Joseph Lookup - Pennsylvania State University€¦ · Joseph Lookup Senior Thesis 2005 Wegmans...

Joseph Lookup The Pennsylvania State University

Architectural Engineering Lighting/Electrical Senior Thesis 2005

Final Report

WEGMANS FAIRFAX

11620 Monument Drive Fairfax, Virginia 22030

GENERAL PROJECT DATA

• 3 story Building ( 2 above grade, 1 below) • 145,000 Square Foot Multi-Use Structure • 92,000 SQ. FT. Adjacent Parking Garage • Project Delivery: Design-Bid-Build • Construction Dates: June 2003 – February 2005

PROJECT TEAM

• Owner/Occupant: Wegmans Food Markets, Inc • Architect of Record: Bob Salvaggio • Structural Engineer: Herrick-Saylor Engineers • Electrical Engineer: Bergman Associates • Mech. Engineer: Erdman Anthony Associates • Civil Engineer: Rinker Design Associates, P.C. • Landscape Architect: Parker Rodriquez, Inc.

JOSEPH LOOKUP

LIGHTING/ELECTRICAL

http://www.arche.psu.edu/thesis/2005/jbl902

ELECTRICAL

• Main Distribution Panel: - 3000A, 3 phase, 4 –wire,480/277V • Primary Transformer: - 2500KVA, 34.5∆KV-480Y/277V • (2) Emergency Generators - 900KW

MECHANICAL

• Variable Air Volume Roof top units • Terminal Units w/electric reheat coils • Direct Expansion Cooling Coils • Indirect Fired Furnace Sections • Electric Baseboard Heaters in bathrooms

LIGHTING

• Makes use of both 277V and 120V lighting • Market Café: - Uses High Bay HID’s, - Fluorescent & Halogen track lighting • Restaurant: - Uses Halogen & Compact Fluorescent downlights • Offices: - Uses 2’ x 4’ Fluorescent Parabolic Troffers

STRUCTURAL

• Composite Steel decking roof • Lower floor - 6” slab on grade • Upper Floors - 4” light weight concrete with

composite steel deck • Light Gage Steel Framing • Uses decorative CMU, stucco, & stone veneer

Joseph Lookup Senior Thesis 2005 Wegmans Fairfax

Table of Contents

I. Wegmans Fairfax Abstract II. Table of Contents III. Executive Summary

0.0 Building Information………………………………………………………………………………………01 0.1 Background 0.2 Electrical 0.3 Lighting 0.4 Mechanical 0.5 Structural 0.6 Telecommunications 0.7 Special Systems 0.8 Fire Protection 0.9 Transportation 0.10 Construction 0.11 Zoning 0.12 Site Plan 1.0 Lighting Depth………………………………………………………………………………………………..04

0.1 Intro 0.2 Grocery Space 0.3 Front End Offices 0.4 Front Façade

2.0 Electrical Depth…………………………………………………………………………………………… 48

2.1 Intro 2.2 Overview/Existing Emergency Generation System 2.3 Emergency Generation Redesign 2.4 Fault Current Analysis


3.0 Mechanical Breadth …………………………………………………………………………………….68

2.5 Intro 2.6 Design Load Summary of Grocery Space 2.7 Calculations Load Summary of Grocery Space 2.8 Additional Load Summary/Resize 2.9 Energy Analysis (SkyCalc)

4.0 Structural Breadth……………………………………………………………………………………….77

4.1 Intro 4.2 Design Goals 4.3 Structural Considerations and Design 4.4 Joist Girder Span Test 4.5 Conclusion

5.0 References……………………………………………………………………………………………………..83 6.0 Acknowledgments………………………………………………………………………………………….84 Appendix-1 (Lighting) Appendix-2 (Electrical) Appendix-3 (Mechanical) Appendix-4 (Structural)


Executive Summary The senior thesis is an educational tool used to help teach the architectural engineering students and explore a variety of different design problems and techniques, not only in their depth area of study, but among all the architectural engineering disciplines. The year long study of Wegmans Fairfax was part of the Pennsylvania State University’s Architectural Engineering Senior Thesis. The study looks in depth into the lighting and electrical systems of Wegmans Fairfax. The lighting study focuses on the redesign of three spaces; the grocery space, the Front-end offices, and the front façade. The electrical engineering study focuses in on analyzing the existing system then doing an in-depth look into resizing the emergency generation system. These studies both interrelate as does the breadth studies into the mechanical and structural systems. The lighting depth investigated three very different spaces. The Grocery Space’s redesign focused in on bringing natural light into the space and decreasing the amount of electric light needed. First, the Open Office focused on improving the working environment while trying to make the space more inviting and looking aesthetic appealing. The redesign focused on including indirect/direct and providing flexibility and control to the user. Then, the last lighting space analyzed was the exterior façade and the focus on this was to show of the architecture and highlight the entrance ways. The electrical redesign focused on the emergency generation distribution. The study analyzed the existing system and developed an alternative solution which is maybe not as reliable or as expensive as system but it also has its advantages. The redesigned alternative provides a less expensive, but still highly reliable emergency generation system to Wegmans Fairfax. Both breadths looked in-depth into the affects the lighting redesign for the grocery space would have on each system. For example, the mechanical system looked at the additional heat loads that would be added to the space due to the increased amount of daylight into the space. The structural system looked into the affects forty-nine skylights would have on the structural strength of the roof system. All designs and research done for this report was done in accordance standards for lighting set forth by the IESNA, electrical standards set by the NEC 20002, power density requirements implemented by ASHRAE 90.1


Section 0.0

Building Information

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0.0 Building Information 0.1 Background Primarily Wegmans Fairfax functions as a food market but also it includes an open-market café and shops, a five-star restaurant, meeting/conference rooms for parties or business gatherings, a cooking school and Wine Cellar (Which acts a Wine Shop!). The architecture and atmosphere of Wegmans Fairfax feels more like a European open-air market than a supermarket. Wegmans offers “stores within a store” including different store offerings like the Market café, bakery, Patisserie, Deli, Cheese Shop, Old Fashioned Sub Shop, Sushi, Nature’s Marketplace, Food from around the world, Pharmacy, Complements, Floral Shop, Greetings cards and Gift Shop, Cosmetics, and much much more!!! 0.2 Electrical Power is provided by Dominion Virginia Power Company through a 10-way ductbank entering at the rear of the building on the southeast corner below grade. The service transformer is also located on the southeast rear corner of the building. A radial system is used to distribute incoming power from the utility. The primary transformer transforms power from 34.5∆KV to 480Y/277 which is the building system voltage. The primary transformer feeds the main switchboard (MDP) (480Y/277V, 3-Phase, 4-Wire, 3000A) located in the electrical room. The MDP feeds three large sub distribution switchboards downstream; PPA, PPB, and PPC. Each of these 3 large switchboards is sized at 480Y/277V, 3-Phase, 4-Wire, 800A. The electrical panels are distributed throughout the building in the various Electrical/Mechanical rooms and there are two electrical houses on the roof. The lighting and mechanical equipment operate at voltages of 480V and 277V. The distribution panels vary in size from 800A to 3000A. The branch panels for 480Y/277 volt and 208Y/120 volt panels range in size from 200A to 600A. A UPS system is also included in the electrical distribution system and is used to prevent critical computers from losing service during power outage. 0.3 Lighting The building lighting incorporates 277 and 120 volt operations. Most of the shopping areas use a combination of high bay HID’s with fluorescent and halogen track lighting. The produce area also incorporates 2x4 fluorescent troffers into its lighting. The office spaces, kitchens, and restaurant space incorporate downlights or 2x4 fluorescent fixtures. Low voltage lighting can be found in some of the display areas and in the restaurant lighting scheme. The exterior façade and parking lot lighting are all 277V luminaries with metal halide lamps.

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0.4 Mechanical The HVAC makes use of (11) Air Handling Units. The units are Variable Air Volume (VAV) units with electric reheat coils. The HVAC system also makes use of direct expansion cooling coils and indirect fired furnace sections. Extra heating was added in the bathrooms with the use of electric baseboard heaters. The exhaust ductwork throughout the building are equipped with twenty-one (21) retro-active VAV boxes that automatically balance the exhaust air amount. The mechanical system also makes great use of Air Curtains and Hood exhaust fans to control the heat and air quality of the different spaces in the building. There is ten (10) air curtains used to separate spaces. Then forty-one (41) Hood Exhaust Fans are used for ventilation from all the different cooking equipment. The exhaust ductwork throughout the building are equipped with retro-active VAV boxes that automatically balance the exhaust air amount. 0.5 Structural The building makes use of light gage steel construction and the exterior walls are made of decorative CMU, stucco, and stone veneer. The roof uses composite steel decking as its base. The lower floor is a 6” slab on grade and the uppers floors make use of 4” light weight concrete with composite steel deck. 0.6 Telecommunications Telephone and data outlets are located throughout the entire building. There are scanners and scale data jacks at all registers across the store and in the accounting office. The outlet boxes for power are provided in the ceiling in the main shopping areas and under the raised floors in the office locations. The wiring going in the shopping area is raised in the ceiling on large racks. Low voltage cable drops are used to lower the wiring from the high ceiling racks. 0.7 Special Systems MATV coaxial television cable was run throughout the offices and through portions of the shopping areas. CCTV monitoring equipment was installed throughout all the shopping areas, in the accounting office, corridors, backroom storage area, and throughout the parking lot and entrances and exits outside. Access control equipment was installed for all entry doors. Tran logic tubes were installed across the building at so that money or other important documents could be sent back to the main accounting office without carrying money or important documents long distances. 0.8 Fire Protection A pre-action automatic system is utilized for the entire building. Standard smoke detectors, strobes, pull stations, and horns can be found throughout the building as required to meet code and public safety in residences and public spaces. A fully addressable ADA compliant fire alarm system is installed throughout the building.

