Jon and Charlie Draft 1ac

8/10/2019 Jon and Charlie Draft 1ac

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"Come, don't be in a fright, but put on your clothes, and I'll letyou into a secret. You must know that I am Captain ofthis ship now, and this is my cabin, therefore you mustwalk out. I am bound to Madagascar, with a design of

making my own fortune, and that of all the brave fellowsoined with me...if you have a mind to make one of us,we will receive you, and if you'll turn sober, and mindyour business, perhaps in time I may make you one of my!ieutenants, if not, here's a boat alongside and you shallbe set ashore." Captain #enry $!ong %en& very

vast ye mateys( My name is Captain Charlie )teinman and I*ma pirate. #ere I am with my +rst mate on and we*vebeen e-iled from the traditional norms of the debate

community, so here we stand sailing along the frontier ofthe activity. e e-ist for our own autonomy and freedomin this activity, to be able to read whatever types ofarguments we*d like, not really like anyone else.)ometimes I*m a privateer, I work for the state in my owninterests, sometimes I*m a buccaneer, living a simple lifealmost outside of the community, but I*m always apirate. nd because I*m a pirate I can look at theresolution in a number of di/erent ways, and as a pirateand this resolution is about the sea, every single topic

lecture I attended took the resolution from the startingpoint of traditional cartography that operates under theassumption of us dividing the ocean up into neat littlecompartmentali0ed categories of ownership and use thatonly leaves untouched abyssal sea, and only until we getthe tech to e-tract from it. 1he 2ole of the %allot is tovote for the team that best presents a model fore-ploring the oceans.

3ingsworth and #ine 4556(Paul Kingsworth add Dougald Hine wrote TheDark Mountain Manifesto and co-founded the Dark Mountain Project.

Unciili!ation"#$%&'edited for gendered language')t *ight +erha+s ,e just as useful to e+lain what Unciilised writing is not. )t is not eniron*ental writing forthere is *uch of that a,out alread/ and *ost of it fails to ju*+ the ,arrier which *arks the li*it of our collectiehu*an ego0 *uch of it indeed ends u+ shoring-u+ that ego and hel+ing us to +ersist in our ciilisational delusions.

)t is not nature writing for there is no such thing as nature as distinct from people,and to suggest otherwise is to perpetuate the attitude which has broughtus here. 1nd it is not +olitical writing with which the world is alread/ 2ooded for +olitics is a hu*an confectionco*+licit in ecocide and deca/ing fro* within.7ncivilised writing is more rooted than any


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of these. bove all, it is determined to shift our worldview, not to feed intoit. )t is writing for outsiders. )f /ou want to ,e loed it *ight ,e ,est not to get inoled for the world at least for ati*e will resolutel/ refuse to listen.1 salutar/ ea*+le of this last +oint can ,e found in the fate of one of thetwentieth centur/3s *ost signi4cant /et *ost neglected +oets. 5o,inson 6e7ers was writing Unciilised erseseent/ /ears ,efore this *anifesto was thought of though he did not call it that. )n his earl/ +oetic career 6e7erswas a star8 he a++eared on the coer of Ti*e *aga!ine read his +oe*s in the U& 9i,rar/ of #ongress and wasres+ected for the alternatie he o7ered to the Modernist juggernaut. Toda/ his work is left out of anthologies hisna*e is ,arel/ known and his +olitics are r regarded with sus+icion. 5ead 6e7ers3 later work and /ou will see wh/.

His cri*e was to deli,eratel/ +uncture hu*anit/3s sense of self-i*+ortance. His +unish*ent was to ,e sent into alonel/ literar/ eile fro* which fort/ /ears after his death he has still not ,een allowed to return.:ut 6e7ers knewwhat he was in for. He knew that no,od/ in an age of ;consu*er choice3 wanted to ,e told ,/ this stone-faced+ro+het of the #alifornia cli7s that ;it is good for To know that his needs and nature are no *orechanged in fact in ten thousand /ears than the ,eaks of eagles.3 He knew that no co*forta,le li,eral wanted tohear his angr/ warning issued at the height of the &econd ?orld ?ar8 ;Kee+ clear of the du+es that talkde*ocrac/ @ 1nd the dogs that talk reolution @ Drunk with talk liars and ,elieers > @ 9ong lie freedo* and da*nthe ideologies.3 His ision of a world in which hu*anit/ was doo*ed to destro/ its surroundings and eentuall/ itself(;) would ,urn */ right hand in a ) should do foolishl/3" was furiousl/ rejectedin the rising age of consu*er de*ocrac/ which he also +redicted (;:e ha++/ adjust /our econo*ics to the newa,undance>3"6e7ers as his +oetr/ deelo+ed deelo+ed a +hiloso+h/ too. He called it ;inhu*anis*.3 )t was hewrote8a shifting of emphasis and signicance from [human] to not[hu]man; the rejection of human solipsism andrecognition of the transhuman magnicenceThis manner of thought and feeling is neither misanthropic norpessimist It oers a reasonable detachment as rule of conduct, instead of love, hate and envy it providesmagnicence for the religious instinct, and satises our need to admire greatness and rejoice in beauty !!The

shifting of e*+hasis fro*


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1his division is the striation of a previously smooth oceanspace with grids, measurements, sea lanes, andownership.

