Journal

How was your break? Did you do anything interesting? Write 10 or more sentences telling me what you did for break

THE UNITED STATES1822

Unit 6:

Revolution

and Republic

Steps Toward Revolution:

1827-1836

Timeline • Copy the timeline on pages 130 and 131. Answer the

following questions:1. What happened in the same year that Mexico refused the U.S.

offer to buy Texas?2. In what year did Nat Turner lead a slave revolt?3. What event took place in Texas in 1834?4. In what year were the Cherokees forced off their land?

• Look at the map on page 131.1. In which direction must a traveler go to reach New Spain from

Illinois?2. What separated Mexico’s territory from the U.S.?3. Why do you think Mexico was concerned about the U.S. trying to

take over Texas?

•civilians- people who are not in the armed forces•self-government- taking an active role in making laws and decisions•patriot- person with a deep love for his or her country•resolution- formal act or decision agreed to by a group of people•constitution- plan of government that describes different parts of government and their duties and powers•reform- improvements •federal system- system in which states hold more power than national government•central government- system in which national government has more power than states•delegates- person chosen to speak for a group•legislature- government body that makes laws•grievances- complaints

KEY TERMS

•Revolution- the overthrow of a government•Limited Government- everyone, including all authority figures, must obey the laws•debt- amount of money owed•republic- a nation in which people elect representatives •popularity sovereignty- allows the people to decide what they want by voting•separation of powers- government is separated between three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial•checks and balances- allows each branch to amend or veto acts of another branch; used to make sure that no one branch becomes too powerful; each branch can “check” the power of the other branches to ensure that the power is balanced between them•Annexation- taking over all or part of a country

JournalSeveral students from another country have arrived in your class. In their home country, students are not required to raise their hands before speaking in class or to remain seated during class. Students in their country are also allowed to bring their cell phones to school and use them whenever they want. Since there was no dress code at their school, students are used to being able to wear whatever they want. How do you think these different standards for behavior might disrupt the class? How do you think this will affect the students from another country?

Texas Revolution Important Years •1826- Fredonian Rebellion•1828- Mier y Teran reports on Texas•April 6, 1830- Law of April 6th •1832- Turtle Bayou Resolution written•January 1834- Stephen F. Austin arrested•1835- Battle of Gonzales “Come & Take It”•March 2, 1836- Texas Declaration of Independence written•February 23-March 6, 1836- Battle of the Alamo•March 6, 1836- Fall of the Alamo•March 27, 1836- Goliad massacre•April 21, 1836- Battle of San Jacinto•June 1836- Treaties of Velasco

Texas Republic Important Years •1836- Sam Houston is elected president.•1838- Mirabeau Lamar is elected president.•1840- Council House Fight•1841- Sam Houston is elected president a second time.•1842- Mier Expedition•1844- Anson Jones is elected president.•1845- Texas is annexed into the United States

Cultural Differences in TexasIn the 1820’s, the population of the U.S. was growing, and Americans looked to the WEST for more land. The U.S. was definitely a power on the rise.Americans thought that Mexico didn’t need or want Texas.Joel Poinsett, the U.S. minister to Texas, negotiated to buy Texas from Mexico for $1 million. Mexico did not take the offer.The Mexicans fear grew. They worried about the interest the U.S. had in Texas.They did not trust Americans and believed that the U.S. planned to force them to give up Texas.

Cause and Effect

Cause: Because the population of the U.S. was growing…Effect:

Cause: Because Americans thought Mexico didn’t want Texas…

Effect:

Cause: Because the U.S. was a powerful nation looking west for more land…

Effect:

Americans looked WEST for more land.

They offered to buy Texas from Mexico for $1 million.

The Mexican government continued to worry that the U.S. would take Texas.

Different ViewsMexico and the United States had different ideas on how a nation should run.

American Views

Civilians should rule the country.Church leaders should not be in the government. Government should not favor any religion. People should be free to choose their own religion.People should make their own laws.Slavery should be allowed.

