John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the...
-
Upload
jerome-baker -
Category
Documents
-
view
216 -
download
0
Transcript of John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the...
![Page 1: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International
Prepared for the:Annual Meeting of the AASHTO
Highways Subcommittee on Design
July 15, 2008
Complete Streets: Basic Design Considerations
![Page 2: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What is a Complete Street?
A Complete Street is safe, comfortable and convenient for
travel via automobile, foot, bicycle, and transit.
![Page 3: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
An incomplete street:
Too narrow for comfortable 'sharing'
![Page 4: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
An incomplete street:
Uninviting for transit riders
![Page 5: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
An incomplete street:
Room for vehicles, but no room for people
![Page 6: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
We know how to build right
![Page 7: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
• AASHTO Ped Guide published in October 2004.
• Included many new and innovative concepts.
• Reiterated some often overlooked AASHTO Green Book guidelines.
AASHTO Ped Guide
![Page 9: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
AASHTO Green Book encourages roadway designers to provide for peds. “Interactions of pedestrians with traffic are a major consideration in highway planning and design.”
Current Green Book
![Page 10: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Safety is a key consideration. Peds are the most vulnerable of all roadway users.
AASHTO Ped Guide
![Page 11: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Accessibility is also key. Ped facilities should accommodate peds of all abilities.
AASHTO Ped Guide
![Page 12: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Basic Design Elements
• Sidewalks• Crossing the street • Medians and islands• Traffic signals• Crosswalks• Crosswalk markings• Curb extensions• Transit• Bicycles
![Page 13: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Sidewalks
![Page 14: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Not after space for future sidewalks is all gone
AASHTO Ped GuideSidewalk Design
![Page 15: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Sidewalk Design
“All roadways along which pedestrians are not prohibited should include an area where occasional pedestrians can safely walk.”
– Unpaved walkway– Shoulders in rural areas– Sidewalks in urban areas
Locations with no sidewalks are twice as likely to have vehicle-pedestrian crashes than sites with sidewalks.
AASHTO Ped Guide
![Page 16: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Pedestrians can get by without sidewalks on Pedestrians can get by without sidewalks on quiet streetsquiet streets
Ashland OR
![Page 17: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Shoulders serve pedestrians in rural areasShoulders serve pedestrians in rural areas
Benton County OR
![Page 18: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
At a certain point, sidewalks are neededAt a certain point, sidewalks are needed
Canyonville OR
![Page 19: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
““Goat trail” indicates sidewalks are neededGoat trail” indicates sidewalks are needed
Jefferson Parish
![Page 20: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Set triggers for future sidewalks• Development densities
• Developer requirements
• Going from open to closed drainage
AASHTO Ped GuideSidewalk Design
![Page 21: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The AASHTO “Green Book” states:
“Sidewalks are integral parts of city streets”
Sidewalks are not added to streets, Sidewalks are not added to streets, they are they are part of the streetpart of the street
![Page 22: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Fredericksburg VA
Forcing pedestrian Forcing pedestrian into streetinto street
Sidewalks should Sidewalks should not end midblocknot end midblock
![Page 23: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Sidewalk DesignSidewalks on only one side of the street?
– Weakens pedestrian safety by requiring unnecessary street crossings
– Lacks connectivity– Generally not recommended
AASHTO Ped Guide
![Page 24: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Mountable curbs are not appropriate on local streetsMountable curbs are not appropriate on local streets
Casper WY
![Page 25: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Separated sidewalk is uncluttered,Separated sidewalk is uncluttered, pleasant pleasant to walk onto walk on
Reno NV
![Page 26: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Parkway separation makes it easy to meet Parkway separation makes it easy to meet ADA at drivewaysADA at driveways
Salem OR
![Page 27: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Narrow curbside sidewalks are inadequate in Narrow curbside sidewalks are inadequate in commercial areas commercial areas
Reno NV
![Page 28: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Crossing the Street
![Page 29: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Pedestrians shouldn’t be terrified crossing the streetPedestrians shouldn’t be terrified crossing the street
Santa Ana CA
Pedestrians want & need to cross the street safely
![Page 30: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
High speeds lead to greater chance of serious injury & death
Speed Matters
![Page 31: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Child dart-out: speed is a factor!