!ysen and Eisters @4(%lora 9/sen PhD candidate at the Uniersit/ of1*sterda* Patricia Pisters %il* &tudies Prof at the Uniersit/ of 1*sterda*

)ntroduction8 The &*ooth and the &triated Deleu!e &tudies .A IJAIhtt+8@@dare.ua.nl@docu*ent@BBBIL"#$%&1 Thousand Plateaus3 ;ABBJ8 1he )mooth and the )triated* introducessmoothnessand striation as a conceptual pair to rethink space asa comple- mi-turebetween nomadic forces and sedentary captures .1*ong the *odels Deleu!e andGuattari descri,e for e+licating wherewe encounter s*ooth and striated s+aces the maritime modelpresentsthe special problem of the sea (Deleu!e and Guattari AL8 BL". 1hesea isa smooth space par e-cellence< open water always moved bythe wind,the sun and the stars, nomadically traversable by noise,colour andcelestial bearings. Increased navigation of the open waterresulted indemands for its striation. 1lthough Deleu!e and Guattarinote that this took hold +rogressiel/, theyear @FF5, when Eortuguesediscoverers introduced the +rst nautical

charts, marked a turning pointin the striation of the sea. Maps withmeridians, parallels, longitudes,latitudes and territories gridded theoceans, making distances calculableand measurable. It meant thebeginning of the great e-plorations Gand of the transatlantic slave tradeand the e-pansion of the uropean)tate apparatus. 1he smooth and thestriated concern the political andpolitics.?hile the smooth and the striatedare not of the sa*e nature andde jure o++ositional Deleu!e and Guattari indicate that de facto the/onlye-ist in comple- mi-ed forms. Moreoer the s*ooth and thestriated work in di7erent do*ains. Ifthe sea is the spatial +eld pare-cellence that brings out smoothness andstriation, art is perhaps thedomain that can give the most varied andsubtle e-pression of thecomple- dynamics between them.The +resent collectioninestigatesthe s*ooth and the striated in the ,road 4eld of artistic +roduction. )twas instigated ,/ the Third)nternational Deleu!e &tudies #onference in 1*sterda* (IJAJ" that focused on the connections ,etween artscience and +hiloso+h/. 1long with conference +a+ers the role of art was e+lored through the work of+artici+ating artists and in a curatedehi,ition The &*ooth and the &triated. This ehi,ition focused ontheconstant inter+la/ ,etween delineating and o+ening forces in theworks of the eight +artici+ating conte*+orar/artists. Together theinstallations ideos drawings and +hotogra+hs s+urred a wealth ofnew connections andideas in relation to the conce+ts of s*oothnessand striation8 the artworks touched u+on the solidi4cation ofhistorical*e*or/ and the transfor*ation of eer growing archial *aterial0 thestriation of su,terranean cit/s+ace0 the +olitics of ast de*ogra+hicdatasets0 the isualisation of scienti4c +atents0 and *ore.A&i*ilar to theehi,ited artists in the contet of the Deleu!e &tudies#onference the authors in this olu*e think with art to shednew andinterdisci+linar/ light u+on the conce+ts of s*oothness and striationand conersel/ u+on the wa/ thes*ooth and the striated can giei*+ortant insights into artistic +ractices. The s*ooth and the striateddirectl/address +rocesses in (social +olitical geogra+hical ,iological"life taken u+ in +hiloso+h/ and art. Most of thecontri,utions inthis olu*e discuss the conce+ts of the s*ooth and the striated inrelation to s+eci4c artworksthat in #laire #ole,rook3s words ;are notre+resentations of i*ages of life3 ,ut if we consider the e*ergence ofthe genesis of art and +hiloso+h/ can ,e understood as ;so*ethingof life3s creatie +otential3 (#ole,rook IJJ8NJ". Hence the singularartworks or artistic +ractices are not to ,e taken as illustrations ofthe conce+ts ,ut assingular wa/s of e*,od/ing or e+ressing thearious as+ects that the s*ooth and the striated enision. ;)f we

intuitthe forces that +roduce an/ single work of art or an/ single conce+tthen we *ight ,egin to a++roachsingularit/ as such8 the +ower of*aking a di7erence3 (#ole,rook IJJ8 NJ". The essa/s in this s+ecialissuecontri,ute to this +ower of di7erence in the co*+le interweaing,etween the s*ooth and the striated in its+hiloso+hical and artisticdi*ensions.
http://dare.uva.nl/document/444829http://dare.uva.nl/document/444829


