ســطح ٥ درصــد
آمــاری معنــی دار شــده اســت. همــه تیامرهــا نســبت بــه شــاهد موجــب بهبــود عمــر
گلجایــی شــدند ولــی بیشــرتین عمــر گلجایــی مربــوط بــه تیــامر شــکاف ٥ ســانتی مرتی همــراه بــا ١٠ درصــد عصــاره شــمعدانی بــا ١٨/٤١ روز نســبت بــه شــاهد (٨/٠٦ روز)
مانــدگاری ایــن گل بریــده را افزایــش داد.
دهــیـکـ چ
بررســى اثــرات تیمارهــاى مکانیکــى و عصــاره شــمعدانى عطــرى بــر عمــر (Dendranthema grandiflorum L.) گلجایى گل شــاخه بریــده داودى
شهال دشتبانى 1 و داوود هاشم آبادى 2*1 دانشجوى کارشناسى ارشد، گروه باغبانى، دانشگاه آزاد اسالمى، واحد رشت، رشت، ایران
2 استادیار گروه باغبانى، دانشگاه آزاد اسالمى، واحد رشت، رشت، ایران
تاریخ تایید: 20 اردیبهشت 1394 تاریخ دریافت: 23 اسفند 1393 [email protected] :ایمیل نویسنده مسئول *
کلیــد واژگــان: گل داودى، شکاف انتهاى ساقه، عصاره شمعدانى عطرى، عمر گلجایى.
مجله گیاهان زینتىwww.jornamental.com قابل دسترس در سایتشماره استاندارد بین المللى چاپ: 6433-2251 شماره استاندارد بین المللى آنالین: 2251-6441
5 مجله گیاهان زینتى، سال پنجم، شماره 2، (1394)
به منظــور بررســی اثــر میــدان مغناطیســی روی خصوصیــات جوانه زنــی و پیش رســی
همیشــه بهــار یــک آزمایــش در رشایــط آزمایشــگاهی در دانشــگاه اراک انجــام شــد. بذرهــا
D۲ ،(شــاهد) D۱ در معــرض ۱۰۰ یــا ۲۰۰ میلی تســال در دوره هــای زمانــی مختلــف
ــرار ــد) ق ــاعت) و D۶ (ممت ــاعت)، D۵ (۲۴ س ــاعت)، D۴ (۱۲ س ــاعت)، D۳ (۶ س (۱ س
گرفتنــد. میانگیــن مــدت زمــان جوانه زنــی (MGT) و مــدت زمــان الزم بــرای جوانه زنــی
۱۰، ۲۵، ۵۰، ۷۵ و ۹۰ درصــد بذرهــا محاســبه شــد. از نظــر جوانه زنــی متــام تیامرهــا
بهــرت از شــاهد بودنــد. به عبــارت دیگــر در بذرهــای تیــامر شــده مــدت زمــان الزم بــرای
ــرد. ــدا ک ــش پی ــا شــاهد ۴ ســاعت افزای ــا در مقایســه ب ــی تقریب ــان جوانه زن ــن زم میانگی
ــن ــود. میانگی ــی داری بیشــرت از شــاهد ب ــرای دورهــای D۴ ،D۳ و D۵ بطــور معن T۱۰ ب
زمــان جوانه زنــی بطــور معنــی داری بــا افزایــش زمــان میــدان مغناطیســی، افزایــش یافــت
ــک ــده از وزن خش ــت آم ــج بدس ــق نتای ــود. مطاب ــاعت ب ــدود ۲ و ۳ س ــدد ح ــن ع و ای
(STL) ــاره ــول شاخس ــذر (SRDP) و ط ــر ب ــش ذخای ــد کاه ــا (SLDW)، درص دانهال ه
مشــخص شــد کــه بــا افزایــش زمــان میــدان مغناطیســی، ایــن خصوصیــات کاهــش یافتنــد.