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0.9 Transportation Elevators are located throughout the building. There are two (2) elevators in the front of the store that serve as the main elevators for customer traffic between the three levels of the building. Then there are two (2) elevators in the vestibule used for customer to travel to and from the 2 parking levels on the site. And then there are two (2) service elevators primarily used for transportation of supplies and employees between floors. One (1) service elevator is located in the between the kitchens and one (1) service elevator is located in the backroom storage facilities. There are also six (6) staircases for travel between all three stories and one (1) stair case that can be used for the two lower floors. The building contains three (3) large loading dock areas on the first floor for merchandise and supplies and one (1) loading dock area for armored car usage in money transfers. 0.10 Construction The construction delivery method for this building was design-bid-build. Construction started in June of 2003 and was completed in February of 2005. The store opening of the store and restaurant are scheduled for February 20, 2005. 0.11 Zoning Wegmans Fairfax is new construction on previously undeveloped site. The construction is zoned Mercantile Supermarket (Group M) with in inclusion of use Groups S-2 (restaurant) and S-3 (Wine Shop). The construction Classification for the project falls under type 1B for the food market and the open parking structure. 0.12 Site Plan

Wegmans Fairfax

Figure 0.12.1: Rendered Site Plan

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Section 1.0

Lighting Depth

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Section 1.2

Grocery Space

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1.1 Introduction into the Lighting Space The lighting redesign for Wegmans Fairfax focuses on four different spaces; The spaces selected for the lighting depth work are the grocery shopping area, the market café, the open office, and the exterior facade/parking lot lighting. The lighting design will work at enhancing Wegmans marketing and Architectural European/Village Open Market Theme. For the grocery shopping area a daylight study will be performed and skylights will be incorporated into the lighting design giving the space natural light and decreasing the dependency on electric light. Cost and performance examinations will be evaluated when appropriate throughout the depth of the lighting analysis. 1.2 Grocery Space 1.2.1 Introduction This large 40,000 square foot space is the main shopping area for customers. More than 60,000 products, compared to an average of just over 40,000 (according to the Food Marketing Institute) in most supermarkets. This space will provide the customer with the typical grocery items found in a supermarket but it also includes many specialty items. To incorporate the large variety products there is a need for a variety of different displays which requires different lighting solutions. 1.2.2 Design Criteria: (Designed to Food Display Recommendations) Appearance of Space and Luminaires: The space needs to be aesthetically appealing and inviting to the customers therefore the luminaires can not be obtrusive and must be incorporated into the architecture. The accent luminaires are brought into the architecture by hiding them under the copper canopy along the perimeter of the space and are intermixed with the decorated hanging scaffolding in the center. The general ambient luminaire fixtures are high enough not to be obtrusive to the space.

Figure 1.1.1 First Floor Plan Red Shaded Area Represents Grocery Area

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Color Appearance (and Color Contrast): Good color-rendering is important, with illuminances with a minimum of 50fc. Usually fluorescent is recommended for fresh vegetables, fruits, and meats. In fluorescent lamps; good color-rendering of 3000-4100K are used for different fresh food displays. Other lamp sources such as metal halide, white high-pressure sodium, and halogen lamp types could be used. Daylight Integration: Must minimize direct glare from the skylights integrated in design option two. Direct Glare: A distraction due to direct glare might cause customers to avoid products and put an unattractive appearance on the products and make it unable to read product descriptions or prices. It is also important not provide direct glare in the customers faces as they circulate through the space. Consideration must be taken into account for direct glare surrounding the cashier stations. Light Distribution on Surfaces: Should be designed to attract customers to the displays and make them want to buy the products displayed. Light Distribution on Task Plane: It is important to have uniform light distribution on the room surfaces. Uniformity makes traveling the space easier well you glance at the displays. Shadows: It is important not to have shadows so that the aesthetics of the space are appealing to the customers and there is no creation of unappealing sales locations. Radiant Heat: Use moderate illuminances (50fc) as light temperatures could have a negative effects and cause discoloration in fresh meats. All fresh food should have their radiant heat should be minimized. If halogen lamps are used for accent lighting use lamps with dichroic cool beam reflector coatings to reduce emitted radiant heat. Design Criteria Continued: Horizontal Luminance: Assumed Illuminances for Typical Areas in Malls. Food Displays: 50fc Circulation and eating areas: 10 Fc Cashier Areas: 30-50 Fc

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1.2.3 Schematic Design Concept Development The grocery space is a functional space serving as a main sales floor for anything from the typical cereal and milk to the not so typical large selection of imported international foods, books, and home furnishings. Because of the large variety of displays in the space and because of the frequent changing needs in space it was important to incorporate a highly flexible lighting system that can be changed as the displays changed Design Goals A primary goal of the grocery space was to implement energy efficient techniques into the space, reducing the power consumption with the reduction of electric light. Implementing energy efficient techniques secondary goals were created; first to incorporate daylighting and its controls into the space. Secondly it was important to find a fixture which could have flexibility with dimming capabilities. While energy concerns were a major concern with the space it was also very important to maintain a high level of visual clarity and high level of visual performance. The skylights bring natural light into the store, brightening the visual environment. It was also very important while implementing the new design goals not to affect the way Wegmans sells it merchandise or conducts its business. 1.2.4 Equipment Used for Solutions with & without Daylight

Luminaire Lamp Ballast

Key Description Manufacturer Type/Watts CRI/CCT Type Start Voltage Input

Watts

F2 4' High Bay Pendant, Direct HE Williams (2) LF T5HO,

54W (Sylvania) 82/3500 Electronic, Dimming

Prog. Start 277 125

F3 2' Wall Washer, Wall Mounted Zumbtobel (1) T5, 14W 85/3500 Electronic,

Dimming Prog. Start 277 17

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Grocery Luminaire Plan All luminaires that are marked in black are F2 and all luminaires in green are F3.

Control Equipment & Zones The lighting system for the grocery space will be controlled by 3-level on/off daylighting control module using photocells located at two different positions in the grocery space. The controls will simply be set-up to set a certain percentage of the luminaires off when the daylight levels reach the lighting requirements of 50fc. The photocells are placed at critical points and send signals back to the daylighting control module which is set on 30 minute time delay meaning that for a certain percentage of the luminaires to be dimmed or turned on/off the light levels must go above/below light level requirements for thirty minutes. The thirty time delay element is to insure that the lights are do not flicker back and forth and create an uncomfortable illuminated environment and waste more energy than it saves. Also after midnight 50% of all F2 will be turned off and all F3 will be turned off. Store hours are from 6am till midnight

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Analysis without Daylighting Only analyzing the electric light, the space had an average illuminance of 56fc at full-output which meets the suggested levels set forth by the IES. W

Control Equipment Zone

Key Description Voltage/Load Coverage Quantity Manufacturer

1, 2 LS-1 Provides automatic ON/Off switching 24VDC All F2 1 Wattstopper (LC-203)

1 PS-1 Measure incoming daylight light levels and sends light levels back to LS-1 N/A F2 in

Zone 1 Wattstopper (LS-290c)

2 PS-2 Measure incoming daylight light levels and sends light levels back to LS-1 N/A F2 in

Zone 2 1 Wattstopper (LS-290c)

3 TS-2 Automatically turns lights off at present time, countdown

120VAC, 60Hz, 0-800W All B1 1 Wattstopper

(TS-200)

Zone 1 Zone 2

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1.2.5 Daylighting Study and Analysis The incorporation of daylight was analyzed using SkyCalc: Skylight Design Assistant and AGI-32 to determine the optimal amount of skylights for the space. To analyze the amount of daylight being provided at different times of the year, four days were analyzed to give a wide range to show how the lighting system will have to be flexible for the changing seasons. The four dates analyzed were March 21, June 21, September 21, and December 21. For each day 3 times were analyzed with each time being calculated for three different sky conditions (clear, partly cloudy, and overcast). In the end a total of thirty-six scenarios were tested and hypothesized for throughout the year. The average amount of clear, partly cloudy, and overcast conditions for each month was accumulated from www.cityrating.com. It is also important to remember that my study only analyzed the potential benefits of daylight from the hours of 9am to 3pm because these are the times that it was assumed could improve the system most. The electric lights will be controlled by a 3-level switching and will be controlled by two photocells placed at their critical point locations. The final amount of skylights chosen was forty-nine because this provided the best energy savings solutions as discussed in section 3.0. A second energy analysis which incorporates the mechanical system is completed in section 3.0. Skylight 1586 square feet of skylight or 4.9 percent skylight to floor ratio was chosen because this optimized the energy savings with causing major problems with any other building system. The Sunoptics Prismatic model Cool-optics skylight was chosen due to its ability to maximize visible light transmission while maintaining a relative low solar heat gain coefficient for the amount of visible light transmitted. Refer to section 4.0 for skylight and roof framing plan.