150’
![Page 32: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
First scenario: Speed 25 MPH
100’
100’ = distance covered in 2.5 sec. perception/reaction time
150’
Driver applies brakes
![Page 33: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
First scenario: Speed 25 MPHDriver applies
brakes
100’
150’
50’ stopping distance (wet pavement)
50’
![Page 34: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
First scenario: Speed 25 MPH
Result: Nothing happens beyond one scared child, driver & parent!
100’
150’
50’
![Page 35: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Second scenario: Speed 38MPH
140’
140’ = distance covered in 2.5 sec. perception/reaction time
150’
Driver applies brakes
![Page 36: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Second scenario: Speed 38MPH
140’
150’
Driver applies brakes
![Page 37: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Second scenario: Speed 38MPH
140’
150’
In the last 10’ car slows to 36 MPH
![Page 38: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Second scenario: Speed 38MPH
150’
Result: a high speed crash
![Page 39: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Where do these two scenarios lie on the pedestrian fatality risk scale?
Second scenario: Crash speed 36 MPH
First scenario: no crash
![Page 40: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Complete Streets Design Controls
• Complete Streets design begins with
Target Speed:– Desirable operating speed– Mobility for motor vehicles – Safety for pedestrians and bicyclists– Usually posted speed limit
Conventional design Conventional design criteria primarily based criteria primarily based on:on:
Functional classFunctional class
Design SpeedDesign Speed
![Page 41: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Defining Mobility
• Typical experience:– 45 mph speed– 2 min wait at signal
![Page 42: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Defining Mobility
• Viable alternative:– 2-way progression set for 30 mph
![Page 43: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Benefit/Cost Analysis
• Reducing speed from 45 mph to 30 mph– For a 5-mile trip, a 3.33-minute delay– Assume 30,000 ADT and $20/hr driver cost– $12.154 million in loss to economy, right?
• Wrong!– Delay for each person is still 3.33 minutes– Less time than their daily stop for Starbucks
• Community benefit– Slower operating speeds– Safer and more comfortable ped crossings
![Page 44: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Roadway Capacity Analysis• Design urban roadways to LOS D
• Designing to LOS C for peak hour means:– Unnecessary pavement, waste of tax dollars– Increased ped crossing times, thus reducing
vehicular movement times– Increased operating speeds for other 22 hours
![Page 45: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Medians and IslandsReduce crashes by 40%
![Page 46: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Basic Principle Break long complex crossing into two simpler crossings
![Page 47: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Corvallis OR
Poor sign placementPoor sign placement
Choosing location for island: must have O & D
![Page 48: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Corvallis OR
In this case, apartments across from bus stop and stores
![Page 49: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Place cut-through at an angle…
![Page 50: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
![Page 51: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Flush median is not much of a refugeFlush median is not much of a refuge
Crystal City VA
![Page 52: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Flush median is not much of a refugeFlush median is not much of a refuge
Atlanta GA
![Page 53: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Replace with a raised islandReplace with a raised island
Atlanta GA
![Page 54: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Intersection Design
![Page 55: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Small, tight intersections best for pedestrians…Simple, few conflicts, slow speeds
![Page 56: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Intersection Design – Curb Radii
– Actual curb radius (R1)
– Effective radius (R2)
AASHTO Ped Guide
![Page 57: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Keeping it tight: Curb radii
* Impossible move on one-way street
![Page 58: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Intersection geometry:
Large radius increases crossing distance, and affects crosswalk & ramp placement
![Page 59: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Effect of large radius on crosswalk
Additional area to crossAdditional area to cross+ Higher speed turns+ Higher speed turns
It’s more than the distance…
![Page 60: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Effect of large radius on crosswalk
Hard to figure out where to crossHard to figure out where to cross
![Page 61: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Effect of large radius on driversEffect of large radius on drivers
They drive fast…They drive fast…
![Page 62: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
… … ignoring pedestriansignoring pedestrians