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1his form of smooth space is a space of a/ects instead ofproperties, in which ourneys are spontaneous andchaotic. Instead of of pinpointed e-plorations in whichwe try to speci+cally +nd one plane on the Hoor of thevast and open deep, we venture out into the )outh )eas

to hear the creaking of the ice, to encounter everythingwe see spontaneously as the nomad.

eleu0e and >uattari @6J5(Gilles Deleu!e %eli Guattari 1 ThousandPlateaus ++. B-BI"#$%&

The Mariti*e Model. Df course, there are points, lines, and surfaces in striatedspace as well as in smooth space(there are also olu*es ,ut we will leae this Cuestion asidefor the ti*e ,eing". In striated space, lines or traectories tend to besubordinated to points< one goes from one point to another . In thesmooth, it is the opposite< the points are subordinated to the traectory.1his was already the case among the nomads for the clothestentspacevector of the outside. 1he dwelling is subordinated to the ourneyK inside

space conforms to outside space< tent, igloo, boat . 1here are stops andtraectories in both the smooth and the striated. %ut in smooth space, thestop follows from the traectoryK once again, the interval takes all, theinterval is substance Lforming the basis for rhythmic values.NIn smoothspace, the line is therefore a vector, a direction and not a dimension ormetric determination. )t is a s+ace constructed ,/ local o+erations inoling changes in direction.

These changes in direction *a/ ,e due to the nature of the journe/ itself as with the no*ads of the archi+elagoes (a case of OdirectedO s*ooth s+ace"0 ,ut it is *ore likel/ to ,e due to the aria,ilit/ of the goal or +oint to ,eattained as with the no*ads of the desert who head toward local te*+orar/ egetation (a OnondirectedO s*ooth s+ace". Directed or not and es+eciall/ in the latter case s*ooth s+ace is directional rather than

di*ensional or *etric. )mooth space is +lled by events or haecceities, far morethan by formed and perceived things. It is a space of a/ects, more thanone of properties. )t is ha+tic rather than o+tical +erce+tion. ?hereas in the striated for*s organi!e a*atter in the s*ooth *aterials signal forces and sere as s/*+to*s for the*. )t is an intensie rather than

etensie s+ace one of distances not of *easures and +ro+erties. )ntense &+atiu* instead of $tensio. %ody without Drgans instead of an organism and organi0ation. Eerceptionin it is based on symptoms and evaluations rather than measures andproperties. 1hat is why smooth space is occupied by intensities, wind andnoise , forces, and sonorous and tactile Oualities, as in the desert, steppe,or ice.P1he creaking of ice and the song of the sands. )triated space, onthe contrary, is canopied by the sky as measure and by the measurablevisual Oualities deriving from it.1his is where the very special problem ofthe sea enters in. Qor the sea is a smooth space par e-cellence, and yetwas the +rst to encounter the demands of increasingly strict striation. The+ro,le* did not arise in +roi*it/ to land. Fn the contrar/ the striation of the sea was a result of naigation on theo+en water. Mariti*e s+ace was striated as a function of two astrono*ical and geogra+hical gains8 ,earings

o,tained ,/ a set of calculations ,ased on eact o,seration of the stars and the sun0 and the *a+ whichintertwines *eridians and +arallels longitudes and latitudes +lotting regions known and unknown onto a grid (likea Mendele/e ta,le". Must we acce+t the Portuguese argu*ent and assign ABBJ as the turning +oint that*arked the 4rst decisie striation and set the stage for the great discoeries 5ather we will follow Pierre #haunuwhen he s+eaks of an etended confrontation at sea ,etween the s*ooth and the striated during the course of

which the striated +rogressiel/ took hold.Qor before longitude lines had been plotted,a very late development, there e-isted a comple- and empirical nomadicsystem of navigation based on the wind and noise, the colors and soundsof the seasK then came a directional, preastronomical or alreadyastronomical, system of navigation employing only latitude, in which


