jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;kaForts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan

jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;kaHkkjr osQ if'peh {ks=k esa fLFkr jktLFkku izkar dh HkkSxksfyd fofHkUurk ogka dh laLÑfr esa Hkh >ydrh gSA HkkSxksfyd fo'ks"krkvksa us ogka dh laLÑfr dks izHkkfor dj viuh Hkkafr le`¼ ,oa ukuk :iksa okyh cuk;k gSA ;gka vjkoyh ioZrekyk] ouksa ls vkPNkfnr ?kkfV;ka] >hysa] oU; tho] vHk;kj.; rFkk jsfxLrku ,oa jsr osQ Vhys feyrs gSaA Hkkjr osQ mÙkj iwoZ esa gksus osQ dkj.k bldh lhek,a iatkc rFkk ikfdLrku dks Nwrh gSa] ogha bldk bfrgkl izkphu dky rd iSQyk gqvk gSA mÙkjh chdkusj esa ¯lèkqdkyhu lH;rk osQ vo'ks"k dkyhcaxu esa izkIr gq, gSaA oSls ns[kk tk, rks pkjnhokjh esa f?kjk ;g 'kgj gM+Iikdkyhu gS vkSj bu lcls Åij jktLFkku dk vFkZ gSμ jktkvksa dk LFkkuA ;ksa rks jktiwr laLÑfr ,oa ijaijkvksa dk osaQnz jgk gSA

yxHkx lkroha 'krkCnh ls ysdj mUuhloha 'krkCnh rd dk jktLFkku dk bfrgkl jktiwrksa osQ mRFkku ,oa iru dk lk{kh jgk gSA jktiwr dk vFkZ gS] jktk dk iq=kA ;s viuk mn~Hko lw;Z ,oa panz ls ekurs gSa vkSj ;ks¼k tkfr {kf=k; ls lacaèk j[krs gSaA chdkusj vkSj tksèkiqj osQ jkBkSj] mn;iqj osQ xgyksr ,oa fllksfn;k rFkk t;iqj osQ dNokgk Lo;a dks lw;Zoa'kh rFkk Hkxoku jke dk oa'kt ekurs gSa] tcfd tSlyesj osQ Hkê ðh vius dks panzoa'kh ekurs gSaA buosQ vykok ;g Hkh dgk tkrk gS fd pkSgku] lksyadh] ijekj rFkk nsojl tkfr osQ yksx vkcw ioZr osQ ifo=k vfXuoaqQM ls mRiUu gq, FksA

orZeku jktLFkku osQ foxr esa vusd jkT; Fks] ysfdu muesa ls esokM+ (fprkSM+x<+ rFkk mn;iqj)] vkesj (t;iqj) rFkk ekjokM+ (tksèkiqj] tSlyesj vkSjchdkusj) ;s rhu eq[; FksA bfrgkl esa le;&le; ij jktiwrksa osQ x<+ksaμ tSls fd fpÙkkSM] esokM+] j.kFkaHkkSj] ekjokM+ rFkk vU; LFkkuksa ij eqfLye vkØe.k djrs jgs FksA egewn xtuoh us bZ-i- X;kjgoha 'krkCnh esa rFkk eksgEen xksjh us bZ-i- ckjgoha 'krkCnh osQ var esa jktiwrkus ij vkØe.k fd, FksA ml osQ i'pkr~ oqQrqc&mn~&nhu ,scd us vtesj ij viuk vkfèkiR; tek fy;k FkkA

bZ-i- pkSngoha 'krkCnh esa vykmíhu f[kyth us j.kFkaHkkSj rFkk fpÙkkSM+ osQ fdyksa ij vfèkdkj tek fy;k FkkA eqxy ckn'kkg ckcj rFkk fllksfn;k izeq[k jk.kk lkaxk osQ chp bZ-i- lksygoha 'krkCnh esa [kkuok esa ?keklku ;q¼ gqvk Fkk] ftldh ifj.kfr jktiwrksa dh ijkt; esa gqbZ FkhA blosQ oqQN gh le; i'pkr~ ckcj osQ iksrs vdcj us ekjokM+ rFkk esokM+ ij fot; izkIr dh rFkk dNokgk oa'k dh ,d jktoqQekjh ls fudkg dj fy;k Fkk] ftlus ckn esa vkesj {ks=k ij 'kklu fd;kA

esokM+

xqtjkr ls xgyksr oa'k osQ yksx tc jktLFkku osQ nf{k.k&iwoZ fgLls esokM+ esa vkdj cl x, Fks rks os fllksfn;k dgykus yxs FksA muls lacafèkr izkphure f'kykys[k bZ-i- 646 dk gSA esokM+ dh izkphu uxjh fpÙkkSM+x<+ esa rsjg fdyksehVj ifj{ks=k esa ,d HkO; fdyk gS] ftldh lhekvksa esa u osQoy vusd egy gSa] cfYd >hysa&>jus Hkh gSa] tks vla[; yksxksa dks ikuh eqgS;k djkrs gSaA iUnzgoh 'krkCnh osQ eè; esa djhc 35 o"kks± rd fpÙkkSM+x<+ ij 'kklu djus okys jk.kk oqaQHkk us ;gka LFkkiR;dyk osQ Js"B] uewus] tSls fd nf{k.kh mn;iqj esa oqaQHkyx<+

FORTS, PALACES AND HAVELIS OF RAJASTHANRajasthan, situated in the western region of India has a diversity of geophysical features which add to the richness and variety of its cultural expressions. It has the Aravalli range of mountains, forested valleys, lakes, wild life sanctuaries and the desert sand-dunes. Pakistan and Punjab and its history dates back to ancient times. Kalibangan, an Indus civilization site in northern Bikaner, was an important walled city of the Harappan period. Above all, Rajasthan (which means the ‘Land of Kings’) is the cradle of distinctive Rajput culture and traditions.From the seventh century A.D. to nineteenth century A.D., the history of Rajasthan witnessed the rise and fall of the Rajputs. The word ‘Rajput’ is derived from the term ‘Rajaputra’ which means ‘sons of kings’. They trace their descent from the lineage of the sun and the moon and belong to kshatriya–the warrior caste. The Rathors of Bikaner and Jodhpur, Gahlots and Sisodias of Udaipur and the Kachhawahas of Jaipur are Suryavanshis, clans claiming descent from Lord Rama. The Bhattis of Jaisalmer claimed to be Chandravanshis, of lunar descent. It is said that the Chauhans, Solankis, Paramaras and the Deoras emerged from the sacred fi repit or Agnikunda on the summit of the holy Mount Abu.

Although there were a number of states in the present day Rajasthan, the three most prominent were Mewar (Chittorgarh and Udaipur). Amber (Jaipur) and Marwar (Jodhpur, Jaisalmer and Bikaner). Time and again, Rajput strongholds such as Chittor, Mewar, Ranthambor, Marwar and many others were attacked by Muslim armies. Mahmud Ghazni in the eleventh century A.D. and Mohammad Ghori at the end of the twelfth century A.D. attacked the state of Rajputana followed by Qutub-ud-Din Aibak who beseiged Ajmer. Alaud-Din-Khalji in fourteenth century A.D. captured the Fort of Ranthambor and Chittor. In sixteenth century A.D., the battle of Khanwa was fought between the Mughal Emperor, Babur and Sisodia chief, Rana Sanga, which ended in a Rajput defeat. Shortly after, Babur’s grandson, Akbar established supremacy over both Marwar and Mewar and married a Rajput princess of the Kachhawaha clan, which ruled over Amber region.MewarThe Gahlots, later known as the Sisodias, migrated from Gujarat and occupied Mewar, which lies in the south-east of Rajasthan. Their earliest inscription in Rajputana is dated 646 A.D. Chittorgarh, the ancient capital of Mewar, has a magnifi cent fort with thirteen kilometres of battlements which encloses not only palaces but also lakes and reservoirs that can support thousands of inhabitants. Kumbha, who ruled Chittorgarh for thirty-fi ve years from mid-fi fteenth century A.D. onwards was responsible for several architectural achievements, such as– Fort Kumbhalgarh in

dk fdyk] ekÅaV vkcw esa vpyx<+ fdyk] fpÙkksM+x<+ fLFkr t; LraHk fu£er djok, Fks rFkk lkFk gh fpÙkksM+x<+ osQ fdys esa Hkh uohuhdj.k djok;k FkkA

esokM+ dh jktèkkuh mn;iqj esa LFkkukarfjr fd, tkus ls iwoZ eqfLyeksa us rhu ckj fpÙkkSM+x<+ ij vkØe.k fd;k FkkA lu~ 1303 esa fnYyh osQ ckn'kkg vykmíhu f[kyth us izfl¼ laqnjh rFkk Hkhe lg dh iRuh jkuh in~feuh ls fookg osQ mís'; ls fpÙkkSM+x<+ dks ?ksj fy;k FkkA

xqtjkr osQ cgknqj'kkg us Hkh lu~ 1533 esa fpÙkkSM+x<+ osQ foØethr ij vkØe.k fd;k Fkk rFkk tc foØethr dh lsuk gkjus yxh Fkh rks cwanh dh jktoqQekjh jkuh d.kZorh us 'ks"k fL=k;kas ,oa cPpksa osQ lkFk tkSgj fd;k FkkA exj jkuh d.kZorh dk yM+dk oqaQoj mn;¯lg fdlh izdkj cp x;k Fkk] tks ckn esa fpÙkkSM+x<+ dk mÙkjkfèkdkjh cukA lu~ 1567 esa eqxy ckn'kkg vdcj us fpÙkkSM+x<+ dks ?ksj fy;k Fkk] ysfdu jktk mn;¯lg fdlh izdkj cp fudyk rFkk mlus mn;iqj dh LFkkiuk dh FkhA ;ksa] rks esokM+ osQ 'kkldksa us ges'kk eqfLye vkØe.kdkfj;ksa ls yksgk fy;k] exj l=kgoha 'krkCnh esa vkilh lqyg osQ dkj.k geyksa dk [krjk dkiQh de gks x;k Fkk] ftlls bl 'kkafr dky esa bl {ks=k esa lkaLÑfrd xfrfofèk;ksa dks c<+kok feykA

mn;iqj esa vusd lqanj Hkou gSa] tks ogka osQ 'kkldksa osQ lkSan;Z izse dks n'kkZrs gSaA flVh iSyslμvFkkZr~] uxj&egy eqxyksa dh ltkoV dyk rFkk jktiwrksa dh lSfud okLrqdyk osQ fefJr :i dk ,d laqnj mnkgj.k gSA fiNksyk >hy osQ fdukjs ij cuk ;g ,d fo'kky Hkou gSA bldh ckgjh nhokjksa jsrhys iRFkj dh iryh ijrksa@LysVksa ls cuh gSa rFkk mu ij mPpdksfV dk 'osr jax fd;k x;k gSA vkarfjd Hkkx esa fnokjksa dks laxejej ls cuk;k x;k gS rFkk mu ij tM+kÅ dk;Z ,oa 'kkgh ifjokj osQ thou ls lacafèkr fofHkUu n`';ksa] mRloksa vkSj lekjksgksa dks fpf=kr fd;k x;k gSA

blh izdkj fiNksyk >hy osQ eè; esa tx fuokl Hkh gSA bldk fuekZ.k 'kkgh ifjokj osQ x£e;ksa esa jgus osQ fy, fd;k x;k FkkA orZeku esa bls gksVy esa ifjo£rr dj fn;k x;k gSA

txeafnj eaMiksa rFkk egyksa dk ,d lewg gS] tks ,slk yxrk gS] ekuks >hy esa rSj jgk gksA eqxy ckn'kkg 'kkgtgka us tc vius firk tgkaxhj osQ fo#¼ fonzksg fd;k Fkk rks mlus blh txeafnj esa 'kj.k yh FkhA

southern Udaipur, Fort Achalgarh in Mount Abu, the Victory Tower at Chittorgarh, and for the innovations and additions to the Fort at Chittorgarh.Chittorgarh was invaded three times by the Muslims before the capital of Mewar was shifted to Udaipur. In 1303 A.D. Alaud-Din-Khalji, Sultan of Delhi, laid seige to Chittorgarh in an attempt to marry the famous beauty, Rani Padmini, the wife of Bhim Singh. Bahadur Shah of Gujarat attacked Vikramjeet of Chittorgarh in 1533 A.D. In face of defeat, Rani Karnavati, a Bundi princess led the Jauhar in which many women and children sacrifi ced their lives. However, her own child, Udai Singh was smuggled out, and he lived to inherit the throne of Chittorgarh. In 1567, A.D., the Mughal Emperor, Akbar beseiged Chittorgarh but Udai Singh managed to escape and founded Udaipur, the new capital of Mewar. The rulers of Mewar were known for their resistance to the Muslim invaders. However, compromise with the Mughals in the seventeenth century A.D. reduced the threat of invasion and enabled them to devote more time for cultural pursuits.The city of Udaipur has several beautiful buildings that speak of the aesthetic taste of its rulers. The City Palace is a blend of Mughal decorative art and Rajput military architecture. It is a massive edifi ce built on the shores of Lake Pichola. The walls on the outside are built of thin slates of sandstone and covered with the fi nest possible white plaster work. In the interiors, marble has been used for the walls. They are profusely decorated with glasswork, inlay work, paintings depicting celebration of festivals, processions and scenes showing the life in the royal household.Jag Niwas or the Lake Palace of Udaipur is a small island of cool marble set amidst Lake Pichola. It was a summer resort for the members of the royal household which has now been transformed into a Hotel.Jag Mandir is cluster of pavilions and palaces which seems to be fl oating on the surface of the lake. It was in Jag Mandir that Emperor Shahjahan sought refuge when he rebelled against his father, Jahangir.

vkesj

ckjgoha rFkk rsjgoha 'krkCnh esa dNokgk jktiwr vkesj esa jgus yxs FksA t;¯lg

f}rh; X;kjg o"kZ dh vk;q esa vkesj dk mÙkjkfèkdkjh cuk FkkA lu~ 1727 esa mlus

viuh jktèkkuh dks vkesj ls LFkkukarfjr dj t;iqj esa LFkkfir dh Fkh] tks fd

xqykch 'kgj osQ uke ls izfl¼ gSA t;iqj fLFkr fdys] egy ifjlj] osèk'kkyk

rFkk vU; Hkouksa dks cukus esa t;iqj osQ lehi feyus okys Hkwjs iRFkj rFkk iyLrj

dk bLrseky fd;k x;k FkkA rRi'pkr~ 'kgj dks xqykch vkHkk iznku djus osQ fy,

xgjs xqykch jax ls jaxk x;kA

t;¯lg f}rh; ,d [kxksy 'kkL=kh rFkk xf.krK FkkA mlus rRdkyhu okLrqdyk

dh 'kSyh lkSan;Z'kkL=k osQ fu;eksa dks è;ku esa j[k dj t;iqj dh ;kstuk dh

FkhA t;iqj osQ pkjksa rjiQ ,d etcwr lhek&nhokj gS rFkk jktegy ifjlj esa

osèk'kkykμtarj&earj gSA ;g jktk t;¯lg }kjk fu£er ikap osèk'kkykvksa esa ls ,d

gSA vU; osèk'kkyk,a fnYyh] eFkqjk] mTtSu rFkk okjk.klh esa gSaA egy dh nhokjksa osQ

lehi gh fijkfeM osQ vkdkj osQ vxzHkkx okyk ikap eaftyk gok egy gSA blosQ

>jks[kksa ls vkrh gok bls 'khry j[krh gSA blosQ NksVs&NksVs d{kksa esa f[kM+fd;ka gSaA