![Page 63: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Intersection Design – Curb Radii
AASHTO Ped Guide
• Use entire available width to turn into
• Select appropriate design vehicle
![Page 64: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Must consider design vehicles, but don’t choose Must consider design vehicles, but don’t choose larger vehicle than necessarylarger vehicle than necessary
![Page 65: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
We shouldn’t design for the exceptional vehicleWe shouldn’t design for the exceptional vehicle
![Page 66: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Raised islands at intersection separate conflicts
![Page 67: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
![Page 68: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Right-Turn Slip Lane: Design for pedestrians
High speed, head turner low visibility of pedestrians
Wide Angle
Old Way
2020O
O
55 to 60 degree angle between vehicle flows
New proposal
Slower vehicle speeds, good visibility of pedestrians
Tighter angle
20O
20O
![Page 69: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Island with fairly good geometry
![Page 70: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Free Flow Turn Lanes
Prevent pedestrian movements
![Page 71: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Free Flow Turn Lanes
Prevent pedestrian movements
![Page 72: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Expressway Ramps
• Right angle intersection where ramp meets cross street
• Design urban exits for 20 mph
Free Flow Turn Lanes
![Page 73: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Signal timing & other simple Signal timing & other simple innovative ideas to minimize innovative ideas to minimize
pedestrian delay & conflictspedestrian delay & conflicts
Traffic Signals
![Page 74: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Use short signal cycle lengthUse short signal cycle length
Long wait Long wait causes stacking: peds wait in street,auses stacking: peds wait in street,or don’t wait and cross against the signalor don’t wait and cross against the signal
Portland OR
![Page 75: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Set pedestrian signal to recall to “Walk”
when major street is set to recall to green
Peds should not be required to push a button
![Page 76: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
1.1. WALKWALK
2.2. Flashing DON’T WALK *Flashing DON’T WALK *
3.3. Steady DON’T WALKSteady DON’T WALK
1/2 of Americans don’t understand 1/2 of Americans don’t understand it;it;
Is there a better system?Is there a better system?
Current system:Current system:
* Flashing red hand/don’t * Flashing red hand/don’t walk is ped clearance walk is ped clearance intervalinterval
Very counterintuitiveVery counterintuitive
![Page 77: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Problem with current system:Problem with current system:Pedestrians not sure if they can start during Pedestrians not sure if they can start during
flashing don’t walkflashing don’t walkBoston MA
![Page 78: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Corvallis OR
Problem with current system:Problem with current system:Pedestrians not sure if they can start during Pedestrians not sure if they can start during
flashing don’t walkflashing don’t walk
![Page 79: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Pedestrian count-down signal tells pedestrians Pedestrian count-down signal tells pedestrians how much crossing time is left …how much crossing time is left …
Springfield OR
![Page 80: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Reno NV
Pedestrian count-down signal tells pedestrians Pedestrian count-down signal tells pedestrians how much crossing time is left …how much crossing time is left …
![Page 81: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Results from San Francisco:Results from San Francisco:
25% Crash Reduction Factor after 25% Crash Reduction Factor after countdown signals installedcountdown signals installed
Countdown Clocks
![Page 82: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
• The existing option of using pedestrian countdown displays will now be a requirement for all new ped installations
• All existing pedestrian signal installations should be upgraded with countdown clocks within 10 years
• Only exception is where the duration of the pedestrian change interval (flashing Don’t Walk) is less than 7 seconds
Countdown Clocks in MUTCD
![Page 83: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
• Old MUTCD recommends using a pedestrian walking speed of 4.0 fps, and at crossings with older or disabled pedestrians, use 3.0 fps
Pedestrian signal timing
• However, recent studies found that 4.0 fps based on average walking speeds (not 15th percentile)
• New NCUTCD will use 3.5 fps for FDW and 3.0 fps for overall WALK phase
![Page 84: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Crosswalks
![Page 85: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Basic crosswalk question:
Do crosswalks increase safety, or do they Do crosswalks increase safety, or do they encourage pedestrians to cross without looking?encourage pedestrians to cross without looking?
