Notice of retirement and appointment of president 1

Revisions of the Basic Plan on Energy and Outlook for Clean Coal Frontiers 2

Special Report

Japan's Largest Green Exhibition "Eco-Products 2013" & Joint Seminar

(Clean Coal Seminar) 4

Held FY2013 JCOAL Business Briefing 6

Regional Information

The Colombian Coal Situation 8

Leading Edge of Technology

CCS Technologies Present and Future 14

Technical Report

Technical Presentation-Coal Biomass Co-firing Technology 27

JCOAL Activity Reports

India Workshop (CEA-JCOAL Workshop FY2013) Held 31

Sixth Japan-China Joint Conference Held 38

Report on the Holding of Symposium on the Effective Use of Coal Ash 42

Report on Holding of 2013 Japan-Taiwan Coal Firing Expert Exchange Meeting 46

Mongolian Dry Type Coal Preparation Training Project 51

Project to Train Coal Engineers in Mozambique

Report on Conducting an On-site Seminar 55

Japan-China Coal Mine Safety Technology Training Project 60

Report on the Third “Workshop on the Recent Coal Situation and Technology”

Held by JCOAL 67

http://www.jcoal.or.jp/

Notice of retirement and appointment of president

This is to inform you that Mr. Osamu Tsukamoto was appointed as President of Japan Coal Energy

Center (JCOAL) as of June 9, 2014, replacing his predecessor Mr. Toru Namiki who retired from the

position as of the same date.

We highly appreciate your kind understanding, cooperation and support that have been forwarded

to Mr. Namiki and hope that our new President Mr. Tsukamoto would enjoy the same.

Osamu Tsukamoto, New President

Revisions of the Basic Plan on Energy and Outlook for Clean Coal Frontiers Toru Namiki, President

Russian intervention in its neighbor, Ukraine has shocked the entire world, and the situation allows

no presuppositions about future developments such as its nonparticipation in the Sochi G8 Summit of

G7 Nations, or the enforcement of sanctions.

The political turmoil in Middle Eastern Islamic nations, and destabilization following regime

changes in East Asia have increased the complexity of Japan's responses.

On the other hand, dealing, for the time being, with concerns over stagnation in the economy

following the increase in consumption tax since April, consistency and speedy pursuit of a long term

growth strategy is being sought. Among the severe domestic and foreign situations, regarding

negotiations toward building new world regimes such as TPP and COP, showing our presence with

"JAPAN IS BACK", and where adverse to the interests of any strata of citizens, consensus forming will

be essential in presenting urgent measures and long term measures.

Revision of the basic plan on energy, in light of the foregoing domestic and foreign situations, will

indicate long term policy regarding the energy that constitutes the essence and bedrock of the

Japanese economy and society, and time will be needed to establish consistency and form a

consensus with regard to three long term stages after the historically unprecedented Great East

Japan earthquake and Fukushima nuclear disaster, (1) recovery and reconstruction, (2) the interim up

to the year 2020 and the hosting of the Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games, (3) the year 2030 and

thereafter, additionally, adequate government leadership will be needed.

That is, after presentation of the draft bill by the government council in December last year, the

government and ruling party took time with the aims of debate and consensus regarding the position

of mainly nuclear power and renewable energy, finally progressing to formulation of a new plan in

April.

With regard to coal energy, compared with the previous plan the new plan states (1) The role of

coal usage takes in energy usage of the world at large, (2) The importance of coal in the best mix

(3E+2S) of Japan's energy, (3) Great expectations that clean coal will make a global contribution by

means of Japanese clean coal technologies. This is described specifically as follows:

1. The position of coal energy and policy trends

Reassessed as a significant base load power source, and in order to reduce environmental load,

further promote progress in technology development such as IGCC, and pursue its introduction not

just domestically, but also abroad.

2. Securing of stable resources

In order to accelerate upstream gains in Japanese enterprise, the public and private sectors

cooperate to increase the independent development ratio through the proactive development of

resource diplomacy and strengthening of risk capital supply functions.

3. Promotion of strategic technology development

Formulate and optimize a roadmap by summer of this year, and promote parallel development of

CCT for effectiveness and CCS as final storage.

4. Comprehensive international cooperation, such as technical support and system exports

In order to promote use of Japan's excellent CCT such as high efficiency power generation, in

emerging nations or developing nations, plan to promote cooperation in human resources, technology,

capital and so forth, investments and exports.

The FY 2014 budget toward development of this type of clean coal frontier has already passed in

the National Diet, and is being promptly implemented.

At that juncture, in the IPCC General Conference held in Yokohama at the end of March, an alarm

bell was sounded on climate change problems, while it was also mentioned on the other hand that

PM2.5 from China is giving rise to serious problems for Japan's citizens, and by mentioning that in

addition, the Coal Energy Center would like to start activities this year.

Toru Namiki, President

Japan's Largest Green Exhibition "Eco-Products 2013" & Joint Seminar (Clean Coal Seminar) Toshiko Fujita, Japanese Center for Asia Pacific Coal Flow

Each year, JCOAL, as a part of Coal PA (publicity acceptance) open to the public, has been having a

booth at Eco- Products, Japan's largest green exhibition, and also has been holding “Clean Coal Seminar”

for the public in Tokyo.

This year also, a booth was exhibited for three days from (Thursday) December 12th to (Saturday) the

14th, and the jointly held Clean Coal Seminar on December 13th.

This year Eco-Products was held as the 15th anniversary at “Tokyo Big Site”, Odabia, with the

participation of 702 companies/groups with 170,000 attendees totally. In addition, as the 15th anniversary,

we were highly honored with a visitation by Their Imperial Majesties the Emperor and Empress in the

evening of day 1, 12th.

The JCOAL booth, while both narrow and small, displayed explanatory panels regarding the history,

types, reserves and utilization of coal resources, and exhibited real lumps of coal. In addition, attendees

were given a questionnaire survey, and booklets about coal were distributed. About 300 attendees

responded to the questionnaire, but the actual number of attendees at the booth was more than it‘s twice.

On weekdays, many children attended because the organizer, Nikkei Inc., invited school kids by provided

large buses. The children who could touch it directly said “I know coal”, “I learned about coal in school”, "I

know that coal is used to make electricity". We felt very happy that they could answer and we appreciated

the current education system that the next generation is taught so well about coal in school. On the

afternoon of Day 2, 13th, “Clean Coal Seminar 2013” for the public was held in the Meeting Hall of Tokyo Big

Site, the same venue of the exhibition, concluding successfully with about 100 people participating. This

time was a continuation of the previous time with seminars in 2-hour discussion format, and the panelists

were not just experts, but those who were almost the public took the stage. As a result, it was felt that more

members of the public were also in the audience. In addition, due to her personal relationship with Wako

Toujima, its moderator, former famous TV newscaster Noriko Kimoto attended as one of audience, familiar

with coal in her discussion, while she remarked that we should provide more opportunities for children to

actually touch real coal as educational materials. It was thought that the remark from an opinion leader such

as Ms. Kimoto had a good effect on other members of the audience in their understanding of coal.

Their Majesties the Emperor and Empress

JFY2013 Eco-Products

JCOAL Booth

FY2013 JCOAL Business Briefing Masakazu Ikenaga, Planning & General Affairs Department

On (Thursday) January 30th, 2014, JCOAL held 2013 JCOAL Business Briefing for supporting members

at the head office of Japan Business Federation in Otemachi. This year, groups in attendance other than

the 58 members were, the METI Coal Division, NEDO, JOGMEC, JICA, and embassy personnel, altogether

122 people in 69 groups. For this briefing, JCOAL gave a briefing on its usual business activities to

everyone in member companies, with the aim of promoting further cooperation with the member companies.

The business briefing opened with a greeting from JCOAL Chairman Nakagaki, and continued with a

special lecture by METI Resource Energy Bureau Chief, and Cabinet Secretariat General Policy and

Planning Officer Katsuhisa Shimakura entitled "The Most Recent Trends Concerning Coal Policy", a lecture

on the situation concerning coal, and overseas development of Japan's excellent CCT. Next in the JCOAL

business briefing, a summary report was given by Managing Director and Director General Kato on the

organizational system of JCOAL, the FY2013 business plan and the status of progress. Next, as the main

business briefings for FY2013 reports were given (1) on the JCOAL CCT roadmap, and (2) the results thus

far on the CCfE business and future business development respectively and finally Managing Director and

Director General Kato described future JCOAL business development and closed by requesting the

increased future support of all those involved. After the business briefing ended, the meeting place moved

next door, where a social gathering was held. Supporting members attending that day, and those involved

exchanged information in a congenial location, and together with the exchange of options the meeting

closed with the usual thanks for the usual support for JCOAL activities and a request for support in the

future. In addition, after the end of the business briefing, we requested the replies to the questionnaire from

everyone. In the questionnaire, together with opinions on the business briefing, many opinions were also

received about the activities of JCOAL. As for these opinions, as “JCOAL for members by members”, in

order to keep promoting necessary business with member companies, we feel we should make use of

those opinions.

We request support for JCOAL in the future.

Furthermore, the announcement data for that day has been uploaded to the JCOAL homepage.

http://www.jcoal.or.jp/coaldb/shiryo/material/report/25jcoal.html

Greeting by Mr. Nakagaki, Chairman, JCOAL

Special lecture by Mr. Shimakura, Director for Coal Policy, METI

JCOAL Business Briefing

The Colombian Coal Situation Masafumi Uehara, Resource Department 1. Introduction

Colombia's coal production volume reaches an annual 90 million tons, it is a prominent coal exporting

nation in the world. Much of the coal exported thus far has been to the United States and Europe, but

exports to Asia and the Pacific region have gradually increased in recent years. It is estimated that the

volume will increase even more when expansion of the Panama Canal is completed in the future, Colombia

has hidden potential for Japan to become a significant coal importing nation in the future. Thus, reporting on

the latest coal policy in Colombia, and on the current situation in the Colombian coal industry will be of

some help for information on Colombia.

2. Geological Situation, Coal Reserves, and Coal Quality

In perspective, the geology of Colombia is divided into two zones, east and west, the post-Paleozoic

geology of its eastern stable mass has a geologically stable and simple structure and, that in contrast, the

Andean orogeny belt underwent active post-Paleozoic changes. The major coal fields in Colombia, as

shown in Figure 1 are distributed in regions in the north, inland, and the west. Formation times of the coal

deposits are Paleogene Period in the northern coal field, Cretaceous and Paleogene in the inland region,

and for the west from Paleogene to the Neogene period. The Colombian coal reserves are listed in Table 1.

The volume of Colombian coal resources is about 17 billion tons, and confirmed resource volume within

that is about 7 billion tons. The majority exists in La Guajira Department and Cesar Department in the north,

and production is also conducted in this area.

Table 2 shows coal quality of each coal mine shown in the JOGMEC FY2012 Overseas Coal

Development Advancement Findings. Quality in the northern region has the quality of steam coal, but

calorific value in the western region is somewhat inferior with high sulfur content. Calorific value is high in

the inland region, which is also a region that produces coking coal, currently virtually all is used for domestic

consumption such as coke and metallurgy. Thus far, the inland region has been a dangerous area, but at

present law and order is much improved, and as a consequence coal mine development has progressed

most recently.

3. Coal Production Volume, Domestic Consumption and Export Volume

Figure 2 shows the Colombian coal production volume, the export volume and the domestic consumption

volume. The Colombian coal production volume (estimated for 2012) was 89.5 million tons, with an export

volume of 81.7 million tons and domestic consumption of 6.8 million tons.

Colombian coal is produced in the northern region in La Giajira Department and Cesar Department, in the

western region in Cordoba Department, Antioquia Department and Cauca Department, in the inland region

coal is produced in North Santander Department, Santander Department, Boyoca Department and

Cundinamarca Department. Ninety percent of all the coal production volume of Colombia is produced from

La Giajira Department and Cesar Department in the northern region, and the majority is steam coal.

Production volume of the inland region and western region is less than ten percent. Coking coal is produced

in the inland region. The inland region and western region are surrounded by steep mountains, where there

are many coal mines and a lot of underground mining, but mining is generally small-scale, with more than

1,000 coal mines in operation.