Key Description Manufacturer U-Value Shading Coefficient

Visible Light Transmission

Solar Heat Gain

Coefficient

S1 Flat Style Venting Style with Thermal Break, Acrylic Glazing Only Sunoptics 0.35 0.32 0.67 0.375

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Typical Sky Conditions

# of Days with Sky Condition Month Clear Partly Cloudy Overcast

January 7 7 17 February 7 6 16 March 7 8 16 April 7 9 14 May 7 10 14 June 6 12 12 July 8 11 12 August 8 11 12 September 9 9 12 October 11 8 12 November 7 8 15 December 7 7 17

Sky Conditons For Fairfax, VA

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Month

% o

f Mon

th OvercastPartly CloudyClear

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Day lighting Analysis and Energy Analysis After the accumulated illuminances averages from each scenario were performed in AGI32 for a sample portion of the space then the critical point had to be found. To find the critical point first a target Illuminance with full-electric light had to be determined. The target illuminance specified for this study was 50fc (Grocery Store Recommendation by IES). After determining the target illuminance it was found which luminaires could be switched may be switched off and how long this condition could occur. To calculate this the following equation was used: % dimmed = Target Illuminance – (Undimmed Illuminance + Daylight Illuminance) Dimmed Illuminance After determining the dimming levels that are required for the ballasts, it is necessary to convert the ballast factor into the input watts. From this it is possible to show the energy saving that will result from the control implemented into the new daylighting system.

Month/Day Type of Day # of Hours of Condition

% of Electric Light Output Required

March 21 Clear 6 0 March 21 Cloudy 6 0 March 21 Overcast 6 17.5 June 21 Clear 6 0 June 21 Cloudy 6 0 June 21 Overcast 6 0

September 21 Clear 6 17.5 September 21 Cloudy 6 31.5 September 21 Overcast 6 31.5 December 21 Clear 6 31.5 December 21 Cloudy 6 61.5 December 21 Overcast 6 61.5

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Month/Day Type of Day Total Kwh Cost/kwh Total Cost Saved

Feb/ March/April Clear 1329.552 $0.117 $155.56 Feb/ March/April Cloudy 1456.176 $0.117 $170.37 Feb/ March/April Overcast 2912.352 $0.117 $340.75 May/June/July Clear 1329.552 $0.117 $155.56 May/June/July Cloudy 2089.296 $0.117 $244.45 May/June/July Overcast 2405.856 $0.117 $281.49

August/Sept/Oct Clear 1772.736 $0.117 $207.41 August/Sept/Oct Cloudy 1772.736 $0.117 $207.41 August/Sept/Oct Overcast 2279.232 $0.117 $266.67

Nov/Dec/Jan Clear 1329.552 $0.117 $155.56 Nov/Dec/Jan Cloudy 1392.864 $0.117 $162.97 Nov/Dec/Jan Overcast 3102.288 $0.117 $362.97

Total Cost Saved/Year $2,711.15

Day lighting Summary After analyzing the amount of electric light that could be dimmed on any particular day for the 6-hour period analyzed on each day a study was determined to see how much kwh/month could be saved. Estimating the total kwh per month from a power consumption weekly summary from previous a similarly building Wegmans owns and operates I was able to come up with monthly power consumption estimates. From the total power consumption estimate another assumption was made that the grocery space lighting loads would be responsible for twelve percent of the total power consumption of the entire building. This assumption was based on the estimate that forty percent of the total building power is dedicated to lighting loads and then from that a percentage of the total load taking into account hours of operation during the study and the percentage based on square footages. In the end a total cost estimate was completed using the total kWh of the dimmed system and then multiplying it by the percent of total light output required then multiplying that by the cost/kwh and you end up with the total cost saved per period of time. A total cost savings of $2,715.15 was accomplished by implementing the skylights and its daylight controls into the new lighting designed system. 1.2.6 Comparison between Two Systems The redesign of the grocery space was completed with two different solutions, one with skylights and one without; therefore a cost analysis was performed in order to determine the more cost effective methods for the lighting design. The annual energy consumption costs and the initial costs including materials and labor were analyzed. The cost for the additional air-handling unit to handle the additional solar heat gain from the skylights

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was also included into the initial costs for solution number as was an allotment for the cross-bracing which was added to the structural roof framing system. Cost information was collected from the 2005 R.S. Means Electrical Cost Data and 2005 R.S. Means Assemblies Cost Data.

Solution # 1 (Used Electrical R.S. Mean’s unless specified)

Item Priced Unit Quantity Material Labor Total Bare Costs Catalog #

* High Bay Industrial Linear Fluorescent, T5HO, 54W, 4' Ea 253 $74.00 $65.00 $139.00 16510-440-3200

** Linear Fluorescent Wall Washer F2 Ea 60 $28.00 $38.50 $66.50 16510-440-2400

* Used the 4' long two 60 Watt HO Pendant Mounted Industrial Fluorescent Fixtures (16510,3200)

** Used Surfaced Mounted Wall Washer 40W

Solution # 2 (Used Electrical R.S. Mean unless specified)

Item Priced Unit Quantity Material Labor Total Bare Costs Catalog #

* High Bay Industrial Linear Fluorescent, T5HO, 54W, 4' Ea 253 $74.00 $65.00 $139.00 16510-440-3200

** Linear Fluorescent Wall Washer F2 Ea 60 $28.00 $38.50 $66.50 16510-440-2400

** Unit Skylight (30S.F.- 65S.F.) Ea 49 $43.50 $4.04 $47.54 08652-1300

(Assembly Estimate)

3000 CFM Ea 1 $3,900.00 $590.00 $4,490.00 15720-0910 (Mech Estimator)

Flat Estimate for new cross braces for skylights ** From Construction Manager on Wegmans Fairfax Project $2,000.00 N/A

* Used the 4' long two 60 Watt HO Pendant Mounted Industrial Fluorescent Fixtures (16510,3200)

** Used Surfaced Mounted Wall Washer 40W

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Total System Costs Solution # 1 (Used Electrical R.S. Mean unless specified)

Item Priced Unit Quantity Total Including O&P Total Costs

* High Bay Industrial Linear Fluorescent, T5HO, 54W, 4' Ea 253 $178.00 $45,034.00

** Linear Fluorescent Wall Washer F2 Ea 60 $88.00 $5,280.00

Total Cost Estimate of Solution # 1 $50,314.00

Solution # 2 (Used Electrical R.S. Mean unless specified)

Item Priced Unit Quantity Total Including O&P Total Costs

* High Bay Industrial Linear Fluorescent, T5HO, 54W, 4' Ea 253 $178.00 $45,034.00

** Linear Fluorescent Wall Washer F2 Ea 60 $88.00 $5,280.00

** Unit Skylight (30S.F.- 65S.F.) Ea 49 $52.29 $2,562.41

3000 CFM Ea 1 $4,939.00 $4,939.00

Flat Estimate for new cross braces for skylights ** From Construction Manager on Wegmans Fairfax Project $2,000.00

Total Cost Estimate of Solution # 2 $59,815.41

Solution 2 had a higher initial cost by $9501.41 but this amount is small enough that an owner with the ability to spend a little bit higher upfront costs can see significant payback in the future. The payback in the future will come from the decreased use of electric light due to the installation of skylights in solution 2. An estimated savings of $2711.15 annually was calculated earlier in the daylight analysis. Annual Energy Consumption Saving per/yr: $2711.15 Additonal Initial Cost in Solution 2: $9501.41 Payback Period: $9501.41 / $2711.15 = 3.5 years

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1.2.7 Analysis of System Light Loss Factors

Luminaire Initial Lumens

Mean (Design) Lumens

LLD Maintenance Category

Cleaning Interval LDD RSDD BF Total LLF

F2 5000 4650 0.93 IV 6 months, Medium 0.84 0.98 0.99 0.758

F3 1350 1269 0.94 IV 6 month, Medium 0.88 0.96 0.98 0.778

Panel Boards With the new lighting design for the grocery space the lighting loads changed and an analysis of this impact was completed. Three (3) different 277V panel boards tied into the existing lighting loads to the grocery space; PP1, PP5, and PPGEM all fed 277V lighting loads, with PPGEM only feeding the emergency fixtures. But in the new Panel Board design I removed all most all lighting loads from those existing panel boards and placed them on PPEM2. PPEM2 is a panel board that is completely dedicated to lighting and in the event of power failure can be back-up by the 500kw emergency generator. All of the loads associated with fixture F2 is placed on PPEM2 and all of fixture F3’s lighting loads will be placed on PP5.

