Job Descriptions

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JOB DESCRIPTIONS The graduates of the Faculty of Land Reclamation and Environmental Engineering will basically work in one of the following areas of specialism. 1) CIVIL ENGINEER Job Profile and Description The Civil engineering are the one who works for the constant construction as it is the most demanded job now days. The civil engineer supposed to design and work for the development and construction of a lot of projects. The scope of civil engineering is enormous. They may have to work for the projects in the urban area and in the nature. The responsibility also includes the timely and safe completions of the projects. Duties and Responsibilities The basic duties and responsibilities of a civil engineer are as follows: The engineer has the responsibility to be updated and upgraded with the every minute detail about the construction site. The engineer has to comprehend the feasibility of the construction.

Transcript of Job Descriptions

Page 1: Job Descriptions

JOB DESCRIPTIONS

The graduates of the Faculty of Land Reclamation and Environmental Engineering will basically

work in one of the following areas of specialism.

1) CIVIL ENGINEER

Job Profile and Description

The Civil engineering are the one who works for the constant construction as it is the most

demanded job now days. The civil engineer supposed to design and work for the development

and construction of a lot of projects. The scope of civil engineering is enormous. They may have

to work for the projects in the urban area and in the nature. The responsibility also includes the

timely and safe completions of the projects.

Duties and Responsibilities

The basic duties and responsibilities of a civil engineer are as follows:

The engineer has the responsibility to be updated and upgraded with the every minute

detail about the construction site.

The engineer has to comprehend the feasibility of the construction.

It will be the responsibility of a civil engineer to provide the heavy consideration to the

technicalities.

The duty includes thoroughly understanding the architectural drafting and design.

He or she has to ensure the worker and user’s safety.

The responsibility includes doing the risk management and cost optimization which

should also be kept in mind.

He or she has to ensure the quality of the work as it is the first and last aim.

Skills and Specifications

The civil engineer should be competently skilled in the fields of thermodynamics,

structural design, circuitry and cost optimization.

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He should be creative enough to find logical solutions to design problems. Good

communications skills are a must to interact with several personalities essential for

personnel and labor management.

Qualifications and Educations

The basic degree required for the job is a four or five year bachelor’s degree from an

accredited school.

He or she should have gone through the training.

The person having any higher degree will be an added advantage for him or her.

He or she will be the preferred candidate if having previous working experience.

2) CIVIL ENGINEER MANAGER

Job Description and Profile

The Civil Engineer Manager is the one who has the responsibility to plan, direct and evaluate the

engineering unit. There are a wide range of duties and responsibilities attached to it such as the

evaluating engineering unit such as solid waste, flood control and transportation programs. It will

be also needed to work as a supervisor to train the members of his or her units and performs

other duties properly as and when required.

Duties and Specifications

There are the following duties and responsibilities which are expected to be fulfilled by a civil

engineer manager:

The civil engineer manager has the prime responsibility to plan, schedule and supervise

the work properly.

It is needed to perform the clerical, paraprofessional and professional personnel.

He or she is also responsible for the major stages of engineering programs.

The duty includes directing the staff members in designing the plans, drawings,

specifications.

He or she is responsible for the estimation of the public works contracts or projects.

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The duty to inspect the construction work that is performed under contracts.

He or she needs to supervise the interpretation and application of specifications.

The other basic jobs which have to be fulfilled are the planning, testing and use of

construction materials.

It is also necessary to do the work related to the reports such as maintenance and up

keeping of the work-related reports and records properly.

He or she has the responsibility to direct the monitoring programs to ensure the full

compliance with state, local and federal regulations.

He or she needs to take part in the preparation of the budget as well.

It is needed to make sure that the budget is complete within the needed data and

justification for such modifications.

He or she has to maintain the coordination with the entire activities with various company

units.

It is necessary to ensure that the activities are in the compliance with all the federal and

state departments.

It will be needed to work as a representative in the conferences and meetings with other

agencies and private organizations.

Skills and Specifications

The required skills and specifications are as follows:

The person needs to have the ability to create clear and concise letters.

He or she has to prepare the technical reports timely and properly.

It will be needed to use correct grammar, spelling and punctuation to prepare the reports.

He or she has to analyze the existing facts to take the appropriate decisions.