4. Present Situation of Coal Transport Infrastructure

Coal produced by large scale strip mines in the northern region is transported by industrial railway to

ports and harbors on the Caribbean Sea. Coal produced in the western region is transported by railway or

truck to ports and harbors on the Caribbean Sea or Pacific Ocean. On the other hand, most of the coal

produced in the inland region is transported via truck or barge to shipping ports on the Caribbean Sea, and

also is consumed domestically. At present, a large problem for coal transport in Colombia is that

transshipment from coal barges to coal carriers at sea is completely prohibited due to environmental

problems. Because of that, all companies are carrying out construction and expansion of harbors at a rapid

pace.

5. Energy Policy, Coal Policy and Mining Law

Energy policy and the National Energy Plan (NEP) are formulated by the Ministry of Mining Energy

(Ministerio de Minasy Energía). The task of formulating the National Energy Plan is performed by the Mining

Energy Planning Unit (UPME) an organization within the Ministry. “National Energy Plan Context &

Strategies 2006 - 2025” was published in 2006 by UPME. It stated that effort must be put into promoting

development of the rich oil and natural gas deposits together with discovering new reserves, and stated that

development of coal must also progress and the export volume must be increased.

A policy which is specialized on coal has not been decided at present, but UPME formulated “COLOMBIA

PAÍS MINERO-Plan Nacional para el Desarrollo Minero and visión al año 2019” (Mining Nation Colombia -

national mining development program and outlook to 2019) in 2006, including coal in the framework of this

plan.

Government ordinance Number 2655 enacted in 1988 was promulgated as the law which governs mining

activity. In 2001 this law was enacted as the Mining Law (Código deMinas) Law Number 685. Subsequently

in 2010, part of Law Number 685 was amended and again promulgated as Law Number 1382.

6. Overview of Principal Coal Mines

Colombia's principal coal mines are concentrated in Cesar Department and La Giajira Department. Table

3 shows an overview of the principal coal mines. The mine with the most production is the Cerejon coal

mine in La Giajira Department owned by BHP Billiton and Xstrata-Anglo American. It boasts production of

32 million tons or more. Next comes the La Loma coal mine belonging to Drummond with Itochu engaged in

capital participation. It produces about 20 million tons. Drummond also owns El Descanso coal mine.

Calenturitas coal mine owned by Glencore produces 8 million tons. Glencore also owns La Jauga coal mine

and El Tesoro coal mine which are operated by Prodeco, a 100% subsidiary. Vale owned the El Hatillo coal

mine and the Cerrolargo coal mine, but sold them to CNR in May, (Colombia Natural Resources: A

Goldman Sachs 100% subsidiary company). CNR owns also the La Francia coal mine. In addition, Pacific

Coal owns the Caypa coal mine, and MPX owns the San Juan coal mine. MPX is a Brazilian company.

7. Export Potential to the Asia and Pacific Region

The Colombian political situation is stable, thus far the lack of law and order has been the cause for

concern when foreign investors participate, but at present it has taken a turn for the better more than

expected. In addition, total exports for 2012 increased 5.7% over the previous year to 60 billion 667 million

dollars, and exports of coal accounted for 12.9% of total exports. Government continues its policy of raising

the standard of reserves and production volume, steadily increasing the export volume of Colombia's coal.

Viewed in the long term, export volume to the Asia and Pacific region is expected to increase. When the

third lock on the Panama Canal is completed, post-Panamax transport will be possible, which is expected to

improve shipping potential, greatly improving coal transport freight from Colombia to the Asia region

including Japan.

8. Conclusion

In the future, it is highly possible that Colombia will become an important coal supplying nation for Japan,

and JCOAL should collect information on the Colombian coal situation in the future.

Figure-1 The major coal fields in Colombia

Source: NEDO FY2009 Comprehensive Study on Overseas Coal Resources Development

Figure-2 Coal Production, Export and Domestic Consumption

Source: IEA Coal Information 2013

0.010.020.030.040.050.060.070.080.090.0

100.0

2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012e

百万

トン

生産量 輸出量 国内消費量

Western area

North area

Interior area

Production Export Domestic Use

Mil

lion

ton

s/ye

ar

Table-1 Colombian Coal Resources

Source: Ministry of Mines and Energy

Mine

La Guajira 3,933 449 128 27 4,537Cesar 2,035 1,564 1,963 994 6,556

Boyaca 170 683 867 1,720

Cundinamarca 236 645 539 62 1,482

Norte de Santander 120 314 361 795

Santander 56 258 149 463Cordoba 381 341 722Antioquia- Antiguo Caldas 90 226 132 26 474Vale de Cauca 41 92 98 11 242

7,062 4,572 4,237 1,120 16,991

North

Western

Inland

Total

Proven Probable Possible Imaginary Total Area

Table-2 Coal Quality by Coal Basin

Source: JOGMEC FY2012 Comprehensive Study on Overseas Coal Resources

Development

Table-3 Overview of Major Coal Mines

Source: Ministry of Mines and Energy

Mine Equity OperatorStart year of

Production Status Reference

Cerrejon

BHP33% 、 AngloAmerican33% Xstrata33%

Cerrejon 1983Production JV by three

company

Calenturites Glencore(100%) Prodeco 1993

La Jauga Glencore(100%) Prodeco 1986

El Tesoro Glencore(101%) ProdecoData in year of 2010

La Francia Goldman Sachs(100%) CNR 1976

CNR:Goldman’s 100% Subsidiary

El Hatillo Goldman Sachs(100%) CNR 2007

CerrolargoSur

Goldman Sachs(100%) CNR 2014

Caypa Pacific Coal(100%) Pacific Coal 1983Pacific coal:BuluoluoPacific’s Subsidiary

La Loma Drummond(80%) Drummond 1995Itochu20%

El Descanso Drummond(80% Drummond 2009Itochu 20%

Prodeco: Glencore’s

100% subsidiary

Bought from

Vale in 2012/5

Production

Production

Production

Production

Production

Production

Production

Production

Production

Area MineCoal Field H2O(%)

Ash(%)

VM(%)

C(%)

S(%)

Heat Value （ Kcal/kg)

La Guajira Cerrejon 11.94 6.94 35.92 49.20 0.43 6,437 Cesar La Loma 10.29 5.61 36.79 47.31 0.59 6,454

BoyacaChecua-Lenguazaque

3.56 10.00 25.19 61.25 0.80 7,467

CundinamarcaSoescaAlbattacin

3.92 10.43 33.53 52.12 0.69 7,077

Norte deSantander

Tasajero 2.84 10.17 34.82 52.18 0.85 7,404

Santander Cimitarra Sur 4.61 4.61 29.77 61.01 0.62 7234

Cordoba Alto SanJorge 14.49 9.24 37.55 38.73 1.31 5,156

Antioquia-Antiguo Caldas

VeneciaBolombolo

9.84 11.10 38.45 40.61 1.04 5,606

Vale de Cauca Mosquera ElHoya

8.11 16.30 35.18 40.42 1.42 5,588

North

West

Inland

CCS Technologies Present and Future Keiji Makino, Japanese Center for Asia Pacific Coal Flow 1. Introduction

At present, viewed worldwide, fossil fuels, especially coal-fired power generation is increasing steadily,

and that increase is particularly noteworthy in developing nations. This is largely because coal is the

cheapest and the supply is stable, but to achieve a happy life for citizens by success in economic

development, a stable energy supply, especially a sufficient supply of electric power is an essential

condition that cannot be dispensed with. However, it is inevitable that consumption of fuel for power

generation such as coal increases to meet vigorous electrical needs, causing increase in emissions of

carbon dioxide (CO2) which is one of a greenhouse gas.

Figure 1 shows the CO2 emission target value by 2035 when atmospheric CO2 concentration is controlled

to 450ppm and, compared with the emission of 37Gt when no particular measures are taken, 15Gt of

reduction in emissions is required to achieve the emission of 22Gt when targeting 450ppm by 2035. It also

shows the allocation of the reduction quantity, and as you can see the expected amount of reduction by

means of CCS is very large, 4% (0.1 Gt) in 2020, and 17% (2.6 Gt) in 2035. Here, CCS stands for Carbon

Capture and Storage, and is a technology that selectively separates and captures CO2 from waste gases

from plants that emit large amounts of CO2 such as thermal power plants, and injects and stores CO2 as

supercritical fluid underground deeper than 1000m.

Figure 2 shows a prediction from the current point in time up to 2035 created by JCOAL based on the

data of IEA World Energy Outlook 2013, regarding generating efficiency and annual CO2 emissions by

coal-fired power generation in major nations. As is well known, the generating efficiency of Japan has been

staying at the highest value in the world, but that of other countries is expected to be improved toward 2035.

The reason for this is because high-efficiency coal-fired power generation is expected to spread worldwide

such as Ultra Supercritical (USC) or, in the future, Advanced Ultra Supercritical (A-USC) and Integrated

Coal Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC).

On the other hand, as shown in Figure 2, CO2 emissions have drastically increased in Asia and China,

while India also has an increasing trend, while the emissions in developed countries are expected to show

almost no changes or decrease, making two groups which have completely different trends. Developed

countries including Japan must make contributions using advanced technologies that they have

accumulated thus far and decrease CO2 emissions together with developing countries, and same is true on

achievement of CCS shown in Figure 1. There is a great expectation for CCS to reduce CO2, IEA has

advocated the necessity of installation of 3,400 CCS units by 2050. Practical use of CCS has not advanced

as has been expected at the current point, but considering that efficiency enhancement of coal-fired power

generation has its limit and coal is a basic power generation fuel by any means and indispensable, CCS is

absolutely necessary as a measure against global warming and also can be said most promising.

Regarding CCS, there are several plants in commercial operation centering on Europe, but all of them

capture CO2 that accompanies natural gas from natural gas wells, and inject and store the CO2 again

underground. Also in the United States, there is an example of commercial use as EOR (Enhanced Oil

Recovery) which injects CO2 obtained from combustion or gasification of coal into oil wells which have

lowering crude oil production to increase the yield of crude oil. However, there has been no example of CCS

equipment as commercial equipment installed in a coal-fired power plant, and all the existing ones are in

pilot tests or demonstration tests.

Against the backdrop of such a situation, this paper outlines the current status and future expectations for

the CCS technology.

2. CCS Technology

Figure 3 shows a schematic diagram of an actual geological storage.

A place to be selected as the underground layer where CO2 is injected is a sandstone bed with 20 to 30%

porosity having a clayish sealing layer (called a caprock) on top of it so that CO2 does not return to the

surface of the ground. CO2 is in solid phase (dry ice) under atmospheric pressure, but when the pressure is

increased to about 7Mpa, it changes to supercritical pressure fluid in which phase its volume is reduced to a

few hundredths of the volume of exhaust gas and is convenient for storage. Therefore, it is desirable to

store CO2 as supercritical pressure fluid, and to do so it is stored at least 1,000m below the surface of the

ground where the storage pressure is 10Mpa or higher.

Regions suitable for this type of CO2 geological storage are already indicated in the IPCC Special Report,

and are found in many regions worldwide.

Figure 4 shows these types of regions, and sites indicated with darker color are more suitable for

geological storage, and distributed in the United States, China, and the Middle East. And the total capacity

is regarded as sufficient as a global warming countermeasure. This type of region is also distributed in

Japan such as the Tomakomai offing and the offing of Kitakyushu, and according to the survey of RITE

(Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth), even limited to MITI wells with data, their

storage capacity is about 5.2 billion ton CO2 and about half of this capacity may have economic efficiency

by 2050 (RITE CO2 Geological Storage 2005 Progress Report).

Furthermore, as investigation continues at present, it is expected that candidate sites for CO2 geological

storage will further increase in the future.

2.1 CO2 Separation and Capture Technology

Generally, technology to separate CO2 in a chemical plant has already been achieved and is widely used,

but technology to separate and capture CO2 in large volume at close to atmospheric pressure as from the

exhaust gas of a coal-fired power generation plant is a new field. Figure 5 shows three technologies that

have been developed at this point, capture before combustion (pre-combustion), capture after combustion

(post-combustion) and oxygen combustion (oxyfuel).

JCOAL Project

Pre-combustion is separation from IGCC, while post-combustion is absorption of CO2 with an absorption

tower the same as an exhaust gas desulfurizer using a liquid like an amine to selectively absorb CO2, and in

this system regeneration is achieved by heating absorbed liquid, requiring regeneration energy. Lastly,

oxyfuel is a system where principal components of the exhaust gas from combusting pure oxygen in a boiler

are CO2 and H2O, making it easy to capture CO2 by condensing and separating H2O. In this case, a large

capacity ASU (Air Separation Unit) is needed to create oxygen, and the scale necessary to apply to large

capacity coal firing will be unprecedented Mitsubishi Heavy Industries has announced a successful end to

full scale tests on post-combustion in cooperation with U.S. Southern Company, and will go forward with a

commercial model. In addition, J-Power, IHI, Mitsui & Co. and JCOAL in cooperation on oxyfuel with an

Australian partner, CS Energy, refurbished the existing Callide A Power Plant as an oxyfuel coal-fired

generating facility, and are continuing proving tests. Table 1 shows details on post-combustion and oxyfuel

proving tests, while Figure 6 and Figure 7 show a facility overview.