'kkgh ifjokj dh efgyk,a buls ckgj dh xfrfofèk;ka ns[kk djrh Fkha] exj ckgj

osQ yksx mUgsa ugha ns[k ikrs FksA

ekjokM+

jktLFkku osQ if'peh Hkkx esa Fkkj dk izfl¼ jsfxLrku gSA bls ekjokM+ dgrs gSaA bl {ks=k esa rhu izeq[k uxj gSaA tksèkiqj rFkk chdkusj esa jkBkSj oa'k dh izèkkurk gS rFkk tSlyesj esa HkkfV;ksa dhA bu rhuksa uxjksa dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr us ;gka dh okLrqdyk dh 'kSfy;ksa dks izHkkfor fd;k gSA Hkouksa dks goknkj cukus osQ fy, nhokjksa esa tkfy;ksa dk mi;ksx cgqrk;r ls fd;k x;k gSA bl {ks=k dh okLrqdyk dh ,d vU; fo'ks"krk mHkjs gq, NTts Hkh gSa] tks v¼Zo`Ùkkdkj gksrs gq, ckydWuh dks vks<+rs gSaA Hkouksa osQ fuekZ.k esa bl {ks=k esa jsrhys iRFkj dk cgqrk;r ls bLrseky gqvk gS] D;ksafd ,sls iRFkj ij mRdh.kZu dk;Z lgtrk ls fd;k tk

ldrk gSA

tksèkiqj osQ laLFkkid jko tksèkk us esgjkux<+ dk fdyk cuok;k FkkA ;g fdyk

bruk Å¡pk gS fd blls 'kgj dh lhek dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA blh fdys esa eksrh

egy rFkk iwQy egy tSls izpqj :i ls vyaÑr vusd egy gSaA bu egyksa dh

nhokjsa rFkk f[kM+fd;ka eghu :i ls mRdh.kZ gSaA

jko tksèkk osQ NBs iq=k chdk us lu~ 1485 esa chdkusj clk;k FkkA bldk ,d

egRoiw.kZ vkd"kZ.k twukx<+ dk fdyk gS] ftls eqxy ckn'kkg vdcj osQ ,d

lsukifr jk;¯lg us fu£er djok;k FkkA blosQ pkjksa rjiQ [kkbZ gS rFkk bl fdys

esa dbZ egy gSa] tks fd gLr rf{kr izfrekvksa] LraHkksa rFkk eghu tkyhnkj dk;ks±

ls lq'kksfHkr gSaA

Amber

The Kachhawahas established themselves in Amber around the twelfth and thirteenth century A.D. Jai Singh II succeeded his father as ruler of Amber at the age of eleven. He shifted the capital from Amber to the plains, where he built a new city, Jaipur, in 1727 A.D., which is popularly known as the ‘Pink City’. The principal building material used for the fortress, palace complex, observatory and other buildings is rubble and plaster along with the local grey stone found near Jaipur. A rusty pink paint rather than cream has been used over the plaster which gives a pink hue to the buildings.Jai Singh II, an astronomer and a mathematician, planned the city of Jaipur keeping in mind the aesthetic norms and conforming to the architectural style of the period. A strong wall encircles the city in the heart of which is the City Palace. Within the palace complex there is an observatory–the Jantar Mantar. It is one of the fi ve observatories built by Jai Singh II. The others are in Delhi, Varanasi, Mathura and Ujjain. Adjacent to the palace walls is the Hawa Mahal, a pyramidal facade of fi ve storeys. It allows free movement of air which keeps the building cool. It is made up of small compartments, each with a window through which the women of the royal household could watch processions in the public street seated in the airy jharokhas without being seen themselves.MarwarOn the western border of Rajasthan lies the formidable expanse of the Thar desert formerly known as Marwar. This region has three important cities, Jodhpur and Bikaner dominated by the Rathor clan and Jaisalmer by the Bhattis. The location of these cities has infl uenced their architectural styles. Jali screens have been extensively used as panels in large areas of the walls to make the building airy. Another prominent feature of architecture in this region is the protruding chajjas carved almost to a semicircle to cover projecting balconies. Sandstone is the basic building material used for construction in this region. It is easy to work on, making it conducive for decorative carving.Rao Jodha, the founder of Jodhpur, built the Mehrangarh Fort which is so high that one can see the boundaries of the city. It houses some of the most intricately adorned palaces–the Moti Mahal and the Phool Mahal–with exquisitely carved panels and latticed windows.Rao Jodha’s sixth son, Bika, found the city of Bikaner in 1485 A.D. Its outstanding attraction is the Junagarh Fort, build by Rai Singh, a general at the Court of Akbar, the Mughal Emperor. It is encircled by a moat and contains palaces that are beautifully embellished by hand carved friezes, pillars and delicate Jali screens.

ekjokM+ osQ rhuksa uxjksa esa lcls izkphu tSlyesj 'kgj dks ckjgoha 'krkCnh esa Hkêðh oa'k osQ jkoy tSly us LFkkfir fd;k FkkA ;g 'kgj vizQhdk ,oa if'peh ,f'k;k ls Hkkjr esa fnYyh rFkk vkxjk rd vkus okys O;kikfjd ekxZ ij fLFkr gSA tc O;kikjh le`¼ gq, rks mUgksaus ;gka ij gosfy;ka cuk yhaA gosyh esa izk;% pkj&ikap ifjokj jgrs gSaA gosyh esa lcls fupys Hkkx dk mi;ksx O;kikfj;ksa ls esy eqykdkr djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk Fkk rFkk Åijh eaftyksa ij ifjokj jgrs FksA bl izdkj dh dbZ gosfy;ksa dks feyk dj ,d eksgYyk curk Fkk] ftlesa izk;% ,d gh laiznk; ,oa O;olk; osQ yksx jgrs FksA blosQ Js"Bre mnkgj.k iVoksa dh gosyh] lyhe ¯lg dh gosyh rFkk ukFkwey dh gosyh gSaA

tSlyesj osQ fdys esa 99 cqtZ gSaA fdys dh fo'kky nhokjksa dks osQoy iRFkj osQ VqdM+ksa ls cuk;k x;k gS] ftlesa lhesaV vkfn dk mi;ksx ugha fd;k x;k gSA

Hkjriqj ,oa Mhx

Hkjriqj jktiwrkuk lkezkT; u gksdj tkV izèkku FkkA lu~ 1722 esa vkesj osQ jktk t;¯lg f}rh; us tkV fonzksg pqjequ nckus osQ iqjLdkj Lo:i tkV cnu ¯lg dks Mhx dk jktk ?kksf"kr fd;k FkkA Mhx rFkk Hkjriqj osQ nksuksa fdyksa dk fuekZ.k cnu ¯lg us djok;k Fkk rFkk cnu¯lg osQ iq=k lwjtey us Mhx esa egyksa dk fuekZ.k djok;k FkkA ;s egy cM+s eqxy&m|kuksa osQ chp ihys jsrhys iRFkj rFkk lisQn laxejej ls cuk, x, FksA oqQN fo}ku bu egyksa dh lqanjrk rFkk ,d:irk dks ns[krs gq,] budh rqyuk izfl¼ rktegy ls djrs gSaA

vBkjgoha 'krkCnh vusd jktiwr lkezkT;ksa osQ iru dh lk{kh gSA ;|fi bl dky esa Hkou fuekZ.k gksrk jgk] exj mlesa dksbZ 'kSyhxr fodkl n`f"Vxkspj ugha gqvkA mÙkjkfèkdkj osQ elys osQ >xM+ks a osQ dkj.k ;s lkezkT; detksj cus rFkk blh dkj.k ejkBksa vkSj eqfLyeksa osQ vkØe.k osQ osaQnz HkhA blh chp vaxzst Hkh Hkkjr esa vius izHkqRo dks c<+k jgs FksA lu~ 1817 ls 1823 osQ eè; vusd jktiwr jkT;ksa] tSls fd t;iqj] mn;iqj] tSlyesj] chdkusj] cwanh] dksVk] fljksgh rFkk fd'kux<+ us vaxzstks a osQ lkFk lafèk;ka dhA lu~ 1947 esa tc Hkkjr vaxzstka s osQ izHkqRo ls Lora=k gqvk rks lHkh jkT; Hkkjrh; egkla?k esa 'kkfey gks x,A

Jaisalmer, one of the oldest of the three cities of Marwar, was founded by Rawal Jaisal of the Bhatti dynasty in the twelfth century A.D. It is situated directly on the ancient caravan routes that came from Africa and West Asia to Delhi and Agra. The merchants prospered on trade and built a number of havelis. ‘Haveli’ is a courtyard building in which four or fi ve families live together. Sometimes the ground fl oor was used for meetings with traders or for commercial purposes and the upper fl oors as residence for the families. Several havelis formed a mohalla, all of whose residents were of the same caste and followed a similar occupation. The classical example of havelis are the Patwaon ki Haveli, Salim Singh ki Haveli and Nathumal’s Haveli.Jaisalmer’s Fort has ninety-nine bastions. The massive walls of the fort have been built stone block without using any cementing material.Bharatpur and DeegBharatpur was not a Rajput kingdom, but one dominated by the Jats. In 1772 A.D. a Jat called Badan Singh was crowned king of Deeg by Jai Singh II of Amber as a reward for suppressing the Jat rebel, Churamun. The Forts at both Deeg and Bharatpur were built by Badan Singh, and it was Suraj Mal, Badan Singh’s son, who built the palaces at Deeg. The palaces are built of pale cream sandstone and white marble and are set in large formal Mughal gardens. They are ranked by some scholars as next to Taj Mahal in beauty and symmetry.The eighteenth century A.D. saw the decline of various Rajput kingdoms. Though building continued but there was little stylistic development. Quarrels over succession made these States vulnerable to attack by the Marathas and Muslims. Meanwhile, the British were expanding their dominion in India. Between 1817 and 1823 A.D. several Rajput states, Jaipur, Udaipur, Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Bundi, Kota, Sirohi and Kishangarh signed treaties with the British. In 1947 A.D. when India became independent from British rule, the rulers of the Princely States joined the Indian Union.

fo|k£Fk;ksa ,oa vè;kidksa osQ fy, jpukRed xfrfofèk;ka

Creative activities for school students and teachers

bl iSosQt esa fn, x, 24 jaxhu fp=kksa dks vki d{kk ;k LowQy osQ fdlh egRoiw.kZ LFkku ij iznf'kZr dj ldrs gSaA bu fp=kksa dks vki xRrs ij yxk dj budk 'kh"kZd rFkk fp=k osQ ihNs fn;k x;k eq[; fooj.k uhps LFkkuh; Hkk"kk esa Hkh fy[k ldrs gSaA Hkkjrh; dyk osQ 'kS{kf.kd egRo dks mtkxj djus osQ fy, vki bu fp=kksa dh xgjkbZ esa tkdj mu fo"k;ksa osQ lkFk vè;;u dj ldrs gSa] tks buls lacafèkr gksaA vè;kidx.k Hkh uhps lq>kbZ xbZ xfrfofèk;ksa esa Nk=kksa dks lfEefyr dj fp=kksa ij dk;Z dj ldrs gSaA blls Nk=kksa dh Kku o`f¼ osQ lkFk&lkFk mudk euksjatu Hkh gksxkA

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ns'k osQ nqxks± rFkk egyksa dk vè;;u dj mudk fuekZ.k djokus okys jktkvksa osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh ,df=kr djsaA bu Lekjdksa osQ fuekZ.k dky rFkk mís'; dk Hkh irk yxk,aA bUgha ls lacafèkr fuEufyf[kr fo"k;ksa osQ ckjs esa Hkh tkudkjh ,df=kr djsaA

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μ {ks=k fo'ks"k osQ nsoh&nsork] ikSjkf.kd dFkk,a] R;kSgkj jhfr&fjoktA

iSosQt esa fn, x, Lekjdksa osQ fp=kksa dks ns[k dj buosQ js[kk&fp=k cuk,aA

eè;dky osQ ;kf=k;ksa@bfrgkldkjksa@dykdkjksa us bu iSosQtksa esa n”kZ Hkouksa ,oa Lekjdksa dks ns[kk rFkk os yksx buls lacafèkr o`Ùkkarksa rFkk laLej.kksa dks fy[k dj NksM+ x, gSaA bu o`Ùkkrksa ,oa laLej.kksa dks ,df=kr dj muesa o£.kr bu LFkkuksa dk 'kSyhxr o.kZu rFkk LFkkuksa osQ uke osQ mPpkj.k dks lef>,A

fofHkUu nqxks± dh èkjkryh; ;kstuk dk vè;;u dj mudh LFkkiR; dyk esa lekurk,a [kksft,A vius ?kj] LowQy ;k dkWyst dk fp=k rS;kj cuk dj mlesa f[kM+fd;ksa rFkk njoktksa dh okLrqdyk osQ fooj.k dks Hkh n'kkZ,aA

èkkfeZd Lo:i dks le>uk

lHkh èkeks± dk ,d gh mís'; gksrk gS fd yksx csgrj ,oa laiw.kZ thou ft,¡A bu lHkh èkeks± dk ckg~; :i] tSls fd vuq"Bku rFkk izFkk,¡] izk;% ,sfrgkfld] vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd vkSj ;gka rd fd HkkSxksfyd dkj.kksa ls ,d&nwljs ls fHkUurk j[krk gSA dbZ èkkfeZd jhfr&fjokt ,oa lekjksg okf"kZd Ñf"k ls tqM+s gksrs gSa rFkk os thou osQ vkuan dks O;Dr djrs gSaA izk;% gj dky osQ èkkfeZd fo'oklksa us vius ;qx osQ okLrqdkjksa] ew£rdkjksa ,oa fp=kdkjksa dks izHkkfor fd;k gSA blh dkj.k dkjhxjksa us ml èkeZ ls lacafèkr fo'ks"k izrhdksa dk bLrseky djrs gq, lqanj Lekjdksa dh jpuk dh gSA

vè;kidx.k vius Nk=kksa dks Hkkjr osQ yksxksa ,oa muosQ fofHkUu èkeks± dk vè;;u djus dks dgsaA lkFk gh muls fganw] ckS¼] bZlkbZ] bLyke] tSu rFkk fl[k vkfn gj èkeZ osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh tqVkus osQ fy, Hkh dgsaA

The 24 pictures provided in this package can be displayed in the classroom or any prominent place in the school. The pictures may be stuck on cardboard with the title and description in regional languages. It can also be studied indepth with activities that bring out the educational value of Indian art. The teachers can work with a few pictures at a time ensuring ‘students’ enjoyment in learning by involving them in some activities suggested below :

In a large outline map of India, mark the sites of various forts, palaces and havelis of our country. Find out the location of the forts and palaces and havelis given in this package.

Make a study of the forts and palaces in India and collect information of the kings, emperors who built these forts and palaces. Find out the dates of these monuments and the purpose for which they were used. Collect the following information :

— Climate of the location of the building.

— Natural surroundings, rivers, mountain range and the fl ora and fauna.

— People, who built and lived in these forts, their occupation, etc.

— Music, dance, drama, craft, etc. of the period.

— Customs, festivals celebrated in the region and the myths associated.

Make a sketch/rough outline of the monuments from the pictures provided in the cultural package.

The forts, palaces and havelis mentioned in this package were visited by a number of travellers/historians/artists in the medieval period of Indian history and these people have left a vivid and interesting account of these monuments including the drawings/sketches. Collect such travelogues/memoirs/sketches. Notice interesting details in these travelogues such as the style of description, pronunciation of places and the surrounding areas of monuments of that period.

Collect and study the various ground plans of different forts and fi nd out the similarities. Similar studies of ground plans can also be made of your school, home or college showing windows, doors and other architectural details.

Understanding Religious ConceptsAll religions aim at helping us to lead better and richer lives. The outward manifestations of religion such as rituals, customs differ from one another for historical, economic, political and even geo-physical reasons. Many religious rituals and ceremonies are linked with the annual agricultural cycle and celebrations of life. Religious beliefs have infl uenced the architects, sculptors and painters of the by-gone era to create beautiful monuments using specifi c symbols and motifs pertaining to each religion.

okLrqdyk ij miyCèk izkphu xzaFkksa esa fofHkUu izdkj osQ nqxks± dk mYys[k feyrk gSA nqxZ vFkok fdyk lHkh fn'kkvksa ls lqn<+ ,oa vkjf{kr Hkou dks dgrs gSa] ftlosQ nk;js esa dHkh&dHkh lEiw.kZ 'kgj clk gksrk gSA bu xzaFkksa esa ioZrh;] Hkw] ty vFkok }hih; nqxks± osQ lkFk oU; ,oa e# nqxks± vkfn dk mYys[k vkrk gSA

vius vapy osQ fofHkUu nqxks± dk vius Nk=kksa gsrq ,d 'kS{kf.kd Hkze.k vk;ksftr fd;k tk ldrk gS vFkok mUgsa {ks=k fo'ks"k dh okLrqdyk osQ bfrgkl rFkk fofHkUu izdkj osQ nqxks± osQ vè;;u gsrq dgsaA

ns'k osQ fofHkUu nqxks± rFkk egyksa osQ ,sfrgkfld fodkl ij dk;Z&;kstuk cuk,aA

nqxks± rFkk egyksa dh LFkkiR; dyk ls lacafèkr rduhdh 'kCnksa dh iqfLrdk cuk,¡ rFkk mlesa mudk vFkZ Hkh fy[ksa] tSlsfd cqtZ] ijdksVk] mRFkkiu] eqaMsj vkfnA

ns'k osQ fofHkUu nqxks± ,oa egyksa osQ ukedj.k osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh ,df=kr dj mlosQ fo"k; esa dgkuh fy[ksaA

dYiuk djsa fd vki eè;dky osQ nkSjku fdys esa jgrs FksA ,slh fLFkfr esa tu&lkèkkj.k] 'kkld rFkk okLrqdkj osQ :i esa vius thou osQ ckjs esa fy[ksaA

fdlh nqxZ ;k egy fuekZ.k ls lacafèkr ?kVuk dks ml le; fo'ks"k osQ laxhr osQ ekè;e ls ukVdh; :i iznku djsaA

fofHkUu nqxks±] egyksa rFkk gosfy;ksa dks n'kkZus okyh ,d iqfLrdk rS;kj djsa] ftlesa muls lacafèkr lHkh egRoiw.kZ o.kZu gksA bl dk;Z osQ fy, vki iSosQt esa fn, x, fp=kksa dk Hkh bLrseky dj ldrs gSaA

izkphu iqLrdksa esa ls nqxks± ,oa egyksa osQ ckjs esa lanHkZ&lkexzh rFkk lwfDr;ksa dk laxzg djsaA

fofHkUu {ks=kksa dh LFkkiR; dyk ls lacafèkr vuq"Bkuksa osQ lanHkZ rFkk fp=k laxzghr djsaA

ns'k esa lqanj nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;ka cuokus okys jktkvksa ,oa oa'kksa osQ ckjs esa dgkfu;ka fy[ksaA

vius ns'k osQ fofHkUu fdyksa dk vè;;u dj mUgsa uhps nh tk jgh Jsf.k;ksa osQ vuqlkj lwphc¼ djsa %

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Invite your students to study the religions and people of India and collect information on each religion such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, Jainism, Sikhism and others.

Ancient texts on architecture describe a variety of forts. Durg or fort is a fortifi ed building which many times encompasses whole cities within its walls. In these texts, there is mention of land, hill, water or island and also forest and desert forts.

Students can be taken on educational tours to nearby forts or asked to study the history of architecture of a specifi c region.

Conduct a Project on the historical development of forts and palaces in our country.

Make a booklet of the terms associated with the architecture of forts and palaces with their meaning. Some terms like turret design, elevation, battlement, rampart, parapet, etc. can be included.

Find out all that you can know about the names of different forts and palaces of our country and write a story how these were named.

Imagine you lived in the fort in the medieval times and describe your life as an architect, emperor, common man.

Dramatise the events involved in the construction of the fort or a palace and enrich with music of the period.