He or she should have the ability to read and interpret studies and reports based upon

technical engineering.

The other capabilities required for the job are the excellence in the calculus, trigonometry

and algebra in solving various existing engineering problems.

It is needed to have the ability to work as a representative and prepare the impressive

presentations before appropriate groups or bodies.

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The person needs to have the ability to establish and maintain harmonious and effective

work relations.

He or she should have the ability to effectively deal with proper representatives.

The person needs to have the required ability to deal with the other groups, organizations

and the general public.

He or she should have the knowledge of accessing and utilizing a variety of computer

applications.

Education and Qualifications

The basic degree required to do the job is bachelor’s degree in the course of civil

engineering.

The person needs to have at last 4 years of past working solid experience in civil

engineering field.

He or she should have registered him or her as a professional civil engineer to do the job.

3) ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER

Job Duties & Tasks

Prepare, review, and update environmental investigation and recommendation reports.

Collaborate with environmental scientists, planners, hazardous waste technicians,

engineers, and other specialists, and experts in law and business to address environmental

problems.

Obtain, update, and maintain plans, permits, and standard operating procedures.

Provide technical-level support for environmental remediation and litigation projects,

including remediation system design and determination of regulatory applicability.

Monitor progress of environmental improvement programs.

Inspect industrial and municipal facilities and programs in order to evaluate operational

effectiveness and ensure compliance with environmental regulations.

Provide administrative support for projects by collecting data, providing project

documentation, training staff, and performing other general administrative duties.

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Develop proposed project objectives and targets, and report to management on progress

in attaining them.

Advise corporations and government agencies of procedures to follow in cleaning up

contaminated sites in order to protect people and the environment.

Advise industries and government agencies about environmental policies and standards.

Inform company employees and other interested parties of environmental issues.

Assess the existing or potential environmental impact of land use projects on air, water,

and land.

Assist in budget implementation, forecasts, and administration.

Develop site-specific health and safety protocols, such as spill contingency plans and

methods for loading and transporting waste.

Coordinate and manage environmental protection programs and projects, assigning and

evaluating work.

Serve as liaison with federal, state, and local agencies and officials on issues pertaining to

solid and hazardous waste program requirements.

Design systems, processes, and equipment for control, management, and remediation of

water, air, and soil quality.

Prepare hazardous waste manifests and land disposal restriction notifications.

Serve on teams conducting multimedia inspections at complex facilities, providing

assistance with planning, quality assurance, safety inspection protocols, and sampling.

Develop and present environmental compliance training or orientation sessions.

Maintain, write, and revise quality-assurance documentation and procedures.

Develop, implement, and manage plans and programs related to conservation and

management of natural resources.

Assess, sort, characterize, and pack known and unknown materials.

Request bids from suppliers or consultants.

Provide environmental engineering assistance in network analysis, regulatory analysis,

and planning or reviewing database development.

Activities

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Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards - Using relevant

information and individual judgment to determine whether events or processes comply

with laws, regulations, or standards.

Getting Information - Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all

relevant sources.

Monitor Processes, Materials, or Surroundings - Monitoring and reviewing information

from materials, events, or the environment, to detect or assess problems.

Making Decisions and Solving Problems - Analyzing information and evaluating results

to choose the best solution and solve problems.

Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates - Providing information to

supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone, in written form, e-mail, or in

person.

Interacting With Computers - Using computers and computer systems (including

hardware and software) to program, write software, set up functions, enter data, or

process information.

Communicating with Persons Outside Organization - Communicating with people

outside the organization, representing the organization to customers, the public,

government, and other external sources. This information can be exchanged in person, in

writing, or by telephone or e-mail.

Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events - Identifying information by categorizing,

estimating, recognizing differences or similarities, and detecting changes in

circumstances or events.

Analyzing Data or Information - Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of

information by breaking down information or data into separate parts.

Processing Information - Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating,

auditing, or verifying information or data.

Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge - Keeping up-to-date technically and applying

new knowledge to your job.

Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships - Developing constructive and

cooperative working relationships with others, and maintaining them over time.

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Documenting/Recording Information - Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or

maintaining information in written or electronic/magnetic form.

Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work - Developing specific goals and plans to

prioritize, organize, and accomplish your work.

Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information -

Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resources, or

materials needed to perform a work activity.

Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others - Translating or explaining what

information means and how it can be used.

Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Material - Inspecting equipment, structures, or

materials to identify the cause of errors or other problems or defects.

Provide Consultation and Advice to Others - Providing guidance and expert advice to

management or other groups on technical, systems-, or process-related topics.

Thinking Creatively - Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas,

relationships, systems, or products, including artistic contributions.

Skills

Reading Comprehension - Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work

related documents.

Active Listening - Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to

understand the points being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at

inappropriate times.

Writing - Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the

audience.

Science - Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.

Critical Thinking - Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of

alternative solutions, conclusions or approaches to problems.

Speaking - Talking to others to convey information effectively.

Time Management - Managing one's own time and the time of others.

Active Learning - Understanding the implications of new information for both current

and future problem-solving and decision-making.

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Complex Problem Solving - Identifying complex problems and reviewing related

information to develop and evaluate options and implement solutions.

Coordination - Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.

Judgment and Decision Making - Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential

actions to choose the most appropriate one.

Mathematics - Using mathematics to solve problems.

Negotiation - Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.

Learning Strategies - Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures

appropriate for the situation when learning or teaching new things.

Management of Financial Resources - Determining how money will be spent to get the

work done, and accounting for these expenditures.

Technology Design - Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user

needs.

Persuasion - Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.

Monitoring - Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or

organizations to make improvements or take corrective action.

Social Perceptiveness - Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they

react as they do.

Systems Evaluation - Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the

actions needed to improve or correct performance, relative to the goals of the system.

Systems Analysis - Determining how a system should work and how changes in

conditions, operations, and the environment will affect outcomes.

Operations Analysis - Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.

Instructing - Teaching others how to do something.

Service Orientation - Actively looking for ways to help people.

Abilities

Oral Expression - The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others

will understand.

Oral Comprehension - The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas

presented through spoken words and sentences.

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Problem Sensitivity - The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go

wrong. It does not involve solving the problem, only recognizing there is a problem.

Inductive Reasoning - The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules

or conclusions (includes finding a relationship among seemingly unrelated events).

Deductive Reasoning - The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce

answers that make sense.

Written Comprehension - The ability to read and understand information and ideas

presented in writing.

Written Expression - The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so

others will understand.

Speech Recognition - The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.

Speech Clarity - The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.

Near Vision - The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).

Information Ordering - The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or

pattern according to a specific rule or set of rules (e.g., patterns of numbers, letters,

words, pictures, mathematical operations).

Selective Attention - The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without

being distracted.

Knowledge / Experience

Public Safety and Security - Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and

strategies to promote effective local, state, or national security operations for the

protection of people, data, property, and institutions.

Mathematics - Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their

applications.

Law and Government - Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents,

government regulations, executive orders, agency rules, and the democratic political

process.

Engineering and Technology - Knowledge of the practical application of engineering

science and technology. This includes applying principles, techniques, procedures, and

equipment to the design and production of various goods and services.

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English Language - Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language

including the meaning and spelling of words, rules of composition, and grammar.

Administration and Management - Knowledge of business and management principles

involved in strategic planning, resource allocation, human resources modeling, leadership

technique, production methods, and coordination of people and resources.

Education and Training - Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and

training design, teaching and instruction for individuals and groups, and the measurement

of training effects.

Chemistry - Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of

substances and of the chemical processes and transformations that they undergo. This

includes uses of chemicals and their interactions, danger signs, production techniques,

and disposal methods.

Computers and Electronics - Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic

equipment, and computer hardware and software, including applications and

programming.

Design - Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of

precision technical plans, blueprints, drawings, and models.

Customer and Personal Service - Knowledge of principles and processes for providing

customer and personal services. This includes customer needs assessment, meeting

quality standards for services, and evaluation of customer satisfaction.

Clerical - Knowledge of administrative and clerical procedures and systems such as word

processing, managing files and records, stenography and transcription, designing forms,

and other office procedures and terminology.

4) SURVEY ENGINEER (CADASTRAL ENGINEER)

Duties & Tasks

Prepare and maintain sketches, maps, reports, and legal descriptions of surveys in order

to describe, certify, and assume liability for work performed.

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Verify the accuracy of survey data, including measurements and calculations conducted

at survey sites.

Direct or conduct surveys in order to establish legal boundaries for properties, based on

legal deeds and titles.