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there was no possibility of "taking one's bearings," and which had onlyportolanos lacking "translatable generali0ation" instead of true mapsK+nally, improvements upon this primitive astronomical navigation weremade under the very special conditions o f the latitudes of the IndianDcean, then of the elliptical circuits of the tlantic Lstraight and curvedspaces.6)t is as if the sea were not onl/ the archet/+e of all s*ooth s+aces ,ut the 4rst to undergo agradual striation gridding it in one +lace then another on this side and that. The co**ercial cities +artici+ated inthis striation and were often innoators0 ,ut onl/ the &tates were ca+a,le of carr/ing it to co*+letion of raising itto the glo,al leel of a O+olitics of science.OAJ 1 di*ensionalit/ that su,ordinated directionalit/ or su+eri*+oseditself u+on it ,eca*e increasingl/ entrenched.This is undou,tedl/ wh/ the sea the archet/+e of s*ooth s+acewas also the archet/+e of all striations of s*ooth s+ace8 the striation of the desert the air the stratos+here(+ro*+ting Qirilio to s+eak of a Oertical coastlineO as a change in direction". )t was at sea that s*ooth s+ace was4rst su,jugated and a *odel found for the la/ing-out and i*+osition of striated s+ace a *odel later +ut to use

elsewhere. This does not contradict QirilioRs other h/+othesis8 in the after*ath of striation the seareimparts a kind of smooth space, occupied +rst by the "Heet in being,"then by the perpetual motion of the strategic submarine, which outHanksall gridding and invents a neonomadism in the service of a war machinestill more disturbing than the )tates, which reconstitute it at the limit oftheir striations. 1he sea, then the air and the stratosphere, becomesmooth spaces again, but, in the strangest of reversals, it is for thepurpose of controlling striated space more completely.A@ 1he smoothalways possesses a greater power of deterritoriali0ation than thestriated. hen e-amining the new professions, or new classes even, howcan one fail to mention the military technicians who stare into screensnight and day and live for long stretches in strategic submarines Lin thefuture it will be on satellites, and the apocalyptic eyes and ears they havefashioned for themselves, which can barely distinguish any morebetween a natural phenomenon, a swarm of locusts, and an "enemy"attack originating at any given point 1ll of this seres as a re*inder that the s*ooth itselfcan ,e drawn and occu+ied ,/ dia,olical +owers of organi!ation0 alue judg*ents aside this de*onstrates a,oeall that there eist two nons/**etrical *oe*ents one of which striates the s*ooth and one of whichrei*+arts s*ooth s+ace on the ,asis of the striated. (Do not new s*ooth s+aces or hole/ s+aces arise as +arrieseen in relation to the s*ooth s+ace of a worldwide organi!ation Qirilio inokes the ,eginnings of su,terranean

ha,itation in the O*ineral la/erO which can take on er/ dierse alues."9et us return to the si*+le o++osition,etween the s*ooth and the striated since we are not /et at the +oint where we can consider the diss/**etricaland concrete *ies. The s*ooth and the striated are distinguished 4rst of all ,/ an inerse relation ,etween the+oint and the line (in the case of the striated the line is ,etween two +oints while in the s*ooth the +oint is,etween two lines"0 and second ,/ the nature of the line (s*ooth-directional o+en interals0 di*ensional-

striated closed interals". %inall/ there is a third di7erence concerning the surface or s+ace. In striatedspace, one closes o/ a surface and "allocates" it according todeterminate intervals, assigned breaksK in the smooth, one "distributes" oneself in an open space, according to freOuencies and in the course of one's crossings(logos and no*os".)I 1s si*+le as this o++osition is it is not eas/ to +lace it. ?e cannotcontent ourseles with esta,lishing an i**ediate o++osition ,etween the s*ooth ground of the no*adic ani*alraiser and the striated land of the sedentar/ cultiator. )t is eident that the +easant een the sedentar/ +easant

+artici+ates full/ in the s+ace of the wind the s+ace of tactile and sonorous Cualities. hen the ancient

>reeks speak

of the open space of the nomos :nondelimited,unpartitionedK the preurban countrysideK mountainside, plateau, steppe:they oppose it not to cultivation, which may actually be part of it, but tothe polis, the city, the town.?hen ),n Khaldun s+eaks oi,adi/a ,edouinis* the ter* coerscultiators as well as no*adic ani*al raisers8 he contrasts it to hadara or Ocit/ life.O This clari4cation is certainl/i*+ortant ,ut it does not change *uch. %orfro* the *ost ancient of ti*es fro* eolithic and een Paleolithicti*es it is the town that inents agriculture8 it is through the actions of the town that the far*ers and theirstriated s+ace are su+er+osed u+on the cultiators o+erating in a still s*ooth s+ace (the transhu*ant cultiator

half-sedentar/ or alread/ co*+letel/ sedentar/". )o on this level we reencounter thesimple opposition we began by challenging, between farmers and