Make a scrap book displaying different forts, palaces and havelis with important descriptions. You may choose pictures from this package also.

Collect references/quotations from ancient books on forts and palaces.

Collect pictures and references of the rituals connected with the architecture in different regions.

Write stories of important dynasties, emperors who built beautiful forts, palaces and havelis in our country.

Conduct a study of various forts in our country and categorize these monuments as per the following :

Natural Fort

Island Fort

Desert Fort

Mountain Fort

Land Fort

CENTRE FOR CULTURAL RESOURCES AND TRAINING

15-A, Sector-7, Dwarka, New Delhi - 110 075Phone : 47151000 (100 Lines) Fax : 91-11-25088637email : dg.ccrt@nic.in, website : www.ccrtindia.gov.in

jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;kaForts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan

1- vkesj dk fdyk] t;iqj] jktLFkku

vjkoyh ioZrekyk esa t;iqj ls 11 fd- eh- nwj dNokgk jktiwrksa dh izkphu jktèkkuh vkesj fLFkr gSA ckn'kkg vdcj osQ jktiwr lsukifr jktk eku ¯lg osQ le; esa bl fdysuqek egy dk fuekZ.k gqvk FkkA bls ,d [kM+h pV~Vku ij vk;rkdkj :i esa fu£er fd;k x;k FkkA lehi dh NksVh >hy esa bldk rFkk bldh ehukjksa dk izfr¯cc ns[kk tk ldrk gSA blosQ yacs xs:, lqugjs ijdksVs dks likZdkj :i esa pV~Vku osQ Åij rFkk ml dky dh LFkkiR; dyk osQ fooj.k osQ lkFk ns[kk tk ldrk gSA

blesa nhoku&,&vke] nhoku&,&[kkl] vusd egy] eaMi rFkk txr f'kjksef.k ,oa f'kyk nsoh tSls iz[;kr eafnj Hkh gSA

bl fdys dk x.ks'k iksy uked izos'k }kj (vkarfjd fp=k esa n£'kr) t;¯lg izFke }kjk cuok;k x;k Fkk rFkk ;g nhoku&,&vke vkSj nhoku&,&[kkl osQ chp fLFkr gSA blosQ }kjk vke turk fdys osQ futh d{kksa esa izos'k djrh gSA izos'k }kj dh Åijh nh?kkZ esa tkyh ;qDr f[kM+fd;ka cukbZ xbZ Fkha] rkfd 'kkgh ifjokj dh fL=k;ka muesa ls ckgj osQ fØ;k&dyki ns[ksa] fdUrq ckgj ls mUgsa dksbZ u ns[k ik,A

1. Amber Fort, Jaipur, RajasthanAmber, the ancient capital of the Kachhawaha Rajputs lies in the rocky Aravalli hills, 11 kms north of Jaipur. Much of what remains of the fortress-palace today was constructed during the reign of Raja Man Singh, the Rajput commmander of Akbar’s army. It is built on a steep cliff; rectangular in concept, its towers and white walls are refl ected in a small lake. It’s long russet gold ramparts adhere to the architectural style of the period.

This fort comprises the Diwan-i-Am, Diwan-i-Khas, several palaces, courtyards and the famous Jagat Shiromani and Shila Devi temples.

The entrance gate of the Amber Palace known as Ganesh Pol (inset) was added by Jai Singh I. Ganesh Pol is situated between the Diwan-i-Am (Public Court) and the Diwan-i-Khas (Private Court). This gate serves as the entrance for the public to the private courts of the palace. The gallery above the Ganesh Pol with lattice work windows was constructed so as to allow the women in the family to watch the activities in the street without being seen from outside.

lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training

jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;kaForts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan

2- 'kh'k egy] vkesj dk fdyk] t;iqj] jktLFkku

vkesj osQ fdys dk iwohZ e.Mi nks eaftyk gS rFkk bldh ,d eafty t; eafnj osQ uhps gS rFkk nwljh tl eafnj osQ ÅijA t; eafnj esa gh 'kh'k egy μ vFkkZr~] 'kh'kksa dk egy rFkk nhoku&,&[kkl fLFkr gSA

;g fp=k 'kh'k egy dk gS rFkk bldh nhokjksa rFkk Nr ij NksVs&NksVs vory 'kh'kksa dks fof'k"V :i esa tM+k ns[kk tk ldrk gSA laè;k osQ èkqaèkyosQ esa tc ogka fpjkx tyk, tkrs Fks] rks lkjk 'kh'k egy ,sls ped mBrk Fkk] tSls txexkrs flrkjksa ls pedrk vkleku gksA

Hkouksa dks lkSUn;Z iznku djus osQ fy, 'kh'ks dh iPphdkjh vke jktiwr 'kSyh gS] ysfdu bl Hkou esa 'kkgtgk¡ osQ le; osQ lkSUn;Zdyk osQ uewus tSlsμ esgjkcuqek LFkkiR;dyk dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

2. Sheesh Mahal, Amber Fort, Jaipur, RajasthanThe eastern pavilion of the Amber palace is built in two storeys, one below the Jai mandir and the other above the Jas mandir. The Jai mandir has the Diwan-i-Khas and the Sheesh Mahal, ‘The Hall of Mirrors’.

The picture shows the interior of the Sheesh Mahal. The plaster of the wall and ceiling is embedded with tiny concave mirrors forming a variety of designs. When this palace was occupied, lamps were lit after dark, the refl ected light in the mirrors of the Sheesh Mahal created an illusion of a multitude of stars in the sky.

Glass mosaic is a common Rajput technique used as decoration in buildings. The particular patterns used here, especially the web of tiny arch-shaped indents, follow the Shahjahani adaptation of this decorative art.

lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training

jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;kaForts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan

3- flVh iSysl] panzegy] t;iqj] jktLFkku

jktLFkku dk izfl¼ xqykch 'kgj t;iqj vkxjk ls 241 fdyksehVj nwj gS rFkk bls vkesj osQ egkjktk lokbZ t;¯lg us clk;k FkkA uxj osQ eè; esa fLFkr ;g egy lhek nhokj ls f?kjk gSA bl egy dk lokZfèkd izkphu Hkou rFkk eè; ifjlj panzegy gS] ftldk fuekZ.k lu~ 1724&34 esa fd;k x;k FkkA blh osQ èkjkry Lrj ij mÙkj dh rjiQ izhre fuokl uked ,d pkSM+k cjkenk gS rFkk ;gha ls laxejej dh cuh ,d ugj cxhps rd tkrh gSA panz egy osQ èkjkryh; Lrj dk vfèkdka'k Hkkx vke yksxksa osQ d{k us ?ksjk gqvk gSA ,d izdkj ls ;g d{k NksVk lk ;k fuEu ifjLraHk okyk d{k gS] ftldh esgjkc uqdhyh gSA panzegy osQ nf{k.k&iwoZ esa nhoku&,&vke gSA orZeku esa bls vkVZ xSyjh osQ :i esa bLrseky fd;k tk jgk gSA 'kkgh tukuk] panz egy osQ if'pe esa fLFkr ,d fo'kky Hkou gSA ckny egy rFkk xks¯on nso eafnj Hkou osQ nks eq[; eaMi gSaA panz egy osQ lehi gh izfl¼ osèk'kkyk tarj&earj (vkarfjd fp=k) Hkh gSA ;g t;¯lg f}rh; }kjk 18oha 'krkCnh osQ izkjaHk esa cuokbZ xbZ ikapksa osèk'kkykvksa esa lcls cM+h gSA vU; osèk'kkyk,a fnYyh] eFkqjk] mTtSu rFkk okjk.klh esa gSA

3. City Palace, Chandra Mahal, Jaipur, RajasthanJaipur, the Pink city of Rajasthan which is 241 kms. from Agra was founded by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh of Amber. The City Palace situated in the centre of the city is surrounded by a boundary wall. the earliest building and the centre of the complex is the Chandra Mahal which was constructed in 1724-34 A.D. The picture shows a seven-tiered, pyramidal structure of the Chandra Mahal. On the ground fl oor, on the north side, is the broad verandah called the Pritam Niwas, from which a marble channel runs into the formal garden.In the main portion of the ground fl oor of the Chandra Mahal is situated the “Hall of audience”. This is a small and rather low peristyle hall with the familiar cusped arches. To the south-east of the Chandra Mahal is the building known as Diwan-i-Am (at present this is serving as an art gallery). The royal women apartments (zenana) lies in the west of Chandra Mahal, which is a vast building. The two principal pavilions of the palace are the Badal Mahal and the Govind Deo temple. Close to the Chandra Mahal is the famous Jantar Mantar constructed in 1718-34 A.D., (inset picture) the largest of the fi ve observatories built by Jai Singh II in the early eighteenth century A.D., the others are at Delhi, Mathura, Ujjain and Varanasi.

lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training

jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;kaForts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan

4- t;x<+ dk fdyk] t;iqj jktLFkku

t;x<+ osQ fdys dk fuekZ.k t;¯lg us lu~ 1600 esa djok;k FkkA fdys osQ uhps osQ eSnkuh bykosQ rFkk t;iqj dk laqnj n`'; ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ;g fdyk okLro esa dNokgk 'kkldksa osQ izfl¼ [ktkus dks lqjf{kr j[kus osQ fy, cuk;k x;k FkkA blh dkj.k bl fdys dh ;kstuk bl izdkj cukbZ xbZ Fkh fd ;g lqjf{kr jgs rFkk nq'eu vanj u vk losQA vkarfjd fp=k esa ifg;ksa okyh fo'o dh fo'kkyre rksikssa esa ls ,d rksi ^t;oku* tks t;x<+ fdys osQ gfFk;kj dkj[kkus esa cukbZ xbZ Fkh] dk n`'; ns[kk tk ldrk gSA

4. Jaigarh Fort, Jaipur, RajasthanThe imposing Jaigarh Fort was built in 1600 A.D. by Raja Man Singh. It offers a beautiful view of the plans and the city of Jaipur. This fort housed the famous treasures of the Kachhawaha rulers in deep vaults. The fort was designed in a manner that no enemy could enter as it was well protected from all sides. In the (inset) picture you can see Jaiwaan, one of the largest cannon on wheels in the world, made in the foundry of Jaigarh.

lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training

jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;kaForts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan

5- ty egy] t;iqj] jktLFkku

t;iqj dh uxj nhokj ls ckgj vusd egyksa osQ Hkou gSA nf{k.k iwoZ esa vkxjk&ekxZ ij fllksfn;k jkuh egy gSA bl egy dk fuekZ.k lokbZ t;flag dh iRuh osQ fy, djok;k x;k Fkk (fp=k esa n`f"Vxkspj ugha gS)A blh izdkj mÙkj&iwoZ esa vkesj rd vusd Hkouksa dh drkj Hkh gSA blesa lokZfèkd egRoiw.kZ ty egy gS] ftldk fuekZ.k euksjatu osQ fy, ,d Ñf=ke >hy eku lkxj osQ chp fd;k x;k FkkA

5. Jal Mahal, Jaipur, RajasthanOutside the Jaipur city walls are various other palace buildings. To the south-east on the Agra road is the Sisodia Rani Mahal, built for the wife of Sawai Jai Singh (not seen in the picture). To the north-east, numerous buildings line the road to Amber, of which the most important is the Jal Mahal, a pleasure palace built in the middle of Man Sagar, the artifi cial lake.

lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training

jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;kaForts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan

6- gok egy] t;iqj] jktLFkku

gok egy] t;iqj 'kgj dh ,d eq[; igpku gS rFkk egkjktk lokbZ izrki flag us lu~ 1799 esa bldk fuekZ.k djok;k FkkA ;g ikap eaftyk Hkou jktiwr okLrqdyk dk vuwBk mnkgj.k gSA bldh v¼Z v"Vdks.kh; xqykch jsrhys iRFkj ls cuh f[kM+fd;ka ns[krs gh curh gSa] tks fd eèkqeD[kh osQ NÙks osQ fM”kkbu dk vkHkkl nsrh gSaA bldh igyh nks eaftysa vius esa ry?kj rFkk izkax.k dks lesVs gSa rFkk 'ks"k rhuksa eaftyksa esa osQoy xfy;kjs vkSj NTts gSaA gok egy dk ckg~; :i fdlh eafnj osQ f'k[kj dk vkHkkl nsrk gSA okLro esa gok egy dk fuekZ.k blfy, fd;k x;k Fkk fd 'kkgh ifjokj dh fL=k;ka blosQ 953 vkyksa rFkk f[kM+fd;ksa esa ls jkg pyrh 'kksHkk;k=kkvksa dks ns[k losaQ] fdUrq ckgj ls mUgsa dksbZ u ns[k losQA vkarfjd fp=k esa gok egy dk i`"B Hkkx ns[kk tk ldrk gSA

6. Hawa Mahal, Jaipur, RajasthanHawa Mahal or Palace of the Winds is one of Jaipur’s major landmarks. It was built in 1799 A.D. by Maharaja Sawai Pratap Singh. This fi ve storey building is a unique example of Rajput architecture with its pink coloured semi octagonal and delicate honeycombed sandstone windows. The fi rst two storeys of the Hawa Mahal enclose basement and courtyards, but the three storeys above consist only of passages and balconies. The exterior of the Hawa Mahal gives the look of a Shikhara of a temple. It was originally built to enable the royal ladies, seated in its 953 niches and windows to look down on processions in the main street below without being seen by the common people. In the inset picture you can see the back view of the Hawa Mahal.

lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training

jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;kaForts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan

7- esgjkux<+ dk fdyk] tksèkiqj] jktLFkkutksèkiqj dh LFkkiuk jko tksèkk us lu~ 1459 esa dh FkhA ;g 235 eh- maQps jsrhys iRFkj dh pV~Vkuksa ij fLFkr gS rFkk t;iqj ls bldh nwjh 386 fdyksehVj gSA ;g fdyk esgjkux<+ osQ uke ls izfl¼ gS] tks fd eSnkuh {ks=k ls 122 ehVj mQij fLFkr gSA ;g ,d maQph nhokj ls f?kjk gS rFkk blosQ vusd ijdksVs gSaA bldh iwohZ ehukj rFkk ijdksVs dkiQh l`n`<+ fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA oSls rks blosQ lkr njokts gSa] exj pkSFkk njoktk u"V gks pqdk gSA nks cqtks± osQ eè; esa fLFkr izFke njoktk iQrsgiqj iksy ij eqM+k x<+xt gSA xksiky xsV] HkkSjksa xsV] nksèkdkaxM+k xsV HkO; esgjkcksa ls vyaÑr gSA blosQ NBsa izos'k }kj yksg iksy ij lrh gqbZ ianzg jkfu;ksa osQ gkFkksa dh Nki ns[kh tk ldrh gSA blh yksg iksy ls jkLrk vafre ckj eqM+dj mÙkjh dksus dk pDdj yxkrk fdys esa pyk tkrk gSA lkrosa izos'k }kj lwjt iksy osQ iwohZ jkLrs dh vxy cxy ls nks jkLrs njckj esa tkrs gSaA bu izos'k }kjksa osQ vfrfjDr fdys esa eksrh egy] 'kkgh fL=k;ksa dk fuokl&LFkku iwQy egy] lyhe dksV] eqjyh euksgj th eafnj] dkydk eafnj] pkeqaMk eafnj] pkeqaMk dh unh rFkk jkuh rkykc vkSj xqykc lkxj uked nks NksVs rkykc nf{k.k esa fLFkr gSA fdys dh pksVh rhu {ks=kksa esa foHkDr gS & mÙkj if'pe dk egy] pV~Vku osQ nf{k.k fdukjs okyk vR;ar fdyscan {ks=k rFkk egy osQ iwoZ rd iSQyh yach&pkSM+h NrA

fp=k osQ vfxze Hkkx esa vki tloar FkM+ dks ns[k ldrs gSaA

7. Mehrangarh Fort, Jodhpur, RajasthanJodhpur is situated at a height of 235 m on a range of sandstone hills about 386 kms away from Jaipur. It was founded by Rao Jodha in 1459 A.D. This Fort, popularly known as Mehrangarh, is 122 m above the plains and is enclosed by a high wall with bastions. Its eastern towers and bastions are the strongest. The Fort is guarded by seven gates of which the fourth gate has been destroyed. The fi rst gate, Fateh Pol is between twin bastions and has a curved barbican, its lintel is supported on corbels. Gopal gate, Bhairon gate and Dodhkangra gates have elegant arches. The sixth gate, Loha Pol has the hand prints of fi fteen royal satis, wives of the Maharaja. this Loha Pol controls the fi nal turn of the path of the fort round the northern end. The seventh gate, Suraj Pol leads sideways from the eastern passage into the durbar court. The Fort contains Moti Mahal, Phool Mahal, the royal ladies apartments (zenana), Salim Kot, Murli Manoharji temple, Kalka temple, Chamunda temple, Chamunda-ki-Nandi and the two small tanks namely the Rani Talao and the Gulab Sagar to the south. The Fort summit is divided into three areas, the palace of the north-west, the strongly fortifi ed area to the south edge of the cliff and a long wide terrace to the east of the palace.In front of the Mehrangarh Fort in the picture you can see the Jaswant Thada.

lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training

jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;kaForts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan

8- vxzHkkx] tukuk egy] esgjkux<+ dk fdyk] tksèkiqj] jktLFkkuesgjkux<+ fdys ds x<+ egy osQ nks frgkbZ Hkkx esa foLr`r tukuk dk fuekZ.k egkjktk tloar flag us lu~ 1670 esa djok;k FkkA blh tukuk dk ,d eq[; izkax.k eksrh egy pkSd gSA bls eksrh foykl osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA tukuk esa tkyh okys vla[; >jks[ks gSa] ftu ij oozQkdkj NTts gSaA ;g laiw.kZ tukuk jsrhys iRFkj dks rf{kr dj cuk;k x;k gS rFkk bl ij lisQn jax fd;k x;k gSA tukuk osQ >jks[ks esa yxh tkfy;ksa dh izpqj ek=kk egy osQ vxzHkkx dks yVdrh Mksfj;ksa dk :i lk iznku djrh gSA rksjf.kdk rFkk nhokjxhj osQ chp ,d ladjh nhèkkZ] tksfd izR;sd dejs osQ vkxs ls xqtjrh gS] bl tukus dh vuwBh fo'ks"krk gSA