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Circuit Calculations for PPEM2 Luminaire Total Watts per fixture VA Volts Amps Brk. Size Circuit #

F2 12 125 1500 277 5.42 20 1 F2 9 125 1125 277 4.06 20 3 F2 12 125 1500 277 5.42 20 5 F2 12 125 1500 277 5.42 20 7 F2 10 125 1250 277 4.51 20 9 F2 10 125 1250 277 4.51 20 11 F2 10 125 1250 277 4.51 20 13 F2 12 125 1500 277 5.42 20 15 F2 10 125 1250 277 4.51 20 17 F2 10 125 1250 277 4.51 20 19 F2 10 125 1250 277 4.51 20 21 F2 10 125 1250 277 4.51 20 23

F2 10 125 1250 277 4.51 20 25 F2 12 125 1500 277 5.42 20 27 F2 10 125 1250 277 4.51 20 29 F2 11 125 1375 277 4.96 20 2 F2 12 125 1500 277 5.42 20 4 F2 10 125 1250 277 4.51 20 6 F2 10 125 1250 277 4.51 20 8 F2 10 125 1250 277 4.51 20 10 F2 11 125 1375 277 4.96 20 12 F2 10 125 1250 277 4.51 20 14 F2 10 125 1250 277 4.51 20 16 253 10 125 1250 277 4.51 20 18

Total 31625 Total 114.17

Circuit Calculations for PP5 Luminaire Total Watts per fixture VA Volts Amps Brk Size Circuit #

F3 30 17 510 277 1.84 20 2 F3 30 17 510 277 1.84 20 4

Total 1020 Total 3.68

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Power Density

Key No. of Fixtures Input Watts Input Watts

F2 253 125 31625

F3 60 17 1020

Total Wattage (W) 32645

Square Footage of

Space(Sq.ft.): 39900 Power

Density (W/SQ.FT.)

0.82

The grocery space satisfies the ASHRAE 90.1 Power density requirements of 1.5 W/SQ. FT. Design Performance Calculations Results

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Conclusions: In conclusion I found that both design solutions were energy proved to be energy efficient systems. Solution 2 however optimized the energy consumption by decreasing the amount of electric light even more than solution 1. The skylights were able to provide a natural light to the space for the first time and make the space overall more comfortable for its occupants in the grocery space.

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Section 1.3

The Front End Offices

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1.3 Front End Offices 1.3.1 Introduction The front end offices are located on the first floor and serve dual purposes. First, they serve as a workspace for the front end shift managers. Secondly, they serve as a waiting area for people interviewing for jobs or meeting in private offices. The space consists of 350 square feet which features four work stations, a waiting area, and an access corridor to 5 offices. There are pictures of Wegmans accomplishments and pictures along the outside perimeter of the space.

Figure 1.3.1 First Floor Plan

Shaded Area represents location of Open office

Figure 1.3.2 Open Office Furniture Plan

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1.3.2 Design Criteria Requirements: (Designed to Office Recommendations) Appearance of Space and luminaires This space occupies managers of the store. The front end space should be illuminated with importance for a visually welcoming appeal. Color Appearance: The CRI should be at a minimum of 75 so there is good color to execute paper tasks and VDT tasks which are performed in this space. Since this space occupies the managers of the store, it should be illuminated with importance. The wood furnishings in the space push the design towards the 3500K range for a CCT. Direct Glare: For optimal working conditions, direct glare should be avoided. Direct glare on an individual in the workspace can decrease an individual’s efficiency. Light Distribution on Surfaces: Even distribution is needed on the immediate workspace so proper luminance ratios can be achieved. Even distributions will lead to higher worker efficiencies as they work amongst the immediate workspace. Light Distribution on Task Plane: A uniform distribution on the task plane will help with the efficiency on paper tasks performed by individuals. Uniform light distribution on task plan also is important in obtaining proper luminance ratios. Luminance of Room Surfaces: Recommended maximum luminances for task to background are 3 to 1, and task to field of view is 10:1. Reflected Glare: With VDT screens present, reflected glare should be minimized. To keep reflected glare minimized, the luminance ratio between the VDT screen and the field of view should be kept at recommended values. Source /Task/Eye Geometry: Proper placement of light sources and work stations should be evaluated. Keeping VDT screens away from direct glare is essential. For example, a VDT screen angled towards a window should be avoided.

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1.3.2 Design Criteria Requirements Continued System Control and Flexibility: The ability to perform paper tasks and VDT tasks should be obtained with complete occupant comfort and with out having to change conditions. The lighting system also should integrate dimming controls and occupant sensors into the design. Horizontal Illuminance: The recommendation for the illuminance on the work plane is 30 Fc-50Fc. Vertical Illuminance: It is recommended to have a vertical illuminance of 5 Fc. The presence of VDT screens in the space makes this value very important in illuminating the space appropriately. 1.3.3 Schematic Design Concept Development The office area is largely a functional space, with work stations, a waiting area, and a circulation corridor. There was however a significant importance with the appearance in this space, due to the fact that the space doubles as a waiting area for possible future employees and clients. It was crucial to improve the light levels and appearance for the front end shift managers who use the work stations. It was key to have a visually appealing and comfortable feel to the overall area. Design Goals The office space is first and foremost used as a work space. Therefore, the space should be comfortable. It is important to maintain a visually conducive working environment. Each work station should be provided with task lighting so that the individual worker will have the ability to control the illuminance levels to their own personal desired light level. Special consideration should also be taken into account with VDT screen at each work station. It was also important in the lighting design to separate the space into the two distinct functions of the space; the work area and the waiting /circulation area. What this does is add appeal to visitors and create a more visually interesting space for the waiting area, while also effectively leads people through the space.

Figure 1.3.3 Sketch of Cubicle

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1.3.4 Equipment Luminaire Schedule

Luminaire Lamp Ballast Key Description Manufacturer Type/Watts CRI/CCT Type Start

F1 Ciros 4', Pendant Mounted, Indirect/Direct Litecontrol (2) T8, 32W 82/3000K electronic

dimmable PS

B1 Low Voltage Recessed downlight, 10 degree

reflector Erco (1) MR16, 50W

, (Phillips) 82/3500K N/A N/A

T1 Low Voltage, Adjustable, table top Erco (1) CFL, 26W

(Sylvania) 100/3000K N/A N/A

* All Lamps are to be provided by General Electric (unless noted) * All ballasts are to be provided by Advance Transformer (unless noted)

* Select Fixtures shall be selected as Emergency fixtures and shall have battery packs and emergency ballasts *Cut sheets for luminaires, lamps, and ballasts can be found in Appendix A1

*Start under the ballast column indicates the ballast starting method

Visible Open Office Luminaires

F1 B1 T1

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Control Equipment & Zones Controls will control luminaires F1 and B1 in the space. A passive infrared occupancy sensor will control all the linear fluorescent fixtures (F1) in the open office and will be set to a 15 minute delay before extinguishing luminaires. Fixture (F1) will also be controlled by a dimming wall switch which has programmable dimming levels and a manual wall switch override. A time switch with manual override will control the wall spot luminaire (B1), the fixture will be set to run between the hours of operation of the store from which is (6:30am -12am). The task lighting at each desk (T1) will be controlled at each work station by the user with a toggle switch which can be fully illuminated or dimmed to 50 percent.

Control Equipment Zone

Key Description Voltage/Load Coverage Quantity Manufacturer

1 OC-1 Passive Infrared , dense wide angle lens 24VDC, 19mA All F1 1 Wattstopper

(CX-100)

1 DC-1 Automatic Dimming, Manuel

Override, Integrates occupancy sensor

24VDC All F1 1 Wattstopper (LCD-203)

2 TS-1 Automatically turns lights off at present time, countdown

120VAC, 60Hz, 0-800W All B1 1 Wattstopper

(TS-200)

Reflected Ceiling Plan & Control Zone Location

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1.3.5 Analysis Light Loss Factors


Mean (Design) Lumens LLD Maintenance

Category Cleaning Interval LDD RSDD BF Total

LLF

F1 5000 4650 0.93 II 12 months, Clean 0.94 0.91 0.98 0.780

B1 ***Assumed 0.95 for LLD 0.95 III 12 months, Clean 0.91 0.96 1.00 0.830

T1 1710 1548 0.91 IV 3, months, clean 0.97 0.98 1 0.861

Power Density

Open Office


F1 4 70 280

B1 2 50 100

T1 4 26 104

Total Wattage (W) 484

Square Footage of Space(Sq.ft.): 440

Power Density (W/Sq.ft) 1.1

The Open Office Space satisfies the ASHRAE 90.1 Power Density Requirements of 1.1 W/SQ. FT.

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Panel Boards With the new lighting design for the open office, the lighting loads changed and an analysis of this impact was completed. Three (3) different panelboards tied into the existing lighting loads to the open office. PP1 and PPGEM both fed 277V lighting loads, with PPGEM only feeding the emergency fixtures. But, in the new panel board design, I removed all lighting loads off of PP1 and placed all loads on to PPEM1 (circuit 3). PPEM1 is the new panel board which was redesigned in my emergency generation study in the electrical depth. Luminaires B1 and T1 tie into panelboard LV6C (circuit 3). All private offices which were specified with the same fixtures were also included into the calculations to be consistent with the existing design. I chose to keep all lighting loads in the open office and the private offices on the same circuit because of the size of the total loads and the close proximity to each other.