Mexican Views

Military should rule the country.Catholic Church leaders could be in the government.Common people should have nothing to do with making laws.Slavery should not be allowed.

Put a check mark in the appropriate place.Views Mexico U.S.

Civilians should rule the country.

Military should rule the country.

Church leaders should not be in the government.

Church leaders could be in the government.

Government should not favor any religion.

People should be free to choose their own religion.

Only one religion should be allowed.

Common people should have nothing to do with making laws.

Common people should have the right to make their own laws.

Slavery should be allowed.

Slavery should not be allowed.

American Settlers in TexasAs we already know, American settlers had to become Mexican citizens and Catholics.Although they promised to do so, many American settlers did not become Catholics.Settlers from the U.S. didn’t think of themselves as Mexicans.They spoke English and lived the same way they had in the U.S.They set up schools and traded goods with the U.S.Mexico was so far away, and few settlers had contact with Mexican leaders.The Mexican government did little for the Texas settlers.This would soon cause problems.

TEXAS

USA

QUESTION???

• According to the map, was Texas closer to the its government in Mexico or the United States?• Do you think the American settlers adapted to the

Mexican culture? Why? Why not?• How was the relationship between the American

settlers in Texas and the Mexican government?

TEXAS

abou

t 800

mile

s

USA

less than 350 miles

Fredonian RebellionMexican officials continued to worry about the United States’ interest in Texas.Several events occurred that increased their worries. In 1826, a group of Texans in Nacogdoches formed the Fredonian Republic and began a rebellion.The Fredonian Rebellion:led by two brothers, Haden (an empresario) and

Benjamin Edwardstried to declare Texas independent from MexicoMexican government thought it was a plot organized

by the U.S. to take TexasThe rebellion was unsuccessful.

Because the Mexican government was afraid that the U.S. was trying to steal Texas, Mier y Teran was sent to see what was going on.

Describe the Fredonian Rebellion.

What was it?Who led it?What was its goal?Was it successful?

A rebellion

Haden and Benjamin Edwards

to free Texas from Mexican rule

no

Basically, it was an unsuccessful rebellion, led by Haden and Benjamin Edwards, to free Texas from Mexican rule.

Mier y Teran Reports on TexasIn 1828, Mexican leaders sent a patriot, General Don Manuel Mier y Teran, to report on what he saw in Texas.What he saw worried him.

Anglo-Americans outnumbered Mexicans 10 to 1.American settlers had no respect for Mexico.

He feared the American settlers might revolt against Mexico. Teran suggested taking three steps:

putting more Mexican troops in Texas

bringing in more settlers from other countries (not the United States)

building up trade between Texas and Mexico (prevent Texans from trading with the U.S.)

His report resulted in the law of April 6, 1830.

• Who was Manuel Mier y Teran?

• What did he find in Texas?

• What was he afraid of?

• What suggestions did he make?

• Which law formed as a result of his findings?

a Mexican patriot

There were more Anglo Americans living in Texas than Mexicans. They had little respect for Mexico.

The Anglo Americans living in Texas would revolt against Mexico.

Putting more Mexican troops in Texas, bringing in more settlers from other countries, building up trade between Texas and Mexico

The Law of April 6, 1830

Mexico Enforces Its AuthorityMexican leaders took some steps to gain better control of Texas.

ended slavery (temporarily) in hopes that Americans wouldn't move to Texas

sent Mexican troops to build garrisons and control settlers in TexasPassed the Law of April 6, 1830

stopped immigration from the U.S.canceled all empresario grants Stephen F. Austin and Green DeWittencouraged immigration from European countries (France, Germany, etc.)placed heavy taxes on goods imported from the U.S. in efforts to stop

Texans from trading with the U.S.This law angered many American settlers.

Garrisons were used to collect new taxes from settlers and stop immigration from the U.S.The goal was to keep Americans out of Texas and make Texas more “Mexican.”

•What steps did Mexican leaders take to gain better control of Texas?

• How did the Anglo citizens in Texas feel about the Law of April 6, 1830?

