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Planning for resilience: a thematic overview on
security issues
Martin Larcher
ELSA, IPSC
3rd European Conference on Sustainable Urban
Mobility Plans, Bremen
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New York 2001, 2993 fat.
Madrid 2004, 191 fatalities
Brussels 2016, 35 fatalities
Terrorist targets
Norway 2011, 77 fat.
[wik
ipedia
]
Ankara 2015, 102 fatalities
[ww
w.t
imesofisra
el.com
]
Paris 2015, 12 fatalities
Soft targets
[ww
w.m
irro
r.co.u
k]
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Risk (terrorist attack)
[Risk] = [Hazard] x [Vulnerability] x [Asset Value]
Hazard: probability of an attack
in a specific period
Vulnerability: weaknesses and potential
damage or loss resulting from such an event
Asset Value: cost of human life, capital,
reconstruction, disruption of service
[EMI]
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Risk (security) - resilience - protection
Hazard
Vulnerability
Asset Value
capability to
prepare for,
respond to, and
recover from
significant multi-hazard threats
with minimum damage to public
safety and health, the economy,
and security Wilbanks, 2007 risk reduction
Resilience
Protection
Risk
+after attack
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Global terrorist risk
2014 until now; red: at least 10 fatalities, blue at least one fatality, green no fatalities
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Air blast loading of glass
• Air blast loading
• Glass most fragile part of a structure
• Failure results in splinters
• Protection: laminated glass, anti-shatter films
European Parliament, Strasbourg
Norway 2011, 77 fat.
[wik
ipedia
]
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Laminated glass
[Kra
nzer
et
al. 2
005]
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Num. Simulation /EPX
Explosion
inside a
station
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Soft targets
•Unarmored or undefended target (wikipedia)
•Explosions in urban terrain
Ankara 2015, 102 fatalities
[ww
w.t
imesofisra
el.com
]
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Vulnerability of soft targets
Fatalities
Eardrum rupture
10 kg TNT with compartments
with compartments
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Design for protection
Natural hazards: building design codes available
(e.g. EC 8 for earthquakes)
Terrorist attacks: scenario based by using
simulations and experiments
Examples of possible interventions
Classical ‘military’ solutions (mass, stiffness)
Robustness
Stand-off distance
Lightweight protective structures
Protection of glass
Protection against progressive collapse
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Lightweight protection solutions (distance)
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[ww
w.p
anora
mio
.com
]
[FEMA]
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Landscaping
Minneapolis Courthouse Plaza
[FEM
A]
[www.stockandassociates.com]
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Curtains
[Haver&Boecker]
[Sprich AG]
[Daniel Swarovski & Co / alphamesh] [www.stylepark.com]
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How to built up resilience?
• Checking crowded places
• Reducing access (in particular of cars)
• Robust buildings
• ‘Labyrinth’ for blast waves
• Laminated glass in case of higher threat but venting
Hazard
Vulnerability
Asset Value
Preparation
Respond
Recover
Resilience
Protection
Risk
European Agenda on Security 2015-2020 Develop further measures, including practical tools and guidance such as handbooks to assist practitioners, for enhancing the protection of critical infrastructures and soft targets