دهــیـکـ چ
اثر میدان مغناطیسى روى جوانه زنى بذر و پیش رس کردن همیشه بهارحسین صالحى ارجمند و سعید شرفى*
دانشگاه اراك، دانشکده کشاورزى، اراك، ایران
تاریخ تایید: 31 فروردین 1394 تاریخ دریافت: 11 اسفند 1393 [email protected] :ایمیل نویسنده مسئول *
کلیــد واژگــان: مغناطیس، شدت میدان، کاهش ذخایر بذر.
مجله گیاهان زینتىwww.jornamental.com قابل دسترس در سایت
شماره استاندارد بین المللى چاپ: 6433-2251 شماره استاندارد بین المللى آنالین: 2251-6441
مجله گیاهان زینتى، سال پنجم، شماره 2، (1394)4
قـدرت جوانه زنـی ارکیدهـا (از خانـواده ارکیداسـه) بنظر می رسـد بسـیار ضعیف باشـد
که ناشـی از فقدان آلبومن اسـت. این مطالعه با تیامرهای مختلف شـامل زمان گرده افشـانی
و GA۳ بـرای شکسـنت خـواب و افزایـش جوانه زنـی ارکیدهـا انجام شـد. اثر زمان گرده افشـانی
(۸ دوره از ژانویه تا آگوسـت) و اسـید جیربلیک (۰، ۵۰۰، ۱۰۰۰ و ۱۵۰۰ میلی گرم در لیرت) روی
جوانه زنـی ارکیـده فاالنوپسـیس بررسـی شـد. بـرای رشـد دانهال ها از محیط کشـت کوکوپیت
و زغال به نسـبت ۱ به ۵ و کوکوپیت، زغال، پوسـته درختان و پلی اسـتیرن به نسـبت ۱:۱:۲:۴
اسـتفاده شـد. نتایج نشـان داد که بهرتین غلظت هیپوکلریت سدیم برای ضدعفونی کپسول ها
۲ درصـد بـود. بهرتیـن مـاه بـرای گرده افشـانی گل هـا ژانویه بود. بیشـرتین عملکـرد از یک
کپسـول بـه تعـداد ۱۵/۳ دانهـال در بسـرت MS ۱/۲ حـاوی ۱۰۰۰ میلی گـرم در لیرت اسـید
جیربلیـک بدسـت آمـد. دانهال هـای تولیـدی بـرای مقاوم سـازی بـه گلخانـه منتقـل شـدند.
بیشـرتین میزان قدرت رشـد در بسـرت کوکوپیت، زغال، پوسـته درختان و پلی اسـتیرن حاصل
. شد
دهــیـکـ چ
اثـر زمـان گرده افشـانى و اسـید جیبرلیـک (GA3) روى تولیـد و جوانه زنـى بـذر فاالنوپسـیس ارکیده
حسن کیا حیرتى 1*، رسول انسى نژاد 2 و فتانه یارى 31 دانشجوى کارشناسى ارشد، گروه علوم باغبانى، دانشگاه آزاد اسالمى، واحد رشت، رشت، ایران
2 استادیار گروه علوم باغبانى، دانشگاه آزاد اسالمى، واحد رشت، رشت، ایران
3 گروه علوم باغبانى، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزى و منابع طبیعى، سازمان پژوهش علمى و صنعتى، ایران
تاریخ تایید: 15 اردیبهشت 1394 تاریخ دریافت: 29 بهمن 1393 [email protected] :ایمیل نویسنده مسئول *
کلیــد واژگــان: محیط کشت، گونه هاى ارکیداسه، تیمار بذر، قوه نامیه.