•What was Mexico’s goal?

stopped immigration from the U.S. canceled all empresario contracts encouraged European immigration banned slavery in Texas placed heavy taxes on goods imported from the U.S.

They did not like the Law of April 6, 1830. They were angered by this law.

to make Texas more “Mexican”

The Texas Settlers RevoltThe actions of Mexico made many Texans angry.They believed that Mexico was not being fair and not following its own constitution. The Mexican Constitution of 1824 gave the states the right to set their own rules for colonization.The settlers wanted the Mexican leaders to follow the rules too.The actions of the settlers came from the revolutionary tradition of the ancestors in the U.S. (American Revolution)The American colonists disobeyed the British government when they believed it had not acted fairly. Now, the Texans disobeyed the Mexican government for the same reasons.

•Why did Anglo settlers think the Mexican leaders were being unfair?

•How were the Texas settlers similar to the American colonists?

Mexican leaders were not following their own constitution. The Mexican Constitution of 1824 gave the states the right to set their own colonization laws. Mexican leaders were taking that right away.

The Texas settlers wanted to revolt against the Mexican government for some of the same reasons the American colonists revolted against the British government (unfair rules, heavy taxes, etc.).

Anglo settlers in Texas were not the only ones who did not like the Law of April 6, 1830. The governor of Coahuila (the Mexican state that Texas was part of) gave new land grants to people from the U.S. This broke the law.Captain Juan Davis Bradburn was sent to arrest those who had made the new land grants.

Bradburn was born in the U.S. He fought for Mexican independence, become a Mexican citizen, and served as colonel in the Mexican Army. He often abused his powers.He was a very difficult man and was hated by the settlers.

Captain Bradburn

Bradburn forced settlers to give him supplies for his fort without paying for them. In 1832, Bradburn arrested William Travis and Patrick Jack, two settlers from the U.S., because they disagreed with him. Both Travis and Jack were lawyers.Bradburn threw them in jail but did not charge them with any crime. This was legal in Mexico but not in the U.S. Texans grew angry.Patrick Jack’s brother, William, spread the word about what happened. He told settlers how Bradburn abused his power. This sparked a rebellion.

•Describe Captain Bradburn.

•What did he do that angered the settlers in Texas so bad that it sparked a rebellion?

Born in the U.S. but became a Mexican citizen and served in the Mexican army

Bully who abused his powers Hated by many Anglo settlers

Abused his powers by arresting William Travis and Patrick Jack (two American settlers) without charging them with a crime

About 160 armed settlers went to the fort at Anahuac.They tried to talk Bradburn into freeing Travis and Jack, but he refused.The rebels were ready for a battle, but they wanted to assemble more firepower. They sent a group of men to find cannons for the attack.While the rest of the rebels waited at Turtle Bayou, they wrote a paper called the Turtle Bayou Resolutions(the first organized protest against Mexico). The resolutions:stated the main cause of the revolt. Bradburn ignored the Mexican Constitution

of 1824.stated that the settlers pledged their continued loyalty to Mexico under the

Constitution of 1824 and their support for General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna.resulted in Colonel Jose do las Piedras ordering the release of Travis and Jack from

jail.It ended peacefully and resulted in Bradburn being dismissed from his command.

Turtle Bayou Resolutions

• What did the Turtle Bayou Resolutions state?

• The resolutions resulted in two things. What were they?

the causes of the revolt the settlers pledged to continue their loyalty to Mexico

under the Constitution of 1824 the settlers support for Santa Anna

Travis and Jack being released from jail Bradburn being dismissed from his command

While Piedras calmed the situation at Turtle Bayou, the other rebels (unaware that the prisoners were released) continued their mission to find cannons. On their way back, the rebels came to the fort at Velasco. The commander at the fort would not let them pass. The rebels attacked, and the Mexican forces in the fort surrendered. Texas settlers won their first battle in what would become the Texas Revolution.

In the early 1830s, two groups struggled for power in Mexico: the Federalists and the Centralists.