Record the results of surveys, including the shape, contour, location, elevation, and

dimensions of land or land features.

Calculate heights, depths, relative positions, property lines, and other characteristics of

terrain.

Prepare or supervise preparation of all data, charts, plots, maps, records, and documents

related to surveys.

Write descriptions of property boundary surveys for use in deeds, leases, or other legal

documents.

Plan and conduct ground surveys designed to establish baselines, elevations, and other

geodetic measurements.

Search legal records, survey records, and land titles in order to obtain information about

property boundaries in areas to be surveyed.

Coordinate findings with the work of engineering and architectural personnel, clients, and

others concerned with projects.

Adjust surveying instruments in order to maintain their accuracy.

Establish fixed points for use in making maps, using geodetic and engineering

instruments.

Determine longitudes and latitudes of important features and boundaries in survey areas,

using theodolites, transits, levels, and satellite-based global positioning systems (GPS).

Train assistants and helpers, and direct their work in such activities as performing surveys

or drafting maps.

Analyze survey objectives and specifications in order to prepare survey proposals or to

direct others in survey proposal preparation.

Compute geodetic measurements and interpret survey data in order to determine

positions, shapes, and elevations of geomorphic and topographic features.

Develop criteria for survey methods and procedures.

Develop criteria for the design and modification of survey instruments.

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Conduct research in surveying and mapping methods, using knowledge of techniques of

photogrammetric map compilation and electronic data processing.

Locate and mark sites selected for geophysical prospecting activities, such as efforts to

locate petroleum or other mineral products.

Survey bodies of water in order to determine navigable channels and to secure data for

construction of breakwaters, piers, and other marine structures.

Direct aerial surveys of specified geographical areas.

Determine specifications for photographic equipment to be used for aerial photography,

as well as altitudes from which to photograph terrain.

Activities

Getting Information - Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all

relevant sources.

Processing Information - Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating,

auditing, or verifying information or data.

Making Decisions and Solving Problems - Analyzing information and evaluating results

to choose the best solution and solve problems.

Analyzing Data or Information - Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of

information by breaking down information or data into separate parts.

Interacting With Computers - Using computers and computer systems (including

hardware and software) to program, write software, set up functions, enter data, or

process information.

Documenting/Recording Information - Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or

maintaining information in written or electronic/magnetic form.

Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards - Using relevant

information and individual judgment to determine whether events or processes comply

with laws, regulations, or standards.

Performing for or Working Directly with the Public - Performing for people or dealing

directly with the public. This includes serving customers in restaurants and stores, and

receiving clients or guests.

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Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events - Identifying information by categorizing,

estimating, recognizing differences or similarities, and detecting changes in

circumstances or events.

Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates - Providing information to

supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone, in written form, e-mail, or in

person.

Communicating with Persons Outside Organization - Communicating with people

outside the organization, representing the organization to customers, the public,

government, and other external sources. This information can be exchanged in person, in

writing, or by telephone or e-mail.

Scheduling Work and Activities - Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as

the work of others.

Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work - Developing specific goals and plans to

prioritize, organize, and accomplish your work.

Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Material - Inspecting equipment, structures, or

materials to identify the cause of errors or other problems or defects.

Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others - Getting members of a group to work

together to accomplish tasks.

Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment -

Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to tell others

about how devices, parts, equipment, or structures are to be fabricated, constructed,

assembled, modified, maintained, or used.

Monitoring and Controlling Resources - Monitoring and controlling resources and

overseeing the spending of money.

Monitor Processes, Materials, or Surroundings - Monitoring and reviewing information

from materials, events, or the environment, to detect or assess problems.

Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others - Handling complaints, settling disputes,

and resolving grievances and conflicts, or otherwise negotiating with others.

Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge - Keeping up-to-date technically and applying

new knowledge to your job.

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Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates - Providing guidance and direction to

subordinates, including setting performance standards and monitoring performance.

Training and Teaching Others - Identifying the educational needs of others, developing

formal educational or training programs or classes, and teaching or instructing others.

Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment - Running, maneuvering,

navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, such as forklifts, passenger

vehicles, aircraft, or water craft.

Performing General Physical Activities - Performing physical activities that require

considerable use of your arms and legs and moving your whole body, such as climbing,

lifting, balancing, walking, stooping, and handling of materials.

Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships - Developing constructive and

cooperative working relationships with others, and maintaining them over time.

Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information -

Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resources, or

materials needed to perform a work activity.

Coaching and Developing Others - Identifying the developmental needs of others and

coaching, mentoring, or otherwise helping others to improve their knowledge or skills.

Performing Administrative Activities - Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such

as maintaining information files and processing paperwork.

Developing Objectives and Strategies - Establishing long-range objectives and specifying

the strategies and actions to achieve them.

Developing and Building Teams - Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and

cooperation among team members.

Skills

Mathematics - Using mathematics to solve problems.

Active Listening - Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to

understand the points being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at

inappropriate times.

Critical Thinking - Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of

alternative solutions, conclusions or approaches to problems.

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Writing - Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the

audience.

Reading Comprehension - Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work

related documents.

Coordination - Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.

Time Management - Managing one's own time and the time of others.

Speaking - Talking to others to convey information effectively.

Judgment and Decision Making - Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential

actions to choose the most appropriate one.

Active Learning - Understanding the implications of new information for both current

and future problem-solving and decision-making.

Complex Problem Solving - Identifying complex problems and reviewing related

information to develop and evaluate options and implement solutions.

Equipment Selection - Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.

Monitoring - Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or

organizations to make improvements or take corrective action.

Instructing - Teaching others how to do something.

Learning Strategies - Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures

appropriate for the situation when learning or teaching new things.

Equipment Maintenance - Performing routine maintenance on equipment and

determining when and what kind of maintenance is needed.

Troubleshooting - Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about

it.

Quality Control Analysis - Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or

processes to evaluate quality or performance.

Abilities

Problem Sensitivity - The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go

wrong. It does not involve solving the problem, only recognizing there is a problem.

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Information Ordering - The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or

pattern according to a specific rule or set of rules (e.g., patterns of numbers, letters,

words, pictures, mathematical operations).

Written Comprehension - The ability to read and understand information and ideas

presented in writing.

Oral Comprehension - The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas

presented through spoken words and sentences.

Near Vision - The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).

Oral Expression - The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others

will understand.

Deductive Reasoning - The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce

answers that make sense.

Written Expression - The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so

others will understand.

Far Vision - The ability to see details at a distance.

Speech Clarity - The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.

Number Facility - The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.

Speech Recognition - The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.

Inductive Reasoning - The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules

or conclusions (includes finding a relationship among seemingly unrelated events).

Mathematical Reasoning - The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or

formulas to solve a problem.

Category Flexibility - The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining

or grouping things in different ways.

Flexibility of Closure - The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object,

word, or sound) that is hidden in other distracting material.

Perceptual Speed - The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and

differences among sets of letters, numbers, objects, pictures, or patterns. The things to be

compared may be presented at the same time or one after the other. This ability also

includes comparing a presented object with a remembered object.

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Visualization - The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around

or when its parts are moved or rearranged.

Selective Attention - The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without

being distracted.

Finger Dexterity - The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of

one or both hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble very small objects.

Knowledge / Experience

Mathematics - Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their

applications.

Engineering and Technology - Knowledge of the practical application of engineering

science and technology. This includes applying principles, techniques, procedures, and

equipment to the design and production of various goods and services.

Building and Construction - Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in

the construction or repair of houses, buildings, or other structures such as highways and

roads.

Design - Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of

precision technical plans, blueprints, drawings, and models.

Geography - Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land,

sea, and air masses, including their physical characteristics, locations, interrelationships,

and distribution of plant, animal, and human life.

Computers and Electronics - Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic

equipment, and computer hardware and software, including applications and

programming.

Law and Government - Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents,

government regulations, executive orders, agency rules, and the democratic political

process.

English Language - Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language

including the meaning and spelling of words, rules of composition, and grammar.

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Administration and Management - Knowledge of business and management principles

involved in strategic planning, resource allocation, human resources modeling, leadership

technique, production methods, and coordination of people and resources.

Customer and Personal Service - Knowledge of principles and processes for providing

customer and personal services. This includes customer needs assessment, meeting

quality standards for services, and evaluation of customer satisfaction.

Personnel and Human Resources - Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel

recruitment, selection, training, compensation and benefits, labor relations and

negotiation, and personnel information systems.