Furthermore, Table 2 describes major equipment added in the case of post-combustion and oxyfuel, in

the case of post-combustion, it is a CO2 absorption tower, regeneration tower and a steam source for

absorbent regeneration, in oxyfuel a large-scale ASU is the main equipment. In addition, from the results of

the proving tests with post-combustion and oxyfuel, both groups said they get a step closer to achieving full

scale plants although both need further cost saving.

However, in the case of undertaking CCS, because the facility expenses and operating power expenses

are added, comparative generation costs in the case of post-combustion or oxyfuel with CCS will be 20 to

30% higher than those without CCS. Therefore, the key to practical application of CCS in the future will be

reducing facility expenses and operating expenses, with post-combustion that will be minimizing the

regeneration energy of the absorbent, with oxyfuel that will be the cost of supplying oxygen cheaply.

Figure 8 and Figure 9 show the Levelized Cost of Electricity estimated by JCOAL in the case where CCS

is not installed and the case where installed. When without CCS, it is $72/MWh in the case of USC, but

when CCS is installed it becomes $98/MWh which is a bit more than 30% cost increase. In the case of

IGCC, generating costs rise about 8% by installing CCS, the result indicates that it is more profitable than

USC when installing CCS, and many other estimate results showed similar results.

2.2 Future Development of Low Cost High Performance CO2 Separation and Capture Technology

As already stated, to achieve CCS it will be necessary to achieve a broad reduction in additional

equipment expenses and auxiliary power ratio, and R&D to achieve this is in progress.

Figure 10 shows the pilot tests or proving tests each company has conducted thus far, but the scale of all

those tests is small and insufficient for improvement of commercial equipment. Therefore, full scale tests

are needed no matter what, and it is hoped to achieve broad cost reduction in equipment expense and

operation expense from the results of long term testing with an actual machine. JCOAL is concentrating its

efforts on achieving that.

Furthermore, Table 3 shows the expected development situation for each type of CO2 separation and

capture equipment. Efforts continue for sustained development of post-combustion (amine absorption) and

oxyfuel as described thus far, but the hopes of expectations are CO2 membrane separation and solid

absorbent. These are great expectations at the current stage, and it is strongly hoped that a system of any

kind can be applied practically soon.

11

J3. Overview of CCS Integrated Proving Tests in Japan

Thus far in Japan, RITE has tested underground injection of CO2 in Nagaoka City in Niigata Prefecture.

Here, 10,000 tons of CO2 were injected underground, and the geological storage status was checked

making full use of seismic methods, and safe storage was successful as expected. However, CCS proving

tests were started on a larger storage scale with the aim of practical application of CCS, in the Tomakomai

offing by Japan CCS Co. Ltd. This is Japan's first integrated proving project for CO2 separation, capture,

transport and geological storage from a large scale emission source in a test period from 2012 to 2020.

Specifically, with the CO2 of an oil refinery as the emission source, CO2 is separated and captured by

chemical absorption, the CO2 is transported to the injection point by pipeline, and stored in underground

aquifer in a sea area, the storage volume is more than 100,000 tons per year. Japan CCS Co. was

contracted by METI for proving tests, and after first constructing a plant in three years, will inject and store

CO2 for three years. Monitoring will continue after testing is complete. METI aims for practical application in

Japan by FY2020.

Construction of CO2 injection facilities will begin in 2014, two excavation wells are scheduled for

completion by the end of 2014, and injection is scheduled for the third quarter of FY2015.

Figure 11 shows an overview of planning, and Figure 12 illustrates the layout. Supercritical CO2 will be

transferred from CO2 treatment facilities with two injection pipes installed angling from the land area to

under the seabed, injected to different geological strata, one pipe 2,800m underground and the other pipe

to a point 1,200m underground, and their differences will be verified.

Drilling of the two injection tubes (at drill length 5,800m and 3,500m) will end in FY2014, subsequently

installation of observation devices will proceed, and test operation of injection equipment will proceed in

2015. (CCS Technical Workshop 2014, hosted by RITE)

4. Conclusion

Operation of Japan's nuclear power stations was seriously impacted by the Great East Japan Earthquake

that occurred three years ago, most nuclear power stations had to shut down. In order to secure a stable

supply of electricity in that situation, coal firing and natural gas firing worked hard and overcame the crisis,

but at the same time the costs of increased import of fossil fuels hampered Japan's balance of trade.

However, the cost of coal is low and stable, and many of the supply sources were politically and

economically stable regions. From such situations, there are great expectations for coal as a fuel for power

generation that will support Japan's infrastructure no matter what the future brings. There is just one fact

that must be considered when using coal, the increase in CO2 which is one of the causes of global warming.

Everyone is fully aware of that fact, and one solution, described in this paper, is practical application of CCS.

Japan already uses coal carefully with the highest efficiency in the world, and in a situation where it is

extremely difficult to further improve that efficiency. Among those, CCS needs to do something to reduce

CO2, and all nations have to cooperate to achieve its commercialization. We are happy if this paper helps

with that.

12

Fig.1 CO2 emission target value by 2035

Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2012

Fig.2 Generating efficiency and annual CO2 emissions by coal-fired power

generation in major nations.

Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2013, created by JCOAL

Fig.3 Concept of CO2 geological storage

Source: "CCS2020" by METI

Fig.4 Regions suitable for this type of CO2 geological storage

Source: IPCC Special Report

Fig.5 CO2 Separation and Capture Technology in a coal-fired power plant

Source: JCOAL Report

Distribution diagram Plant overview

Source: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Report Vol.48 No.1(2011)

2.Post-combustion

3. Oxyfuel

Oxygen production

Coal （C,H,O,N,S,Ash） Boiler

Exhaust gas recirculation （CO2，・・・ ） H2O，SO2

O2

Air（N2、O2）

N2，O2

N2

Flue gas treatment

ASU

O2

Air（N2、O2）

N2

GasifierCO shift

CO2 Storage

Compression/Cooling

CO2 sequestration

GT

HRSG

Coal （C,H,O,N,S,Ash）

1. Pre-combustion

Boiler

CO2

Coal（C,H,O,N,S,Ash）Air（N2、O2）

N2，H2O，O2

Flue gas treatment

CO, H2 CO2, H2

H

2

CO2 Storage

CO2 Storage

Compression/Cooling

Compression/Cooling

CO2

sequestration

Gas Refining

Distribution diagram Oxygen combustion boiler

Fig.7 Facility overview of Oxyfuel

Source: Callide Oxyfuel Project

Report

Fig.8 Levelized Cost of Electricity in the case where CCS is not installed

Source: Estimated by JCOAL

Lev

eliz

ed C

ost o

f E

lect

rici

ty (

$/M

Wh)

Fig.9 Levelized Cost of Electricity in the case where CCS is installed

Source: Estimated by JCOAL

Fig.10 Pilot tests or providing tests each company has conducted thus far

Source: Analyzed by JCOAL

Lev

eliz

ed C

ost o

f E

lect

rici

ty (

$/M

Wh)

Fig.11 Overview of CCS Integrated Proving Tests in Japan (Tomakomai City)

Source: Japan CCS CO. Ltd.

Fig.12 Illustrate the layout of CCS Integrated Proving Tests in Tomakomai City

Source: METI

Table1 Details on post-combustion and oxyfuel providing tests

PostBarry Power Plant,Southern Company,America

25MW (disposal amountof exhaust gas)

500t/d(Recovery CO2

Volume)2011.6～2013.12

OxyCallide A PowerPlant, Australia

30MWe70t/d

(Recovery CO2Volume)

2008～2014

Test Gas Volume Test PeriodPower Plant Generating Unit Power

Table2 Describes major equipment added in the case of post-combustion and oxyfuel

・Set of steam line forabsorbent regeneration

・Desulfurization facilityfrom exhasut gas toprotect the absorbent

・ASU

・CO2 absorption tower

・Impurity separationfacility for recovered

CO2

・Absorbent regenerationtower

・Oxyfuel burner

・Steam supply line

・Reconstruction of steamturbine for steam suppyline

・Diversion of water for absorbent

Post Oxy

Table3 Expected development situation for each type of CO2 separation and

capture equipment

Method Development point Outline Development maker, laboratory

Amine absorption

Reduction of energyconsumption rate and auxiliarypower plant・Energy consumption rate：

2.5MJ/kg-CO2 or less

・Auxiliary power ratio：20％orless

Each company continuesto develop towards asignificant reduction in theenergy required forregeneration

Mitsubishi HeavyIndustries/HITACHI・Nippon Steel &Sumitomo metal・TOSHIBA・IHI、RWE,EON, Alstom, B&W, Vattenfall,Doosan Babcock, etc

CO2 membrane

separation

RITE is developing ainnovative membraneseparation having a moleculargate function as a next-generation membrane module

Under development of

various CO2 membrane

separation

RITE、Air Products, Air Liquide,Praxiar

Solid absorbentBy not using the absorptionliquid, reducing the energyconsumption of reproduction

Supported on a poroussupport chemicalabsorbent

RITE、HITACHI

Chilled ammoniaProcess low-cost, low-energyconsumption

Alstom

OxyfuelCost-cutting of oxygenproduction facilities

Make it possible to CO2

capture easily by oxygencombustion

IHI, HITACHI、Alstom, Vattenfall, etc

Technical Presentation - Coal Biomass Co-firing Technology Kousuke Tanaka, Planning & General Affairs Department 1. Introduction

About 100 million tons of coal is consumed annually to generate electricity in Japan, and 99% of that

volume relies on imports from overseas. Thus, the challenge is to reduce CO2 emissions from coal

combustion, and the actual volume of coal that is consumed. Figure 1 shows comparisons of CO2 emission

per 1kWh power generated in Japan. Also from the figure, it is shown that CO2 emissions originating from

coal combustion are the greatest, but it is unlikely that consumption of coal will decrease in the future due to

its characteristics of low geopolitical risks and cheap price and also the shutdown of nuclear power stations,

it is one of the main energy sources in the basic energy plan.

Power generation with wood pellets or wood chips mixed with coal is well underway in all areas of Japan.

In this background not only can untapped forest resources be used effectively, one to two million tons of

coal can be saved annually by using 1 to 2% wood biomass.

2. Technology Overview

There are two broad categories of co-firing methods in a pulverized coal boiler. One method is to simply

throw wood biomass into an existing coal pulverizer and crush it, and then co-fire pulverized coal and

biomass with an existing burner. This method has the advantage of being able to use existing equipment,

but because it is difficult to crush wood biomass in a coal pulverizer, there are limitations to the mixing ratio.

Figure 2 shows the process flow for wood biomass co-firing. The other method is to install a special

biomass mill, equipment costs will be more than the former, but the mixing ratio can be larger, and

generation of NOx can be reduced. Figure 3 shows an example of co-firing technology flow with a special

biomass crushing system developed and applied by Babcock-Hitachi K.K.

3. Most Recent Trends

(1) New Biomass Solid Fuel R&D In 2013 Nippon Paper Industries Co. Ltd. developed a new wood

biomass solid fuel using a semi-carbonization technology similar to roasting coffee, also known as

torrefaction, with about a tenfold increase in the co-firing rate with an existing coal boiler, effectively

reducing the CO2 emission volume. With this technology to semi-carbonize wood biomass, 90% of stored

heat can be retained where regular carbonization only retains 50% or less, in addition, crushability and

water resistance are improved, and the co-firing rate of biomass in a pulverized coal boiler can be

significantly improved.

