Jonathan Webster –Professor and Head, Department of Chinese, Translation and Linguistics, City...

• Jonathan Webster– Professor and Head, Department of Chinese, Translation

and Linguistics, City University of Hong Kong • John Lee

– Assistant Professor, Department of Chinese, Translation and Linguistics, City University of Hong Kong

• Joe Chan– Senior Research Assistant

• We gratefully knowledge assistance of Kim Wong and Victor Yan

VisText TeamVisText Team

We aim to take text visualization beyond a word-based focus, making it possible to visualize multiple layers of syntactic and semantic patterning across multilingual collections of text data.

AimAim

“word clouds” of two texts visually highlight their differences

Word cloud for the bookOf Revelationhttp://wordle.net

Word cloud for thebook of Proverbshttp://wordle.net

word cloudsword clouds

Professor Lewis Lancaster, UC BerkeleyBlue-Dots project within the “The

Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative”

Feb 5, 2009 6

from a presentation given by:Michael BucklandCo-Director, ECAI, I&ASEmeritus Professor, School of InformationUCB Libraries Arts and Humanities CouncilFeb 5, 2009“The Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative”

3-D Text Corpus View. •Each character in the text is represented by a single ‘Blue Dot’. •Planes of ‘Blue Dots’ represent individual printing blocks.

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3-D Text Corpus View.

Search results are highlighted in contrasting colors.

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Our current digital collection of texts using– Treebanks to support syntactic structure search– Word alignments to support cross-lingual retrieval

Corpus Size Original Language

Translations

New Testament

130K words Greek English, Chinese

Hebrew Bible (Old Testament)

430K words Hebrew Greek, English, Chinese

Qur’an 77K words Arabic English

Buddhist canon

52M char. Chinese

– Greek NT• Pragmatic Resource of Old

Indo-European Languages [Haug & Johndal 08]

– Hebrew Bible• Groves Center for Advanced

Biblical Research [Wu & Lowery 06]

• Septuagint: automatic generation from prosody markers [Lee 10]

– Qur’an• University of Leeds [Dukes et al 10]

– Buddhist canon• In progress

TreebanksTreebanks

– Greek-Chinese word alignment for the New Testament [Wong, Lee and Tang, in progress]

– Allow search query in Chinese and visualization in Greek

• How can one discover patterns from such data?– Analyze

• What kinds of annotations are required?• How to interrogate the text?

– Visualize• How to present results returned by the queries to

facilitate interpretation?

Analyze – Visualize – InterpretAnalyze – Visualize – Interpret

ALiVE, the Applied Laboratory for Interactive Visualization and Embodiment, is an interdisciplinary research initiative of the City University of Hong Kong School of Creative Media. It is an incubator and innovations showcase for new forms of creativity, whose challenge led programs are at the cutting edge of digital media in society.

Foundation Layer•raw words

wordings

Extensible Layers

ID String

1 In

2 the

3 beginning

4 was

… …

ID String

1 Ἐν

2 ἀρχῇ

3 ἦν

… …

1) Translation Data

2) Image Links3) Geo Info. …

1) Treebank2) Systemic functional analysis. …

Database designDatabase design

.STEP 1 – clause analysis – divide into clauses STEP 2 – identify Finite-tense

STEP 3 – identify whether the main clause is interrogative {Y|N; WH}, declarative, or imperative.

<clause> <interrogative-Y|N>

<finite><present>Am</present> </finite> <subject>I</subject> <neg>not</neg> <complement>free</complement> </interrogative-Y|N></clause>

.STEP 4 – Identify process (by type), participant (by role) and circumstance

<clause> <relational> <attributive>Am</attributive> </relational> <carrier>I</carrier> not <attribute>free</attribute> </clause><clause> <relational> <identifying>Am</identifying> </relational> <identified>I</identified> not <identifier>an apostle</identifier> </clause>

.STEP 5 – Identify logical relations

<clause> <sub-β> <declarative> <theme.textual><conj-conc>Even though<conj-conc></theme.textual> <theme.topical><subject>I</subject></theme.topical> <modal.aux>may</modal.aux>

not be an apostle to others, </declarative> </sub-β> <sub-α> <declarative> <theme.intpl> <modal.adjt>surely</modal.adjt> </theme.intpl> <theme.topical><subject>I</subject></theme.topical> am to you! </declarative> </sub- α></clause>

<clause> <sub-1> Who plants a vineyard </sub-1> <sub-2> and does not eat of its grapes? </sub-2> </clause>

.



<clause> <sub-1>Who plants a vineyard</sub-1> <sub-2>and does not eat of its grapes?</sub-2> </clause>

STEP 6 – Identify modal adjuncts/auxiliaries

.



<clause> <sub-1>Who plants a vineyard</sub-1> <sub-2>and does not eat of its grapes?</sub-2> </clause>

STEP 7 – Identify Theme structure

.1 Corinthians 9The Rights of an Apostle 1Am I not free? Am I not an apostle? Have I not seen Jesus our Lord? Are you not the result of my work in the Lord? 2Even though I may not be an apostle to others, surely I am to you! For you are the seal of my apostleship in the Lord. 3This is my defense to those who sit in judgment on me. 4Don't we have the right to food and drink? 5Don't we have the right to take a believing wife along with us, as do the other apostles and the Lord's brothers and Cephas? 6Or is it only I and Barnabas who must work for a living? 7Who serves as a soldier at his own expense? Who plants a vineyard and does not eat of its grapes? Who tends a flock and does not drink of the milk? ….

The Tapestry of Early Christian Discourse by Vernon K Robbins

(Routledge 1996).

.1: Am I not free?