Circuit Calculations for PPEM1 Luminaire Total Watts per fixture VA Volts Amps Breaker Size Circuit #

F1 45 70 3150 277 11.37 20 A 3 Lighting Load 3150 Sub-total 11.37

Total VA 3937.50 Total Amps 14.21*** Note: Lighting Load x 1.25 = Total VA

Circuit Calculations for LV6C

Luminaire Total Watts per fixture VA Volts Amps Breaker Size Circuit # B1 3 50 150 120 1.25 20 3 T1 14 26 364 120 3.03 20 3

Lighting Load 514 Sub-total 4.28 Total VA 642.50 Total 5.35

*** Note: Lighting Load x 1.25 = Total VA

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Renderings **Note All Renderings were produced in AGI.32-v1dot7.1.73 Figure 1.2.4 depicts the Open Office as it would be seen from the north end of the space or from the Perishable manager’s office door. On the left side of the picture you see both the 8.5” x 4’ linear fluorescent indirect/direct fixtures which provide the ambient light to the space and the on the desk you see the task lighting which provides the user control over their work plane illuminance. On the far walls you see recessed halogen that spots the artwork and exhibits on the wall in the waiting area.

Figure 1.2.4 Rendering of Open Office

w/ task lighting on

Figure 1.2.5 Rendering of Open Office

w/task lighting on

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Design Performance Calculations Results **Note All Calculations were performed in AGI.32-v1dot7.1.73 Desktop Typical (w/no Task Lighting)

Location Avg/Max/Min Illuminance (Fc) Average 20.66

Max 23.4 Typ. Work

Plane Min 15.5

Figure 1.2.6 Rendering of Open Office Distribution on exhibits

Figure 1.2.7 Rendering of Desktop

Distribution on Work plane

Calculations to the right show a typical office illuminance values at a desk without task lighting. The average illuminance of 20.66 is meant to provide high ambient light levels for office tasks. User has control to add 10 to 25 foot-candles for the occupant comfort with office tasks. Uniform distribution is provided on work plane and max/min ratio is 1.51 so uniform

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Desktop Typical (w/ Task Lighting – (Task Lighting @Full Output)

Task Lighting - 50% Output Location Avg/Max/Min Illuminance (Fc)

Average 51.6 Max 62.5 Min 29.6

Typ. Work Plane

Max/Min 2.11

Desktop Typical (w/ Task Lighting– (Task Lighting @50%Output)

Task Lighting - Full Output - 100% Output Location Avg/Max/Min Illuminance (Fc)

Average 61.4 Max 78.1 Min 30.59

Typ. Work Plane

Max/Min 2.55

This provides more task illumination for the individuals who need more foot-candles to perform work place tasks like a paper task. The max min is still very reasonable and within its limits. And, it meets the high side recommendation for paper tasks by providing over 50Fc.

This scenery provides an even higher average illuminance. This scenery might help, for example, a user who might be a little older and needs a little extra light to see the detail on a paper. This design is still within the recommended luminance ratios.

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Workplane (w Task Lighting) Circulation Space

Location Avg/Max/Min Illuminance

(Fc) Average 10.2

Max 20 Circulation

Space

Min 6.8

The circulation space had an average of 10.2Fc which is a little high, but is due to the close proximity to the work area and the size of the room. It does meet the minimum requirements of the IES of 5Fc for people to circulate through space safely.

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Conclusion The lighting design of the Wegmans Fairfax Front End Offices created an effective working environment for the building employees and guests. The indirect/direct lighting provides the ambient light to the space while the task lighting provides additional illuminance to perform paper tasks as needed. Also, in this space there are recessed spots pointed onto the artwork providing a showcase to the exhibits and Wegmans achievements while also providing light along the walls to guide people through the space to the individual private offices. The system provides flexibility to the end user to have control over their work station and keep their lighting levels to what fits them best. The solution also provided minimal glare and kept the luminance ratios in the desired limits, leading to a very comfortable working environment. With the employees feeling comfortable with their work environment, and all other variables remaining the same, this lighting solution should lead to increased productivity.

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Section 1.4

Front Facade

35


1.4 Front Facade 1.4.1 Introduction The North (front) façade of Wegmans Fairfax is very important to the entire design of Wegmans Fairfax. The architectural and marketing theme Wegmans has developed inside there stores is being brought to the outside of the stores in an attempt to promote and attract business. The architecture attracts customers into the main entrances with the arches and a clock tower which stands high in the center of both entrances.

Figure 1.4.1 to the right shows the site plan with landscaping. Red Shaded Area represents Work Parameters

Figure 1.4.2 below shows an architectural perspective of the front (north façade of Wegmans Fairfax.

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1.4.2 Design Criteria Requirements: Appearance of Space & Luminaires: The parking lot, facade, and landscaped regions are the first and last impression each customer is left with when shopping at Wegmans. Wegmans feels it is important for this space to appear attractive while also providing light for proper security. Direct Glare: Direct glare must be minimized for the safety of individuals operating motorized vehicles within the parking lot or adjacent roads. Light Distribution on Surfaces: It is important to maintain uniform distributions throughout the lot, which will help protect individuals from safety concerns. As a general rule, the luminance ratios should not exceed 20:1. Light Pollution/Trespass: All upward flux emission should be minimized with the parking lot and street lighting systems. All parking lot and street lighting should have luminaires with full cutoff at the horizontal plane. All non-target illumination should also be minimized on architectural and sign lighting. The outdoor lighting systems must also be conscience of not allowing any potentially undesirable of amount light to the neighboring properties. Modeling of Faces or Objects: Safety is the number one factor for Wegmans in the design of the outside space. Helping with the sense of security it is important that faces, individuals, and other objects are properly lit so that each individual can clearly see their surroundings. Peripheral Detection: Suitable illuminance levels should be provided for individuals entering or exiting the building and individuals driving motorized vehicles to provide adequate light for awareness of their surroundings on the property. Points of Interest: The entrances should be the brightest part of the space leading customers into the building. Also, signs and other special architectural features should be highlighted as appropriate. Shadows: Shadows will occur in general due to large objects or when illuminance is not even. Shadows could cause accidents by blacking out an area or due to the large difference in luminance ratios.

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Source/Eye/Task: It is important that individuals have safe driving conditions. Analyzing the parking lot for proper illuminance, luminance values and minimization of glare will help conclude whether individuals can drive safely through space. Horizontal Illuminance: Minimum horizontal illuminance of 5 Fc is recommended. Generally the heavily traveled egress paths should pay close attention to the horizontal illuminance. Vertical Illuminance: Minimum vertical illuminance of 2.5 Fc is recommended. Power Allowance Requirements: As per ASHRAE 90.1 design regulations Building Entrance with Canopy: 3 W/ft2 Building Façade: 0.25 W/ft2 Parking Area: 0.2 W/ft2

1.4.3 Schematic Design Concept Development The goal of the façade design was to emulate the overall architecture theme. The lighting scheme had two simple goals in mind. First, it was important for the lighting design to accent the existing architecture and showcase the exterior facade. Secondly, since there is activity 24 hours a day it is important for the safety of customers and employees to have proper lighting in the pathways and parking lot. The first specific part of the front façade that I wanted to highlight was the two entrance ways on either end; to provide an orientation to the customers and lead them into the store. To highlight the entrance ways, the architectural columns are highlighted with decorative sconces that distribute light up and down the columns and attention is drawn into these areas. The columns and arch entrance ways are a focus of the highlighted architecture. Under the canopy downlights in the ceiling surface provide the ambient light to the area as while as creating a bright light that leads customers into the entrance ways. The clock tower was the second specific feature chosen to accent the architecture. This is the beacon or focus of the exterior architecture and it is something Wegmans and its architect have chosen as a symbol or “recognizer” for their stores. Therefore, it is important for the clock tower to be shown at night. To do this, I used a compact wall washers secured on either side of the clock tower to highlight it at night and maintained the self illuminating clock.