8. Facade, Zenana Mahal, Mehrangarh Fort, Jodhpur, RajasthanThe Garh palace of Mehrangarh Fort, of which about two third is a zenana, was constructed during 1670 A.D. by Maharaja Jaswant Singh. A major court of the zenana is Moti Mahal chowk otherwise known as Moti Vilas. This zenana contains numerous jharokhas (small, projecting balcony) decorated with jali work screens and capped by curved roofs. The whole structure is carved from sandstone and painted white. The profusion of jalis creates an illusion of delicate lace work. The narrow gallery between the arcade and the bracket of the stone supporting the facade - a narrow strip along the edge of each room - is a unique feature peculiar to the Jodhpur zenana.

lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training

jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;kaForts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan

9- tloar FkM+] tksèkiqj] jktLFkkutloar FkM+ okLro esa 'kkgh Nrfj;ksa dk lewg gS] tks lu~ 1899 esa egkjktk tloar flag f}rh; dh Le`fr esa fufeZr gqbZ FkhA ;gha ij ,d d{k esa tksèkiqj osQ 'kkldksa osQ rSy fp=k Hkh gSaA ;s 'kkgh Nrfj;ka okLro esa fnoaxr 'kkldksa dh Lekjd gS] tks mudh Le`fr esa fufeZr dh xbZ FkhA

9. Jaswant Thada, Jodhpur, RajasthanJaswant Thada, a cluster of royal cenotaphs of royal chhatries was built in 1899 A.D. in the memory of Maharaja Jaswant Singh II. The cenotaphs of the Jaswant Thada also has portraits of the rulers of Jodhpur. Royal chhatries were built to commemorate the place where royalty had been cremated and also served as a memorial to them.

lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training

jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;kaForts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan

10- flVh iSysl] mn;iqj] jktLFkkumn;iqj dh LFkkiuk egkjktk mn;flag us dh Fkh rFkk ;g tksèkiqj ls 250 fdyksehVj nwj gSA egkjktkvksa dk ;g fdyk fiNksyk >hy osQ fdukjs ij fLFkr gSA egy dk iwjk ifjlj HkO; gS rFkk ;g xzsukbV vkSj laxejej ls cuk;k x;k gSA blosQ nksuksa dksuksa esa v"Vdks.kh; xqacnksa okyh ehukjsa gSaA blosQ ckg~; Hkkx ij 'osr jax gSaA oSls ;g fdyk iwokZfHkeq[kh gSA cM+h iksy ls gksdj blesa izos'k fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;gha 'kkgh uxkM+s Hkh j[ks gSaA rksj.k iksy osQ lkFk&lkFk lwjt iksy Hkh gSA rksj.k iksy esa ls gksdj xqtjus okyk jkLrk ,d cM+s pkSd esa [kqyrk gSA bl pkSd osQ nksuksa rjiQ NksVs&NksVs pkSd gSa] ftuls gksdj tukuk rFkk enkZuk esa tk;k tk ldrk gSA bl egy esa vusd y?kq vkdkj osQ egy Hkh gSaA 'kh'k egy esa 'kh'ks dk tM+kmQ dk;Z gS] rks Ñ".k foykl egy esa fofHkUu fo"k;ksa dks n'kkZus okys y?kq fp=kA phu rFkk gkySaM dh uhyh ,oa 'osr VkbYl okyk phuh dk fp=k egy bl jktegy dk eè; Hkkx gSA ekf.kd egyekf.kD; o phuh feV~Vh rFkk eksrh egy 'kh'ks osQ dk;Z osQ fy, izfl¼ gSA Hkhe foykl egy esa jkèkk Ñ".k ls lacafèkr dgkfu;ksa osQ n`'; nhokjksa ij fpf=kr gSa rks izhre foykl egy osQ eksj pkSd dh nhokjksa ij cgqr eghu :i esa eksj fpf=kr gSA cM+s egy osQ gjs&Hkjs cxhps rFkk iQOokjs ,oa tukuk egy vkd"kZd vkSj lqanj <ax ls fufeZr gSaaA

mn;iqj dk ;g flVh iSysl eqxfy;k ltkoVh 'kSyh rFkk jktiwrkuh lSfud okLrqdyk dk lqanj feJ.k gSA

10. City Palace, Udaipur, RajasthanUdaipur, the beautiful city of lakes is situated about 259 kms from Jodhpur and was founded by Maharana Udai Singh. The City Palace of the Maharanas, which stands along the banks of the Pichola lake, is an impressive complex of buildings in granite and marble fl anked by octagonal corner towers surmounted by cupolas. The exterior is plastered in white colour. The palace faces the east. The entrance is through the Badi Pol, which contains the royal drums. The Suraj Pol is in line with Toran Pol, the main gate of the palace building. The Toran Pol, which one could enter mounted on horseback leads into a large chowk, fl anked by two smaller palaces. The Sheesh Mahal is decorated with inlay mirror work and the Krishna Vilas with episodes from stories painted in the miniature style. Blue and white Chinese and Dutch tiles are used in Chini-Ki-Chitra Mahal which is the central pavilion of the palace. The Manak Mahal has glass and porcelain and the Moti Mahal is famous for its mirror work. The scenes from the Radha-Krishna stories are painted on the walls of the Bhim Vilas, and the intricately crafted peacocks in fi ne mosaic relief on the walls of Mor chowk of Pritam Vilas. The Zenana Mahal, gardens and fountains of Bada Mahal are beautifully constructed.The Udaipur City Palace is a blend of Mughal decorative art and Rajput military architecture.

lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training

jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;kaForts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan

11- ysd iSysl] mn;iqj] jktLFkku14oha 'krkCnh esa fiNksyk >hy cukbZ xbZ FkhA gjh&Hkjh igkfM+;ksa ls f?kjh bl >hy osQ vusd ?kkV rFkk vklikl ckx&cxhps gSa rFkk ;g mn;iqj 'kgj osQ lkSan;Z dks LofxZd cukrs gSaA

'osr laxejej ls fufeZr tx fuokl 'kkgh ifjokj osQ xfeZ;ksa esa jgus dk egy FkkA bl egy osQ NTts rFkk f[kM+fd;ka >hy dh rjiQ [kqyrs gSaA bl goknkj ifjlj dk iQ'kZ laxejej dk gS] rks LraHk xzsukbV iRFkj ls fufeZrA blosQ ckx cxhps o iQOokjs lqO;ofLFkr gS rFkk dejs vPNh izdkj ls vyaÑrA blosQ lTtu fuokl esa dey osQ iwQyksa osQ eè; u`R; djrh u`R;kaxukvksa dks n'kkZus okys vusd fHkfÙkfp=k gSaA buosQ vykok blosQ izkax.k esa oqQeqfnuh dk rkykc Hkh gSA tx fuokl dks vc gksVy dk :i ns fn;k x;k gS rFkk ;g ysd iSysl gksVy osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA

11. Lake Palace, Udaipur, RajasthanLake Pichola was formed in the fourteenth century A.D. Fringed with green hills and studded with ghats and gardens, the lake provides an ethereal beauty to Udaipur.Lake palace also known as Jag Niwas is built from white marble and was the summer palace of the former royal family. Its balconies and windows overlook the lake. This airy complex has marble fl oors and granite columns. The gardens and fountains are well laid and the rooms are beautifully decorated. The Sajjan Niwas or Lotus suite of the palace contains murals which depict girls dancing among lotus leaves. In the courtyard there is a lily pond. Jag Niwas has now been converted to a hotel and is called the Lake Palace Hotel.

lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training

jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;kaForts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan

12- tx eafnj] mn;iqj] jktLFkkumn;iqj esa fLFkr ;g izfl¼ tx eafnj fiNksyk >hy osQ nf{k.kh }hi ij lu~ 1551 esa fufeZr gqvk Fkk rFkk bldk xqacnkdkj eaMi] vFkkZr~ xqy egy bldh ,d fof'k"V igpku gSA ftls d.kZ flag us cuok;k FkkA ;g izkar esa fLFkr eqxy LFkkiR;dyk 'kSyh esa fufeZr oqQN Hkouksa esa ls ,d gSA 'kgtknk [kqjZe] tks ckn esa ckn'kkg 'kkgtgka osQ uke ls izfl¼ gqvk Fkk] lu~ 1623 esa ;gka jgk djrk Fkk] tc mlus vius firk tgkaxhj osQ f[kykiQ fonzksg fd;k FkkA

12. Jag Mandir, Udaipur, RajasthanThe Jag Mandir, which is on the southern island of the Pichola lake was built in 1551 A.D. The domed pavilion or Gul Mahal, which is its greatest landmark, was commenced by Karan Singh. It is one of the few examples of Mughal style of architecture in the state. It is said, that in 1623 A.D. Prince Khurram the future Emperor Shahjahan, lived here when he revolted against his father, Jahangir.

lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training

jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;kaForts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan

13- oaqQHkyx<+ dk fdyk] oaqQHkyx<+] jktLFkkuegkj.kk oaqQHkk }kjk cuok;k x;k oaqQHkyx<+ dk ;g fdyk ,d HkO; igkM+h fdyk gSA mn;iqj ls yxHkx 90 fdyksehVj dh nwjh ij fLFkr ;g fdyk leqnz ry ls 1087 ehVj dh maQpkbZ ij fLFkr gSA rsjg f'k[kjksa ls f?kjk gqvk ;g fdyk bl igkM+h dh lcls m¡Qph pksVh ij fLFkr gSA esokM+ esa fprkSM+x<+ dk fdyk rFkk oaqQHkyx<+ dk fdyk lokZfèkd egRoiw.kZ ekus tkrs gSaA

bldh pkjnhokjh dkiQh pkSM+h gS rFkk rksi[kkuk vR;ar lqlfTtrA blesa lSfudksa ,oa vke yksxksa osQ jgus dk i;kZIr LFkku Hkh FkkA bls cukus esa yxHkx 15 o"kZ dk le; yxk FkkA xgjs njsZ rFkk ?kus taxy osQ chp ls xqtj dj gh bl rd igqapk tk ldrk gSA bl fdys osQ lkr fo'kkydk; njokts] vius vki esa ,d nwljs dks lesVs gq, lkr ijdksVs rFkk o`Ùkkdkj cqtZ ,oa fuxjkuh osQ fy, cuh ehukjsa lHkh vkil esa feydj bls vHks| cukrs gSaA vusd njoktksa osQ vykok blesa oaqQHk';ke] uhyoaQB rFkk oqQcsj vkfn osQ eafnj Hkh gSaA

bl fdys dh ckgjh nhokjsa dbZ oxZehy dk {ks=k ?ksjs gSaA vkarfjd ijdksVs dh lrg dkiQh maQph gS] ftu ij jk.kkvksa dk ckny egy lq'kksfHkr gSA bl fdys osQ vusd dejs mUuhloh 'krkCnh esa jaxs x, gSaA

13. Kumbhalgarh Fort, Kumbhalgarh, RajasthanKumbhalgarh is a spectacular hill fort built by Maharana Kumbha, at a height of 1087 m above sea level and is about 90 kms from Udaipur. It lies on the top most ridge of the hill, surrounded by thirteen other peaks. The Chittorgarh Fort and the Kumbhalgarh Fort are the two most important forts of Mewar.The Kumbhalgarh Fort has four wide walls, and it was well equipped with batteries, and suffi cient accommodation for the troops and the public. It took fi fteen years to complete the fort. The approach is impressive across deep ravines and through thick jungles. Seven massive gates guard the approaches, while seven ramparts, one within the other reinforced by rounded bastions and huge watchtowers, render the fort impregnable. Besides many gates, it has several temples like Kumbashyam, Nikhanth and Kuber within the fort.The outer wall embraces an area of several square miles. The tiers of inner ramparts rise to the summit, which are crowned by the Badal Mahal of the Ranas. The palace has several sets of rooms furnished in pastel colours in the nineteenth century A.D.

lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training

jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;kaForts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan

14- izkphj] oaqQHkyx<+ dk fdyk] oaqQHkyx<+] jktLFkkuoaqQHkyx<+ osQ fdys dh ckgjh nhokjsa dbZ oxZehy dk {ks=k lesVs gSaA bldh HkO;rk dh rqyuk phu dh egku~ nhokj dh HkO;rk ls dh tk ldrh gSA

14. Ramparts, Kumbhalgarh Fort, Kumbhalgarh, RajasthanThe outer wall of the Kumbhalgarh Fort embraces an area of several square miles. This wall is comparable to the grandeur of the Great Wall of China.

lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training

jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;kaForts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan

15- vyoj dk egy] vyoj] jktLFkkuvyoj 'kgj osQ egy dk fuekZ.k jktk c[rkoj flag us lu~ 1793 esa djok;k Fkk rFkk blesa fofHkUu 'kSfy;ksa esa fofHkUu Hkouksa dk fuekZ.k djok;k x;k FkkA egy osQ vxzHkkx esa ,d vyaÑr rkykc gSA blosQ vkarfjd Hkkx dh ,d fo'ks"krk 'kh'k egy gS] ftlesa 'kh'kksa esa can jktiwr 'kSyh esa y?kq fp=k cuk, x, gSaA bUgha 'kh'kksa osQ dejs osQ lehi 'kkgh iqLrdky; rFkk 'kkL=kkxkj Hkh gSaA 'kkgh iqLrdky; esa izkphu ikaMqfyfi;ka gSa] ftuesa lu~ 1848 dh laqnj fpf=kr xqfyLrka dh ikaMqfyfi Hkh gSA 'kkL=kkxkj esa jRu tfM+r vL=kksa&'kL=kksa dk laxzg gSA

;g egy jktiwr rFkk eqxy LFkkiR; dyk osQ lafeJ.k dk cstksM+ uewuk gSA

15. Alwar Palace, Alwar, RajasthanThe building of the Alwar City Palace was commenced in 1793 A.D. by Raja Bakhtawar Singh. It consists of a varied group of buildings of different styles of architecture. In front of the palace there is a large ornamental tank. The interior of the palace is notable for the Sheesh Mahal which is dotted with Rajput miniature paintings sealed under glass. Near the Sheesh Mahal is the armoury and the royal library, which contains a fi ne collection of oriental manuscripts including a copy of a beautifully illustrated Gulistan manuscript of 1848 A.D. It also has a rich collection of bejewelled sabres, swords and weapons.The Palace is a delicate rendering of the style which emerged out of the blend of Rajput and Mughal style of architecture.

lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training

jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;kaForts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan

16- t; LraHk] fpÙkkSM+x<+ dk fdyk] fprkSM+x<+] jktLFkkuesokM+ osQ 'kfDr'kkyh jktkvksa esa ls ,d jk.kk oqaQHkk }kjk fufeZr ;g t; LraHk ,d izdkj ls 15oha 'krkCnh dh tSu okLrqdyk dk cstksM+ uewuk gSA bl LraHk dk fuekZ.k lu~ 1440 esa ekyok osQ egewn f[kyth ij izkIr dh xbZ fot; osQ miy{; esa djok;k x;k Fkk rFkk okLrqdkj tSr us bldk fMtkbZu rS;kj fd;k Fkk bls ,d pV~Vku ij pwus iRFkj ls cuk;k x;k FkkA ;g ukS eaftyh gS rFkk èkjkry ls bldh oqQy maQpkbZ 37-2 ehVj gSA LraHk osQ izR;sd Lrj ij fdlh u fdlh eafnj ls tqM+k eaMi] NTtsnkj f[kM+fd;ka gSa rFkk fganw nsoh&nsorkvksa dks izpqj :i ls mRdh.kZ fd;k x;k gSA ukSoh eafty ij ,d frtksjh gS] ftl ij Hkxoku Ñ".k dks xksfi;ksa osQ lkFk jkl djrs n'kkZ;k x;k gSA

16. Victory Tower, Chittorgarh Fort, Chittorgarh, RajasthanVictory Tower or Jaya Stambh is a masterpiece of fi fteenth century revivalist Jain architecture, built by Rana Kumbha, one of the most powerful Kings of Mewar. It was designed by an architect called Jaita to commemorate the victory over Mahmud Khalji of Malwa in 1440 A.D. The tower was mainly built by compact limestone and the quartz rock on which it stands. It has nine storeys rising to 37.2 m above the ground level. In each tier of this tower, there is a mandapa associated with a temple, enriched with balconied windows and is carved profusely with the gods of the Hindu pantheon. The ninth storey has a vault with a sculptured representation of Lord Krishna surrounded by dancing gopis.

lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training

jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;kaForts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan

17- Mhx dk egy] Mhx] jktLFkkucnu flag }kjk LFkkfir tkV lkezkT; dh jktèkkuh Mhx Fkh] tks fd Hkjriqj ls yxHkx 32 fdyksehVj nwj gSA fdyk rFkk jkljax osQ vU; egy bl {ks=k dh rRdkyhu LFkkiR;dyk dh n`f"V ls egRowi.kZ gSA