Federalists:• led by General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna• wanted the states to have more power and the national government to

have less power.• modeled after the U.S.• most Texans agreed with this type of government and sided with Santa

AnnaCentralists:

wanted a states to have less power and the government to have more power

Passed the law of April 6, 1830Santa Anna tried to overthrow the Centralist government. His actions led to civil war in Mexico between the two sides (1832).

Centralists and Federalists Government

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

On October 1, 1832, the settlers held a convention where delegates met to discuss their problems.Stephen F. Austin was chosen leader of the convention.Delegates wanted changes in Texas.

They wanted the immigration from the U.S. to resume.They wanted Texas to become a separate Mexican state.

The governor of Coahuila y Tejas supported their concerns. However, the Convention of 1832 was not a legal meeting.Although the governor supported the concerns of the delegates, he could not send their requests to the government.As a result, the convention failed.

The Convention of 1832

The Texans saw this as a victory and a chance to call for another convention. This time it would be legal.Soon after Santa Anna won the civil war in Mexico (1833), he became president of Mexico. Federalists controlled the Mexican government.The convention began on April 1, 1833.William H. Wharton was chosen leader of this convention.The delegates were firmer than those who attended the first convention.They had some of the same goals and a few new ones.The delegates needed to draft a state constitution for Texas. Sam Houston was chosen to head the committee. The delegates hoped the Mexican government would welcome their ideas. Since Stephen F. Austin had a good relationship with Mexican leaders, he was chosen to deliver the ideas.

Convention of 1833

Convention of 1832 Convention of 1833Chosen Leader

Stephen F. Austin William H. Wharton

Goals •make Texas a separate state•let Americans settle in Texas again

•make Texas a separate state•let Americans settle in Texas again•better mail service and more money for schools•more protection against raids by Native Americans•reform the courts•let people speak English in business and law

Results The governor did not send these ideas on to Mexico because the meeting was illegal.

A new state constitution was written for Texas, and Stephen F. Austin took it to Mexico City.

Austin left for Mexico shortly after the Convention of 1833.He presented his ideas to the Mexican government and waited for a response. After waiting several weeks, Austin became impatient. He sent a letter to the local city government in San Antonio, asking them to set up a state government for Texas.In November, Austin finally met with Santa Anna and presented the delegates ideas.Santa Anna welcomed most of the ideas.

He agreed to ban U.S. immigration to Texas but refused to support separate statehood for Texas.

Austin left Mexico City to return home in December 1833. On his way home, he was arrested by Mexican leaders for treason because of the letter he wrote. The Texans remained calm because they did not want to endanger Austin’s safety.

Austin Goes to Jail

Santa Anna sent Colonel Almonte to check on the Texans. To his surprise, the Texans were peaceful. A few factors kept them happy.

Santa Anna ended the ban on U.S. settlers to Texas.Some towns were given their own governments. This made the Texans feel like

they had some control over their own government.The Catholic Church leaders were very powerful people who favored the Centralist government.In 1834, Santa Anna changed sides to increase his power. He abandoned his Federalist ideas and sided with the Centralist government. Several changes were made:

•He took power away from the states.•He abolished the Mexican Constitution of 1824. The one that allowed

immigrants from the U.S. to settle in Texas.•He placed the states under military rule.•He created a Centralist Mexico.

Santa Anna Changes Sides

Santa Anna’s switch angered the Texans. Since Stephen F. Austin was still in jail, many still wanted to keep the peace. However, others were ready to fight.Santa Anna sent his brother-in-law, General Martin Perfecto de Cos, to break up the state government in Texas.A small group of Texans, led by William Travis, captured Anahuac when they found out about Cos’s plan.Cos had Travis and many other leading Texans arrested. The prisoners faced military court and execution. Texans felt that the arrests went too far and were ready to revolt. They believed that people had a right to a trial by a jury of their peers.Cos felt that there was no hope for a peaceful solution.He prepared to sent troops into Texas. It seemed war was on the way.