38


The remaining luminaires I choose to light from the front facade and front drive way again to show off the architecture, draw customers into the building and to maintain safety along the front driveway. Decorative sconces were that distributed the light up and down were also used in between the front windows and decorative. 1.4.4 Equipment Luminaire Schedule

Luminaire Lamp Ballast Key Description Manufacturer Type/Watts CRI/CCT Type Start

Voltage

A-1 Wall mounted, Up/Down Bega (6620MH)

(1) Metal Halide, 70 W 82/3000

N/A Autotransformer

Built in 120

A-2 Wall mounted, Up/Down Bega (6615MH)

(1) Metal Halide, 39W 82/3000

N/A Autotransformer

Built in 120

A-3 Wall-Mounted, uplight, clear

specular reflector, cut-off visor

Elliptapar (Style 151)


N/A Autotransformer

Built in 120

A-4 Wall Mounted Downlight Elliptapar (Style 151)


N/A Autotransformer

Built in 120

B-2 Recessed, downlight, Reflector Silver

Erco (81042)

(1) Metal Halide, 35W 81/3000

N/A Autotransformer

Built in 120

P-1 15' Pole Mounted, Full-Cutoff

Street Works (MEM series)

(1) Meal Halide, 150W 70/3500 Ansi Ballast type

M102 277

* All Lamps are to be provided by General Electric (unless noted) * All ballasts are to be provided by Advance Transformer (unless noted)

* Select Fixtures shall be selected as Emergency fixtures and shall have battery packs and emergency ballasts *Cutsheets for luminaires, lamps, and ballasts can be found in Appendix A1

*Start under the ballast column indicates the ballast starting method

Visible Open Office Luminaires A-1 & A-2 A-3 & A-4 B-2

39


Front and Driveway Luminaire Plan Front Facade Luminaire Section Plan

40


Control Equipment & Zones To control the outdoor lights three (3) different zones were created. The first zone is for the façade lighting. It is controlled by a timer switch astronomically set to turn on/off at a preset times, which can be programmed for the changing seasons and changing times of darkness. The second zone controls the main parking lot lighting; this zone will be controlled by a photocell on the roof positioned towards the northern sky. The third zone will control select parking lot luminaires and will be on its on astronomical clock but will be left on throughout the night for safety of the site. All zones will have a manual override control. This meets ASHRAE 90.1 requirements with the inclusion of the automatic shut-off controls for the parking lot and façade luminaires. 1.3.5 Analysis Light Loss Factors


Mean (Design) Lumens LLD Maintenance

Category Cleaning Interval LDD RSDD BF Total

LLF

A-1 7000 5600 0.80 V 6 months, Dirty 0.82 0.85 1.00 0.558

A-2 3400 2600 0.95 V 6 months, Dirty 0.82 0.85 1.00 0.662

A-3 7000 5600 0.80 IV 24, months, dirty 065 0.65 1.00 0.338

A-4 7000 5600 0.80 V 24, months, dirty 0.7 0.65 1.00 0.364

B-2 3300 2700 0.82 IV 6 months, dirty 0.82 0.92 0.90 0.556

P-1 12000 8300 0.69 V 24, months, dirty 0.7 0.75 1.00 0.363

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Power Density

Front Façade (Advertising Sign Exempt) (ASHRAE Allowance: 0.25 W/SQ.FT.)


A-1 9 83 747

A--3 2 85 170

Total Wattage (W) 917 Square Footage of Space (SQ.FT.):

3713 Power Density

(W/SQ.FT) 0.25

Under Canopy (ASHRAE Allowance: 3.0 W/SQ.FT.)


A-2 4 83 332

B-2 8 88 704


1200 Power Density

(W/SQ.FT.) 0.86

Parking Lot Lighting (ASHRAE Allowance: 0.2 W/SQ.FT.)


P-1 5 150 750


5436 Power Density

(W/SQ.FT.) 0.14

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The front façade redesign met all the ASHRAE 90.1 Power Density Allowances. Panel Boards With the new lighting design for the Front Façade, the lighting loads changed and an analysis of this impact was completed. Two different Panels tied into the existing lighting loads PPGEM and LV6C. With the modifications made to my panel boards in my electrical redesign all new 277V lighting loads will be sent to PPEM1 because PPGEM was replaced. Luminaire lighting loads from fixture P-1 is placed on panel board PPEM1. Then LV6C is still exists as before the redesign and is equipped to handle the new lighting loads from luminaires A-1, A-2, A-4, and B-2 all tie into the existing panel LV6C and are placed on circuit 40. While A-3 will ties in circuit 38 with the lighting load from the self illuminating clock which remained the same as in existing conditions.

Circuit Calculations for PPEM1 Luminaire Total Watts per fixture VA Volts Amps Brkr Size Wire # Circuit #

P-1 5 174 870 277 3.14 20 12 5 Lighting Load 870 Sub-total 3.14

Lighting Load x 1.25 1087.50 Total 3.93 *** Note: Lighting Load x 1.25 = Total VA

Circuit Calculations for LV6C Luminaire Total Watts per fixture VA Volts Amps Brkr Size Wire # Circuit #

A-1 9 83 747 120 6.23 40 12 40 A-2 4 83 332 120 2.77 20 12 40 A-3 2 85 170 120 1.42 20 12 38 A-4 4 85 340 120 2.83 20 12 40 B-2 8 45 360 120 3.00 20 12 40

Lighting Load 1949 Sub-total 16.24Lighting Load x 1.25 2436.25 Total 20.30

*** Note: Lighting Load x 1.25 = Total VA

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Renderings

Figure 1-4-3 Exterior Façade



Figure 1-4-6 Clock Tower

44


Design Performance Calculations Results **Note All Calculations were performed in AGI.32-v1dot7.1.73 Under Canopy

45


Front Drive Way Wegmans Sign Calculations

46


Calculation Averages

Location Avg/Max/Min Illuminance (Fc)Average 16.2

Max 25.57 Min 8.7

CANOPY ENTRANCES

Max/Min 2.94


Max 12 Min 4.2

FRONT DRIVEWAY

Max/Min 3.05


Max 12 Min 4.2

Wegmans Sign (Vertical)

Max/Min 3.05 Conclusion The design solution for this was simple; to show off the architecture and highlight the entrances specifically. The parking lot and sidewalk were illuminated properly for pedestrian and motor vehicular safety.

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Section 2.0

Electrical Depth

48


2.0 Electrical Depth 2.1 Introduction The electrical distribution system was analyzed to determine if any improvements could be made, to analyze its capabilities, to verify code compliance, and to make any needed adjustments to accommodate the new lighting design. The safety guidelines for the power distribution design were obtained from the National Electric Code 2002, published by the National Fire Protection Association. Most of the calculation methods were obtained from the Electrical Systems in Buildings, by S. David Hughes. Specifications for the electrical equipment used in the design were obtained from manufacturers’ data. Appendix A-2 has a complete list of all electrical specifications referencing the equipment used. 2.2 Emergency Power Study 2.2.1 Overview/ Existing Emergency Generation System The main tenant of the building, Wegmans Food Markets decided it was crucial for this large supply of standby power to maintain operation during a time of utility power failure. With a large amount of refrigeration equipment and essential computers that are crucial to the operations of the store, the store would have to shut it doors completely without some sort of emergency power. Power failure could generate millions of losses from the store being closed, but also losses in spoiled food, and potential security issues. The first part of the electrical study focused on analyzing the emergency standby power. After some analysis, it was determined that the existing emergency power system could supply the entire building except for a large air-conditioning load (AC-1). The existing emergency system consisted of two 900kW, 480/277V generators connected in parallel which is switched on from an automatic transfer switch when utility power is lost from Dominion Virginia Power Company. The generator power is routed to a 480/277V emergency distribution switchboard with 3200 amp mounted main circuit breaker. The switchboard feeds three branches which each has an automatic transfer switch (ATS). The first branch feeds the life safety loads (lighting and elevators), the second branch feeds critical computers and other crucial receptacle loads. The third branch feeds the remaining power on the distribution system with the exception of air-conditioning load AC-1 which, is shed by the automatic transfer system. Each ATS has a bypass /isolation switch, which provides a safe and convenient means for manually bypassing and isolating the ATS for maintenance and repair. The second branch also includes an uninterruptible power supply to critical computer loads.

49


2.2.2 Existing Emergency Generation One-Line

Figure 2.1 Existing Emergency Power One-Line

50

51

jbl902

Text Box

Redesign of Emergency Generation One-Line


2.3 Emergency Power Redesign 2.3.1 Overview First, an engineering analysis was done to determine which loads would be truly essential for Wegmans to maintain operations for the grocery part of the building during power failure. After this, a schematic was developed and three separate branches were created to supply different loads throughout the building. After an analysis of what loads are truly essential, I developed new emergency power panels. It was determined that I would maintain three (3) emergency generations feeds, but the loads in these branches would be significantly changed in an attempt to downsize the emergency generation power, however, still providing equal reliability to crucial loads in the existing system. The first emergency power branch serves the life safety (EM. Lighting/Elevators), the second branch feeds the critical computer loads, and the third branch supply’s power to the refrigeration equipment. 2.3.2 New Emergency Generation Panel Boards Although I am decreasing the size of the emergency system, it is important for the emergency system to be designed with adequate capacity and a rating to safely carry the entire connected load to the emergency system at one time. Loads on each new branch were calculated to determine the size of the new emergency generation distribution system and from that the necessary generator size was determined. The KW and KVA loads for lighting and receptacle was calculated by using the given amperes and voltage of each system. To find the KVA and KW for the mechanical equipment the horsepower ratings were used to estimate their loads to size the generators.