(Nippon Paper Group News Release)

(2) Construction of 110,000kW Coal and Biomass Thermal Power Station

Osaka Gas Co. Ltd. is newly constructing a 110,000kW generating capacity biomass co-fired coal

thermal power station on land adjoining the currently operating Nagoya Power Plant (generating capacity

149,000kW, coal fired, in Taketoyo-cho, Chita-gun, Aichi Prefecture). Operation will begin at the end of

2016. As its features, by constructing the plant on land adjoining the Nagoya Power Plant currently

operated by Nakayama Nagoya Joint Power Generation Co. Ltd., the expertise of the existing power plant

can be used, and by co-firing 30% wood biomass fuel with a coal fuel base, CO2 emissions can be

significantly reduced. (Osaka Gas Press Release)

4. Conclusion

As the importance of CCT increases more and more nowadays, it is natural that reducing CO2 emissions

and effective use of coal resources must be considered. However, given the outlook that world coal

consumption will also increase in the future, proliferation of CCT can be called an urgent task. In that

situation, co-firing technology with wood biomass in the coal-fired power plant described in this paper can

be considered quite valuable from both the environmental aspect and the resource aspect. There are

technologies that use wood waste produced in the Great East Japan Earthquake, and create solid fuel

using sewage sludge. In the future, increasing biomass co-firing rate, improving efficiency and reducing

costs will be challenges to tackle, but it will be even more valuable, and thermal power generation using

lignite is expected to increase in the future, it is hoped that R&D on its suitability will move forward.

Figure 1 CO2 emissions per kWh from electricity

Source：New Energy Foundation

Figure 2 Summary of woody biomass co-firing technology

Source：Kyusyu Electric Power Co., Inc. Homepage

Figure 3 Process flow with mill and boiler for biomass and coal/biomass mixtures

Source：Babcock-Hitachi K.K.

Torrefied pellets

India Workshop (CEA-JCOAL Workshop FY2013) Held Fumiko Yamada, Business Promotion Department

JCOAL signed its first MOU with the Central Electricity Authority (CEA) of India in April, 2010, and

conducted a plant diagnosis preliminary survey as a part of FY2011 Clean Coal for the Earth (CCfE). To

begin the activity mentioned above on a full scale, JCOAL signed the second MOU in June, 2011, and after

that has conducted plant diagnosis on a total 8 units in 7 power plants by 2013. CEA feels that the project

can contribute to renovation and modernization (R&M) of existing plants, which the Indian Government

positions as a policy to reinforce power supply capability to support its high growth rate, highly evaluates the

cooperation between the two countries implemented by CEA-JCOAL, and has shown expectations in

energy dialogues between the two nations on introduction of Japanese technologies and commercialization

in the future. In FY2013, to respond to the expectations we developed follow-up activities toward

commercialization of the diagnosis activities thus far.

Follow-up activities are conducted according to each target power company, but the details will be

described another time, and the following describes the follow-up activities held in FY2013 and two events

that strongly support the goal.

In August, 2013, under the project, CEA and JCOAL held a public-private sector joint conference to which

the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry and Japanese companies also attended, and we had an

opportunity to directly exchange opinions with CEA and NTPC (National Thermal Power Corporation)

regarding participation in the electricity business including R&M in India.

Furthermore in October, 2013, as a CCT training project, we invited NTPC and diagnosis target state

power companies in addition to MOP (Ministry of Power) and CEA to Japan, and visited related facilities

and exchanged opinions at the visitation sites, and also held a meeting to exchange opinions at the Indian

Embassy in Tokyo in order for persons related to Indian electric power to deepen their insights regarding

Japanese technology and knowledge.

Under this project, JCOAL together with CEA has reported project activities three times in the past and

held workshops to share relevant Japanese technologies and knowledge. We introduced a technology to

utilize lignite last year, and this year CEA strongly requested discussion of challenges related to finance,

which is the largest key for high efficiency power generation technology and commercialization and which

has been the bottleneck of the current R&M promotion, and also to share technology and knowledge and

exchange opinions for high efficiency power generation including O&M for both existing and new plants. To

respond to the request, we decided to hold the CEA-JCOAL workshop as a promotion activity of this project,

focusing on CCT, an electric power field of which rapid introduction and diffusion are expected in the near

future, in addition to the requested items.

Overview of “CEA-JCOAL Workshop FY2013-Toward sustainable, stable and low-carbon supply of

electricity-”

<Opening Session>

In annual workshops, only persons concerned in this cooperation could be speakers at opening sessions,

but when CEA offered PFC (Power Finance Corporation) a presentation, PFC replied that they wanted to

give a lecture at the opening session, therefore PFC gave a lecture in addition to CEA, MOP (it expressed

its intention to participate during the talk held between Director Shimakura of Coal Division and President

Namiki of JCOAL held on the previous day, but suddenly could not appear due to a Diet session), METI,

and JCOAL.

As the opening, President Namiki gave a welcome address, and stated that the significance of the

cooperation has been recognized through various public channels between the two nations and explained

its past results, looking at the cooperation between the two nations retroactively by going back to the initial

period of the cooperation with CEA. He also presented a vision that when high efficiency power generation

is promoted in India through this cooperation, it will not only contribute to the environment, economy and

energy conservation (efficient use of coal) of India, but also contribute to global initiatives for reduction of

emissions.

Director Shimakura of Coal Division stated that the project has progressed smoothly as the cooperation

between two nations and cooperation with the electric power sector in India was specifically discussed

between the prime ministers of the two nations in January, and showed acknowledgement that various

upstream and downstream CCT from Japan can contribute to the development of the electric power sector

in India.

Director Shimakura also addressed the situation where there is a trend that multi- and bilateral

organizations hold back their support for coal-fired power generation as a result of President Obama calling

for them to refrain from supporting coal-fired power generation development around the world taking

initiatives based on the "Climate Action Plan". He then said that Japan understands that promoting

development of high efficiency coal-fired power generation while promoting energy conservation and new

energy is important for emerging nations like India for the economy and social stability, and stressed its

intention to continue cooperation and support in the future.

Mr. Naveen Kumar, the project manager at PFC, emphasized the importance of electric power which

directly supports steady and dramatic economic growth, and showed estimates that India will need a power

supply six times greater than now by the year 2030. Thus, in discussing countermeasures for future peak

response and eliminating lack of energy, he emphasized considering the need to implement R&M and LE

(lifetime extension) tasks both rapidly and continuously.

Additionally, regarding new construction which will be the key to bolstering supply capability, Mr. Kumar

mentioned problems such as land acquisition, rising coal prices, response to environmental regulations and

time taken until startup, while the advantage of R&M is that it is relatively unaffected by these problems.

Lastly CEA Director, Ms. Neerja Mathur made an opening address.

The Director, acknowledging that CEA was sponsoring the workshop in cooperation with JCOAL, gave a

high evaluation that the subtitle of the workshop “Toward sustainable, stable and low-carbon supply of

electricity”, "truly shows the direction in which the electrical sector should advance in the future". She

mentioned that considering the environmental perspective the natural course of events is promotion of new

energy and hydraulic power, but the trend that coal is the mainstay of power generation will not change in

the future.

On the other hand, she also mentioned the long-range plan, and she said that the shortages of energy

and electricity have substantially improved under the 11th Plan, a situation was seen in October, 2013

where the supply and demand for electricity for all of India was almost counterbalanced. But explaining that

demand has continued to grow with additional 88,000MW needed under the 12th Plan, and an estimated

70% by means of coal, she mentioned that it is important to develop coal-fired power generation while

controlling impact on the environment in the future, also referring to PAT.

The Director in addition to initiatives in these generation tasks, has stated that strengthening and

implementing all the regulations for power transmission and distribution are essential for a stable power

supply, for which relevant law was established in December, 2013.

Finally, the Director pointed out that to obtain finance, which has been the bottleneck for R&M promotion,

electric companies must exercise extreme caution in creation of DPR (Detailed Project Report as a

prerequisite to project finance), and stated that modeling the DPRs of the preceding three projects (R&M

projects with support of World Bank and KfW (KfW Bankengruppe)) is strongly desired. In addition, because

the procedure and plans related to R&M are vague at times, she urged utilization of the R&M guidelines

which CEA has published in order to understand them well.

CEA reported that currently the project has been implemented for 12 units 1633MW which is only 10% of

the R&M target in the 12th five year plan, and CEA and MOP are examining and supporting various policy

incentives for promotion of commercialization. Additionally, regarding cooperation with JCOAL, a certain

result can be obtained with diagnosis, but from the perspective of promotion of implementation of a

domestic emissions reduction system (PAT) the intention has been shown to continue development of

commercialization even further in the future.

JCOAL in addition to reporting the results of diagnosis activities for three fiscal years and follow-up

activities toward commercialization, introduced the world development status of R&M related technology of

Japan, and expressed its intention to continue to proceed initiatives with cooperation of CEA in the Indian

power sector.

In the latter half of the session, JBIC and JICA from the Japanese side and PFC from the Indian side

made presentations regarding the finance which CEA has made a key to R&M commercialization promotion,

and different views were indicated regarding finance options and future possibilities for R&M and the

electrical sector.

At the beginning of the session APGENCO (Andhra Pradesh Power Generation Corporation) made a

presentation, reporting activity experience focusing on diagnostics during plant overhaul carried out in 2012,

and also presented several R&M proposal scenarios the diagnostics team is now studying at APGENCO.

NTPC presented experience of NTPC's independent Mega R&M project and R&M implementation,

followed by Hitachi, Ltd./Hitachi Plant Construction made another technical presentation on MEEP (Moving

Electrode Electrostatic Precipitators) adoption of which was decided in the NTPC Rihand power station

R&M in March, 2013.

In the questions, participants expressed high interest especially in APGENCO's experience and proposal

details, and the outlook for future development.

A general participant asking a question Mr. Sunder Singh, APGENCO thermal power department manager

In the high efficiency generation session, the Indian side attached the most importance to the presentation

pertaining to O&M technology which emphasized continuity and preventive maintenance. This was through

the aforementioned related plant inspection and exchange of opinions in Japan in October 2013, those on

the Indian side realized that, regardless of whether the high efficiency generation technology is the most

advanced, it would prove its worth when plants that actually use this utilize the O&M technology in addition

to excellent technologies. Regarding the announcement of Kyushu Electric Power, participants brought up

several specific questions about such as the frequency of overhaul inspections and period.

L&T-MHI Boilers made a presentation on SC (supercritical) technology based on cases being

implemented in India, and made a presentation of USC (ultra supercritical) technology using cases of

various countries. Finally, Tata Power made a joint announcement with Toshiba regarding the Mundra Ultra

Mega Power Project which adopted Toshiba technology, and presented the background to the shortest

launch of the five units, project experience and challenges they faced and their handling so that those can

be responses confronting the five units, so that those involved can use the information as reference.

Almost no attendees left until the third session, and questions and exchange of opinions were lively in all

sessions. The World Bank in its most recent consultations with JCOAL, stated that it will not support all new

construction, but is considering continued support for existing construction, and the person in charge of the

South Asian region also attended this workshop for future reference.

As for attendance on the Indian side, there were more participants from CEA than in an average year and,

including other participants, they were interested in the details of proposals for diagnostics, motivated to

share best practices on routine maintenance management the Japanese power companies implement, and

had strong expectations for the possibilities of applying the performance of CCT power from Japan in India.

Additionally, the Director's speech which showed a high degree of awareness as a party involved in the

cooperation between these two nations, and endless questions and answers, and their interest in Japanese

expertise seen from the questions and answers, made this a workshop from which the Japanese side

gained a great deal.

Workshop

Lecture by JCOAL President Namiki

(From right to left Mr. Neerja, CEA Chairperson, Mr. Shimakura,

Senior Director, Coal Division, Mr, Kumar, PFC Executive Director)

<Session 1: India Power and CEA-JCOAL Activities>

Present status and future directions of India

power sector and R&M Initiatives

CEA

JCOAL activities in India Power Sector and

future program

JCOAL

Lecture by related entities on financing

options and issues

JBIC/JICA/PFC

Wrapping up CEA

<Session2: CEA-JCOAL Cooperation Projects, R＆M-related Technologies>

Diagnosis experience under CEA-JCOAL cooperation APGENCO

R&M initiative in NTPC NTPC

MEEP (Moving-electrode type Electrostatic precipitator)

technology

Hitachi, Ltd. Infrastructure Systems Company,

Hitachi Plant Construction Ltd.

Wrapping up JCOAL

Participants asking questions

APGENCO’s presenter Mr. S. Singh,

Chief Engineer, Generation-I

<Session3: For Higher Efficiency in Power Generation>

O&M technology that enables

sustainable and long lasting power

plant operation

Kyushu Electric Power

Co., Ltd.

USC technology L&T-MHI Boiler Private

Ltd.