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nomads, striated land and smooth ground< but only after a detourthrough the town as a force of striation. Row not only the sea, desert,steppe, and air are the sites of a contest between the smooth and thestriated, but the earth itself, depending on whether there is cultivation innomosspace or agriculture in cityspace. Must we not sa/ the sa*e of the cit/ itself= Incontrast to the sea, the city is the striated space par e-cellenceK the sea

is a smooth space fundamentally open to striation, and the city is theforce of striation that reimparts smooth space, puts it back into operationeverywhere, on earth and in the other elements, outside but also insideitself. The s*ooth s+aces arising fro* the cit/ are not onl/ those of worldwide organi!ation ,ut also of acounterattack co*,ining the s*ooth and the hole/ and turning ,ack against the town8 s+rawling te*+orar/shifting shant/towns of no*ads and cae dwellers scra+ *etal and fa,ric +atchwork to which the striations of*one/ work or housing are no longer een releant. 1n e+losie *iser/ secreted ,/ the cit/ andcorres+onding to ThornRs *athe*atical for*ula8 Oretroactie s*oothing.OAN #ondensed force the +otential forcounterattack)n each instance then the si*+le o++osition Os*ooth-striatedO gies rise to far *ore diScultco*+lications alternations and su+er+ositions. :ut these co*+lications ,asicall/ con4r* the distinction+recisel/ ,ecause the/ ,ring diss/**etrical *oe*ents into +la/. %or now it suSces to sa/ that there are twokinds of o/age distinguished ,/ the res+ectie role of the +oint line and s+ace. Goethe trael and Kleist trael

%rench trael and $nglish (or 1*erican" trael 1ree travel and rhi0ome travel= %utnothing completely coincides, and everything intermingles, or crosses

over. 1his is because the di/erences are not obective< it is possible tolive striated on the deserts, steppes, or seasK it is possible to live smooth even in the cities, to be an urban nomad (for ea*+le a stroll taken ,/ Henr/ Miller in#lich/ or :rookl/n is a no*adic transit in s*ooth s+ace0 he *akes the cit/ disgorge a +atchwork di7erentials ofs+eed dela/s and accelerations changes in orientation continuous ariations ... The ,eatniks owe *uch to Miller

,ut the/ changed direction again the/ +ut the s+ace outside the cities to new use". Qit0gerald said itlong ago< it is not a Ouestion of taking o/ for the )outh )eas, that is notwhat determines a voyage. 1here are not only strange voyages in the citybut voyages in place< we are not thinking of drug users, whosee-perience is too ambiguous, but of true nomads. e can say of thenomads, following 1oynbee's suggestion< they do not move. 1hey arenomads by dint of not moving, not migrating, of holding a smooth space

that they refuse to leave, that they leave only in order to conOuer anddie. Soyage in place< that is the name of all intensities, even if they alsodevelop in e-tension. 1o think is to voyageK earlier we tried to establish atheonoological model of smooth and striated spaces. In short, whatdistinguishes the two kinds of voyages is neither a measurable Ouantityof movement, nor something that would be only in the mind, but themode of spatiali0ation, the manner of being in space, of being for space. Soyage smoothly or in striation, and think the same way... %ut there are always passages from one to the other, transformations of one within the other, reversals. In his +lm, 3ings of the 2oad, enders intersects and superposes the paths of two charactersK one of them takes a stilleducational, memorial, cultural, >oethean ourney that is thoroughly

striated, whereas the other has already conOuered smooth space, andonly e-periments, induces amnesia in the >erman "desert." %ut oddlyenough, it is the former who opens space for himself and performs a kindof retroactive smoothing, whereas striae reform around the latter, closinghis space again. Soyaging smoothly is a becoming, and a di;cult,uncertain becoming at that. It is not a Ouestion of returning topreastronomical navigation, nor to the ancient nomads. 1heconfrontation between the smooth and the striated, the passages,


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alternations and superpositions, are under way today, running in themost varied directions.

1he pirates function as the nomads of the sea to disruptstriation on the smoothness of the sea.

3uhn @5(Ga,riel Kuhn inde+endent author and translator in &tockhol* &wedenPhiloso+h/ PhD. fro* the Uniersit/ of )nns,ruck 9ife Under the 6oll/ 5oger5e2ections on Golden 1ge Pirac/ ++. I-NJ"#$%&'edited for gendered language'I.I. &*ooth s. &triated8 The uestion of &+ace)f it is true that the no*ads hae no histor/ illes eleu0e and QUli- >uattari, the sea constitutes asmooth space, $perhaps the principal among smooth spaces, the hydraulicmodel par e-cellence .&P1s the/ e+lain8 )mooth space is a +eld without conduits or channels. +eld, a heterogeneous smooth space, is wedded toa very particular type of multiplicity< nonmetric, acentered, rhi0omaticmultiplicities which occupy space without 8counting* it.&)n si*+ler words,the smooth space is a space for creating selfdetermined, creative, $free&forms of life. #ere, the nomads reach their full potential as raiders< $ith

practical skill a nomad band can strike, steal, and disappear beyond hopeof pursuit in the great waste, fading away without traceV&1hesupplement to the open space of the sea were the pirates* coastalrefuges, the $many small inlets, lagoons and harbours,Vsolitary islandsand keys .&@5 If we stick to the terminology of eleu0e and >uattari, wemight call this a rhi0omatic terrain since a rhi0ome is $open andconnectable in all of its dimensionsVit always has multiple entryways.&@@ll of the favorite operational areas of the pirates are described