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New Emergency Lighting Panels:

Spare Panel Voltage KVA

Demand KVA I j Total KVA I (Amps)

PPEM1 480 164.54 32.91 29.6 14.3 197.45 237.49

PPEM2 480 86.34 17.27 15.5 7.5 103.61 124.62

LVEM1 208 5.64 1.13 1.0 0.5 6.77 18.79

Panel Panel Breaker Conductor Size Conduit Size

(in) Panel Size

(Amps)

PPEM1 250A, 3P (4) #4/0 THHN 2 250

PPEM2 250,3P (4) #4/0 THHN 2 250

LVEM1 50A, 3P (4) #4THHN 1 90

New Emergency Lighting Transformer:

xtformer Side xtformer KVA Voltage I pri

(Amps) Ipri x 1.25

(Amps)

TEM1 Primary 25 480 30.07 37.59

TEM1 Secondary 25 208 69.39 86.74

xtformer Side Breaker Used Wire size (Awg or kcmil) Conduit Size (in)

TEM1 Primary 50A, 3P (4) #8 THHN 0.75

TEM1 Secondary 100A, 3P (4) #4 THHN 1.00

53


54


55


New Computer Power Panels:


Demand KVA i j Total KVA I (Amps)

PPCOMP1 480 46.28 9.256 8.3 4.0 55.536 66.80

LVCOMP1 208 0.86 0.172 0.2 0.1 1.032 2.86

LVCOMP2 240 25.26 5.052 4.5 2.2 30.312 72.92

LCOMP3 208 20.16 4.032 3.6 1.8 24.192 67.15

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Panel Panel Breaker Conductor Size Conduit Size (in)

Panel Size (Amps)

PPCOMP1 400A, 3P (4) #500 THHN 3 400

LVCOMP1 50A, 3P (4) # 3 THHN 1.25 90

LVCOMP2 100A, 3P (4) #2 THHN 1.25 125

LCOMP3 100A, 3P (4) #2 THHN 1.25 125

UPS for LCOMP2:

Voltage KVA I (Amps) Breaker Conductor Size Conduit

Size (in) UPS

240 40 96.23 100A, 3P (4) #2 THHN 1.25

57


New Computer Power Panels Transformers:


(Amps) Ipri x 1.25

(Amps)

COMP1 Primary 25 480 30.07 37.59

COMP1 Secondary 25 208 69.39 86.74

COMP2 Primary 30 480 36.08 45.11

COMP2 Secondary 30 208 83.27 104.09

COMP3 Primary 30 480 36.08 45.11

COMP3 Secondary 30 208 83.27 104.09

xtformer Side Breaker Used Wire size (Awg or kcmil) Conduit Size (in)

COMP1 Primary 100A, 3P (4) #3 THHN 1.25

COMP1 Secondary 100A, 3P (4) #3 THHN 1.25

COMP2 Primary 100A, 3P (4) #3 THHN 1.25

COMP2 Secondary 250A, 3P (4) #4/0 THHN 2

COMP3 Primary 100A, 3P (4) #3THHN 1.25

COMP3 Secondary 250A, 3P (4) #4/0 THHN 2

58


59


60


New Refrigeration and Elevator Power Panels:


Demand KVA i j Total KVA I (Amps)

PPREF1 480 371.24 74.248 59.4 44.5 445.488 535.84

LREF1 208 49.28 9.86 7.9 5.9 59.14 164.15

LREF1A 208 60.9 12.18 9.7 7.3 73.08 202.85

LREF2 208 61.5 12.3 9.8 7.4 73.8 204.85

Panel Panel Breaker Conductor Size Conduit Size (in)

Panel Size (Amps)

PPREF1 600A, 3P 2 sets of (4) #300 THHN 3 600

LREF1 250A, 3P (4) #500 THHN 3 400

LREF1A 250A, 3P (4) #500 THHN 3 400

LREF2 250A, 3P (4) #500 THHN 3 400

New Refrigeration and Elevator Power Panels Transformers:


(Amps) Ipri x 1.25

(Amps)

PPREF1 Primary 150 480 180.42 225.53

PPREF1 Secondary 150 208 416.36 520.45

PPREF2 Primary 112.5 480 135.32 169.15

PPREF2 Secondary 112.5 208 312.27 390.34

Side Breaker Used Wire size (Awg or kcmil)

Conduit Size (in)

Primary 250A, 3P (4) #250 THHN 2.25

Secondary 600A, 3P 2 sets of (4) #300THHN 3"

Primary 250A, 3P (4) #4/0 THHN 2"

Secondary 400, 3P (4) #500 THHN 3"

61


62


63


64


2.3.3 Generator Sizing: The loads on each of the 3 three newly created emergency branches were summed to determine the necessary generator size. The KW and KVA loads for lighting and receptacles were simply calculated from the given ampacity and the rated voltage. A power factor of 0.9 was assumed for the lighting and receptacle loads. All mechanical and refrigeration equipment was sized from their specified ampacity or horsepower to estimate their KVA and KW. All mechanical equipment was assumed to have a power factor of 0.8. To determine the generator size, I used a method described to me by my electrical consultant John Reese. Sizing the generator starts with sizing the loads for the life safety branch (emergency lighting), the loads were totaled for RKVA and starting KVA. After this, the emergency Computer panels start up, and then the starting load is added to the running load of the life safety branch. Then, the mechanical and refrigeration equipment is started last on the emergency distribution system and added the running RKVA of the previous two branches. After power factors were applied and safety factors were added to the capacity, a total demand KVA was compiled and that total KVA was converted to KW. Assumptions: 0.9 PF for Life Safety (Emergency Branches) 0.9 PF for Computer Branch 0.8 PF for Mechanical Equipment

600% of motor full-load

Generator Sizing

Emergency Branch Loads SKVA RKVA SKW RKW Total KVA

Total KW

Life Safety (Emergency Lighting) 124.2 124.2 111.78 111.78 124.2 103.5

Computer Branch 62.5 62.5 56.25 56.25 186.7 149.36

Mechanical/Refrigeration Branch 742.5 123.75 99 186.7 929.2 279.45

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Total KVA

Total KW

Critical Condition 929.20 279.45

25% Growth 232.30 69.86

Design 1162 349

2.3.4 Emergency Power Redesign Conclusion: The redesign of the emergency distribution system accomplished its goals of creating a more simplified, less expensive system. This study started because of Wegmans desire to create a new standard for their emergency distribution system. My study first evaluated what loads were crucial and what loads are not crucial to maintaining operations as close to normal as possible in their main grocery space. From this a detailed list of essential and optional desired power loads for the sized down emergency generation system was found. The vast majority of loads were emergency lighting, computer, and refrigeration loads. The final solution was a single 500kw generator. The redesigned emergency system cannot nearly back-up the entire building like the existing system but a value engineering analysis shows that the decrease in initials cost and maintenance could provide more bang for its buck. Selecting a scaled back approach and basically only keeping critical loads and loads which only allows the grocery portion of the building to operate as normal, the new sized down emergency system provides an alternative to the expensive existing system. The owner would have to make a decision based on whether spending this much additional costs would return profits through being able to keep the entire building open during a power failure. Price Breakdown: Existing System (Twin 900KW w/interlocking system): $486,000 New System (Single 500KW): $105,000

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2.4 Fault Current Analysis: Fault current analysis allows us to predict the maximum available current at various points in the electrical system. A fault current analysis was done with the assistance of the Electrical Designer’s Reference Program. AIC ratings were given for each panel picked on the critical path which was chosen to travel from the MDP all the way to the end of the paths at LCOMP1, LCOMP2, and LCOMP3. These critical paths were chosen due to the distance of the Panels from the MDP and distance the ampacity has to travel. It is mandatory that all equipment be properly rated for interrupting or withstanding the maximum available fault current at each point in the distribution system. To insure that all applicable electrical equipment is adequately rated to withstand or interrupt the available fault current, the magnitude of the maximum possible fault current must be determined for each point in the electrical distribution system

Panel Isc AIC Rating

MDP 60,143 65,000

PPCOMP1 47,648 54,000

LLCOMP1 17,900 20,000

LLCOMP2 8,051 10,000

LLCOMP3 6,264 10,000

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Section 3.0

Mechanical Breadth

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3.0 Mechanical Breadth 3.1 Intro When I redesigned the grocery space to include skylights to improve the lighting and electrical aspects of the building, I had to account for the effects these changes would have on the other disciplines within the building. For example, the addition of daylight can have a negative effect on the mechanical system of the building. A study of just how much additional heat load that would be added to the grocery space and its mechanical equipment was calculated. I used SkyCalc version 2.0 software provided by Energy Design Resources and Carrier’s Hourly Analysis Program (HAP) version 4.2 to analyze the potential effects on the mechanical system and then the energy effects that would occur with the addition of skylights into the Wegmans Fairfax design. SkyCalc was used first to optimize my lighting design. The lighting redesign determined that 1,568 SQ.FT. of additional windows create an optimum amount of light for the space while also decreasing the large amount of electric loads from electric light. An exact skylight was specified, the skylight is 4’x8’ with a u-value of 0.35, a shading coefficient of 0.32, a visible light transmission of 0.67, and a solar heat gain coefficient of 0.38. 3.2 HAPS Analysis ** Note: Designs Loads represent load produced due to the extra radiant energy entering

the room and does not represent the total room load.