(“(“false sense of securityfalse sense of security”)”)
![Page 86: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Safety Effects of Marked vs Unmarked Crosswalks at Uncontrolled Locations: Executive
Summary and Recommended Guidelines
U.S. Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationResearch and DevelopmentTurner-Fairbank Highway Research Center6300 Georgetown PikeMcLean, VA 22101-2296
byUNC Highway
Safety Research Center
March 2002
![Page 87: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
1. OK to mark crosswalks at ADT <10,000 w/o median
2. OK to mark crosswalks at ADT <15,000 w median
3. Medians reduce crash risk significantly
4. Marked crosswalk alone not recommended on high ADT roadways
5. Signalization or other treatments should be considered where large portion of pedestrians are young and/or elderly
Conclusions/recommendations
![Page 88: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Many locations are suitable for a marked crosswalk
![Page 89: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Suitable location for a marked crosswalk:Two-lane, ADT <10,000, high use, driver expectancy
Madison WI
![Page 90: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Suitable location for a marked crosswalk:Two-lane, slow speed, high use, driver expectancy
Washington DC
![Page 91: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Crosswalk MarkingsCrosswalk Markings
![Page 92: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Once the decision has been made Once the decision has been made to mark a crosswalk,to mark a crosswalk,
the crosswalk must be visible to the crosswalk must be visible to thethe
DRIVERDRIVER
![Page 93: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
What the pedestrian sees
What the driver sees
Visible Crosswalks
![Page 94: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Crosswalk Marking Types
Crosswalk Visibility
![Page 95: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Crosswalk Visibility
Longitudinal markings are more visible to Longitudinal markings are more visible to driver at a distancedriver at a distance
![Page 96: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
What the pedestrian sees
What the driver sees
Continental Markings
Visible Crosswalks
![Page 97: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Textured xwalks: in theory, more visible. Textured xwalks: in theory, more visible. Reality?Reality?
![Page 98: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
What the pedestrian seesWhat the pedestrian sees
Corvallis OR
![Page 99: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
What the driver seesWhat the driver sees
Corvallis OR
![Page 100: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Supplement textured crosswalks with white stripes to ensure visibility
Phoenix OR
![Page 101: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Brick Street with Brick Street with asphalt asphalt crosswalkscrosswalks
Pedestrian Pedestrian perspectiveperspective
Orlando FL
![Page 102: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
DriverDriverperspectiveperspective
Orlando FL
![Page 103: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Curb Extensions
![Page 104: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
– Relocate obstructions
– Eliminate parking on approaches
– Curb extensions when parking remains
AASHTO Ped GuideIntersection Design – Sight Lines
and Curb Bulbs
![Page 105: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Curb extensions
Most focus has been on reducing crossing distance
Better visibility (both ways) Traffic calming Room for street furniture Additional on-street parking *
* corner is “protected”
Other advantages
![Page 106: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Pedestrian is waiting on curb, behind parked car
Salem OR
![Page 107: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Curb extension places pedestrian where he can see and be seen
![Page 108: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
A new way to look at curb extensions
![Page 109: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Not something you add to a street
![Page 110: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Imagine the street w/o on-street parking
![Page 111: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Now think of parking as the bonus!
![Page 112: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Curb extension integrated with the sidewalk
![Page 113: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Consider this your Consider this your normal curb linenormal curb line
Not thisNot this
Fredericksburg VA
![Page 114: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
Transit
![Page 115: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Transit Objectives
Ensure transit stops are convenient and accessible
Ensure transit users can safely cross the street at every transit stop
Address transit operators concerns Address other road users needs
![Page 116: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
Transit: designing for successful intermodalismTransit: designing for successful intermodalism
![Page 117: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Transit: bus is most common modeTransit: bus is most common mode
Madison WI
![Page 118: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Transit: only choice for many peopleTransit: only choice for many people
Madison WI
![Page 119: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
Sidewalks should be wide enough to provide Sidewalks should be wide enough to provide space for waiting, boarding and passing.space for waiting, boarding and passing.