Reactions in Texas

William Barret Travis

By the summer of 1835, tensions between the Texans and Mexican leaders worsened.Texans began to organize themselves so they could share news with each other quickly.In August of 1835, they planned a meeting called the Consultation. The meeting was supposed to take place on October 15, 1835 but didn’t actually take place until November 3, 1835. Texas leaders met to decide the state’s future.The leaders had to decide if they wanted to stay loyal to Mexico or fight for independence.

Reactions in Texas

Stephen F. Austin was let out of prison a few months before the Consultation began (September 1835).While in prison, Austin lost all hope for peace between the Texans and the Mexican government.Originally, Austin wanted Texas to remain loyal to Mexico. However, after Santa Anna changed from a Federalist reformer to a Centralist tyrant, Austin believed that Texas had no choice but to separate from Mexico.He sent a message to his fellow Texans, “War is our only resource. There is no other remedy. We must defend our rights, ourselves, and our country by force of arms.”The choice facing the Consultation was clear. Texas had no choice but to go to war with Mexico.

Unit 6:

Steps Toward

Revolution

REVIEW

1. Describe the Fredonian Rebellion.2. How did the Mexican government respond to the Fredonian

Rebellion?3. What did Mier y Teran find in Texas?4. As a result of Teran’s findings, what did the Mexican government do?5. What was the main reason for the revolt against the Mexican

government?6. Was Texas closer to its government in Mexico or the U.S.?7. How were the Texas settlers similar to the American colonists?8. Describe the Turtle Bayou Resolutions.9. How did the Texas settlers feel about Santa Anna when he was

Federalists? Why?10.How did the Texas settlers feel about Santa Anna when he switched

sides and became a Centralists? Why?11.What happened to Stephen F. Austin when he went to Mexico to

deliver the ideas of the Convention of 1833?12.Austin was let out of prison in time to attend the Consultation and

speak to the delegates. Did he want Texas to remain loyal to Mexico or become an independent nation? Why?

Unit 6:

Road to

the Alamo

Fredonian Rebellion

Mier y Teran’s Report on Texas

Law of April 6, 1830

Turtle Bayou Resolutions

Santa Anna Changes Sides

Arrest of Stephen F. Austin

DIRECTIONS- On the next available blank page in your notes, write the title, “Unit 6- Road to the Alamo.” Write and define the following terms.

•compromise- •Provisional Government- •cavalry-•infantry-•siege-•reinforcements- •bayonet-•tactical retreat- •atrocity-

•compromise- agreement in which each side gives up some of what it wants•Provisional Government- a short-term- temporary government•cavalry- soldiers on horseback•infantry- soldiers on foot•siege- a strategy in which an army surrounds a town or fort and waits for the enemy to give up•reinforcements- extra soldiers sent to a place to make the force there stronger•bayonet- long blade that can be attached to the end of a gun•tactical retreat- organized pullback of troops from an enemy in order to gain an advantage•atrocity- cruel and brutal act

Timeline • Copy the timeline on pages 154 and 155. Make sure you

divide your timeline into two years. Answer the following questions:

1. What battles took place in 1835?2. How much time passed between the Battle of Anahuac and the

Goliad Massacre?3. When was the first postage stamp used in the United States.4. What significant event occurred on March 2, 1836?5. When did Samuel Colt invent the Colt revolver?6. Who was elected United States president in 1836?

• Look at the map on page 155.1. How many major battles did the Mexican army win?2. How many major battles did the Texan army win?

Texas Revolution

American Revolution

•lasted only 7 months•fewer battles•Mexico and Texas had different cultures.•Texans fought to win rights they did not have.

•lasted 6 years•more battles•British and the American colonies had the same cultures.•American colonists fought to keep their rights.

•revolts against harsh rulers who were far away•developed on their own with little involvement from the ruling country•began when rulers enforced laws they had not enforced before•Goals changed as time passed.•Rebels had to defeat large armies of trained soldiers.

BOTH

Similarities between the American and Texas Revolutions

King George III

Santa Anna