Joints [modalità compatibilità] · - flexion - extension - hyperextension • Bone surfaces are...
Transcript of Joints [modalità compatibilità] · - flexion - extension - hyperextension • Bone surfaces are...
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Articulations: The site where 2 or more bones meet.
Joints are the weakest part of the skeleton.
ClassificationFunctional: Amount of movement allowed
1). Synarthroses: Immovable joints2). Amphiarthrosis: Slightly movable joint3). Diarthroses: Fully movable joints
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FibulaTibia
Ligament
(b) Syndesmosis
Joint held together by a ligament.Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but
is longer than in sutures.
ClassificationStructural: based on material binding the bone.
1). Fibrous: Bone ends united by collagenic fibersa). Sutures
b). Syndesmoses
c). Gomphoses
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Classification
2). Cartilaginous JointsBones are united by cartilage
a). Synchondrosisb). Symphysesc). Synovial Joints
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Immovable Joints (synarthrosis)
• Bones united by ligament
suture
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Immovable Joints (synarthrosis)
• Bones united by ligament
(syndesmosis)
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Immovable Joints (synarthrosis)
• Bones united by ligament
Interosseous membrane(syndesmosis)
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• Ligaments hold tooth in bony socket• Immovable joint
enamel
dentin
gum
root of tooth
pulp
Socket of alveolar process
Peridontal ligament (membrane)
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Slightly Movable (ampharthrosis) and Immovable (synarthrosis)
Joints• Lacks a synovial cavity• Bones connected by fibrocartilage or
hyaline cartilage• 2 types
- synchondrosis- symphyses
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Immovable Joint (synchondrosis)
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Slightly Movable Joint (ampharthrosis)
pubic symphysis
symphysis
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femur
ligaments
pelvis
(diarthrosis)- freely moveable
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femur
hyaline cartilage
synovial cavity
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Shoulder joint
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Shoulder joint
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Fig. 9.13 The cruciate ligaments prevent undesirable movements at the knee joint. a) when the knee is flexed or extended, the anterior cruciate prevents anterior slipping movements of the tibia
Cruciate Ligaments
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Ankle Joint
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• Complex Joint• Articular disc• Gliding above disc• Hinge below disc• Movements:
- depression- elevation- protraction- retraction
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• Planar Joint• Hinge Joint• Pivot Joint• Saddle Joint• Ball & Socket Joint• Condyloid or Ellipsoid Joint
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• Convex surface of bone fits in concave surface of 2nd bone
• Unixlateral like a door hinge• Examples:
- Knee, elbow, ankle, interphalangeal joints• Movements produced:
- flexion- extension- hyperextension
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• Bone surfaces are slightly curved• Side to side movement only• Rotation prevented by ligaments• Examples:
- intercarpal to intertarsal joints- sternoclavicular joint- vertebrocostal joints
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• Rounded surface of bone articulates with the ring formed by the 2nd bone & ligament
• Monoaxial since it only allows rotation around longitudinal axis
• Examples:- proximal radioulnar joint
- supination- pronation
- atlanto-axial joint- Turning head side to side “no”
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• One bone saddle-shaped, other bone fits like a person riding on the saddle
• Biaxial- circumduction allows the tip of the
thumb to travel in a circle- Opposition allows thumb to touch
tip of other fingers• Examples:
- Trapezium of carpus and metacarple of thumb
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• Ball fitting into a cup-like depression• Multiaxial
- flexion/extension- abduction/adduction- rotation
• Examples:- shoulder joint- hip joint
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• Oval-shaped depression fits into oval depression
• Biaxial= flex/extend or adduct/abduct is possible
• Examples:- Wrist and metacarpophelangeal joints for
2 to 5 digits
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Figure 8.5a Movements allowed by synovial joints.
Gliding
(a) Gliding movements at the wrist
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Figure 8.5b Movements allowed by synovial joints.
(b) Angular movements: flexion, extension, andhyperextension of the neck
Hyperextension Extension
Flexion
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Figure 8.5c Movements allowed by synovial joints.
Hyperextension Flexion
Extension
(c) Angular movements: flexion, extension, andhyperextension of the vertebral column
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Figure 8.5d Movements allowed by synovial joints.
Extension
Extension
Flexion
Flexion
(d) Angular movements: flexion and extension at theshoulder and knee
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Figure 8.5e Movements allowed by synovial joints.Abduction
Adduction
(e) Angular movements: abduction, adduction, andcircumduction of the upper limb at the shoulder
Circumduction
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Figure 8.5f Movements allowed by synovial joints.Lateral
rotationMedialrotation
Rotation
(f) Rotation of the head, neck, and lower limb
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Figure 8.6a Special body movements.
Supination(radius and ulna are parallel)
(a) Pronation (P) and supination (S)
Pronation(radius rotatesover ulna)
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Figure 8.6b Special body movements.
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
(b) Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
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Figure 8.6c Special body movements.
EversionInversion
(c) Inversion and eversion
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Figure 8.6d Special body movements.
Protractionof mandible
Retractionof mandible
(d) Protraction and retraction
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Figure 8.6e Special body movements.
Elevationof mandible
Depressionof mandible
(e) Elevation and depression
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Figure 8.6f Special body movements.
(f) Opposition
Opposition
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Type of joint movement:• Flexion- bent knee• Extension- extend knee• Hyperextension- bring leg back• Dorsi flexion- heal• Plantar flexion- toe• Abduction- leg out• Adduction-leg in• Rotation- twisting• Circumduction- circular motion• Supination- palm up• Pronation- palm down• Eversion- foot out• Inversion- foot in• Protraction- chin forward• Retraction- chin back• Elevation- shoulders up• Depression- shoulders down
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A)The shape of articular surfaces.
B) Ligaments
C) Muscle Tone
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• Bursitis• Tendonitis• Lyme disease• Ankle sprains and fractures• Osteoarthritis• Gouty Arthritis• Rheumatoid Arthritis
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• Lyme disease
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• Ankle Sprain Type 1
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• Ankle Sprain Type 2
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• Ankle Sprain Type 3
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Osteoarthritis
• Degenerative joint disease- aging, wear & tear
• Non inflammatory- Only cartilage is affected, not
synovial membrane• Deterioration of cartilage produces
bone spurs- Restricts movement
• Pain upon awakening—disappears with movement
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Gouty Arthritis
• Uric crystals build up in joints—pain- waste products of DNA & RNA
metabolism- builds up in blood- deposited in cartilage causing
inflammation and swelling• Bones fuse• Middle-aged men with abnormal gene
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Rheumatoid Arthritis
• Autoimmune disorder• Cartilage attacked• Inflammation, swelling & pain• Final step is fusion in joint
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• Arthroscopy- examination of joint- instrument size of pencil- remove torn knee cartilage- small incisions only
• Arthroplasty- replacement of joints- total hip replaces acetablum & head of
femur- plastic socket & metal head- knee replacement common
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ArthroscopyExamination of Joint
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ArthroplastyHip Replacement
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Hip Prosthesis
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1. What is a meniscus?
2. Demonstrate adduction.
3. What does the acronym RICE stand for?
4. What type of joint is a synovial joint?
5. Where is a planar joint found?
6. Why is it a good idea to warm up before running?
7. What is gout?
8. What causes lyme disease?
INQUIRY