Widen beyond ADA minimum for wheelchair padWiden beyond ADA minimum for wheelchair pad
![Page 120: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
Narrow curbside sidewalk provides insufficient Narrow curbside sidewalk provides insufficient space for waitingspace for waiting
Honolulu HI
![Page 121: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
Narrow curbside sidewalk provides insufficient Narrow curbside sidewalk provides insufficient space for waiting especially when bus comes & space for waiting especially when bus comes &
people boardpeople boardHonolulu HI
![Page 122: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
Bus shelter placement: it should not obstruct Bus shelter placement: it should not obstruct sidewalksidewalk
Portland OR
![Page 123: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
Bus shelters must be accessible Bus shelters must be accessible (grass around (grass around it is inaccessible)it is inaccessible)
Honolulu HI
![Page 124: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
Honolulu HI
Bus shelters must be accessible Bus shelters must be accessible (grass around (grass around it is inaccessible)it is inaccessible)
![Page 125: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
Separated sidewalk allows bus shelter placement in Separated sidewalk allows bus shelter placement in planter stripplanter strip
Eugene OR
![Page 126: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
All known crossing techniques apply to transit stopsAll known crossing techniques apply to transit stops
Portland OR
![Page 127: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
Place crosswalks behind bus stop!Place crosswalks behind bus stop!
Madison WI
Why?Why?1.1. Peds can see trafficPeds can see traffic2.2. Bus driver can moveBus driver can move3.3. Bus doesn’t run over pedsBus doesn’t run over peds
![Page 128: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
Bicycles
![Page 129: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
Definition: Bike Route System
• “Bikeway” is generic term to cover any facility designated for
bicycle traffic
![Page 130: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
• Shared Roadway
Facility Selection
– Recognizes that most bicycle travel now occurs on streets and highways without bikeway designation
![Page 131: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
Facility Selection
• Signed Shared Roadway
– Signing “should indicate particular advantages to using the route over an alternative”
![Page 132: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
No point in striping local streets with bike lanes
![Page 133: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
Bike lanes most appropriate on urban thoroughfares
They get you from one part of town to another efficiently
Intersections stop or signal controlled – the “right way”
No point in striping local streets with bike lanes
![Page 134: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
Facility Selection
• Bicycle Lanes– Can reduce travel lane
![Page 135: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
RELATIVE DANGER INDEXOf various types of facilities
Major Streets w/o bike lanesMajor Streets w/o bike lanes 1.281.28 Minor Streets w/o bike lanesMinor Streets w/o bike lanes 1.04 *1.04 * Streets with bike lanesStreets with bike lanes 0.50.5 Mixed-use pathsMixed-use paths 0.670.67 SidewalksSidewalks 5.325.32(* = shared roadway)(* = shared roadway)
1.00 = median1.00 = median
Source: William Moritz, U.W. - “Accident Rates for Various Bicycle Facilities” - based on 2374 riders, 4.4 million miles
![Page 136: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
39%
25%34%
1%
Riders on sidewalk against traffic
Riders on road with traffic
Riders on road against traffic
Riders on sidewalk with traffic
Riders at sites with sidewalks & no bike lanes
Total sw riders: 64%
Bike Lanes: Effect on Rider Characteristics
![Page 137: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
Bike Lanes: Effect on Rider Characteristics
13%
11%
73%3%
Riders on sidewalk against traffic
Riders on road with traffic
Riders on road against traffic
Riders on sw with traffic
Riders at sites with sidewalks & bike lanes
Total sw riders: 24%
![Page 138: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
![Page 139: John N. LaPlante, P.E., P.T.O.E. T.Y. Lin International Prepared for the: Annual Meeting of the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Design July 15, 2008 Complete.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051418/56649e355503460f94b24b90/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
QUESTIONS?
COMMENTS?
CONCERNS?