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accordingly< $the Caribbean islands provided innumerable hiding places,secret coves and uncharted islandsK&@4$the >ulf of #onduras and theMosOuito Coast ?wereB dotted with numerous small islands and protectingreefs,Vcreeks, lagoons and rivermouthsK&@Tthe 1*erican coast fro* :oston to#harleston &outh #arolina is a network of rier estuaries ,a/s inlets and islands.AB These coastal la,/rinths+roided the +irates3 natural onshore eniron*ent. ;1s surel/ as s+iders a,ound where there are nooks andcrannies3 wrote #a+tain the Hon. Henr/ Ke++elthe great hunter of Friental +irates in the nineteenth centur/ ;sohae +irates s+rung u+ whereer there is a nest of islands o7ering creeks and shallows headlands rocks and

reefsWfacilities in short for lurking for sur+rise for attack for esca+e. 3AV%etween the e-tremesof the wide open sea and the impenetrable coastal ma0es of reefs, inlets,and rivermouths, the pirates were able to escape the wrath of the lawfor several decades .@N ventually, however, the smooth space of the sea:and with it its coastal boundaries:became $striated,& i.e. ordered,regulated, and controlled. 1his contributed signi+cantly to the end ofgolden age piracy of all s*ooth s+aces the 4rst one atte*+ts were *ade to striate totransfor* into a de+endenc/ of the land with its 4ed routes constant directions relatie *oe*ents a wholecounterh/draulic of channels and conduits. Fne of the reasons for the hege*on/ of the ?est was the +ower>ofits &tate a++aratuses to striate the sea ,/ co*,ining technologies of the orth and the Mediterranean and ,/anneing the 1tlantic.AThe *ost tangi,le as+ect of this anneationWor the striating +rocessWwas an increasedna/ +resence. The nu*,er of +er*anentl/ e*+lo/ed ro/al shi+s in the 1*ericas rose fro* two in the AJs to

twent/-four ,/ AJJA $by @P4T, increased surveillance on the sea routes bythe 2oyal Ravy was severely limiting ?the pirates*B freedom ofoperations,&@6 and by @P4F, $the world was becoming too small for awanted pirate to be able to +nd a safe hiding place.&4JThis coincided withsigni4cant technological innoations. 1s Daid %. Marle/ e+lains8 &tea* adanced ,allistics telegra+hicco**unications and other technological innoations *eant that the adantage swung decisiel/ to the +rofessional serices.IA $dward 9ucie-&*ith stresses the 4rst in +articular8 ?hat +ut an end in its classic for*to a cri*e which had eisted since histor/ ,egan was chie2/ the co*ing of stea*. Mechanical +ro+ulsion which *eant that the *en who traeled the oceans were no longer at the *erc/ of the winds also re*oed *uch of thedanger the/ had hitherto felt fro* the uattari 8J5 Gilles Deleu!e and %Xli Guattari 1 Thousand Plateaus+g. IAB-IAV)t isnot suScient to de4ne ,ureaucrac/ ,/ a rigid seg*entarit/ withco*+art*entali!ation of contiguous oSces an oSce *anager in each seg*entand the corres+onding centrali!ation at the end of the hall or on to+ of the tower.%or at the sa*e ti*e there is a whole ,ureaucratic seg*entation a su++leness ofand co**unication ,etween oSces a ,ureaucratic +erersion a +er*anentinentieness or creatiit/ +racticed een against ad*inistratie regulations. )fKafka is the greatest theorist of ,ureaucrac/ it is ,ecause he shows how at acertain leel (,ut which one it is not locali!a,le" the ,arriers ,etween oSces cease


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to ,e a de4nite diiding line and are i**ersed in a *olecular *ediu* (milieu"that dissoles the* and si*ultaneousl/ *akes the oSce *anager +roliferate into*icro4gures i*+ossi,le to recogni!e or identif/ discerni,le onl/ when the/ arecentrali!a,le8 another regi*e coeistent with the se+aration andtotali!ation of therigid seg*ents. ?e would een sa/ thatfascism implies a molecular regimethat is distinct both from molar segments and their centrali0ation.