مجله گیاهان زینتىwww.jornamental.com قابل دسترس در سایتشماره استاندارد بین المللى چاپ: 6433-2251 شماره استاندارد بین المللى آنالین: 2251-6441
3 مجله گیاهان زینتى، سال پنجم، شماره 2، (1394)
ریــز ازدیــادی نقــش بســیار مهمــی در تکثیــر ارقــام بــا صفــات مطلــوب و تولیــد
گیاهــان عــاری از بیــامری دارد. ایــن پژوهــش به منظــور بهینه ســازی رشایــط تکثیــر رز
هیربیــد رقــم ’بلــک بــاکارا‘ انجــام شــد. بــرای این منظــور در مرحلــه پــرآوری، قطعــات
میانگــره (۱/۵ ســانتی مرتی) در محیــط کشــت هایMS, VS و WPM بــه فــرم جامــد
VS و مایــع کشــت شــدند. نتایــج نشــان داد کــه باالتریــن پــرآوری در محیــط کشــت
بــود و باالتریــن رضیــب تکثیــر و رسعــت رشــد در محیــط کشــت مایــع بدســت آمــد.
VS، ــت های ــط کش ــا محی ــی ب ــا، آزمایش ــه زایی گیاهچه ه ــازی ریش ــور بهینه س به منظ
NAA ۱/۴ در حالــت مایــع و نیمــه جامــد حــاوی ۰/۵ میکرومــوالر VS ۱/۲و VS
انجــام شــد. نتایــج نشــان داد کــه آغــازش ریشــه تحــت تاثیــر غلظت هــای مــواد معدنــی
محیــط کشــت اســت و پــرآوری و رسعــت رشــد بــاالی ریزمنونه هــا می توانــد به علــت
پتانســیل آبــی و در دســرتس بــودن مــواد معدنــی در محیــط کشــت مایــع باشــد.
دهــیـکـ چ
اثر آگار و محیط کشت هاى مختلف در ریزازدیادى رز رقم ’بلک باکارا‘(‘Rosa hybrida cv. ‘Black Baccara)
مینا بیاناتى1*، داریوش داوودى 2 و مریم جعفرخانى کرمانى 31 گروه علوم باغبانى، دانشگاه فردوسى مشهد، مشهد، ایران
2 گروه نانوتکنولوژى، موسسه تحقیقات بیوتکنولوژى کشاورزى، کرج، ایران
3 گروه کشت بافت و انتقال ژن، موسسه تحقیقات بیوتکنولوژى کشاورزى، کرج، ایران
تاریخ تایید: 7 تیر 1394 تاریخ دریافت: 14 فروردین 1394 [email protected] :ایمیل نویسنده مسئول *
کلیــد واژگــان: آگار، رشد، محیط کشت، ریزازدیادي، رز هیبرید، کشت بافت.
مجله گیاهان زینتىwww.jornamental.com قابل دسترس در سایت
شماره استاندارد بین المللى چاپ: 6433-2251 شماره استاندارد بین المللى آنالین: 2251-6441
مجله گیاهان زینتى، سال پنجم، شماره 2، (1394)2
مجله گیاهان زینتىwww.jornamental.com قابل دسترس در سایتشماره استاندارد بین المللى چاپ: 6433-2251 شماره استاندارد بین المللى آنالین: 2251-6441
1 مجله گیاهان زینتى، سال پنجم، شماره 2، (1394)
گرفته نظر در گیاهی سیگنال مولکول یک عنوان به (SA) سالیسیلیک اسید
می شود که نقش کلیدی در رشد گیاه، توسعه و واکنش های دفاعی بازی می کند. مکانیسم
فیزیولوژیکی که کاربرد اسید سالیسیلیک پیری گل شاخه بریده لیزیانتوس را در طول
عمر گلجایی تحت تاثیر قرار می دهد مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. گل های شاخه بریده
لیزیانتوس با آب مقطر (شاهد)، ۰/۵، ۱ و ۲ میلی موالر اسید سالیسیلیک تیامر شدند و در
دمای ۲۵ درجه سانتی گراد تا ۱۲ روز نگهداری شدند. کاربرد اسید سالیسیلیک با غلظت
۱ میلی موالر عمر گلجایی را افزایش داد که با کاهش نشت یونی و محتوای مالون دی
(LOX)مرتبط بود. تیامر اسید سالیسیلیک فعالیت آنزیم لیپوکسی ژناز (MDA) آلدئید
را که مسئول پراکسیداسیون چربی های غشاء است را کاهش داد. تیامر اسید سالیسیلیک
همچنین فعالیت آنزیم های کاتاالز (CAT) و آسکوربات پراکسیداز (APX) را افزایش
بنابراین داد. کاهش گلجایی عمر طول در را (H۲O
۲) هیدروژن پراکسید تجمع و
کاربرد اسید سالیسیلیک می تواند نفوذپذیری غشاء را به وسیله افزایش فعالیت سیستم
آنتی اکسیدانی حفظ کند و در نتیجه پیری گل شاخه بریده لیزیانتوس را در طول عمر
گلجایی به تاخیر بیندازد.