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3.3 Calculations of Additional Load Added qs = sensible heat from solar loads due to skylight qc = sensible heat from the skylight transmission qt = total sensible heat (Btu/hr) qs = q/A qs = 68,656 (btu/hr )/ 1568 ft2

qs = 43.7 btu/hr qcond = 8454 (btu/hr) / (1568 ft2) qcond = 43.7 +5.39 = 49.09 (btu/hr)/ft2 bth = btu/hr 1 ton = 12,000 bth qtot = 49.09 bth/ft2 x 1568 ft2 = 76,973 bth 76,973bth x 1/12,000 bth = 6.4 tons 3.4 Additional Load Summary/Resize/Cost Estimate In Wegmans existing load capacity, the two rooftop desiccant air handling units (AC-1, AC-2B) which support the grocery space have a total cooling capacity of 3820 MBH. The existing total capacity of the two air-handling units is 318.33 tons. Investigating the possible addition of the cooling loads to the existing air-handling units found that adding 6.4 tons or two percent of the total capacity of the existing two units supplying the grocery space would be out of the design requirements set forth by Wegmans and the mechanical engineer. The current air-handling units were sized using .4% column for the dehumidification design conditions in Chapter 27 ASHRAE (Sterling, VA – 93º F-Dry-bulb temperature, 75º F – MWB). The units were also designed for Sensible cooling credits (Case Credits) which account for the effects refrigeration equipment haves on the mechanical systems inside this building. Using the additional loads placed on the resized air-handling units and then compiling a cost estimate of the new mechanical equipment was performed to give an estimate of the possible increased costs that are incurred with adding additional capacity to the mechanical system. To perform the cost estimate R.S. Means Mechanical Cost Data was used to find the estimates on the total material costs w/ no overhead and the

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total labor costs with no overhead. My mechanical cost estimate breaks down the new air-handling prices into three different scenarios. Each of these scenarios takes into account the increased CFM demand of 2,800CFM and is sized to the next available size that allows for the additional. The first scenario assumes that a whole new separate air-handling unit was bought and provided for this new additional mechanical load. The second Scenario estimates the total cost of increasing the size of AC-1 and increasing its capacity from 25,000CFM to the next available size. The third scenario investigates placing the new mechanical loads on AC-2B and sizing it up from its current 4500CFM capacity to the next available size. Using this mechanical cost estimate and its possible alternatives, help estimate the new design requirements payback period analysis in section 1.2 (Grocery Space). First, I had to determine the CFM needed for the resized air-handling unit; therefore I used the following equations and the known climate and the total MBH values:

))(( CpmQ •=• ( ∆T)

))(( CpmQ •=• (∆H) Approximately an additional 2800 CFM capacity is needed in the form of a new air-handling unit or resizing existing air-handling unit AC-1 or AC-2B. The following summaries show the additional incurred costs of resizing the mechanical system to meet the new demand loads: Scenario #1 : Additon of new AHU unit

CFM $ Material Labor Total (M+L) 3000 3900 570 4470

Scenario #2 : Resizing of AC-1

CFM Material Labor Total (M+L) 4500 (5000) 6500 655 7155

7500 9750 765 10515 Scenario #3 : Resizing of AC-2B

CFM Material Labor Total (M+L) 25,000 (27,000) 28,100 1825 29925 28,000 (34,000) 35400 2300 37700

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Total Price Comparison Between Scenarios

Scenario Total (M+L) 1 4,470 2 3360 3 7,775

Scenario 2 was the cheapest solution and therefore was used in the payback period analysis in section 1.2. The prices differed because of the size of the AHU that it is servicing and what it servicing. 3.5 Energy Study & Economic Analysis A Study to determine the amount of skylights needed in the grocery space was completed earlier in the lighting depth section 1.2 to determine the optimum amount of light for the lighting design and to decrease the electric load. To optimize the new skylight system however, a balance to find the most energy efficient system needed to be studied. There are two positives with the skylight design; first an increase in natural light and then secondly a decrease in electric loads due to a increase of natural light and therefore a decreased demand in electric lighting. The negatives were that with the increased amount of daylight in the space there was going to be increases in the amount of heat and specifically an increase in the amount of radiant heat in the space. SkyCalc was used to determine the amount of skylights that would create the optimum energy efficient space. The following inputs or assumptions were used in determining the results compile by SkyCalc: Location: Sterling, Virginia Average Electric Utility Rate: $0.117/kWh Heating Fuel Cost: $1.00 therm

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Average Daylight

Total Annual Energy Savings from Skylights

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Total Annual Energy Cost Savings from Skylights

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Total Cost Savings Breakdown Using Dimming Controls

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3.6 Conclusion After analyzing the effects the addition of skylights will have on Wegmans Fairfax mechanical system, the skylight solution not only is a more energy efficient system, but it will lead to cost savings in the long run. With some higher initial costs to take into account, with the increased 6.4 tons on the air-handling units and the minimal increased costs associated with the structure defined in the structural breadth, a payback in the future will be expected. The reason for the energy and cost savings can be attributed to the almost 100,000kwh per year in energy saving due to the decreased demand in electric lighting loads. The decrease in electric lighting loads far exceeds additional yearly expenses with the increased mechanical loads.

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Section 4.0

Structural Breadth

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4.0 Structural Breadth 4.1 Introduction As part of my study which looked into making my building more “green” or environmentally friendly I analyzed the effects of adding 4’x8’ skylights into a portion of my buildings roofing frame. To add the daylight forty (49) skylights are being proposed for this 141’ x 283’ space, this approximately adds 1568 S.F. of window skylights to the existing roof structure. The skylights are spaced approximately every 25’ in the north/south direction and every 40’ in the east and west direction. To make sure that the addition of skylights would have no harmful effects to the structure I performed a study on the roof framing plan and used the Vulcraft 2003 Steel Joists and Joist Girders to support the minimal effect that the skylights would have on the structure strength of the roof.

Figure 4-1 First Floor Shaded Area

represents location of skylights

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4.2 Design Goals The sky lighting system was created with regard to the daylighting needs of the grocery space but structural considerations were also taken into account. The skylights were laid out with consideration to the existing design and especially the joist span; orienting the longer side of (8’) in the east west direction so not to disrupt the current framing of the roof. 4.3 Structural Considerations and Design Placing the skylights within the spans between the joists which were typically designed 6’0” apart allowed the girder spacing to maintain the same distance as the currently designed roof. The smallest joist spacing was 5’7” which was more than adequate and still allowed the skylights to be dropped in the joist spacing with ease. Removing concrete will reduce dead load but may create a stress concentration at that point. Any additional capacity not used by the joist will be sufficient to compensate for any added stresses incurred from the addition of glass windows. In addition the skylights are designed to be 6” above the flush roof which then will help protect the roof from any unnecessary dead loads that build up from flying debris, snow, or sometime are designed skylights being raised. The typical skylight detail was taken from the existing drawings and is used for HVAC equipment extrusions but what this detail helps illustrate is how the new proposed skylights will sit in between the joist spaces and how it will work. 4.3.1 Typical Detail for Skylight

Figure: 4.2 New Skylight

Detail

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4.3.2 Roof Framing Plan and Skylight Plan

Figure: 4-3 Roofing Plan and Skylight Plan

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4.4 Joist Girder Span Test To prove that the skylight would have no negative effect on the structural strength of the roof, a typical girder span was tested using the Vulcraft steel joists and Girders design guide. The joist girder current size is 40G7N19.0K. Dead: 7 psf Live: 30 psf Snow:30 psf

1) Number of Actual Joist Spaces; N = 7 2) Joist Selection

a. Span = 42’-0” b. T.L. = 6.00 x 67 = 402 plf c. From k-Series load tables select a

3) Joist Girder Selection a. P= 402 x 42 = 16,884 lbs = 16.8 Kips (use 17 K for depth selection). b. 40 inch span is selected from 42’ girder span and 6 spaces @ 7’ (Used rule of about one inch of depth for each foot of span is good design technique. c. Joist Girder is designated : 40G7N19.0K

Figure: 4-4 Typical Girder

Span

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4.5 Conclusion After studying the structural roofing system on Wegmans Fairfax it was determined that there would be no complications in adding 49 skylights to the roofing plan as long as the skylights remained within the joist spaces. Cross bracing would be implemented into the roof framing plan to provide extra support around the skylights.

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5.0 References ANSI/ASHRAE 90.1-2001: Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings. IP Edition. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. Atlanta, GA. ASHRAE Handbook Systems and Equipment. ASHRAE, 2003.

Energy Design Resources. Energy Efficient Technologies: Daylighting Design. http://www.engergydesignresources.com/2004.

Hughes, David. Electrical Systems in Buildings. Delmar Publishers Inc. Albany, NY. 1988. Manual of Steel Construction/Load and Resistance Factor Design (Third Edition) American Institute of Steel Construction, 2002. 2002 National Electric Code. National Fire Protection Association. 2002. Stein and Reynolds. Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings. Ninth Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken. Vulcraft Steel Joists and Joist Girders. Nucor Vulcraft Group. Vulcraft 2003.

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6.0 Acknowledgements A special thanks to all the companies and individuals listed below who helped me throughout my thesis project. Companies Bergman Associates Erdman Anthony Reese Engineering Wegmans Food Markets Faculty Dr. Richard Mistrick Dr. Martin Moeck Professor Kevin Parfitt Jonathan Dougherty Peers Andrew Covely Selim Ercan Emad Hasan Joseph Lookup Josh Lutton Benjamin Mitten Mike Regan Christopher Rush Kelly Sandusky Ryan Wanko

My Family and Friends!

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