Mhx fLFkr cnu flag dk ;g fdyk iqjkuk egy osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS rFkk lery Hkwfe ij fufeZr gSA vR;ar lqn`<+ ;g fdyk ns[kus esa bdgjk l?ku Hkou yxrk gSA fdys osQ vanj vusd d{k rFkk nks [kqys pkSd gSa] ysfdu buosQ ckotwn ;g ns[kus esa vk;rkdkj yxrk gSA orZeku esa blosQ vkarfjd d{kksa esa ljdkjh dk;kZy; dk;Z dj jgs gSaA bu d{kksa dk mQijh Hkkx ltkoVh gS rFkk ml ij xqacnsa ,oa maQph xSyjh gSA fdys dk eq[; izos'k flag iksy }kj gSA ;g fo'kkydk; njoktk esgjkcnkj gS rFkk 'ksjksa vkfn dh mRdh.kZ ewfrZ;ksa ls vyaÑr gSA lwjt njoktk] uaxk njoktk rFkk xksiky lkxj vkSj :i lkxj uked nks rkykc bl fdys dh okLrqdyk osQ vkd"kZ.k osQ vU; osaQnz gSaA izLrqr fp=k esa xksiky lkxj esa egy osQ izfrfcac dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA

17. Deeg Palace, Deeg, RajasthanDeeg was the capital of the Jat Kingdom founded by Badan Singh. It is situated about 32 kms from Bharatpur. The fortress and the pleasure palaces of Deeg are of major architectural importance of that period.Badan Singh’s palace at Deeg, also known as Purana Mahal, is a single continuous mass of building built on a plain with little fortifi cation. Inside the palace there are apartments, now used for Government offi ces, with two open chowks, however the building is a rectangular block. It’s upper portion consists of a number of domes and galleries. The main entrance of the palace is via the Singh Pol. This gate has a huge archway ornately carved with lions. some other architectural features of the palace are the Suraj Gate, the Nanga Gate and the two water tanks the Gopal Sagar and the Rup Sagar. In the picture the refl ection of the palace can be seen in the Gopal Sagar.

lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training

jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;kaForts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan

18- cwanh dk fdyk] cwanh] jktLFkkucwanh nf{k.k&iwohZ jktLFkku esa fLFkr gS rFkk lu~ 1342 esa jko nsogj us ;gka ,d fdyk cuok;k FkkA vkerkSj ij bl fdys dks rkjkx<+ osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA vkdkj esa ;g pkSdksj gS rFkk dksuksa esa fo'kky cqtZ fLFkr gSaA bldh if'peh nhokj osQ eè; esa ,d lqanj izos'k}kj gS rFkk iwohZ nhokj osQ eè; osQ ijdksVs eks[ksnkj gSa] rFkk mQijh eqaMsj dkiQh m¡Qph gSA fdys osQ if'pe osQ eq[; njokts osQ nksuksa rjiQ v"Vdks.kh; ehukjsa gSa rFkk lqj{kk osQ fy, n`<+ x<+xtA eq[; }kj ij j{kdksa osQ lqn`<+ dejs gSaA fdys esa iRFkjksa ls cuh fo'kkydk; HkhecqtZ nwj ls gh ns[kh tk ldrh gS rFkk mlesa 16oha 'krh dh izfl¼ rksi xHkZxate~ j[kh gqbZ Fkh] tks fd vc [kks pqdh gSA rkjkx<+ osQ jkuh egy dh nhokjsa eghu y?kq fp=kksa ls lqlfTtr gSa rFkk f[kM+fd;ksa esa jaxhu 'kh'ksa lq'kksfHkr gSaA lehi osQ fo'kky rkykc esa jkuh egy dk izfrfcac ns[kk tk ldrk gSA cwanh osQ gj fdys esa vusd tyk'k; gSA loh.kZ&èkk dk oaqQM Hkh bUgha esa ls ,d gSA lu~ 1654 esa cuk ;g tyk'k; xgjk pkSjl vkSj ik;nku okyk gSA ,d izdkj ls ;g f=kvk;keh T;kferh; okLrqdyk dk vuqie mnkgj.k gSA

18. Bundi Fort, Bundi, RajasthanBundi is situated in south-east Rajasthan. Bundi Fort was constructed by Rao Deva Hara in 1342 A.D. This fort is popularly known as Taragarh Fort. It is square in plan with large corner bastions. In the middle of the west wall there is a fi ne gateway and in the middle of the east wall, a postern. The ramparts are crenellated, with high parapets. The main gate, to the west is fl anked by octagonal towers protected by a strong barbican. The main entrance has vaulted guard rooms. the fort is dominated by a huge masonry tower, the Bhim Burj, which was used to house one of the most famous cannons of this region, the sixteenth century Garbh-Ganjam (now lost). The Rani Mahal at Taragarh, stands refl ected in a large tank, with delicate fading miniatures on walls and coloured glasses in windows. Bundi Fort contains many water tanks, one among them is the Sabirna-Dha-Ka-Kund. It is a deep, square stepped water tank, built in 1654 A.D. It is a fi ne example of three dimensional geometrical architecture.

lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training

jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;kaForts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan

19- twukx<+ dk fdyk] chdkusj] jktLFkku

lu~ 1488 esa jko tksèkk osQ iq=k chdk }kjk chdkusj LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA chdkusj 'kgj rd igqapus dk ekxZ 'kkunkj gS vkSj ;g ,d Åaph mBh gqbZ Hkwfe ij fLFkr gSA blosQ pkjksa rjiQ 5&6 fdyksehVj pkSM+h iRFkj dh ,d eks[ksnkj nhokj gSA blosQ ikap eq[;}kj ,oe~ rhu Hkwfexr xfy;kjs gSa rFkk bldh nhokjksa dh maQpkbZ 4-6 eh- ls 9-2 eh- ds chp gSA

lu~ 1588 ls 1593 osQ nkSjku jktk jk; flag us bl fdys dks cuok;k FkkA blosQ lEeq[k ,d lkoZtfud eSnku gSA bldh ckgjh nhokjksa dh ifjfèk yxHkx 990 ehVj gSA

;g fdyk jktkvksa rFkk jkt izeq[kksa }kjk fufeZr fofHkUu lSarhl egyksa rFkk e.Miksa osQ fy, tkuk tkrk gSA bl fdys dk eq[; izos'k lwjtiksy ls gksdj gSA bl izos'k }kj osQ lEeq[k iRFkj ls cus gkfFk;ksa ij lokj t;ey rFkk iÙkk uked nks egku ;ks¼kvksa dh ewfrZ;ka gSaA pkSd dh foijhr fn'kk esa jktk d.kZ flag }kjk fufeZr d.kZ egy (nhoku&,&vke) gSA Nr dks lgkjk nsus osQ fy, LraHkksa ij ?kqekonkj egjkcsa gSaA d.kZ egy osQ mQij 'kkgh vkokl d{k&xt eafnj gSA bl xt eafnj dh Nr ij N=k fuokl osQ mQij y?kq eaMi gSA d.kZ egy ls gksdj Mwaxj&fuokl rd tk;k tk ldrk gSA Mwaxj fuokl dh nhokjsa fpf=kr gSa rFkk mlesa lisQn laxejej dk cuk ,d rkykc gS] ftlesa gksyh osQ mRlo ij jax fefJr ikuh Hkjk tkrk FkkA fdys dk izkphure d{k yky fuokl gSA bldh gj nhokj fo'ks"k 'kSyh esa leku :i ls iq"i fp=kksa ls vyaÑr gSA nf{k.k esa pkSd osQ rjiQ osQ NTtksa esa tkfy;ka yxh gSaA

iwQy egy osQ lkFk cus panz egy rFkk xt eafnj dh nhokjsa lqanj :i ls fpf=kr gS] rFkk budk fuekZ.k xt flag us djok;k FkkA iwQy egy esa iwQyksa dks fpf=kr fd;k x;k gS rFkk muesa 'kh'ks dk eghu tM+kmQ dk;Z Hkh gqvk gSA vuwi egy esa yky jsrhys iRFkjksa vkSj 'kh'ks osQ tM+kmQ dk;Z okyk jkt fryd d{k gSA lqUnj xaxk fuokl (lHkk d{k) 19oha 'krkCnh esa tksM+k x;k FkkA

19. Junagarh Fort, Bikaner, RajasthanBikaner was founded by Bika, son of Rao Jodha in 1488 A.D. The approach to the city of Bikaner is magnifi cent and it is situated on a raised ground. It is encircled by a 5.6 km. long crenellated stone wall. There are fi ve gates and three underground passages, the walls varying in height between 4.6 and 9.2 m.

Junagarh Fort was built by Raja Raj Singh, between 1588 and 1593 A.D. This fort is situated in front of the public park. Its outer walls are approx. 990 m in circumference. The fort is known for its range of thirty-seven palaces and pavilions built by chieftains and kings.

Junagarh Fort’s main entrance is through the Suraj Pol. In front of this gateway, sculptures of two great warriors, Jaimal and Patta are mounted on painted stone elephants. Karan Mahal (Diwan-i-Am) built by Raja Karan Singh, is on the opposite side of the chowk. The ceiling is supported by a continuous arcade of cusped arches over balustrade and fl uted columns. Above the Karan Mahal is Gaj Mandir, a suite of royal apartments on the roof of which is Chatra Niwas, a small pavilion. Karan Mahal leads to Dungar Niwas which has painted walls and a white marble tank. This was fi lled with coloured water during the festival of Holi. The oldest apartment of the fort is Lal Niwas. The walls are richly painted with stylized symmetrical, fl oral motifs. The balconies overlooking the chowk, to the south, are fi tted with jalis.

The walls of Chandra Mahal built together with the Phool Mahal and Gaj Mandir by Gaj Singh are beautifully painted. The Phool Mahal is decorated with motifs of fl owers and delicately inlaid mirror work. Anup Mahal contains the coronation hall better known as the Raj Tilak Hall, which is decorated with red sandstone and glass inlay work. The lovely Ganga Niwas (audience hall) was added in the nineteenth century A.D.

lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training

jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;kaForts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan

20- vuwi egy] twukx<+ dk fdyk] chdkusj] jktLFkku

lu~ 1669 ls 1698 osQ chp fufeZr bl vuwi egy dks ckn esa egkjktk xt flag }kjk ltk;k x;k FkkA ;g ,d HkO; Hkou gS rFkk yky ,oa lqugjs jax okyk jkt fryd d{k vR;ar foy{k.k gSA bl d{k esa jaxksa }kjk vyaÑr yk[k dk dk;Z rFkk vikjn'khZ nwfèk;k 'kh'kksa dk tM+kmQ dk;Z gSA ,d vU; dejs esa vuwBs >wys fgaMksy dk ,d nqyZHk mnkgj.k Hkh ifjyf{kr gSA

,d izdkj ls ns[kk tk, rks vuwi egy oSHko] vyaÑr jktiwr LFkkiR; dyk osQ pjeksRd"kZ dk lqanj mnkgj.k gSA

20. Anup Mahal, Junagarh Fort, Bikaner, RajasthanAnup Mahal was built between 1669 and 1698 A.D. and was decorated later by Maharaja Gaj Singh. It is an exquisite building with a stunning coronation hall in red and gold. The Raj Tilak Hall, as it is known, is enriched with ornamental lacquer work and opaque glass inlay work. One anti-chamber is vivid acquamarine blue inlaid with gilt. Another room contains the famous hindola or swing, a rare specimen.

The Anup Mahal is the epitome of the splendour and decorative art of Rajput architecture and is the fabulous treasure-house of a desert prince.

lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training

jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;kaForts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan

21- dksVk egy] dksVk] jktLFkku

pacy unh osQ nkfgus fdukjs ij lu~ 1579 esa dksVk dh LFkkiuk gqbZ Fkh rFkk og cwanh ls 39 fdyksehVj nwj gSA dksVk egy lu~ 1625 osQ vklikl cw¡nh osQ jko jru flag osQ iq=k ekèko flag }kjk fufeZr gqvk FkkA

18oha 'krkCnh osQ iwokZ¼ esa Hkhe egy uked fo'kkydk; njckj d{k dh nhokjksa ij jktiwr 'kSyh osQ y?kqfp=kksa }kjk dksVk osQ bfrgkl vkSj mlls lacafèkr nardFkkvksa dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA blesa gkFkh nkar rFkk vkcuwl dk laqnj tM+kmQ dk;Z ,oa lrg ij izpqj :i ls vyadj.k ns[kk tk ldrk gSA gkFkh njokts osQ nksuksa rjiQ 'kkgh fookg osQ tqywl] gkfFk;ksa osQ fp=k gSaA bu gkfFk;ksa dh lwaM+ eè; dh esgjkc ij fot;&fuukn rFkk Lokxr dh eqnzk esa fpf=kr gSaA bl egy dk ckg~;&Hkkx lqn`<+ fdyscanh rFkk iRFkjksa ij eghu ltkoVh dk;Z dk feyktqyk :i gSA ckn esa lu~ 1723 ls 1756 osQ chp Hkhrjh izkax.k osQ if'peh Hkkx esa v[kkM+s dk egy cuok;k x;k FkkA ysfdu iqu% lu~ 1888 ls 1940 osQ eè; bls iqufuZfeZr dj vkSj cM+k cuk;k x;k FkkA izos'k }kj osQ cxy esa gh lu~ 1864 esa gok egy Hkh fufeZr fd;k x;k Fkk] tks fd t;iqj fLFkr fo'o izfl¼ gok egy osQ vxzHkkx dh okLrqdyk dh izfrfyfi gSA

21. Kota Palace, Kota, RajasthanKota was founded in 1579 A.D., and is 39 kms. from Bundi. It lies on the east bank of the Chambal river. The Kota palace was built around 1625 A.D. by Madho Singh, son of Rao Ratan Singh of Bundi.

There is a large Durbar Hall, the Bhim Mahal constructed in the early eighteenth century A.D., which is covered with Rajput miniatures depicting the history and legends of Kota. It has some fi ne ivory and ebony inlay work and a profusion of surface ornamentation. The Elephant Gate is fl anked by murals showing a royal wedding procession and bracketed elephants, whose trunks are raised in a gesture of salutation over the central arch. The exterior of the palace is a mixture of robust fortifi cation and delicate ornamental stone work. The Akhade ka Mahal was added to the west of the inner court between 1723 and 1756 A.D. and was later enlarged and reconstructed between 1888 and 1940 A.D. The prominent Hawa Mahal, added next to the entrance to the fort in 1864 A.D. is a copy of the famous facade at Jaipur.

lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training

jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;kaForts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan

22- tSlyesj dk fdyk] tSlyesj] jktLFkku

tSlyesj dh LFkkiuk HkkVh tkfr osQ izeq[k jkoy tSly us lu~ 1156 esa dh Fkh rFkk ;g Fkkj osQ jsfxLrku esa tksèkiqj ls 287 fdyksehVj nwj fLFkr gSA ;g fdyk 76 ehVj m¡Qph f=koqQVk igkM+h ij fLFkr gS rFkk 9-1 ehVj maQph esgjkcnkj nhokj ls f?kjk gSA blh lqj{kk dks vkSj etcwr djus osQ fy, 99 cqtZ gS] ftu ij canwosaQ j[kh tkrh FkhaA fdys esa fLFkr oqQ,¡ ikuh osQ fu;fer lzksr FksA fdys osQ lcls m¡Qps Hkkx] ftlosQ nksuksa vksj [kqyk pkSdksj {ks=k gS] ftls ^pkSgV* dgrs gSa] osQ lehi x<+ egy fLFkr gSA bls twuk egy osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA iRFkjksa ls fufeZr lHkh f[kM+fd;k¡ tkyhnkj gSa tks fd rRdkyhu jktLFkkuh LFkkiR;dyk dh fof'k"Vrk FkhA lu~ 1577 ls lu~ 1623 osQ eè; lwjt iksy] x.ks'k iksy rFkk gok iksy bl fdys esa vkSj fufeZr fd, x, FksA lwjt iksy lw;Z osQ cM+s xksykdkj fpg~u ls vyaÑr gSA blosQ nkfguh rjiQ Nrjh ;qDr m¡Qph rkft;k ehukj gS rFkk blosQ NTts eghu :i ls rf{kr gSaA bldh vyaÑr dh xbZ ikap eaftysa rFkk caxkyh 'kSyh dh <yqok¡ Nr izos'k}kj osQ ckn x.ks'k iksy gS] tgka ls jkLrk jax iksy dh rjiQ tkrk gSA ckgjh lqj{kk dks etcwr djus osQ fy, igys ijdksVs osQ lekukarj ,d nwljk m¡Qpk ijdksVk Hkh gSA gok egy osQ mQij fLFkr jax egy esa izpqj fooj.k;qDr fHkfÙkfp=k gSaA loksZÙke foykl bldk ,d fof'k"V Hkou gS] ftls uhyh VkbYl rFkk 'kh'ks dh iPphdkjh ls vyaÑr fd;k x;k gSA blh osQ lehi 1884 esa fufeZr xt foykl gS] ftlosQ iwoZ esa pkSgV gSA

fdys osQ vanj gh 12oha ls 15oha 'krkCnh osQ eè; osQ vusd vkd"kZd tSu eafnj gS] ftuesa lokZfèkd iqjkuk ik'oZukFk eafnj gSA ;s lHkh HkO; eafnj gSa ,oa u;k vk;ke nsrs gSaA

22. Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, RajasthanJaisalmer was founded by Bhatti Chief Rawal Jaisal in 1156 A.D. It is situated in the Thar desert, about 287 kms from Jodhpur. The fort stands on Trikuta hill, 76 m high and is enclosed by an imposing crenellated sandstone wall 9.1 m high. It is reinforced with ninety-nine bastions which were used as gun platforms. Wells within the fort provided a regular source of water. The Garh palace stands at the highest point within the fort bordering two sides of an open square known as the chauhata. This is also called the Juna Mahal. All the windows have jali screens made of stone, typical of all Rajasthan buildings of the period. Between 1577 and 1623 A.D. the Suraj Pol, Ganesh Pol and Hawa Pol were erected. The Suraj Pol is decorated with a large rounded ornate Sun. To its right is a large tower crowned by a kiosk with delicate carved balconies called Tazia Tower, which has fi ve storeys of ornately carved details with drooping Bengali style roofs. Beyond a spiked entrance gate, on a sharp turn in the path is the Ganesh Pol, which leads to Rang Pol. The outer defences are reinforced by a second rampart, which runs parallel to and higher than the fi rst. Rang Mahal, situated above Hawa Pol, is decorated with murals. Sarvotam Vilas, a most distinguished building is decorated with blue tiles and glass mosaics. Adjacent is the Gaj Vilas, built in 1884 A.D. It stands on a high plinth, its eastern elevation facing the Square or chauhata.