Experience of Mundra ultra mega

power project

Tata Power & Toshiba

Wrapping up CEA

Sixth Japan-China Joint Conference Held Satoru Matsuyama, Business Promotion Department Chang Jing, Business Promotion Department

As part of the Clean Coal for the Earth Cooperation Promotion Project (CCfE), since 2009 JCOAL has

been promoting projects to improve efficiency of thermal power plants and to conserve the environment for

China, and holds the Japan-China Joint Conference once a year to promote smooth business and to

provide opportunities for the governments of both countries, relevant organizations and thermal power

generation research organizations to exchange opinions.

The First Japan-China Joint Conference was held November 27, 2008, thereafter, each year it is held

coinciding with the Japan-China Energy Conservation Forum which METI and the Japan-China Economic

Association cohost with the Chinese government (participating in the coal and electrical power sub-panel).

Attendees on the Japanese side were staff from the METI Agency for Natural Resources and Energy

Natural Resources and Fuel Department Coal Division, The Institute of Applied Energy, Federation of

Electric Power Companies of Japan, Japan Electrical Manufacturers' Association, Japan Coal Energy

Center, and on the Chinese side staff from The National Energy Administration, China Electricity Council

(CEC), China Machinery Industry Federation, and Xi'an Thermal Power Research Institute.

The Sixth Japan-China Joint Conference was attended by 40 representatives as observers from

Japan-Chinese electrical power related enterprises including Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Babcock Hitachi,

J-Power, TMEIC, and on the Chinese side by major companies such as Huaneng Group, Datang

Corporation, Huadian Corporation, Guodian Corporation, China Electric Power Investment Group, Ltd.,

Guohua Electric Power Corp., Zhejiang Provincial Energy Group, and Xi'an Thermal Power Research

Institute.

Thus far, holding of the Japan-China Joint Conference has alternated between Tokyo and Beijing, but

whether to avoid cities focused on a political atmosphere, or whether to avoid concern about environmental

pollution issues due to PM2.5 in Beijing, it was decided to hold the Conference in Hangzhou this time as

designated by CEC, a bureau on the Chinese side.

The scope of Chinese air pollution is increasing, and PM concentration continues to rise, worsening the

situation. Last June, Xi Jinping's new administration indicated 10 countermeasures for air pollution, in

September, the State Council summarized and published specific countermeasures for air pollution up to

the year 2017 in "Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan", Beijing simultaneously enacted "Air

Cleaning Action Plan (2013-2017)", and the central government in China and important cities have

launched air pollution preventive measures in rapid succession. Due to such a situation, while the most

important agenda was set to promotion of cooperation between Japan and China on environmental

measures (SOx, NOx, dust, mercury and other environmental pollutants) related to coal-fired power

generation, the Joint Conference this time also discussed and consulted on promotion of Japan-China

exchanges in the advanced coal-fired power generation technology field such as IGCC, A-USC and CCS,

as well as future cooperation regarding exchanges between power related companies of Japan and China

to improve efficiency of existing coal-fired power generation. Ma Jun Director of The National Energy

Administration made an opening remark, saying that “the power generation capacity of China reaches 1.18

billion kW, and coal-fired power generation accounted for 72%, which is 850 million kW. Thermal power is

China's main power resource, and this fact will not change in the long term. The Chinese government views

thermal power and energy saving, and environmental conservation as highly important, arranges

administrative measures to shut down small scale units and to handle research and development of IGCC,

700℃ ultra super critical generation, 600,000 kW super critical fluid bed power generation technology, and

heavy metal safety treatment technology, and hopes to strengthen cooperation in this field with other

countries in the world including Japan, therefore I want the exchanges between CEC and JCOAL to serve

as a useful bridge in the Japan-China Joint Conference." In response, Division Manager Adviser Inoue in

the METI Coal Division representing the Japanese government organization mentioned that the Fukushima

Nuclear Station Incident after the Great East Japan Earthquake, was an opportunity to review the basic

energy plan, where the importance of coal will be viewed as more and more important. With regard to

environmental technology among measures for pollution related disease in Japan such as Yokkaichi

asthma and Minamata illness, research and development have taken time and cost both government and

private, and as a result of tax reductions to promote introduction of environmental equipment and support

measures such as subsidies from the government, world top level technology has been achieved and is

widely used. He stated that Japan will make efforts for spread and promotion of Japanese technology

overseas through the international exchanges, and explained the points of Japanese environmental policy.

After that, a bureau on the Chinese side described the current situation of coal-fired power generation,

and environmental problems and countermeasure situation in China, and a bureau on the Japanese side

presented experiences with environmental policy in Japan. According to an announcement by the Chinese

side, at the end of 2012, 56 ultra-super critical 1,000 MW units were operating, and 442 500-900 MW

thermal power units, 806 300-399 MW units, 234 200-299 MW units, and 332 100-199 MW units. The

following table has operation data for thermal power stations from 2003 to 2012, Chinese thermal power

generation has steadily progressed to high efficiency. On the other hand, the central government and

important cities are launching measures in succession to prevent air pollution, and rapid installation and

operation of desulfurizing and de-NOx equipment to support strengthened environmental standards are

urgent tasks for Chinese thermal power. After the explanation by the bureau, members on both the

Japanese and Chinese side exchanged enthusiastic opinions on energy saving and environment

improvement in Chinese coal-fired power generation, and the Sixth Japan-China Joint Conference closed

after finding consensus on how to move forward with the following items.

[General]

◇ Both the governments of Japan and China will continue support such as the Japan-China Energy Saving

and Environment Conservation Forum to move forward with global warming measures to improve efficiency

of existing power plants and environmental improvements such as PM2.5.

◇ Utilize a Win-Win relationship for Japanese and Chinese enterprises that has been built thus far.

[Improvement of efficiency of coal-fired thermal power]

◇ Continued improvement of generation efficiency of conventional type of Chinese power stations,

improving overall generation efficiency to suit large scale high efficiency generation. However,

accompanying the spread of desulfurizing and de-NOx equipment, because coal transmission efficiency will

decline, continued improvements are needed.

[Provisions for coal-fired thermal power]

◇ Desulfurizing equipment has moved forward rapidly since 2005, and has now spread to 90%, but the SOx

level is still high, and regulations were strengthened since FY2012.

◇ De-NOx equipment has spread only 50%, and in regulations from the environment protection department,

equipment serving on a certain scale must all have de-NOx installed.

The Japan-China Joint Conference concluded with a CEC-JCOAL "Memorandum of Understanding

Regarding Upgrading Efficiency of Chinese Coal-fired Thermal Power Stations, and Environmental

Improvements", and promised to go forward with endeavors for further project development of Japan-China

business bases.

After the conference, a Japan-China Coal-fired thermal power workshop was held at the hotel of the

meeting place, and conference participants and technicians from major Chinese power companies got

together for an active exchange of opinions. In spite of grave circumstances in Japan-China relations, the

Japan-China Joint Conference continues to be held, and the holding of a workshop was achieved. This is

proof that cooperation was somehow cultivated through the CCfE project, and at the same time, in the

background of problems of serious air pollution and cross-border pollution, it is also proof that both Japan

and China hope eagerly to achieve and expand a business basis for cooperation in solving environmental

problems. In order to further promote CCT technical cooperation on a business basis between Japan and

China, I felt that it is important that both sides proceed with concrete actions to achieve the items on which

consensus was formed in the conference with enthusiasm.

Photo 1 6the Japan-China Joint Conference

Table Performances transition of operation and efficiency for thermal power plants in China

Item/Year 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Operation time(hr/year) 5,760 5,991 5,865 5,612 5,344 4,885 4,865 5,031 5,294 4,965

Auxiliary power ratio(%) 6.85 6.80 6.76 6.62 6.79 6.62 6.33 6.32 6.08

Coal demand(g/net-kWh) 380 376 370 367 356 345 340 333 329 326

Grid loss(%) 7.71 7.57 7.18 7.04 6.97 6.79 6.72 6.49 6.31 6.62

Photo 2 The conclusion of the MOU

Report on the Holding of Symposium on the Effective Use of Coal Ash Kazuo Naka, Research and Development Depatrment JCOAL hosts a "Symposium on the Effective Use of Coal Ash" every other year, and since this fiscal year

was the year to hold the symposium, the "2013 Symposium on Effective Use of Coal Ash" was held on

November 26, 2013 (Tue) in the Science Hall of the Science Museum.

Even now, two years and half after the Great East Japan Earthquake, reconstruction is still moving

forward in damaged regions. And technologies that use coal ash are being used there, at the "2013

Symposium on Effective Use of Coal Ash" the theme of Part One was "Use of Coal Ash in Earthquake

Reconstruction" and the theme of Part Two was "Recent Technical Trends in Effective Use of Coal Ash".

The following is an outline of each lecture.

<Keynote Address>

○ Prof. Hisada, Tohoku University Graduate School "Current Status and Future Challenges in Earthquake

Disaster Reconstruction" Immediately after the Great East Japan Earthquake Prof. Hisada has been active

in a rubble disposal consortium, and he presented the current status of rubble disposal in this lecture, and

problems that must be considered in the future, based on experiences from challenges he has been dealing

with in affected areas.

<Lecture-1>

○ Mr. Hino, Chugoku Electric Power Co. Inc.

"The Use of Coal Ash Granules (Hi Beads) in the Repair Project of the South Sendai Bay Coastal Dikes"

Chugoku Electric Power manufactures Hi beads (coal ash granules) in its Shin Onoda Power Station, and

this lecture presents how Hi beads were used in the repair project of the South Sendai Bay coastal dikes.

Each power company has been developing technologies to apply coal ash in a variety of building materials,

among them Hi beads have achieved full-scale promotion, and that is something I want to use as reference.

<Lecture-2>

○ Mr. Sakamoto, Hazama Ando Corporation

○ Mr. Sasaki, Obayashi Corporation "Summary of Experimental Use of Coal Ash Compound Materials in

Seawalls" Mr. Sakamoto of Hazama Ando Corporation and Mr. Sasaki of Obayashi Corporation both gave

lectures with the same title "Summary of Experimental Use of Coal Ash Compound Materials in Seawalls".

Each has presented experimental data on the use of embankment materials developed in his respective

company for repair projects, and the results.

<Lecture-3>

○Mr. Yanagiba, Joban Joint Power Co. Ltd. "The Use of J-ash as an Earthquake Disaster Recovery

Material" J-ash, which is a foundation material applying strong soil technology, was developed by

Okinawa Electric Power Co., Ltd. and JDC Corporation, and its application to roads in Iwaki City and to

Onahama Pier 1 and 3 were presented.

<Lecture-4>

○Prof. Torii, Kanazawa University "Activities and Results of Study Committee to Promote Effective Use of

Fly Ash in Concrete in the Hokuriku Region" In the Hokuriku region, there are many cracks in concrete

due to ASR (alkali silica reaction), as a countermeasure, utilization of FA concrete using the coal ash from

the Hokuriku Power Co. has been promoted with industry, government and academia working together, and

the status was presented.

For myself, studying the effective use of coal ash, the talk is very interesting, and it is also enviable.

<Lecture-5>

○Prof. Sato, Oita University "Improvement of Coal Ash Technology" Fly ash concrete has advantages and

problems on the other hand. This lecture presents quality and safety problems with the spread of fly ash

concrete and improved FA concrete technology to remove unburned carbon that causes variations in

quality.

<Lecture-6>

○Mr. Ichikawa, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry "Effective Use of Gasified Slag" He

presented quality stability of coal gasified slag produced by IGCC, which has excellent efficiency and is

expected to increase in installation in the future, and its applicability as a lightweight fine aggregate.

<Lecture-7>

○Mr. Nakashita, Chugoku Electric Power Co. Inc.

"The Status of Effective Use of Clinker Ash" He presented Clinker ash with its characteristics of being

chemically stable, and very small leaching, it has excellent characteristics as a foundation material, and its

use in construction is steadily increasing.

<Lecture-8>

○Mr. Kobayashi, Maeda Concrete Industry Ltd.

"Use of Non-JIS Fly Ash in Secondary Products" He presented examples of use of non-JIS fly ash in

precast concrete products. To use non-JIS fly ash, selection of suitable additives and control of the dosage

of additive according to quality are important.

<Lecture-9>

○Mr. Kuroda, Shimizu Corporation "Example of Use in New Construction of Hakata Station Building (JR

Hakata City)" He presented an example where fly ash concrete was used in a large scale construction

project, new construction of Hakata Station Building (JR Hakata City). Stable and high quality fly ash

concrete was manufactured and used by making fly ash concrete while understanding its quality, and

suitably managing its use.