oubtless, fascism invented the concept of the totalitarian )tate, butthere is no reason to de+ne fascism by a concept of its own devising0 thereare totalitarian &tates of the &talinist or *ilitar/ dictatorshi+ t/+e that are notfascist. The conce+t of the totalitarian &tate a++lies onl/ at the *acro+olitical leelto a rigid seg*entarit/ and a +articular *ode of totali!ation and centrali!ation. :utfascism is inseparable from a proliferation of molecular focuses ininteraction, which skip from point to point, before beginning to resonatetogether in the Rational )ocialist )tate.2ural fascism and city orneighborhood fascism, youth fascism and war veteran*s fascism, fascismof the !eft and fascism of the 2ight, fascism of the couple, family, school,and o;ce< every fascism is de+ned by a microblack hole that stands onits own and communicates with the others, before resonating in a great,

generali0ed central black hole. 1here is fascism when a war machine isinstalled in each hole, in every niche. ven after the Rational )ocialist)tate had been established, microfascisms persisted that gave ituneOualed ability to act upon the $masses.&Daniel GuXrin is correct to sa/that if Hitler took +ower rather then taking oer the Ger*an &tate ad*inistration itwas ,ecause fro* the ,eginning he had at his dis+osal *icroorgani!ations giinghi* an uneCualed irre+lacea,le a,ilit/ to +enetrate eer/ cell of societ/ in otherwords a *olecular and su++le seg*entarit/ 2ows ca+a,le of su7using eer/ kindof cell. #onersel/ if ca+italis* ca*e to consider the fascist e+erience ascatastro+hic if it +referred to all/ itself with &talinist totalitarianis* which fro* its+oint of iew was *uch *ore sensi,le and *anagea,le it was ,ecause theseg*entarit/ and centrali!ation of the latter was *ore classical and less 2uid. ?hat*akes fascis* dangerous is its *olecular or *icro+olitical +ower for it is a *ass*oe*ent8 a cancerous ,od/ rather than a totalitarian organis*. 1*erican 4l* hasoften de+icted these *olecular focal +oints0 ,and gang sect fa*il/ townneigh,orhood ehicle fascis*s s+are no one. Dnly microfascism provides ananswer to the global Ouestion< hy does desire desire its own repression,how can it desire its own repression= 1he masses certainly do notpassively submit to power, nor do they $want& to be repressed, in a kind of*asochistic h/steria0 nor are they tricked by an ideological lure .Desire isneer se+ara,le fro* co*+le asse*,lages that necessaril/ ties into *olecularleels fro* *icrofor*ulations alread/ sha+ing +ostures attitudes +erce+tionse+ectations se*iotic s/ste*s etc. esire is never an undi/erentiatedinstinctual energy, but itself results from a highly developed, engineeredsetup rich in interactions< a whole supple segmentarity that processesmolecular energies and potentially gives desire a fascist determination.!eftist organi0ations will not be the last to secrete microfascisms. It*s tooeasy to be antifascist on the molar level, and not even see the fascistinside you, the fascist you yourself sustain and nourish and cherish withmolecules both personal and collective. %our errors concerning this *olecularand su++le seg*entarit/ are to ,e aoided. The 4rst is aiological and consists in,elieing that a little su++leness is enough to *ake things ,etter. :ut


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microfascisms are what make fascism so dangerous,and 4ne seg*entationsare as har*ful as the *ost rigid of seg*ents. The second is +s/chological as if the*olecular were in the real* of the i*agination and a++lied onl/ to the indiidualand interindiidual. :ut there is just as *uch social-5eal on one line as on the other.

Third the two for*a are not si*+l/ distinguished ,/ si!e as a s*all for* and alarge for*0 although it is true that the *olecular works in detail and o+erates in

s*all grou+s this does not *ean that it is an/ less coetensie with the entiresocial 4eld than *olar organi!ation. %inall/ the Cualitatie di7erence ,etween thetwo lines does not +reclude their ,oosting or cutting into each other there is alwa/sa +ro+ortional relation ,etween the two directl/ or inersel/ +ro+ortional.

Thus we adocate the e+loration o the ocean that follows no 4ed+ath has no goal and has no forseea,le end. ?e adocate the!ig-!agging e+loration of the $arth3s oceans as no*adic,uccaneers and +irates.