Also within the four walls is an interesting group of Jain temples, dating from the twelfth to fi fteenth century A.D. The oldest is the Parshawanath temple. They are all impressive and add another dimension to the secular buildings of the city.

lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training

jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;kaForts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan

23- lyhe flag dh gosyh] tSlyesj] jktLFkku

lyhe flag dh gosyh dk fuekZ.k lu~ 1815 esa ,d ,sls LFkku ij gqvk Fkk] tgka igys 17oha 'krkCnh osQ ,d HkouosQ HkXuko'ks"k FksA bl gosyh dh Nr [kwclwjr esgjkcnkj gS rFkk lkFk gh izpqj :i ls mRdh.kZ nhokjxhj osQ :i esaeksj gSaA blosQ izos'k }kj ij j{kd osQ :i esa iRFkj fufeZr ,d cM+k gkFkh fLFkr gS (fp=k esa nf"Vxkspj ugha gS)A Hkou osQ mQijh Hkkx dk :i ty;ku lk gS] blh dkj.k bls tgkt egy dgk tkrk FkkA mQij dh nks eaftyksa dks ozQe'k% oaQpu egy rFkk jaxegy dgk tkrk gSA bUgsa 'kh'ks dh iPphdkjh rFkk jaxksa ls vyaÑr fd;k x;k Fkk] exj ;s vkt ugha gSaA

;g gosyh izHkko'kkyh eksgrk ifjokj ls lacafèkr FkhA vkt Hkh bldk vkoklh; mi;ksx gksrk gSA

23. Salim Singh Ki Haveli, Jaisalmer, RajasthanSalim Singh Ki Haveli was built in 1815 A.D. It was built on an earlier structure which was constructed in the late seventeenth century A.D. The Haveli has a beautiful arched roof and exquisitely carved details with brackets in the form of peacocks. The entrance is guarded by a large stone elephant, (not seen in the picture). The upper portion of the house has been compared to a ship’s prow and, is often called Jahaz Mahal. The top two storeys, the Kanchan Mahal and Ranga Mahal were once adorned with glass mosaics and bright colours which no longer exist.

This Haveli belonged to the infl uential Mohta family and is still used for residential purposes.

lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training

jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;kaForts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan

24- ukFkwey dh gosyh] tSlyesj] jktLFkku

ukFkwey dh ;g gosyh nhoku egkjkoy ckjhlky osQ fy, 1885 esa cukbZ xbZ FkhA

bl gosyh osQ izos'k }kj osQ nksuksa rjiQ iRFkj fufeZr gkFkh gSa rFkk vxzHkkx esa lSfud] v'o] gkFkh] iwQy rFkk i{kh mRdh.kZ gSaA bldh fMtkbu ,oa jpuk nks dkjhxjksa&gFkh vkSj ywyw us dh FkhA ,d us nkfguh rjiQ mRdh.kZ djus dk dk;Z fd;k rks nwljs us ckb± rjiQ] fiQj Hkh nksuksa osQ dk;ks± esa iw.kZ lkaetL; fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ,d vlkèkkj.k ckr ;g gS fd ?kj pV~Vku dk cuk gS] elkysnkj iRFkjksa ls ughaA igyh eafty osQ eq[; dejs osQ lkeus dh lewph nhokj dks dkV dj d{k cuk;k x;k gSA vkarfjd nhokjksa ij lqanj y?kqfp=k fpf=kr gSaA

24. Nathumal’s Haveli, Jaisalmer, RajasthanNathumal’s Haveli was built for the Diwan Maharawal Bari Sal in 1885 A.D.

The entrance is fl anked by stone elephants and the entire facade is carved with a riot of ornamental details – soldiers, horses, elephants, fl owers and birds. The building was designed and built by two craftsmen-architects Hathi and Lulu. One carved on the left side, the other the right, but the overall impact is one of complete harmony. Extraordinarily, the house is built of rock and not dressed stone. In the main room at the fi rst-fl oor level, the entire front wall is a huge, single rock carved into a bay. The inner walls are painted with beautiful miniatures.

lkaLÑfrd lzksr ,oa izf'k{k.k osQUæ Centre for Cultural Resources and Training

1- vkesj dk fdyk] t;iqj] jktLFkku

vjkoyh ioZrekyk esa t;iqj ls 11 fd- eh- nwj dNokgk jktiwrksa dh izkphu jktèkkuh vkesj fLFkr gSA ckn'kkg vdcj osQ jktiwr lsukifr jktk eku ¯lg osQ le; esa bl fdysuqek egy dk fuekZ.k gqvk FkkA bls ,d [kM+h pV~Vku ij vk;rkdkj :i esa fu£er fd;k x;k FkkA lehi dh NksVh >hy esa bldk rFkk bldh ehukjksa dk izfr¯cc ns[kk tk ldrk gSA blosQ yacs xs:, lqugjs ijdksVs dks likZdkj :i esa pV~Vku osQ Åij rFkk ml dky dh LFkkiR; dyk osQ fooj.k osQ lkFk ns[kk tk ldrk gSA

blesa nhoku&,&vke] nhoku&,&[kkl] vusd egy] eaMi rFkk txr f'kjksef.k ,oa f'kyk nsoh tSls iz[;kr eafnj Hkh gSA

bl fdys dk x.ks'k iksy uked izos'k }kj (vkarfjd fp=k esa n£'kr) t;¯lg izFke }kjk cuok;k x;k Fkk rFkk ;g nhoku&,&vke vkSj nhoku&,&[kkl osQ chp fLFkr gSA blosQ }kjk vke turk fdys osQ futh d{kksa esa izos'k djrh gSA izos'k }kj dh Åijh nh?kkZ esa tkyh ;qDr f[kM+fd;ka cukbZ xbZ Fkha] rkfd 'kkgh ifjokj dh fL=k;ka muesa ls ckgj osQ fØ;k&dyki ns[ksa] fdUrq ckgj ls mUgsa dksbZ u ns[k ik,A

Hkouksa dks lkSUn;Z iznku djus osQ fy, 'kh'ks dh iPphdkjh vke jktiwr 'kSyh gS] ysfdu bl Hkou esa 'kkgtgk¡ osQ le; osQ lkSUn;Zdyk osQ uewus tSlsμ esgjkcuqek LFkkiR;dyk dk Hkh mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

2- 'kh'k egy] vkesj dk fdyk] t;iqj] jktLFkku

vkesj osQ fdys dk iwohZ e.Mi nks eaftyk gS rFkk bldh ,d eafty t; eafnj osQ uhps gS rFkk nwljh tl eafnj osQ ÅijA t; eafnj esa gh 'kh'k egy μ vFkkZr~] 'kh'kksa dk egy rFkk nhoku&,&[kkl fLFkr gSA

;g fp=k 'kh'k egy dk gS rFkk bldh nhokjksa rFkk Nr ij NksVs&NksVs vory 'kh'kksa dks fof'k"V :i esa tM+k ns[kk tk ldrk gSA laè;k osQ èkqaèkyosQ esa tc ogka fpjkx tyk, tkrs Fks] rks lkjk 'kh'k egy ,sls ped mBrk Fkk] tSls txexkrs flrkjksa ls pedrk vkleku gksA

Hkouksa dks lkSUn;Z iznku djus osQ fy, 'kh'ks dh iPphdkjh vke jktiwr 'kSyh gS] ysfdu bl Hkou esa 'kkgtgk¡ osQ le; osQ lkSUn;Zdyk osQ uewus tSlsμ esgjkcuqek LFkkiR;dyk dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

3- flVh iSysl] panzegy] t;iqj] jktLFkku

jktLFkku dk izfl¼ xqykch 'kgj t;iqj vkxjk ls 241 fdyksehVj nwj gS rFkk bls vkesj osQ egkjktk lokbZ t;¯lg us clk;k FkkA uxj osQ eè; esa fLFkr ;g egy lhek nhokj ls f?kjk gSA bl egy dk lokZfèkd izkphu Hkou rFkk eè; ifjlj panzegy gS] ftldk fuekZ.k lu~ 1724&34 esa fd;k x;k FkkA blh osQ èkjkry Lrj ij mÙkj dh rjiQ izhre fuokl uked ,d pkSM+k cjkenk gS rFkk ;gha ls laxejej dh cuh ,d ugj cxhps rd tkrh gSA panz egy osQ èkjkryh; Lrj dk vfèkdka'k Hkkx vke yksxksa osQ d{k us ?ksjk gqvk gSA ,d izdkj ls ;g d{k NksVk lk ;k fuEu ifjLraHk okyk d{k gS] ftldh esgjkc uqdhyh gSA panzegy osQ nf{k.k&iwoZ esa nhoku&,&vke gSA orZeku esa bls vkVZ xSyjh osQ :i esa bLrseky fd;k tk jgk gSA 'kkgh tukuk] panz egy osQ if'pe esa fLFkr ,d fo'kky Hkou gSA ckny egy rFkk xks¯on nso eafnj Hkou osQ nks eq[; eaMi gSaA panz egy osQ lehi gh izfl¼ osèk'kkyk tarj&earj (vkarfjd fp=k) Hkh gSA ;g t;¯lg f}rh; }kjk 18oha 'krkCnh osQ izkjaHk esa cuokbZ xbZ ikapksa osèk'kkykvksa esa lcls cM+h gSA vU; osèk'kkyk,a fnYyh] eFkqjk] mTtSu rFkk okjk.klh esa gSA

4- t;x<+ dk fdyk] t;iqj jktLFkku

t;x<+ osQ fdys dk fuekZ.k t;¯lg us lu~ 1600 esa djok;k FkkA fdys osQ uhps osQ eSnkuh bykosQ rFkk t;iqj dk laqnj n`'; ns[kk tk ldrk

jktLFkku osQ nqxZ] egy rFkk gosfy;ka9- tloar FkM+] tksèkiqj] jktLFkku

tloar FkM+ okLro esa 'kkgh Nrfj;ksa dk lewg gS] tks lu~ 1899 esa egkjktk tloar flag f}rh; dh Le`fr esa fufeZr gqbZ FkhA ;gha ij ,d d{k esa tksèkiqj osQ 'kkldksa osQ rSy fp=k Hkh gSaA ;s 'kkgh Nrfj;ka okLro esa fnoaxr 'kkldksa dh Lekjd gS] tks mudh Le`fr esa fufeZr dh xbZ FkhA

10- flVh iSysl] mn;iqj] jktLFkku

mn;iqj dh LFkkiuk egkjktk mn;flag us dh Fkh rFkk ;g tksèkiqj ls 250 fdyksehVj nwj gSA egkjktkvksa dk ;g fdyk fiNksyk >hy osQ fdukjs ij fLFkr gSA egy dk iwjk ifjlj HkO; gS rFkk ;g xzsukbV vkSj laxejej ls cuk;k x;k gSA blosQ nksuksa dksuksa esa v"Vdks.kh; xqacnksa okyh ehukjsa gSaA blosQ ckg~; Hkkx ij 'osr jax gSaA oSls ;g fdyk iwokZfHkeq[kh gSA cM+h iksy ls gksdj blesa izos'k fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;gha 'kkgh uxkM+s Hkh j[ks gSaA rksj.k iksy osQ lkFk&lkFk lwjt iksy Hkh gSA rksj.k iksy esa ls gksdj xqtjus okyk jkLrk ,d cM+s pkSd esa [kqyrk gSA bl pkSd osQ nksuksa rjiQ NksVs&NksVs pkSd gSa] ftuls gksdj tukuk rFkk enkZuk esa tk;k tk ldrk gSA bl egy esa vusd y?kq vkdkj osQ egy Hkh gSaA 'kh'k egy esa 'kh'ks dk tM+kmQ dk;Z gS] rks Ñ".k foykl egy esa fofHkUu fo"k;ksa dks n'kkZus okys y?kq fp=kA phu rFkk gkySaM dh uhyh ,oa 'osr VkbYl okyk phuh dk fp=k egy bl jktegy dk eè; Hkkx gSA ekf.kd egy ekf.kD; o phuh feV~Vh rFkk eksrh egy 'kh'ks osQ dk;Z osQ fy, izfl¼ gSA Hkhe foykl egy esa jkèkk Ñ".k ls lacafèkr dgkfu;ksa osQ n`'; nhokjksa ij fpf=kr gSa rks izhre foykl egy osQ eksj pkSd dh nhokjksa ij cgqr eghu :i esa eksj fpf=kr gSA cM+s egy osQ gjs&Hkjs cxhps rFkk iQOokjs ,oa tukuk egy vkd"kZd vkSj lqanj <ax ls fufeZr gSaaA

mn;iqj dk ;g flVh iSysl eqxfy;k ltkoVh 'kSyh rFkk jktiwrkuh lSfud okLrqdyk dk lqanj feJ.k gSA

11- ysd iSysl] mn;iqj] jktLFkku

14oha 'krkCnh esa fiNksyk >hy cukbZ xbZ FkhA gjh&Hkjh igkfM+;ksa ls f?kjh bl >hy osQ vusd ?kkV rFkk vklikl ckx&cxhps gSa rFkk ;g mn;iqj 'kgj osQ lkSan;Z dks LofxZd cukrs gSaA

'osr laxejej ls fufeZr tx fuokl 'kkgh ifjokj osQ xfeZ;ksa esa jgus dk egy FkkA bl egy osQ NTts rFkk f[kM+fd;ka >hy dh rjiQ [kqyrs gSaA bl goknkj ifjlj dk iQ'kZ laxejej dk gS] rks LraHk xzsukbV iRFkj ls fufeZrA blosQ ckx cxhps o iQOokjs lqO;ofLFkr gS rFkk dejs vPNh izdkj ls vyaÑrA blosQ lTtu fuokl esa dey osQ iwQyksa osQ eè; u`R; djrh u`R;kaxukvksa dks n'kkZus okys vusd fHkfÙkfp=k gSaA buosQ vykok blosQ izkax.k esa oqQeqfnuh dk rkykc Hkh gSA tx fuokl dks vc gksVy dk :i ns fn;k x;k gS rFkk ;g ysd iSysl gksVy osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA

12- tx eafnj] mn;iqj] jktLFkku

mn;iqj esa fLFkr ;g izfl¼ tx eafnj fiNksyk >hy osQ nf{k.kh }hi ij lu~ 1551 esa fufeZr gqvk Fkk rFkk bldk xqacnkdkj eaMi] vFkkZr~ xqy egy bldh ,d fof'k"V igpku gSA ftls d.kZ flag us cuok;k FkkA ;g izkar esa fLFkr eqxy LFkkiR;dyk 'kSyh esa fufeZr oqQN Hkouksa esa ls ,d gSA 'kgtknk [kqjZe] tks ckn esa ckn'kkg 'kkgtgka osQ uke ls izfl¼ gqvk Fkk] lu~ 1623 esa ;gka jgk djrk Fkk] tc mlus vius firk tgkaxhj osQ f[kykiQ fonzksg fd;k FkkA

13- oaqQHkyx<+ dk fdyk] oaqQHkyx<+] jktLFkku

egkj.kk oaqQHkk }kjk cuok;k x;k oaqQHkyx<+ dk ;g fdyk ,d HkO; igkM+h fdyk gSA mn;iqj ls yxHkx 90 fdyksehVj dh nwjh ij fLFkr ;g fdyk leqnz ry ls 1087 ehVj dh maQpkbZ ij fLFkr gSA rsjg f'k[kjksa ls f?kjk gqvk ;g fdyk bl igkM+h dh lcls m¡Qph pksVh ij fLFkr gSA esokM+ esa fprkSM+x<+ dk fdyk rFkk oaqQHkyx<+ dk fdyk lokZfèkd egRoiw.kZ ekus tkrs gSaA

bldh pkjnhokjh dkiQh pkSM+h gS rFkk rksi[kkuk vR;ar lqlfTtrA blesa lSfudksa ,oa vke yksxksa osQ jgus dk i;kZIr LFkku Hkh FkkA bls cukus esa yxHkx 15 o"kZ dk le; yxk FkkA xgjs njsZ rFkk ?kus taxy osQ chp ls

gSA ;g fdyk okLro esa dNokgk 'kkldksa osQ izfl¼ [ktkus dks lqjf{kr j[kus osQ fy, cuk;k x;k FkkA blh dkj.k bl fdys dh ;kstuk bl izdkj cukbZ xbZ Fkh fd ;g lqjf{kr jgs rFkk nq'eu vanj u vk losQA vkarfjd fp=k esa ifg;ksa okyh fo'o dh fo'kkyre rksikssa esa ls ,d rksi ^t;oku* tks t;x<+ fdys osQ gfFk;kj dkj[kkus esa cukbZ xbZ Fkh] dk n`'; ns[kk tk ldrk gSA

5- ty egy] t;iqj] jktLFkku

t;iqj dh uxj nhokj ls ckgj vusd egyksa osQ Hkou gSA nf{k.k iwoZ esa vkxjk&ekxZ ij fllksfn;k jkuh egy gSA bl egy dk fuekZ.k lokbZ t;flag dh iRuh osQ fy, djok;k x;k Fkk (fp=k esa n`f"Vxkspj ugha gS)A blh izdkj mÙkj&iwoZ esa vkesj rd vusd Hkouksa dh drkj Hkh gSA blesa lokZfèkd egRoiw.kZ ty egy gS] ftldk fuekZ.k euksjatu osQ fy, ,d Ñf=ke >hy eku lkxj osQ chp fd;k x;k FkkA