Thanks were given to all of the 229 participants (17 JCOAL staff among them) for their participation, and the

symposium ended successfully.

JCOAL gave a questionnaire to those participating in the symposium, and the results are given below.

(1) How was the number of lectures?

• Good 49 people (52.1%)

• Normal 35 people (37.2%)

• Too many 9 people (9.6%)

• Too few 0 People (0.0%)

• No response 1 person (1.1%)

This time, ten lectures were given, and 89% of the people responded that the number of lectures was

good or normal, which can be regarded as mostly satisfied.

(2) How was the content of the lectures?

• Very interesting 35 people (37.2%)

• Interesting 56 people (59.6%)

• Not interesting 0 people (0.0%)

• Other 0 people (0.0%)

• No response 3 people (3.2%)

Ninety percent of the participants responded that lecture content was interesting or very interesting which

can be regarded as mostly satisfied.

(3) Which lectures were interesting for you? (Multiple responses allowed)

<Keynote Address> 44 people

<Lecture-1> 39 people

<Lecture-2> 37 people

<Lecture-3> 38 people

<Lecture-4> 55 people

<Lecture-5> 35 people

<Lecture-6> 27 people

<Lecture-7> 43 people

<Lecture-8> 29 people

<Lecture-9> 27 people

The result indicates that people participated with average interest in all lectures.

(4) Which topics would like to hear about in the future?

• Presentation of examples of technology effectively using large volumes of coal ash in Japan or

overseas.

• It would be good if we could share status and problems on effective use of fly ash from the standpoint of

both construction and civil engineering.

• On effective use of JIS ash (fly ash for concrete).

• Talks on export of ash disposal. Problems on the logistical aspects of ash disposal.

• Would like presentations on trends in government and public research organizations regarding effective

use of coal.

• If there is development other than civil engineering on effective use of coal ash. Would like to hear more

about development in different types of industry.

• On heavy metal measures.

• Ideas on coal ash disposal as a country in the current situation.

• Progress in earthquake disaster recovery.

• On the effect of coal type and generating equipment on coal ash quality.

• On measures for expanded use and expanded demand.

• On the development of legal systems.

• On technology for insolubilization of heavy metals.

JFY2013 Japan-Taiwan Coal-Fired Power Generation Experts’ Workshop Toshiko Fujita, Japanese Center for Asia Pacific Coal Flow On January 16, 2014 (Thu), the Fourth Japan-Taiwan Coal-Fired Power Generation Experts’ Workshop was

held, based on a MOU with Taiwan Power Company in ballroom of Taiwan Power Research Institute of

Taiwan Power Company.

In July, 2010, based on a request from the Taiwan Interchange Association, the Taiwan Coal Firing High

Efficiency Research Group (Headed by JCOAL Chairman Nakagaki) visited Taiwan, had an information

exchange with officials of Taiwan Government and Taiwan Power Company regarding high efficiency and

the advances Clean Coal Technologies and visited Daling and Taichung Thermal Power Plants afterwards.

Subsequently, electric power leaders from Taiwan visited Japan in January, 2011, where they visited

Japan’s state-of-the-art coal-fired power Station, which is Isogo Thermal Power Plant owned by J-POWER

with several manufacturing sites and exchanged opinions.

And through those events, the Japan-Taiwan CCT Workshop was held for the first time in March, 2011.

Furthermore, in the same time frame, as a research task for a replacement F/S for Taiwan existing power

stations, Hsinta Thermal Power Plant was examined.

The exchange meeting of this time followed that, and it has been held in recent years to appeal Japan's

advanced CCT to officers in Taiwan Power Company for Japan’s business development. The program is

attached below.

On that day, with more than 100 participants, Senior Executive Director Kato, JCOAL and Vice President

Chung, Taiwan Power Company opened the Workshop, and there were five presentations from Japan and

two presentations from Taiwan. First of all, on behalf of Japan, Senior Executive Director Kato , JCOAL

gave a keynote address on "Situation of Japan's Energy Policy Consideration". Then on behalf of Taiwan

Power Company, Mr. Ke-Hung Hu, Chief of Thermal Power Section, Department of Power Development,

gave a keynote address on " Power Developing Strategy of TAIPOWER “. This time, because, in advance,

Taiwan Power Company had expressed hope of inquiring about suitable technology from Japan, four

Japanese companies (Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, IHI, Toshiba and J-POWER) presented their

technologies. After the presentations, in the same way as the free discussions last year, the Japanese

speakers took the stage and opened a discussion about coal-firing power generation technology with the

participants from Taiwan Power Company. Officers of Taiwan Power Company asked a variety of questions

about the use of coal ash, co-firing, dealing with clinker, the flexibility of fuel for future coal-firing power

generation, and so forth.

In addition, in view of a request made in the previous year by the head office of Taiwan Power Company,

regarding problems with the obsolescence of Taiwan Power's Taichung Thermal Power Plant, the site was

visited on January 17 (Fri), and further questions were accepted from officers in charge of that site.

Additional experts from those four Japanese companies joined the discussion. As the discussion topics

were provided in advance by Taiwan Power Company, responses and observations were given along the

lines of that list by the Japanese participants. As Units #1-4 there were more than 20 years old, after the

discussion the turbine floors and central control rooms of Unit #1-2 were toured.

Photo 1 Opening address by Motohiko Kato, JCOAL

Photo 2 Opening address by Bin-Lin Chung Taiwan Power Company

Photo 3 Free discussion

Photo 4 Panorama of Taiwan Power’s Taichung Thermal Power Plant

Photo 5 Taiwan Power’s Taichung Thermal Power Plant tour

Photo 6 Discussion in Taiwan Power’s Taichung Thermal Power Plant

Japan-Taiwan Coal-Fired Power Generation Experts’ Workshop PROGRAM Thursday January 16, 2014 Research Institute, Taiwan Power Company Taiwan Power Company, Japan Coal Energy Center

08:30-09:00 Registration

09:00-09:05 Opening Address 1 Motohiko Kato, Senior Executive Director, JCOAL

09:05-09:10 Opening Address 2 Bin-Lin Chung, Vice President, Taiwan Power Company

09:10-09:40 Keynote Address 1 Situation of Japan’s Energy Policy Consideration Motohiko Kato, Senior Executive Director, JCOAL

09:40-10:00 Keynote Address 2 Power Developing Strategy of TAIPOWER Ke-Hung Hu, Chief of Thermal Power Section, Department of Power Development, Taiwan Power Company

10:00-10:20 Coffee Break

10:20-10:50 Speech 1 Developing of Ultra-low NOx Burner for Coal-fired Boiler Takayuki Suto, Manager, Boiler Designing Section A , Boiler Engineering Department, Power Systems Division, Energy & Environment, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (MHI)

10:50-11:05 Q&A 11:05-11:35 Speech 2 Recent Milestone of IHI Coal-Fired Power Plant

Business for Effective Fuel Use Takashi Enomoto, Project Basic Planning Group, IHI Corporation (IHI)

11:35-11:50 Q&A

11:50-13:00 Lunch

13:00-13:20 Speech 3 Improvement Plan of Taichung Unit #1~#4 AQCS Jen-Ho Yang, Deputy Plant General Manager, Taichung Power Plant, Taiwan Power Company

13:20-13:35 Q&A 13:35-14:05 Speech 4 Steam Turbine Generator Retrofitting and

Performance Upgrading Technology Kensuke Suzuki, CCS Business Manager, Plant Engineering Department, Thermal & Hydro Power Systems & Service Division,

Power Systems Company, Toshiba Corporation (TOSHIBA)

14:05-14:20 Q&A 14:20-14:50 Speech 5 Coal Ash Handling System and Updates of Ash

Utilization Kyohei Nakamura, Manager, Plant Management Office, Thermal Power Department, Electric Power Development Co., Ltd. (J-POWER)

14:50-15:05 Q&A

15:05-15:25 Coffee Break

15:25-16:10 Free-Discussion /“Coal-Fired Power Generation”

16:10-16:15 Closing Address 1 Bin-Lin Chung, Vice President, Taiwan Power Company

16:15-16:20 Closing Address 2 JCOAL

Mongolian Dry Type Coal Preparation Training Project Hajime Endo, Business Promotion Department Tatsuhito Nakano, Business Promotion Department

1. Introduction

From February 3 to 10, 2014, JCOAL conducted dry coal preparation training for the Mongolian Ministry

of Mining Industry, and Erdenes Tavan Tolgoi Co. the state owned coal company.

The training was part of the CCT transfer project in 2013 "International Subsidy to Promote Coal Use

Technology" which is based on a MOU entered into by three parties in August 2013, in Ulan Bator, Erdenes

Tavan Tolgoi Co. (E.T/T), Nagata Engineering Co. (NECO) and JCOAL, and based on the consultation that

conducted at the training, a meeting to report results and a seminar were held in March in Ulan Bator.

The project, in order to mitigate environmental problems due to water use in Mongolia which is poor in

water resources, was conducted in order to introduce and commercialize Japanese dry type coal

preparation technology in Mongolia.

The key points of the project were to transport raw coal from the Sanki Mining zone of Tavan Tolgoi Mine

owned by E.T/T to NECO, to check sorting performance with a pilot prototype, and to conduct a pre F/S to

compare with a gravity liquid sorting system.

2. Regarding the Training Project

For the training eight people starting with Jigjid, State Secretary of the Ministry of Mining Industry, the

Vice President of E.T/T, and the President of Erdenes MGL LLC visited Japan from February 3, to February

10, 2014. They inspected the operation status of the NECO prototype, and a plastic sorting machine

operating as a commercial device, and held a technical conference.

3. Nagata Engineering

They visited NECO in Wakamatsu District, Kita Kyushu City, reported analysis results on the granularity

distribution of Mongolian raw coal, its water content, and ash content, and held a lively discussion.

Questions from the trainees were answered on setup costs of preparation plant construction, and the

difference in sorting costs between dry type and wet type.

They also toured a dry type coal preparation prototype, and attended a raw coal sorting test. The two

following sorting technologies were proposed in this project.

One was the fluidized bed separation technology developed by NECO, which targets 10-35mm size coal.

It separates coal because coal with light specific gravity rises and the other sinks. Unlike the dense medium

separator which uses a magnetite medium as solution, the fluidized bed separator uses silica sand and

zircon sand powder as the medium, and the powder is fluidized by air intake, and reaches a state like a

liquid. Since powder is the medium, water is not needed. Also, specific gravity of the fluidized bed can be

controlled as desired by mixing a variety of powders, and has already been applied to resource recycling to

sort waste plastic and metal.

The other technology is air table technology to separate 0.5-10mm size coal, which can be separated

according to specific gravity differences by producing a forced draft and shaking.

These dry type sorters which do not use water, are expected to be applied in regions which lack water

resources and in frigid areas.

After that, they toured a commercialized dry type sorter for plastic at SRtechno Co., in Noboribetsu City,

Hokkaido.

4. Meeting for Exchange of Ideas

A meeting for exchange of ideas was held by the trainees, METI, the Mongolian Embassy, joined by

several private enterprises.

The Mongolian side appreciated that experiment was conducted using Mongolian coal in less than a year

after the Mongolian side made a formal request for support at a joint government and private conference in

the Japan-Mongolia resources sector in May last year, and expressed intension to cooperate even more in

the future because dry type coal preparation is a very beneficial technology for Mongolia.

In recent years Mongolia has increased the market access of Chinese businesses, but the Japanese side

described its intention to promote interaction between Mongolia and the Japanese government and

Japanese companies based on Mongolia's long term resource strategy. Also, the Mongolian side has

requested furtherance of economic infrastructure preparations.

5. Meeting to Report Results

At the end of the project, the results of the dry type coal preparation project were reported by NECO with

JCOAL participating, at E.T/T in Ulan Bator on March 12.

As requested from the Mongolian side at the time of training, the total of plant construction costs and

operation costs was reported. When comparing the economy of dry type coal preparation and wet type coal

preparation processing the same volume under certain conditions, there were no great differences in costs

when investment to secure water resources was excluded. On the other hand, because in production the

wet type was better at sorting fine coal less than 0.5mm, it was reported that coal preparation that combines

dry type and wet type is effective.

6. Seminar

A seminar for private businesses was held at the Ministry of Mining Industry on the same day as the

meeting to report results. About 40 people attended on the Mongolian side including State Secretary Jigjid,

the Ministry of Mining Industry, MRAM, E.T/T, Hunnu Co., ER Co., and the Mining Research Institute.