دهــیـکـ چ
بـه تاخیـر انداختـن پیرى پـس از برداشـت گل بریده لیزیانتوس توسـط اسید سالیسـیلیک تیمار
داوود عطایى*، روح انگیز نادرى و عزیزاهللا خاندان میرکوهىگروه علوم باغبانى، دانشکده کشاورزى و منابع طبیعى، دانشگاه تهران، کرج ، ایران
تاریخ تایید: 15 خرداد 1394 تاریخ دریافت: 25 اردیبهشت 1394 [email protected] :ایمیل نویسنده مسئول *
کلیــد واژگــان: آنزیم هاى آنتى اکسیدان، لیپوکسى ژناز، لیزیانتوس، اسید سالیسیلیک، عمر گلجایى.
www.jornamental.comThe Journal of Ornamental Plants, is an open access journal that provides rapid publication of manuscripts
on Ornamental plants, Floriculture and Landscape. Journal of Ornamental Plants is published in English,
as a printed journal and in electronic form.
All articles published in Journal of Ornamental Plants are peer-reviewed. All manuscripts should convey im-
portant results that have not been published, nor under consideration anywhere else. Journal of Orna-
mental Plants will be available online around the world free of charge at http://www.jornamental.com.
In addition, no page charge are required from the author(s). The Journal of Ornamental Plants is pub-
lished quarterly by Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Rasht, Iran.
Manuscript Submission
Please read the “Instructions to Authors” before submitting your manuscript. Submit manuscripts as e-
mail attachment to Dr. Ali Mohammadi Torkashvand, Executive Director of Journal of Ornamental Plants,
at [email protected]. Electronic submission of manuscripts is strongly encouraged, provided that
the text, tables, and figures are included in a single Microsoft Word 2003 file. A manuscript acknowledg-
ment including manuscript number will be emailed to the corresponding author within 72 hours.
Please do not hesitate to contact meif you have any questions about the journal. We look forward to
your participation in the Journal of Ornamental Plants.
Address: Islamic azad University, Rasht Branch
Horticultural Department,
Agriculture Faculty,
Rasht,
Iran.
P.O.Box 41335-3516
Email: [email protected]
URL: http:// www.jornamental.com
Topics and Types of PaperJournal of Ornamental Plants is an international journal to the publication of original papers and reviews
in the Ornamental plants, Floriculture and Landscape fields. Articles in the journal deal with Ornamental
plants, Floriculture and Landscape. The scope of JOP includes all Ornamental plants, Floriculture and
Landscape. The journal is concerned with Ornamental plants, Floriculture and Landscape and covers
all aspects of physiology, molecular biology, biotechnology, protected cultivation, and environmental areas
of plants. The journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of signif-
icance and scientific excellence, and will publish:
● Research articles
● Short Communications
● Review
Papers are welcome reporting studies in all aspects of Ornamental plants, Floriculture and Landscape
including:
Any Novel Approaches in Plant Science
Biotechnology
Environmental Stress Physiology
Genetices and Breeding
Photosynthesis, Sources-Sink Physiology
Postharvest Biology
Seed Physiology
Soil-Plant-Water Relationships
Modelling
Published by:Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Iran
Journal of Ornamental Plants