6- gok egy] t;iqj] jktLFkku

gok egy] t;iqj 'kgj dh ,d eq[; igpku gS rFkk egkjktk lokbZ izrki flag us lu~ 1799 esa bldk fuekZ.k djok;k FkkA ;g ikap eaftyk Hkou jktiwr okLrqdyk dk vuwBk mnkgj.k gSA bldh v¼Z v"Vdks.kh; xqykch jsrhys iRFkj ls cuh f[kM+fd;ka ns[krs gh curh gSa] tks fd eèkqeD[kh osQ NÙks osQ fM”kkbu dk vkHkkl nsrh gSaA bldh igyh nks eaftysa vius esa ry?kj rFkk izkax.k dks lesVs gSa rFkk 'ks"k rhuksa eaftyksa esa osQoy xfy;kjs vkSj NTts gSaA gok egy dk ckg~; :i fdlh eafnj osQ f'k[kj dk vkHkkl nsrk gSA okLro esa gok egy dk fuekZ.k blfy, fd;k x;k Fkk fd 'kkgh ifjokj dh fL=k;ka blosQ 953 vkyksa rFkk f[kM+fd;ksa esa ls jkg pyrh 'kksHkk;k=kkvksa dks ns[k losaQ] fdUrq ckgj ls mUgsa dksbZ u ns[k losQA vkarfjd fp=k esa gok egy dk i`"B Hkkx ns[kk tk ldrk gSA

7- esgjkux<+ dk fdyk] tksèkiqj] jktLFkku

tksèkiqj dh LFkkiuk jko tksèkk us lu~ 1459 esa dh FkhA ;g 235 eh- maQps jsrhys iRFkj dh pV~Vkuksa ij fLFkr gS rFkk t;iqj ls bldh nwjh 386 fdyksehVj gSA ;g fdyk esgjkux<+ osQ uke ls izfl¼ gS] tks fd eSnkuh {ks=k ls 122 ehVj mQij fLFkr gSA ;g ,d maQph nhokj ls f?kjk gS rFkk blosQ vusd ijdksVs gSaA bldh iwohZ ehukj rFkk ijdksVs dkiQh l`n`<+ fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA oSls rks blosQ lkr njokts gSa] exj pkSFkk njoktk u"V gks pqdk gSA nks cqtks± osQ eè; esa fLFkr izFke njoktk iQrsgiqj iksy ij eqM+k x<+xt gSA xksiky xsV] HkkSjksa xsV] nksèkdkaxM+k xsV HkO; esgjkcksa ls vyaÑr gSA blosQ NBsa izos'k }kj yksg iksy ij lrh gqbZ ianzg jkfu;ksa osQ gkFkksa dh Nki ns[kh tk ldrh gSA blh yksg iksy ls jkLrk vafre ckj eqM+dj mÙkjh dksus dk pDdj yxkrk fdys esa pyk tkrk gSA lkrosa izos'k }kj lwjt iksy osQ iwohZ jkLrs dh vxy cxy ls nks jkLrs njckj esa tkrs gSaA bu izos'k }kjksa osQ vfrfjDr fdys esa eksrh egy] 'kkgh fL=k;ksa dk fuokl&LFkku iwQy egy] lyhe dksV] eqjyh euksgj th eafnj] dkydk eafnj] pkeqaMk eafnj] pkeqaMk dh unh rFkk jkuh rkykc vkSj xqykc lkxj uked nks NksVs rkykc nf{k.k esa fLFkr gSA fdys dh pksVh rhu {ks=kksa esa foHkDr gS & mÙkj if'pe dk egy] pV~Vku osQ nf{k.k fdukjs okyk vR;ar fdyscan {ks=k rFkk egy osQ iwoZ rd iSQyh yach&pkSM+h NrA

8- vxzHkkx] tukuk egy] esgjkux<+ dk fdyk] tksèkiqj] jktLFkku

esgjkux<+ fdys ds x<+ egy osQ nks frgkbZ Hkkx esa foLr`r tukuk dk fuekZ.k egkjktk tloar flag us lu~ 1670 esa djok;k FkkA blh tukuk dk ,d eq[; izkax.k eksrh egy pkSd gSA bls eksrh foykl osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA tukuk esa tkyh okys vla[; >jks[ks gSa] ftu ij oozQkdkj NTts gSaA ;g laiw.kZ tukuk jsrhys iRFkj dks rf{kr dj cuk;k x;k gS rFkk bl ij lisQn jax fd;k x;k gSA tukuk osQ >jks[ks esa yxh tkfy;ksa dh izpqj ek=kk egy osQ vxzHkkx dks yVdrh Mksfj;ksa dk :i lk iznku djrh gSA rksjf.kdk rFkk nhokjxhj osQ chp ,d ladjh nhèkkZ] tksfd izR;sd dejs osQ vkxs ls xqtjrh gS] bl tukus dh vuwBh fo'ks"krk gSA

xqtj dj gh bl rd igqapk tk ldrk gSA bl fdys osQ lkr fo'kkydk; njokts] vius vki esa ,d nwljs dks lesVs gq, lkr ijdksVs rFkk o`Ùkkdkj cqtZ ,oa fuxjkuh osQ fy, cuh ehukjsa lHkh vkil esa feydj bls vHks| cukrs gSaA vusd njoktksa osQ vykok blesa oaqQHk';ke] uhyoaQB rFkk oqQcsj vkfn osQ eafnj Hkh gSaA

bl fdys dh ckgjh nhokjsa dbZ oxZehy dk {ks=k ?ksjs gSaA vkarfjd ijdksVs dh lrg dkiQh maQph gS] ftu ij jk.kkvksa dk ckny egy lq'kksfHkr gSA bl fdys osQ vusd dejs mUuhloh 'krkCnh esa jaxs x, gSaA

14- izkphj] oaqQHkyx<+ dk fdyk] oaqQHkyx<+] jktLFkku

oaqQHkyx<+ osQ fdys dh ckgjh nhokjsa dbZ oxZehy dk {ks=k lesVs gSaA bldh HkO;rk dh rqyuk phu dh egku~ nhokj dh HkO;rk ls dh tk ldrh gSA

15- vyoj dk egy] vyoj] jktLFkku

vyoj 'kgj osQ egy dk fuekZ.k jktk c[rkoj flag us lu~ 1793 esa djok;k Fkk rFkk blesa fofHkUu 'kSfy;ksa esa fofHkUu Hkouksa dk fuekZ.k djok;k x;k FkkA egy osQ vxzHkkx esa ,d vyaÑr rkykc gSA blosQ vkarfjd Hkkx dh ,d fo'ks"krk 'kh'k egy gS] ftlesa 'kh'kksa esa can jktiwr 'kSyh esa y?kq fp=k cuk, x, gSaA bUgha 'kh'kksa osQ dejs osQ lehi 'kkgh iqLrdky; rFkk 'kkL=kkxkj Hkh gSaA 'kkgh iqLrdky; esa izkphu ikaMqfyfi;ka gSa] ftuesa lu~ 1848 dh laqnj fpf=kr xqfyLrka dh ikaMqfyfi Hkh gSA 'kkL=kkxkj esa jRu tfM+r vL=kksa&'kL=kksa dk laxzg gSA

;g egy jktiwr rFkk eqxy LFkkiR; dyk osQ lafeJ.k dk cstksM+ uewuk gSA

16- t; LraHk] fpÙkkSM+x<+ dk fdyk] fprkSM+x<+] jktLFkku

esokM+ osQ 'kfDr'kkyh jktkvksa esa ls ,d jk.kk oqaQHkk }kjk fufeZr ;g t; LraHk ,d izdkj ls 15oha 'krkCnh dh tSu okLrqdyk dk cstksM+ uewuk gSA bl LraHk dk fuekZ.k lu~ 1440 esa ekyok osQ egewn f[kyth ij izkIr dh xbZ fot; osQ miy{; esa djok;k x;k Fkk rFkk okLrqdkj tSr us bldk fMtkbZu rS;kj fd;k Fkk bls ,d pV~Vku ij pwus iRFkj ls cuk;k x;k FkkA ;g ukS eaftyh gS rFkk èkjkry ls bldh oqQy maQpkbZ 37-2 ehVj gSA LraHk osQ izR;sd Lrj ij fdlh u fdlh eafnj ls tqM+k eaMi] NTtsnkj f[kM+fd;ka gSa rFkk fganw nsoh&nsorkvksa dks izpqj :i ls mRdh.kZ fd;k x;k gSA ukSoh eafty ij ,d frtksjh gS] ftl ij Hkxoku Ñ".k dks xksfi;ksa osQ lkFk jkl djrs n'kkZ;k x;k gSA

17- Mhx dk egy] Mhx] jktLFkku

cnu flag }kjk LFkkfir tkV lkezkT; dh jktèkkuh Mhx Fkh] tks fd Hkjriqj ls yxHkx 32 fdyksehVj nwj gSA fdyk rFkk jkljax osQ vU; egy bl {ks=k dh rRdkyhu LFkkiR;dyk dh n`f"V ls egRowi.kZ gSA

Mhx fLFkr cnu flag dk ;g fdyk iqjkuk egy osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS rFkk lery Hkwfe ij fufeZr gSA vR;ar lqn`<+ ;g fdyk ns[kus esa bdgjk l?ku Hkou yxrk gSA fdys osQ vanj vusd d{k rFkk nks [kqys pkSd gSa] ysfdu buosQ ckotwn ;g ns[kus esa vk;rkdkj yxrk gSA orZeku esa blosQ vkarfjd d{kksa esa ljdkjh dk;kZy; dk;Z dj jgs gSaA bu d{kksa dk mQijh Hkkx ltkoVh gS rFkk ml ij xqacnsa ,oa maQph xSyjh gSA fdys dk eq[; izos'k flag iksy }kj gSA ;g fo'kkydk; njoktk esgjkcnkj gS rFkk 'ksjksa vkfn dh mRdh.kZ ewfrZ;ksa ls vyaÑr gSA lwjt njoktk] uaxk njoktk rFkk xksiky lkxj vkSj :i lkxj uked nks rkykc bl fdys dh okLrqdyk osQ vkd"kZ.k osQ vU; osaQnz gSaA izLrqr fp=k esa xksiky lkxj esa egy osQ izfrfcac dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA

18- cwanh dk fdyk] cwanh] jktLFkku

cwanh nf{k.k&iwohZ jktLFkku esa fLFkr gS rFkk lu~ 1342 esa jko nsogj us ;gka ,d fdyk cuok;k FkkA vkerkSj ij bl fdys dks rkjkx<+ osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA vkdkj esa ;g pkSdksj gS rFkk dksuksa esa fo'kky cqtZ fLFkr gSaA bldh if'peh nhokj osQ eè; esa ,d lqanj izos'k}kj gS rFkk iwohZ nhokj osQ eè; osQ ijdksVs eks[ksnkj gSa] rFkk mQijh eqaMsj dkiQh m¡Qph gSA

fdys osQ if'pe osQ eq[; njokts osQ nksuksa rjiQ v"Vdks.kh; ehukjsa gSa rFkk lqj{kk osQ fy, n`<+ x<+xtA eq[; }kj ij j{kdksa osQ lqn`<+ dejs gSaA fdys esa iRFkjksa ls cuh fo'kkydk; HkhecqtZ nwj ls gh ns[kh tk ldrh gS rFkk mlesa 16oha 'krh dh izfl¼ rksi xHkZxate~ j[kh gqbZ Fkh] tks fd vc [kks pqdh gSA rkjkx<+ osQ jkuh egy dh nhokjsa eghu y?kq fp=kksa ls lqlfTtr gSa rFkk f[kM+fd;ksa esa jaxhu 'kh'ksa lq'kksfHkr gSaA lehi osQ fo'kky rkykc esa jkuh egy dk izfrfcac ns[kk tk ldrk gSA cwanh osQ gj fdys esa vusd tyk'k; gSA loh.kZ&èkk dk oaqQM Hkh bUgha esa ls ,d gSA lu~ 1654 esa cuk ;g tyk'k; xgjk pkSjl vkSj ik;nku okyk gSA ,d izdkj ls ;g f=kvk;keh T;kferh; okLrqdyk dk vuqie mnkgj.k gSA

19- twukx<+ dk fdyk] chdkusj] jktLFkku

lu~ 1488 esa jko tksèkk osQ iq=k chdk }kjk chdkusj LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA chdkusj 'kgj rd igq¡pus dk ekxZ 'kkunkj gS vkSj ;g ,d Åaph mBh gqbZ Hkwfe ij fLFkr gSA blosQ pkjksa rjiQ 5&6 fdyksehVj pkSM+h iRFkj dh ,d eks[ksnkj nhokj gSA blosQ ikap eq[; }kj ,oa rhu Hkwfexr xfy;kjs gSaA bldh nhokjksa dh maQpkbZ 4-6 eh- ls 9-2 eh- ds chp gSA

lu~ 1588 ls 1593 osQ nkSjku jktk jk; flag us bl fdys dks cuok;k FkkA blosQ lEeq[k ,d lkoZtfud eSnku gSA bldh ckgjh nhokjksa dh ifjfèk yxHkx 990 ehVj gSA

;g fdyk jktkvksa rFkk jkt izeq[kksa }kjk fufeZr fofHkUu lSarhl egyksa rFkk e.Miksa osQ fy, tkuk tkrk gSA bl fdys dk eq[; izos'k lwjt iksy ls gksdj gSA bl izos'k }kj osQ lEeq[k iRFkj ls cus gkfFk;ksa ij lokj t;ey rFkk iÙkk uked nks egku ;ks¼kvksa dh ewfrZ;ka gSaA pkSd dh foijhr fn'kk esa jktk d.kZ flag }kjk fufeZr d.kZ egy (nhoku&,&vke) gSA Nr dks lgkjk nsus osQ fy, LraHkksa ij ?kqekonkj egjkcsa gSaA d.kZ egy osQ mQij 'kkgh vkokl d{k&xt eafnj gSA bl xt eafnj dh Nr ij N=k fuokl osQ mQij y?kq eaMi gSA d.kZ egy ls gksdj Mwaxj&fuokl rd tk;k tk ldrk gSA Mwaxj fuokl dh nhokjsa fpf=kr gSa rFkk mlesa lisQn laxejej dk cuk rd rkykc gS] ftlesa gksyh osQ mRlo ij jax fefJr ikuh Hkjk tkrk FkkA fdys dk izkphure d{k yky fuokl gSA bldh gj nhokj fo'ks"k 'kSyh esa leku :i ls iq"i fp=kksa ls vyaÑr gSA nf{k.k esa pkSd osQ rjiQ osQ NTtksa esa tkfy;ka yxh gSaA

iwQy egy osQ lkFk cus panz egy rFkk xt eafnj dh nhokjsa lqanj :i ls fpf=kr gS rFkk budk fuekZ.k xt flag us djok;k FkkA iwQy egy esa iwQyksa dks fpf=kr fd;k x;k gS rFkk muesa 'kh'ks dk eghu tM+kmQ dk;Z Hkh gqvk gSA vuwi egy esa yky jsrhys iRFkjksa vkSj 'kh'ks osQ tM+kmQ dk;Z okyk jkt fryd d{k gSA lqUnj xaxk fuokl (lHkk d{k) 19oha 'krkCnh esa tksM+k x;k FkkA

20- vuwi egy] twukx<+ dk fdyk] chdkusj] jktLFkku

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1. Amber Fort, Jaipur, RajasthanAmber, the ancient capital of the Kachhawaha Rajputs lies in the rocky Aravalli hills, 11 kms north of Jaipur. Much of what remains of the fortress-palace today was constructed during the reign of Raja Man Singh, the Rajput commmander of Akbar’s army. It is built on a steep cliff; rectangular in concept, its towers and white walls are refl ected in a small lake. It’s long russet gold ramparts adhere to the architectural style of the period.

This fort comprises the Diwan-i-Am, Diwan-i-Khas, several palaces, courtyards and the famous Jagat Shiromani and Shila Devi temples.

The entrance gate of the Amber Palace known as Ganesh Pol (inset) was added by Jai Singh I. Ganesh Pol is situated between the Diwan-i-Am (Public Court) and the Diwan-i-Khas (Private Court). This gate serves as the entrance for the public to the private courts of the palace. The gallery above the Ganesh Pol with lattice work windows was constructed so as to allow the women in the family to watch the activities in the street without being seen from outside.

2. Sheesh Mahal, Amber Fort, Jaipur, Rajasthan

The eastern pavilion of the Amber palace is built in two storeys, one below the Jai mandir and the other above the Jas mandir. The Jai mandir has the Diwan-i-Khas and the Sheesh Mahal, ‘The Hall of Mirrors’.

The picture shows the interior of the Sheesh Mahal. The plaster of the wall and ceiling is embedded with tiny concave mirrors forming a variety of designs. When this palace was occupied, lamps were lit after dark, the refl ected light in the mirrors of the Sheesh Mahal created an illusion of a multitude of stars in the sky.

Glass mosaic is a common Rajput technique used as decoration in buildings. The particular patterns used here, especially the web of tiny arch-shaped indents, follow the Shahjahani adaptation of this decorative art.