3uhn @5(Ga,riel Kuhn inde+endent author and translator in &tockhol* &wedenPhiloso+h/ PhD. fro* the Uniersit/ of )nns,ruck 9ife Under the 6oll/ 5oger5e2ections on Golden 1ge Pirac/ ++. IB-I"#$%&Kha!ano concedes howeer that so*e scholars hae de4ned no*ads as all those leading a *o,ile wa/ of life

inde+endent of its econo*ic s+eci4cit/.I)f we a++l/ this latter de4nition, the golden age pirates:aHuctuating community of marauding bands ranging in number from a fewdo0en members to a ma-imum of about 455 without a secure home base: would de+nitely belong to the wider community of nomads . 1heclearest e-pression of the fact that the golden age pirates themselves:who $knew themselves to be homeless and cut o/ from their countries oforigin &T:understood their community to be nomadic was the commonpirate response to enOuiries about where they came from8 Qrom the )eas.BIn fact, the early buccaneers of #ispaniola alread/ reealed no*adic tendencies.1ccording to the %rench *issionar/ 1,,X du Tertre ;the/ were without any habitation or +-edabode, but rende0voused where the animals were to be found. *&AHowradicall/ these tendencies e+ressed the*seles during the golden age of +irac/ is ,est descri,ed ,/ Daid

#ordingl/8part from the obvious desire to avoid Rorth merica in winter,and a sensible use of the trade winds when crossing the tlantic, there was no consistency in the planning and e-ecution of most voyages . Indeed, there was very little forward planning by any of the pirate crews.1he democratic nature of the pirate community meant that a vote mustbe taken by the entire crew before the destination of the ne-t voyagecould be agreed on, and this inevitably led to many decisions being madeon the spur of the moment. study of the tracks of the pirate shipsshows many 0ig0agging all over the place without apparent reason.N

Dne aspect of the golden age pirates* 0ig0agging nomadism is thecomplete lack of a productive economy. Eastoralists, for e-ample,develop patterns of movement that guarantee gra0ing opportunities fortheir herds, while the pirates* movements are bound to the availability of$prey.&In this respect, the nomadic culture they most closely resemble interms of economics is that of hunters and gatherers. 2aiding merchantships:and the occasional onshore community or trading post:might be apeculiar way of hunting and gathering, of course, but a structurallysimilar one. Golden age +irates share with hunters and gatherers a no*adis* reCuired ,/ the foraging


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econo*/.1he dependency on prey in the form of uropean merchant shipsreveals another structural similarity between golden age pirates andother nomads, namely their dependency on the outside world. 1s Kha!anoe+lains8 o*ads could neer eist on their own without the outside world and its non-no*adic societies withtheir di7erent econo*ic s/ste*s. )ndeed a no*adic societ/ could onl/ function while the outside world not onl/

eisted ,ut also allowed for those reactions fro* it>which ensured that the no*ads re*ained no*ads.

historian of the Caribbean realm con+rms that this is true for thebuccaneers as well, who he calls $essentially stateless persons who livedcomfortably by commerce with the settled communities of uropean colonists.&6

Eirates functioned as a transnational movement resisting thepower of the state, embracing death and chaos in theiruniOue identity, even raiding slaving ports.

3uhn @5(Ga,riel Kuhn inde+endent author and translator in &tockhol* &wedenPhiloso+h/ PhD. fro* the Uniersit/ of )nns,ruck 9ife Under the 6oll/ 5oger5e2ections on Golden 1ge Pirac/ ++. AN-A"#$%&c. @N65G@P558 s the buccaneers disappear, the $pirates proper& arise.

Many former buccaneers have little interest in a settled e-istence andintend to further secure their economic survival by raiding. &ince oScial licensesare increasingl/ harder to co*e ,/ they turn to illegal raids:often on all ships, regardless which Hags they Hy. &te+hen &nelders descri,es the transition thus8 )n the strugglefor do*inance in the seenteenth centur/ the %rotherhood had played its role in thegrey border 0one between sanctioned privateering and outright piracy. Inthe golden age its successors were relegated to a black 0one, outlawedby all nations.& TN)n the *id-ALJs the successful +irate o/ages into the )ndian Fcean ,/ Henr/$er/ and Tho*as Tew ,oth of who* get awa/ rich and unhar*ed (at least initiall/WTew dies during his secondo/age" hel+ +roide a new role-*odel for the whole fraternit/ of seagoing *ercenariesN and incite a +irate

,oo* in those longitudes that also +ro*+ts the fa*ed +irate settle*ents in Madagascar. 1hey also givebirth to a distinct, $transnational,& pirate culture. s a result, $soon after

the return of peace in @N6P, there wasan e-plosion of piracy on a scalenever seen before.&NIn @P55 , after an nglish navy vessel gives chase toa ship under the command of Captain manuel ynn, there are +rstreports of pirates Hying the olly 2oger:the infamous black Hag adornedby allegories of death(skull and cross,ones hour glasses ,leeding hearts etc.. It sooncomes to signify an a;rmative pirate identity, indicating that $unlike thegenerations of pirates before them, who called themselves privateers:intruth, anything but pirate for fear of the death penalty that soon camewith the name:the freebooters of the early eighteenth century said yes,we are criminals, we are pirates, we are that name.&T61ccordingl/ a war againstthe +irates is waged ,/ the authorities8 $1he problem was tackled in a number of ways

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