Am I not an apostle?Have I not seen Jesus our Lord?Are you not my workmanship in the Lord?

7: Who serves as a soldier at his own expense?Who plants a vineyard without eating any of its fruit?Who tends a flock withoutgetting some of the milk?

4: Do we not have the right to our food and drink? [Greek – None of you think we don’t have the right, do you?]

5: Do we not have the right to be accompanied by a wife, as the other apostles and the brothers of the Lord and Cephas?

6: Is it only Barnabas and I who have no right to refrain from working for a living?

.

2 because4 have the right to5 have the right to6 have the right to9 because10 because12 but x 215 but16 because17 because but19 because In order to20 in order to x 221 in order to22 in order to x 223 in order to24 but in order to25 but in order to27 but

establishing the rights of an apostle

.


supporting those rights

.


arguing from the contrary: We deserve it. We have every right to receive it. But we don’t take it.

.


supporting his argument

.


In verse 14, Paul combines the verb ‘to proclaim’ (translated here as “preach”) with ‘the gospel’ used as a noun.

According to Bible scholars, Paul creates a rather rare combination of this verb meaning ‘proclaim’ with the noun for ‘the gospel’.

But we did not use this right. On the contrary, we put up with anything rather than hinder the gospel of Christ. 13Don't you know that those who work in the temple get their food from the temple, and those who serve at the altar share in what is offered on the altar? 14In the same way, the Lord has commanded that those who preach the gospel should receive their living from the gospel.

case study: ‘proclaim’ + Objcase study: ‘proclaim’ + Obj

Investigate further into the use of the word “proclaim”

Search for nouns that are objects of the word proclaim

• Root = κηρύσσω• Dependency = “obj”


• “Proclaim” (katagello) frequently takes objects such as “word” (logos), “way” (hodos), “Christ” (christos)

• But it is used only once with “gospel” (euaggelion), in the text studied in the previous scenario– Unique to Pauline discourse


Use of conditionals in John’s gospel: • frequency and type of conditionals (more

than in the other gospels?); • comparing usage of conditionals in John’s

gospel with those in 1 John (same author) and Galatians (Pauline epistle with the highest frequency of conditionals)

(PhD dissertation topic: R. Fong)

case study: conditionalscase study: conditionals

• How does the word “life” occur in the New Testament – Enter “life” for keyword search– The English-Greek word alignment [pending approval from Tyndale]

gives three Greek equivalences: “zoe”, “psyche” and “bios”

Verse Sentence

Luke 8:14 … choked by life’s (bios) worries, riches and pleasures …

John 6:33 life(zoe) to the world

Luke 12:20 … this very night your life(psyche) will be demanded from you

multilingual searchmultilingual search

Visualize the distribution of these three “life”-words

– Which appears most frequently in the Bible?

– Where do they occur?


How does the Buddhist canon use the word “life”?


1. Need to explore ways of identifying and visualizing depth in lexico-grammatical patterns, i.e. requiring innovative approaches to visualization of semantic patterns.

The way forward…The way forward…

gods can die

1 I have seen powerful men2 Undo themselves, keep two realities3 One for minor friends, one for the powers that be,4 The really powerful. Such people take a role5 Supporting managers of state,6 Accept an essential part in some minor project.7 But after a bit of duty,8 That makes them fester with intentions,9 They play the major figure to old friends.1011 We understand and try to seek a balance in the dark12 To know the private from the public monument,13 To find our way between the private and the public argument14 Or what can be said or if a thing is meant15 Or meant to make amends? is generous or mean?1617 The casual word, the easiness, the quick straight answer,18 The humane delay, the lack of cautiousness19 That gave ample laughter to our evenings20 Are too simple for these days of power21 Whose nature is to hint not state.22 So when one has a chance to talk the conversation23 Hesitates on the brink of momentous things;24 He ponders ...25 Suggesting by some unremark26 There was much more to be said.27

Edwin Thumboo Emeritus Professor

National University of Singapore

28 It's a pity: good men who seek to serve29 Bind themselves unto a cause,30 Then use the fate of nations as a rationale31 To take their friends aside,32 To lead themselves into some history.33 We gain uncertain statesmen: many lose a friend.3435 But I am glad that others are powerful with compassion, 36 Who see before we do what troubles us37 And help in kindness, take ignorance in tow.38 If not for such we lose our gods39 Who lived but now are dying in our friends.

1 +2

gods can die

I have seen powerful menUndo themselves, keep two realitiesOne for minor friends, one for the powers that be,The really powerful. Such people take a roleSupporting managers of state,Accept an essential part in some minor project.But after a bit of duty,That makes them fester with intentions,They play the major figure to old friends.

I have seen powerful men

(powerful men)undo themselves

(powerful men)keep two realities

one for minorfriends

one for the powersthat be

the reallypowerful

1 =21 +2

1 =2

1 +21 +21 =2

We understand

and try to seek a balance in the dark

To know the private from the public monument

To find our way between the private and the public argument

Or what can be said

or if a thing is meant

Or meant to make amends?

is generous or mean?

gods can die

We understand and try to seek a balance in the darkTo know the private from the public monument,To find our way between the private and the public argumentOr what can be said or if a thing is meantOr meant to make amends? is generous or mean?

1 +21 +2

1 +21 =2

1. Need to explore ways of identifying and visualizing depth in lexico-grammatical patterns, i.e. requiring innovative approaches to visualization of semantic patterns.

2. Implement intelligent searching of patterns 3. Develop as plug-and-play to facilitate wiki-like

contributions (of texts and analyses) to VisText collection.

The way forward…The way forward…

Jonathan Webster –Professor and Head, Department of Chinese, Translation and Linguistics, City...

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