The agenda was a description of the dry type coal preparation project, and presentation of the NECO dry

type coal preparation technology. Also, in the future, demonstrated operation will be conducted in Mongolia

on demonstration equipment with annual processing volume of 400 to 500 thousand tons, and it was

announced that they want to lead it to practical application of a commercial machine.

The Mongolian side asked about and appeared highly interested in application of dry sorting technology

to minerals other than coal, sorting of powdered coal less than 0.5mm, and onsite supply of the sand used

in the fluidized bed.

7. Conclusion

Many of the trainees who participated this time were high-ranking Mongolian government officials, and

managers of enterprises with important roles in business, interest was very high in facilities visited and

technologies, question and answer sessions were very lively at places visited, and by holding the meeting

for exchange of ideas, relations were deepened with the Japanese government and private businesses.

Also at the meeting to report results and the seminar, the Mongolian side expressed desires for sorting of

powdered coal and for test operation on low-grade raw coal other than the coal seam used this time, NECO

was also responsive to the Mongolian demands, and very suggestive exchanges of opinion were seen

regarding technical aspects.

This technology is a breakthrough in the sense that it has the same level of performance in sorting

efficiency as the usual jig sorter, and received recognition as a dry type coal sorting technology that was

developed as a world first. There are many coal producing countries with scant water resources other than

Mongolia, and since it contributes greatly to reducing the environmental load, dry coal sorting technology

has great marketability. Also, because demand for sorting of low grade coal for which water cannot be used

will increase in the future, further market expansion is expected. It is desired that this project will be the first

step for the introduction of a Japanese dry type coal preparation demonstrator.

Photo 1 Fluidized bed separator

Photo 2 Group photo

Photo 3 The seminar at Ministry of Mining Industry

Project to Train Coal Engineers in Mozambique Report on Conducting an On-site Seminar Yoshikazu Ikai, JCOAL International Affairs Department Yi Wenli, JCOAL International Affairs Department

1. Project Background

Mozambique has large, high quality coal reserves, and it is expected to become a new producer nation of

high quality coal particularly for steel materials. Also, it is expected to develop into an important country for

achieving a variety of supply sources and coal stability assurance for Japan.

Because, thus far, Mozambique has developed coal resources by means of foreign capital, it lacks

human resources to develop coal resources in a domestic business. In particular, human resources in the

government are lacking to understand and manage resources, and training human resources is an urgent

task to be able to support rapid development of resources in the future. In October, 2012 a Mozambique

resources sector policy dialog was held for the first time, and as part of Japan-Mozambique resource sector

cooperation, the "Mozambique Coal Industry Development 5 Year Plan" was confirmed. Cooperation in the

training of human resources promotes sustainable development in the development of Mozambique coal,

and building a multi-tiered relationship in the coal sector between Japan and Mozambique can contribute to

a stable supply of coal to Japan and a diversified supply source.

Entrusted by the Overseas Human Resources and Industry Development Association (HIDA), following

the first training seminar held in February, 2013, the second coal resource development human resources

training seminar was conducted for three weeks starting December 2 of that year, focusing on geological

survey technology.

2. Summary of Holding the On-site Seminar

Eight specialists were sent to Mozambique for this year's on-site seminar, with a total of 25 persons

participating such as coal engineers from Mozambique Mineral Resources Company (EMEM), the Ministry

of Mineral Resources and private companies. Among the participants, 60% were first year participants.

Based on the demands from the first seminar and implementation status, the important theme this time was

geological survey technology which will become the first step in the process of coal mine development. Also,

compared with the first seminar, in addition to increasing exercise during classroom lecture, there was field

study in the Revuboe coal mine for which Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation hold the rights.

The lectures of JCOAL Ishihara over the first two days, proceeded with an agenda focusing on

fundamentals of assessing resource volume which is basic at the time of assessing and developing coal

resources, and standardization of calculation norms, and introduced the necessity of deciding on

approaches and calculation norms for coal resource volume and reserves. Also, to deepen the

understanding of the participants, they were given actual practice problems, and attempts were made to

improve their awareness.

The lectures of JCOAL Uehara consisted of introductions to fundamentals of coal resources,

development of coal resources (survey fundamentals, survey technology), and geological structural

analysis of coal. Before the field study starting the next week in Tete Province, the participants learned the

objectives and the overview of coal resource survey, the necessity for coal geological analysis and the

methods, making the onsite training easier and leading to more efficient implementation.

Mr. Oosawa from Mitsubishi Materials Techno gave lectures on remote sensing analysis technology, for

resource survey, and on GIS. Considering the opinions of the participants from last year, introduced more

videos and software in lectures and enriched concreteness of expressions to deepen the understanding of

the lecture content for the participants. Also, for the on-site training in Tete Province, the participants were

introduced to remote sensing analysis results for Tete Province. The participants once again gained

impressions of the practicality of remote sensing.

After that, they moved from Maputo to the Revuboe Coal Mine in Tete Province where they had training in

geological survey and mapping in Revuboe Coal Mine by Mr. Kawaguchi and Mr. Fukai from Nittetsu Mining

Consultants Co. Ltd. from December 9 to 12. Because the participants were gathered from various fields,

18 from Maputo and another 4 from the Tete site, the training proceeded with a mixture of lecture and

survey of outcrops. As the agenda, lectures were given on fundamentals of geological survey, an outline of

neighboring geology, methods in geological ground survey and methods in mapping data analysis,

additionally, in the onsite training how to obtain coal seam columnar sections, and how to read the travel

slope of faults were explained. Also, on the last day of on-site training, in mapping inside the camp by the

participants only, they performed mapping accurately and it seemed that many participants understood the

mapping methods.

After the last day of on-site training in Tete Province ended satisfactorily, they returned to Maputo, and

continued training. In the third week, Ikai from JCOAL while presenting cases from Japanese Mining

License Administration and Coal Mine Safety Supervision Administration, lectured on the changes and

developments. Continuing, Yi from JCOAL lectured on the topic of "World Mine Safety Administration

(China Volume)" and then the coal situation, security administration and law in China. Thus, incorporating

an agenda for preparation of administration and law of Japan and the coal industry for China a typical coal

producing nation, was thought to be a reference in administrative aspects and legal aspects for

Mozambique, as an emerging coal producing nation.

Finally Mr. Takei from Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal deepened the understanding of participants on the

topic of "Japan's Overseas Coal Mine PJ Economy Case Studies" by means of many exercises on

fundamental knowledge of finance theory in projects. After that, he led them in application and use of actual

coal project assessment based on that theory and knowledge. Based on the demands of the participants

from the year before, more exercise problems were given at the time of explaining economics and finance

theory, and as a result all of the participants acquired the knowledge needed to move to application. Finally,

so that there would be an accurate grasp of the overall flow of a coal project, the actual conditions of the

coal market and usage were described using pictures and videos focusing on the usage of raw coal.

3. Assessment and Demands of Participants

The results of the survey after training ended showed that almost all participants stated that the content of

the lectures were "very informative" and "will be useful in my own daily work". Also regarding the field

studies newly introduced this year, everyone hoped that they would be continued in the future. Also, in the

training agenda, there was much hope for the addition of courses in the usage of coal, environmental

measures and mine safety and allowing participation from other provinces and everyone hoped that this

training could continue.

Participants in the first seminar held last year have not ceased to voice approval. This time,

understanding of the training agenda was deepened because a curriculum was set with the principal theme

of geological survey and reserves assessment, and based on demands from the first seminar, the time was

increased for field studies, exercises and drills.

4. Future Topics and Outlook

1) Because training was held in the capital, Maputo, it was difficult to participate from other provinces. To

increase participants from regions and private sector, it is also necessary to request that Mozambique bear

costs.

2) Include agenda regarding environmental measures, usage of coal, and mine safety as appropriate in

lecture content. Furthermore, continued introduction of drills and practice, and setting of topics utilizing field

studies will make the training more effective.

3) So that the project in Mozambique can be promoted smoothly, construct database and network of the

trainees who participated.

It is expected that the coal industry in Mozambique will develop greatly. We want to continue to review the

training agenda so that it can further contribute to the training of human resources for development of coal

resources.

Photo 1 On-site training in Tete Province

Photo 2 The classroom lecture in Maputo

Seminar program

Japan-China Coal Mine Safety Technology Training Project Bing-rui, Yi, International Affairs Department

1. Introduction

In order to secure the stability of demand and supply of coal in the Asia-Pacific region as well as its stable

supply to Japan, the NEDO "Project for Overseas Transfer of Coal Mining Technology" was started by

JCOAL, KCM, and MMR in FY2002 and the project has been implemented as JOGMEC "Project for

Advancement of Coal Production and Safety Technology in Coal Producing Countries" since 2012. The

project consists of "Domestic Acceptance Training" that targets coal mining engineers from China, Vietnam,

and Indonesia and accepts overseas trainees to Japan and "Overseas Dispatch Training" that dispatches

Japanese experts abroad to overseas sites. For the 12 years up to the end of 2013, about 950, 2,500, and

440 trainees have been accepted from China, Vietnam, and Indonesia respectively, while about a total of

about 460, 2,500, and 1,140 Japanese experts have been dispatched to each of the countries respectively,

and the number of coal mining engineers instructed and trained in the respective countries has reached

approximately 19,200, 54,000, and 15,000. The project has been highly evaluated by the governments of

Japan and the respective countries, related agencies, and coal companies, indicating its contribution to the

assurance of a stable supply of coal to Japan. Next, I will report results for the training project in China that

is involved in the project.

2. Results of Training Project in China

The training project in China that is involved in the overseas transfer project of coal mining technology

has achieved numerous results and excellent performance through mutual cooperation since the

conclusion of a MOU between NEDO and SAWS (State Administration of Work Safety of China)(Photo 1).

2.1 Domestic Acceptance Training

(1) Outline of Domestic Acceptance Training

In the domestic acceptance training, JCOAL accepts trainees recruited and selected by Chinese

counterparts across China and trains them mainly in Tokyo and the Kushiro Coal Mining Technology

Training Center.

There are the enhancement of safety supervision and management course intended for inspectors of

State Administration of Coal Mine Safety (SACMS) and coal mine safety supervisors; the enhancement of

safety principles course for top management of coal mines such as the heads and future top management;

and the safety technology proficiency course for coal mine engineers such as operational managers at the

front lines of coal mines.

The enhancement of safety supervision and management course provides training for supervision and

administration, the legislative system related to mine safety, and safety supervision technologies and skills

required for supervision and instruction in actual operations. The enhancement of safety principles course

has established a curriculum to allow diverse learning of professional knowledge required in management

such as business management and labor management, or coal mine production enhancement and safety

assurance. Moreover, in the safety technology proficiency course, a curriculum has been prepared to learn

automatic mining, safety, machinery, or electricity in a classroom lecture and practical skill training in the

mine shaft depending on the specialty.

(2) Past Training Achievement

From 2002 to 2013, a total of 953 supervisors or coal mine engineers from China have been accepted in

Japan as trainees and trained in the Kushiro Coal Mining Technology Center (Table 1).

Trainees have been dispatched from coal companies and national agencies (SACMS) in as many as 22

provinces, cities, and autonomous regions. Among the state agencies that have dispatched trainees, 21 out

of 26 province-level CMS boards in China, in addition to SACMS, have dispatched a total of 295

supervisors to Japan. Among them, Jilin CMS and Ningxia CMS have dispatched the largest numbers, 47

and 34 respectively.

On the other hand, the coal companies that dispatched trainees are from 17 provinces, cities and

autonomous regions including Hebei, Shandong, Heilongjiang, Shaanxi, and Anhui, all of which are major

coal production companies in China, and many of them are important coal exporters to Japan at the same

time. Also, more than 30 coal companies dispatched trainees and all of them are major coal companies that

used to be called priority state-owned coal mines. From 2002 to 2013, a total of 658 coal mine managers

and engineers have been dispatched to Japan and Kai-luan (Group) Corporation in Hebei Province and

Yancoal Group Corporation in Shandong Province dispatched the largest numbers, 147 and 101

respectively.

2.2 Dispatched Training in China

(1) Outline of Dispatched Training

Dispatched training in China contains a seminar style training and a specialized specific task training.

The seminar style training dispatches Japanese experts to provincial CMS or coal companies to teach

safety technologies and management technologies in a seminar style to safety supervision related trainees

and managers and engineers of coal mining companies. For the duration of training, 2-day and 5-day

training courses are available depending on the requests of the Chinese side. The training focuses on items

that are strongly requested by the Chinese side but the curriculum is prepared to provide learning of the

Japanese coal mine safety principles and safety management method including the self-directed safety,

supervision guidelines, ventilation and gas management, and point and call check and risk prediction.