3. City Palace, Chandra Mahal, Jaipur, Rajasthan

Jaipur, the Pink city of Rajasthan which is 241 kms. from Agra was founded by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh of Amber. The City Palace situated in the centre of the city is surrounded by a boundary wall. the earliest building and the centre of the complex is the Chandra Mahal which was constructed in 1724-34 A.D. The picture shows a seven-tiered, pyramidal structure of the Chandra Mahal. On the ground fl oor, on the north side, is the broad verandah called the Pritam Niwas, from which a marble channel runs into the formal garden.In the main portion of the ground fl oor of the Chandra Mahal is situated the “Hall of audience”. This is a small and rather low peristyle hall with the familiar cusped arches. To the south-east of the Chandra Mahal is the building known as Diwan-i-Am (at present this is serving as an art gallery). The royal women apartments (zenana) lies in the west of Chandra Mahal, which is a vast building. The two principal pavilions of the palace are the Badal Mahal and the Govind Deo temple. Close to the Chandra Mahal is the famous Jantar Mantar constructed in 1718-34 A.D., (inset picture) the largest of the fi ve observatories built by Jai Singh II in the

supporting the facade - a narrow strip along the edge of each room - is a unique feature peculiar to the Jodhpur zenana.

9. Jaswant Thada, Jodhpur, RajasthanJaswant Thada, a cluster of royal cenotaphs of royal chhatries was built in 1899 A.D. in the memory of Maharaja Jaswant Singh II. The cenotaphs of the Jaswant Thada also has portraits of the rulers of Jodhpur. Royal chhatries were built to commemorate the place where royalty had been cremated and also served as a memorial to them.

10. City Palace, Udaipur, RajasthanUdaipur, the beautiful city of lakes is situated about 259 kms from Jodhpur and was founded by Maharana Udai Singh. The City Palace of the Maharanas, which stands along the banks of the Pichola lake, is an impressive complex of buildings in granite and marble fl anked by octagonal corner towers surmounted by cupolas. The exterior is plastered in white colour. The palace faces the east. The entrance is through the Badi Pol, which contains the royal drums. The Suraj Pol is in line with Toran Pol, the main gate of the palace building. The Toran Pol, which one could enter mounted on horseback leads into a large chowk, fl anked by two smaller palaces. The Sheesh Mahal is decorated with inlay mirror work and the Krishna Vilas with episodes from stories painted in the miniature style. Blue and white Chinese and Dutch tiles are used in Chini-Ki-Chitra Mahal which is the central pavilion of the palace. The Manak Mahal has glass and porcelain and the Moti Mahal is famous for its mirror work. The scenes from the Radha-Krishna stories are painted on the walls of the Bhim Vilas, and the intricately crafted peacocks in fi ne mosaic relief on the walls of Mor chowk of Pritam Vilas. The Zenana Mahal, gardens and fountains of Bada Mahal are beautifully constructed.

The Udaipur City Palace is a blend of Mughal decorative art and Rajput military architecture.

11. Lake Palace, Udaipur, RajasthanLake Pichola was formed in the fourteenth century A.D. Fringed with green hills and studded with ghats and gardens, the lake provides an ethereal beauty to Udaipur.

Lake palace also known as Jag Niwas is built from white marble and was the summer palace of the former royal family. Its balconies and windows overlook the lake. This airy complex has marble fl oors and granite columns. The gardens and fountains are well laid and the rooms are beautifully decorated. The Sajjan Niwas or Lotus suite of the palace contains murals which depict girls dancing among lotus leaves. In the courtyard there is a lily pond. Jag Niwas has now been converted to a hotel and is called the Lake Palace Hotel.

12. Jag Mandir, Udaipur, RajasthanThe Jag Mandir, which is on the southern island of the Pichola lake was built in 1551 A.D. The domed pavilion or Gul Mahal, which is its greatest landmark, was commenced by Karan Singh. It is one of the few examples of Mughal style of architecture in the state. It is said, that in 1623 A.D. Prince Khurram the future Emperor Shahjahan, lived here when he revolted against his father, Jahangir.

13. Kumbhalgarh Fort, Kumbhalgarh, Rajasthan

Kumbhalgarh is a spectacular hill fort built by Maharana Kumbha, at a height of 1087 m above sea level and is about 90 kms from Udaipur. It lies on the top most ridge of the hill, surrounded by thirteen other peaks. The Chittorgarh Fort and the Kumbhalgarh Fort are the two most important forts of Mewar.

The Kumbhalgarh Fort has four wide walls, and it was well equipped with batteries, and suffi cient accommodation for the troops and the public. It took fi fteen years to complete the fort.

early eighteenth century A.D., the others are at Delhi, Mathura, Ujjain and Varanasi.

4. Jaigarh Fort, Jaipur, RajasthanThe imposing Jaigarh Fort was built in 1600 A.D. by Raja Man Singh. It offers a beautiful view of the plans and the city of Jaipur. This fort housed the famous treasures of the Kachhawaha rulers in deep vaults. The fort was designed in a manner that no enemy could enter as it was well protected from all sides. In the (inset) picture you can see Jaiwaan, one of the largest cannon on wheels in the world, made in the foundry of Jaigarh.

5. Jal Mahal, Jaipur, RajasthanOutside the Jaipur city walls are various other palace buildings. To the south-east on the Agra road is the Sisodia Rani Mahal, built for the wife of Sawai Jai Singh (not seen in the picture). To the north-east, numerous buildings line the road to Amber, of which the most important is the Jal Mahal, a pleasure palace built in the middle of Man Sagar, the artifi cial lake.

6. Hawa Mahal, Jaipur, RajasthanHawa Mahal or Palace of the Winds is one of Jaipur’s major landmarks. It was built in 1799 A.D. by Maharaja Sawai Pratap Singh. This fi ve storey building is a unique example of Rajput architecture with its pink coloured semi octagonal and delicate honeycombed sandstone windows. The fi rst two storeys of the Hawa Mahal enclose basement and courtyards, but the three storeys above consist only of passages and balconies. The exterior of the Hawa Mahal gives the look of a Shikhara of a temple. It was originally built to enable the royal ladies, seated in its 953 niches and windows to look down on processions in the main street below without being seen by the common people. In the inset picture you can see the back view of the Hawa Mahal.

7. Mehrangarh Fort, Jodhpur, RajasthanJodhpur is situated at a height of 235 m on a range of sandstone hills about 386 kms away from Jaipur. It was founded by Rao Jodha in 1459 A.D. This Fort, popularly known as Mehrangarh, is 122 m above the plains and is enclosed by a high wall with bastions. Its eastern towers and bastions are the strongest. The Fort is guarded by seven gates of which the fourth gate has been destroyed. The fi rst gate, Fateh Pol is between twin bastions and has a curved barbican, its lintel is supported on corbels. Gopal gate, Bhairon gate and Dodhkangra gates have elegant arches. The sixth gate, Loha Pol has the hand prints of fi fteen royal satis, wives of the Maharaja. this Loha Pol controls the fi nal turn of the path of the fort round the northern end. The seventh gate, Suraj Pol leads sideways from the eastern passage into the durbar court. The Fort contains Moti Mahal, Phool Mahal, the royal ladies apartments (zenana), Salim Kot, Murli Manoharji temple, Kalka temple, Chamunda temple, Chamunda-ki-Nandi and the two small tanks namely the Rani Talao and the Gulab Sagar to the south. The Fort summit is divided into three areas, the palace of the north-west, the strongly fortifi ed area to the south edge of the cliff and a long wide terrace to the east of the palace.

In front of the Mehrangarh Fort in the picture you can see the Jaswant Thada.

8. Facade, Zenana Mahal, Mehrangarh Fort, Jodhpur, Rajasthan

The Garh palace of Mehrangarh Fort, of which about two third is a zenana, was constructed during 1670 A.D. by Maharaja Jaswant Singh. A major court of the zenana is Moti Mahal chowk otherwise known as Moti Vilas. This zenana contains numerous jharokhas (small, projecting balcony) decorated with jali work screens and capped by curved roofs. The whole structure is carved from sandstone and painted white. The profusion of jalis creates an illusion of delicate lace work. The narrow gallery between the arcade and the bracket of the stone

Forts, Palaces and Havelis of Rajasthan

The approach is impressive across deep ravines and through thick jungles. Seven massive gates guard the approaches, while seven ramparts, one within the other reinforced by rounded bastions and huge watchtowers, render the fort impregnable. Besides many gates, it has several temples like Kumbashyam, Nikhanth and Kuber within the fort.

The outer wall embraces an area of several square miles. The tiers of inner ramparts rise to the summit, which are crowned by the Badal Mahal of the Ranas. The palace has several sets of rooms furnished in pastel colours in the nineteenth century A.D.

14. Ramparts, Kumbhalgarh Fort, Kumbhalgarh, Rajasthan

The outer wall of the Kumbhalgarh Fort embraces an area of several square miles. This wall is comparable to the grandeur of the Great Wall of China.

15. Alwar Palace, Alwar, RajasthanThe building of the Alwar City Palace was commenced in 1793 A.D. by Raja Bakhtawar Singh. It consists of a varied group of buildings of different styles of architecture. In front of the palace there is a large ornamental tank. The interior of the palace is notable for the Sheesh Mahal which is dotted with Rajput miniature paintings sealed under glass. Near the Sheesh Mahal is the armoury and the royal library, which contains a fi ne collection of oriental manuscripts including a copy of a beautifully illustrated Gulistan manuscript of 1848 A.D. It also has a rich collection of bejewelled sabres, swords and weapons.

The Palace is a delicate rendering of the style which emerged out of the blend of Rajput and Mughal style of architecture.

16. Victory Tower, Chittorgarh Fort, Chittorgarh, Rajasthan

Victory Tower or Jaya Stambh is a masterpiece of fi fteenth century revivalist Jain architecture, built by Rana Kumbha, one of the most powerful Kings of Mewar. It was designed by an architect called Jaita to commemorate the victory over Mahmud Khalji of Malwa in 1440 A.D. The tower was mainly built by compact limestone and the quartz rock on which it stands. It has nine storeys rising to 37.2 m above the ground level. In each tier of this tower, there is a mandapa associated with a temple, enriched with balconied windows and is carved profusely with the gods of the Hindu pantheon. The ninth storey has a vault with a sculptured representation of Lord Krishna surrounded by dancing gopis.

17. Deeg Palace, Deeg, RajasthanDeeg was the capital of the Jat Kingdom founded by Badan Singh. It is situated about 32 kms from Bharatpur. The fortress and the pleasure palaces of Deeg are of major architectural importance of that period.

Badan Singh’s palace at Deeg, also known as Purana Mahal, is a single continuous mass of building built on a plain with little fortifi cation. Inside the palace there are apartments, now used for Government offi ces, with two open chowks, however the building is a rectangular block. It’s upper portion consists of a number of domes and galleries. The main entrance of the palace is via the Singh Pol. This gate has a huge archway ornately carved with lions. some other architectural features of the palace are the Suraj Gate, the Nanga Gate and the two water tanks the Gopal Sagar and the Rup Sagar. In the picture the refl ection of the palace can be seen in the Gopal Sagar.

18. Bundi Fort, Bundi, RajasthanBundi is situated in south-east Rajasthan. Bundi Fort was constructed by Rao Deva Hara in 1342 A.D. This fort is popularly known as Taragarh Fort. It is square in plan with

large corner bastions. In the middle of the west wall there is a fi ne gateway and in the middle of the east wall, a postern. The ramparts are crenellated, with high parapets. The main gate, to the west is fl anked by octagonal towers protected by a strong barbican. The main entrance has vaulted guard rooms. the fort is dominated by a huge masonry tower, the Bhim Burj, which was used to house one of the most famous cannons of this region, the sixteenth century Garbh-Ganjam (now lost). The Rani Mahal at Taragarh, stands refl ected in a large tank, with delicate fading miniatures on walls and coloured glasses in windows. Bundi Fort contains many water tanks, one among them is the Sabirna-Dha-Ka-Kund. It is a deep, square stepped water tank, built in 1654 A.D. It is a fi ne example of three dimensional geometrical architecture.

19. Junagarh Fort, Bikaner, RajasthanBikaner was founded by Bika, son of Rao Jodha in 1488 A.D. The approach to the city of Bikaner is magnifi cent and it is situated on a raised ground. It is encircled by a 5.6 km. long crenellated stone wall. There are fi ve gates and three underground passages, the walls varying in height between 4.6 and 9.2 m.

Junagarh Fort was built by Raja Raj Singh, between 1588 and 1593 A.D. This fort is situated in front of the public park. Its outer walls are approx. 990 m in circumference. The fort is known for its range of thirty-seven palaces and pavilions built by chieftains and kings.

Junagarh Fort’s main entrance is through the Suraj Pol. In front of this gateway, sculptures of two great warriors, Jaimal and Patta are mounted on painted stone elephants. Karan Mahal (Diwan-i-Am) built by Raja Karan Singh, is on the opposite side of the chowk. The ceiling is supported by a continuous arcade of cusped arches over balustrade and fl uted columns. Above the Karan Mahal is Gaj Mandir, a suite of royal apartments on the roof of which is Chatra Niwas, a small pavilion. Karan Mahal leads to Dungar Niwas which has painted walls and a white marble tank. This was fi lled with coloured water during the festival of Holi. The oldest apartment of the fort is Lal Niwas. The walls are richly painted with stylized symmetrical, fl oral motifs. The balconies overlooking the chowk, to the south, are fi tted with jalis.

The walls of Chandra Mahal built together with the Phool Mahal and Gaj Mandir by Gaj Singh are beautifully painted. The Phool Mahal is decorated with motifs of fl owers and delicately inlaid mirror work. Anup Mahal contains the coronation hall better known as the Raj Tilak Hall, which is decorated with red sandstone and glass inlay work. The lovely Ganga Niws (audience hall) was added in the nineteenth century A.D.

20. Anup Mahal, Junagarh Fort, Bikaner, RajasthanAnup Mahal was built between 1669 and 1698 A.D. and was decorated later by Maharaja Gaj Singh. It is an exquisite building with a stunning coronation hall in red and gold. The Raj Tilak Hall, as it is known, is enriched with ornamental lacquer work and opaque glass inlay work. One anti-chamber is vivid acquamarine blue inlaid with gilt. Another room contains the famous hindola or swing, a rare specimen.

The Anup Mahal is the epitome of the splendour and decorative art of Rajput architecture and is the fabulous treasure-house of a desert prince.

21. Kota Palace, Kota, RajasthanKota was founded in 1579 A.D., and is 39 kms. from Bundi. It lies on the east bank of the Chambal river. The Kota palace was built around 1625 A.D. by Madho Singh, son of Rao Ratan Singh of Bundi.

There is a large Durbar Hall, the Bhim Mahal constructed in the early eighteenth century A.D., which is covered with Rajput miniatures depicting the history and legends of Kota.

It has some fi ne ivory and ebony inlay work and a profusion of surface ornamentation. The Elephant Gate is fl anked by murals showing a royal wedding procession and bracketed elephants, whose trunks are raised in a gesture of salutation over the central arch. The exterior of the palace is a mixture of robust fortifi cation and delicate ornamental stone work. The Akhade ka Mahal was added to the west of the inner court between 1723 and 1756 A.D. and was later enlarged and reconstructed between 1888 and 1940 A.D. The prominent Hawa Mahal, added next to the entrance to the fort in 1864 A.D. is a copy of the famous facade at Jaipur.

22. Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, RajasthanJaisalmer was founded by Bhatti Chief Rawal Jaisal in 1156 A.D. It is situated in the Thar desert, about 287 kms from Jodhpur. The fort stands on Trikuta hill, 76 m high and is enclosed by an imposing crenellated sandstone wall 9.1 m high. It is reinforced with ninety-nine bastions which were used as gun platforms. Wells within the fort provided a regular source of water. The Garh palace stands at the highest point within the fort bordering two sides of an open square known as the chauhata. This is also called the Juna Mahal. All the windows have jali screens made of stone, typical of all Rajasthan buildings of the period. Between 1577 and 1623 A.D. the Suraj Pol, Ganesh Pol and Hawa Pol were erected. The Suraj Pol is decorated with a large rounded ornate Sun. To its right is a large tower crowned by a kiosk with delicate carved balconies called Tazia Tower, which has fi ve storeys of ornately carved details with drooping Bengali style roofs. Beyond a spiked entrance gate, on a sharp turn in the path is the Ganesh Pol, which leads to Rang Pol. The outer defences are reinforced by a second rampart, which runs parallel to and higher than the fi rst. Rang Mahal, situated above Hawa Pol, is decorated with murals. Sarvotam Vilas, a most distinguished building is decorated with blue tiles and glass mosaics. Adjacent is the Gaj Vilas, built in 1884 A.D. It stands on a high plinth, its eastern elevation facing the Square or chauhata.

Also within the four walls is an interesting group of Jain temples, dating from the twelfth to fi fteenth century A.D. The oldest is the Parshawanath temple. They are all impressive and add another dimension to the secular buildings of the city.

23. Salim Singh Ki Haveli, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan

Salim Singh Ki Haveli was built in 1815 A.D. It was built on an earlier structure which was constructed in the late seventeenth century A.D. The Haveli has a beautiful arched roof and exquisitely carved details with brackets in the form of peacocks. The entrance is guarded by a large stone elephant, (not seen in the picture). The upper portion of the house has been compared to a ship’s prow and, is often called Jahaz Mahal. The top two storeys, the Kanchan Mahal and Ranga Mahal were once adorned with glass mosaics and bright colours which no longer exist.

This Haveli belonged to the infl uential Mohta family and is still used for residential purposes.

24. Nathumal’s Haveli, Jaisalmer, RajasthanNathumal’s Haveli was built for the Diwan Maharawal Bari Sal in 1885 A.D.

The entrance is fl anked by stone elephants and the entire facade is carved with a riot of ornamental details – soldiers, horses, elephants, fl owers and birds. The building was designed and built by two craftsmen-architects Hathi and Lulu. One carved on the left side, the other the right, but the overall impact is one of complete harmony. Extraordinarily, the house is built of rock and not dressed stone. In the main room at the fi rst-fl oor level, the entire front wall is a huge, single rock carved into a bay. The inner walls are painted with beautiful miniatures.