For the specialized specific task training, first, requests of the local coal mines in China are confirmed and

then the mine is selected by the two sides, Japanese and Chinese, to implement the training. Depending on

the situation of selected coal mines, detailed items, agenda, duration of training, and dispatch of instructors

are confirmed between the two parties and then are implemented. In the specialized specific task training,

there are two trainings; one is specialized training aiming at enhancing the safety technology in actual coal

mine operation and cultivating engineers through the practice of transfer of gas outburst prevention,

degassing and gas control technologies that have been cultivated in Japan; and the other is a specialized

training focused on the Japanese original point and call safety check method.

(2) Past Training Achievement

As Table 2 indicates, total of 467 Japanese coal mine experts and engineers have been dispatched to

operational sites in China as instructors from 2002 to 2013, a total of 70 seminar-style trainings and

specialized specific task trainings were implemented at 48 sites including the coal mine safety training

centers of the CMS or coal companies, and the number of people who have received trainings has reached

more than 19,000. Among them, the point and call check specific task training was performed 5 times, the

ventilation network airflow analysis specific task training 3 times, and the gas outburst prevention

technology and gas control technology specific task training was implemented in 4 coal mines. Shandong

Province received the highest number of dispatched trainings, totaling 13 seminar-style training, point, and

call check and gas control technology specific task trainings combined. The coal company Kai-luan Group

received the highest number of dispatched trainings, which were 6 seminar-style trainings.

3. Training Achievements and Assessment

Through the implementation of training projects in China in the past ten-odd years, the principles of

Japanese coal mine safety and the know-how of coal mine safety cultivated in Japan have been understood

and assimilated. The project has cultivated a number of human resources in the Chinese coal industry and

contributed to the stable and sustainable changes for the better in coal mine safety conditions in China.

Achievements of the project have been reported by SAWS to the State Council of China, and were highly

evaluated. Also, the project has its training achievements broadcast through CCTV (China Central

Television) as a model cooperation project between Chinese and foreign governments perceived as a

highly-recognized overseas cooperation project.

(1) Contribution to Favorable Changes in the Coal Mine Safety Conditions in China

While the coal production volume and the death toll due to coal mine accidents in China was 1.415 billion

tons and 6,995 respectively in 2002 yielding a death rate per 1 million tons of 4.94, the figures were 3.66

billion tons and 1,384 respectively and the death rate per 1 million tons was 0.374 in 2012 (Figure 1). Over

the years of continued increase of coal production volume, coal mine safety is taking a favorable turn. In

Kai-luan Group that has had the highest number of trainees accepted in Japan and received the highest

number of dispatched trainings, the death rate per million tons was reduced to 0.042 in 2011 from 0.288 in

2005. In Yancoal Group, the death rate per 1 million tons was reduced to zero in 2007 and thereafter from

0.072 in 2005. The favorable turn of the coal mine safety conditions in China was mainly achieved by

enhanced coal mine safety supervision and adjusted coal mine industry structure, but this project also have

contributed.

(2) Training of Mid-level Staff for Mine Safety Management in China

According to the statistics of SAWS, approximately 40% of trainees accepted in Japan were promoted

when back home and not a few assumed important positions in the provincial CMS or businesses. Of the 6

trainees dispatched by the safety supervision general bureau (by 2010), 3 trainees were promoted to the

vice-bureau director level. Six of the 9 trainees dispatched by Henan CMS and 4 of the 6 trainees by Anhui

CMS were promoted. Twenty-one of the 30 trainees dispatched by Huabei mine industry Group were

promoted and 13 accepted trainees of Kai-luan Lujiatuo mine were all promoted. Through the project, we

could train a number of excellent human resources for coal mines in China.

(3) Strong Impact on the Coal Mine Safety Supervision System in China

In Japan when coal mine disasters were frequent in line with the high-speed economic growth in the

1960s, supervision and instruction by the government mine supervisors were enhanced and coal mine

operators introduced the superintendent system for safety, safety supervisor system, and so on. Thus a

"state-coal mine" vertical supervisory management system was established and a closure policy for minor

mines associated with safety concerns was implemented. In China since 2000, a similar, "state-local

government-coal mines" supervisory management system has been established and policies for minor

mine closure have been devised to effectively prevent coal mine accidents, particularly serious ones.

(4) "Safety First, Production Second" Principle Promulgated

Kai-luan Group Lujiatuo Mine introduced, first in Kai-luan Group, the "safety first, production second"

principle, and "risk prediction" safety management. The introduction was so successful that they have now

been extensively adopted within the group. In Yancoal Group, the "Point and call check" is extensively used

(Photo 2) across the group, and Huabei Group in Anhui Province is committed to "team safety activity" as its

corporate safety culture. Liaoning Province is extending a "zero disaster" campaign under its CMS's

supervision.

Through the ten-odd years of acceptance and dispatch trainings, the Japanese safety principle and risk

prediction management have been assimilated and are widely adopted in coal mines in China.

(5) Contribution to Coal Mine Safety and Production in China through On-site Instruction

As part of the dispatched training project to China, we have worked on degassing and gas outburst

problems that troubled Wulan Mine, Shenhua Coal Group. For 2 years from 2008 to 2009, the degassing

rate has markedly improved through on-site instruction in large-sized boring technology, etc. with the mine

shaft drilling rate in the outburst area enhanced to 90-100m/month from 30-40m/month prior to instruction

(Photo 3).

Approximately 1 year of on-site instruction in degassing boring technology was implemented in 2010, at

Zhao Guan Mine under Xinwen Mining Group, Shandong Province, and Shuilian Dong Mine (located in

Shaanxi Province) and the coal face advance rate in Zhao Guan Mine increased to average 10 cuts/day

from 5 cuts/day prior to instruction together with the increase of production by 10,000 tons/month. In

Shuilian Dong Mine, the degassing rate has been improved from 50% to 70%, degassed volume from

30m3/min to 50m3/min and the collected gas is utilized in power generation.

(6) Contribution to the Coal Supply to Japan

Yancoal Group, Xinwen Mining Group, Kai-luan Group, and Datong Group that dispatched trainees are

major coal companies exporting coal to Japan. Improvement in the safety conditions and increase in the

production volume in these coal companies contribute to the stable export of coal to Japan.

4. Conclusion

The training project for China has been implemented over ten-odd years since 2002 and is highly

evaluated by the government of China, related agencies, and coal companies for its perceived large

achievement in the enhancement of mine safety and production as well as its contribution to the

development of Chinese coal industry.

Japan had its industrialization development earlier than China and China at present is confronting the

coal mine safety issues that Japan experienced in its high-speed economic growth phase. Therefore,

learning the mine safety principles of Japan and disseminating the "zero disaster" campaign should have

critical and practical implications to the enhancement of safety production management of coal mines in

China.

We will continue and enhance the training agenda to strive for contribution to the stable coal supply to

Japan.

Photo 1 The signing ceremony on MOU (April 2002, Beijing)

Table 1 Achievement of domestic acceptance training

Year 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2013 Total

Supervision 24 24 22 21 33 24 24 23 29 31 40 295

Coal mine engineer 45 71 83 82 76 69 66 60 50 38 18 658

Total 69 95 105 103 109 93 90 83 79 69 58 953

Figure 1 Changes in the coal mine safety conditions in China

Table 2 Achievement of dispatched training in China

Year 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2013 Total

The number of trainings 6 5 6 7 7 4 9 7 8 6 5 70

Instructor 31 41 43 45 53 28 71 54 42 38 21 467

Trainee 985 787 735 780 903 854 3,219 4,694 2,459 2,565 1,268 19,249

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Fatalities

Year

Production(Mt)

Fatalities

Fatality/Mt

Production(109t) Fatality/Mt

Photo 2 Promulgation of “Point and check” in Yancoal Group

Photo 3 On-site instruction at Wulan mine

Report on the Third "Workshop on the Recent Coal Situation and Technology" Held by JCOAL Takashi Nakamura, Japanese Center for Asia Pacific Coal Flow

The third "Workshop on the recent coal situation and technology" was held in the large conference room

at JCOAL on March 12 (Wed). The workshop is a lecture-style one conducted starting this fiscal year as

part of provision of information to JCOAL members and is mainly intended for young workers involved in the

coal industry. It is planned to hold such a workshop on the latest technology and situations of the coal

industry for an hour and a half with a frequency of every 3 months. The 1st workshop was held on June 18,

2013, on "Satellite remote sensing and examples for its application in resource mapping", and the 2nd was

held on September 26 the same year on "Current status and future development of coal use in Nippon Steel

& Sumitomo Metal".

The 3rd workshop invited Mr. Masanori Nakamura, Deputy Section Head of Coal Gasification Group,

Wakamatsu Laboratory, Electric Power Development Co., Ltd. (J-POWER) as lecturer under the title of

"Approach to Technologies for Coal Gasification and CO2 Separation and Capture" attracting approximately

40 attendees. The Wakamatsu Laboratory of J-POWER has also worked to establish the technology to

capture CO2 directly from coal gasification while focused on the development of a domestic furnace for

oxygen blown coal gasification as EAGLE project.

Coal gasification technology constitutes the bedrock of the technology called IGCC, which is to be used

in next generation power generation that promises power generation efficiency going beyond the

ultra-supercritical. This technology using coal through gasification is also promising as a CO2 emission

reduction technology by incorporating CO2 capture process during gasification. Ultimately aspiring for

further enhanced efficiency by means of triple combined power generation that incorporates fuel cells, it is

highly hoped for as a technology to utilize coal efficiently and cleanly.

The lecture outlined the achievement of EAGLE project with presentations and distributed materials

including basic history of coal-firing power generation development and the development of the company's

CO2 capture technology mentioned earlier. In the introduction of the technology developed for CO2 capture,

particularly, Mr. Nakamura explained chemical absorption technique and physical capture technique

including specific process flows.

Responses to the questionnaire from the attendees at the conclusion of the workshop included many

comments appreciating actual data presentation for separation and capture of CO2 in gasification as a

useful reference and the explanations of the lecturer at an appropriate pace with slides easy to understand.

We received valuable responses with expectations for JCOAL activities or requests for topics of a workshop,

urging us to work further to address such responses.

Editor's Postscript

On February 25, the government draft for the new basic energy plan was announced subsequent to the

implementation of public comments. It states that the energy strategy that was envisioned before the Great

Earthquake will be reviewed all over again, reconstruction and rebirth of Fukushima will be achieved with all out

efforts, and reconstruction of the energy policy will start here.

The basic plan does not contain any quantitative description regarding the energy mix, just stating that "The

energy mix shall be presented quickly based on the positioning of each energy source, (omitted) closely watching

the situation", and no further, but when looking at the portion related to coal, the coal policies and project details

that JCOAL has thus far aspired to have been confirmed anew, and the future direction to proceed in has been

indicated. The related portions are extracted below.

● Coal has been reassessed as a significant base load power source, and as an energy source to be utilized with

an attempt to reduce environmental load.

● In order to accelerate upstream gains in Japanese enterprise, the public and private sectors will cooperate in the

effort to increase the independent development ratio through proactive development of resource diplomacy and

strengthening of risk capital supply functions.

● In order to utilize coal thermal power balanced with the challenge of reducing environmental load, state of the art

technologies available will be utilized.

● For India, etc., in addition to inter-government cooperation, cooperation between public and private sectors

united or inter-industrial cooperation will be enhanced and expanded.

● The road map for energy-related technology development will be devised by summer this fiscal year in order to

proceed with the technology development related to capture and storage of CO2 (CCS) ultimately generated in

parallel with the effort for technology development to realize high-efficiency thermal power generation.

Thus the project that JCOAL has worked on thus far as the implementation force of the coal policy focused on

"Assurance of a stable supply of coal resource" and "Promotion of technology for the use of coal" has been clearly

positioned anew in the "Basic energy plan" of the government.

We as JCOAL would like to promote the projects more aggressively than before to be part of the realization of the

"Basic energy plan".

Disclaimer

This is the English translation of the original Japanese version of the quarterly “JCOAL

Journal”. While every care has been taken by the experienced team engaged in the

translation work, some of the words, sentences or paragraphs contained in any of the

articles may not exactly reflect the original meaning due to inherent differences in the two

languages.