VIII . Conclusion

3n t h e b a s i s of what has been a l r eady discussed i n

+ c for?i-oin.? c h a ? t e r s , t h e f ~ l l o w i n i i c nc lus i2ns rirr

. - r~v .?c 3 t . For 3 svs ternl t lc rno reson ta t lon of t h r

.::icus.iion.our conclus ion may be arrang-Ti an? nres-qrer'

3n tho followinn heneings.

VIII . 1 . ; inalysis of t h e t h r e e dramas o f ~ C l i d i s a Qn t h s

b a ? i s o f t he c r i t l c s .

VIIY. 2. Observatlons on uoc t r lna l 3 i f f e r e n c e s .

'Jill. 3. Observatlons on the Name o f t h e saidhyahgas.

'JIII. 4 . General observat ions on t h e Doctr ines e t c .

VIII . 5 , Some misconception removed.

$ , - .

v L j l . 6 . C r i t i c a l ~ b s e r v a t i o n s on t h e Lomventaries.

VII I . 7 . Some important observat ions on t h e ND.

VIII . 3 . A o ~ a r e n t Contradic t ions c l a r i f i e d . --

VlII . 1 . Analysis of t h e t h r e e dramas o f KalidEsa on

t h e b a s l s o f t h e C r i t i c s :

:'he c m v e n t a t o r s have t r i e d t o ana lyse t h e dramas i n

t he l i g h t o f t h e Sa6dhls and t h e Saic.hyafigas wnich have

been golnted out o r not iced i n t h e i r conmentaries. I t i s

2 o s s i b l s t o understand t h e i r views and understancling 3n t h e

not ion of t h e Sa;ldh& and t h e SaidhyaAgas. ' ~ e have a l r eady

d i s c u s s e d i n d e t a l l i n f i v e f u l l c h a p t e r s , t h e l o c a t i o n

o f t h e 5addhyaAgas 5y t h e Commentators wi th r e l e v a n t

r e f e r e n c e s and a n a l y t i c a l d i s c u s s i o n s , Here, however, we

sunmarise i n b r i e f t h e l o c a t i o n s o f t h e Sanidhyahgas by

some major commentators wi th some c r i t i c a l remarks on t h e

3 r o p r i e t i n e s s and a c c u r a c y o r o t h e r w i s e , i n t h e i r l o c a -

t l o n s , i f any: We w i l l be t a k i n g a l l t h e t h r e e dramas o f

KilidHSa f o r a n a l y s i s from t h i s y o i n t o f view one by o n e .

Our a n a l y s i s on i a k u n t a l ~ w i l l be based on t h r e e

commentaries , namely, KLtayavema, Raghava b h a t t a and ~ b h l j:&- -- Sakuntala-CarcH and f o r t h e r e s t two we w i l l use KV o n l y -- The rluknasaGdhi:

jone o f t h e & o f t h e luiukhasa6dhi a r e l o c a t e d very

a c c u r a t e l y by KKtayavena, RLghavabhatta and AS?~J;G- - _ _ - - S a k u n t a l a - c a r ~ & . UP have a l r e a d y mentioned t h a t iC\II and - 3.B have l o c a t e d a l l t h e twe lve & o f t h e Aukha-saad9i

where a s Abhi-3ak-CarcL has l o c a t e d n i n e , d r o m i n e y=i,

Vidhgna, and Udbheda. KV an? R4 havc t r a c e d t h e e s s e n t i a l -.

i n t h i s Sa6dhl . Following t h e p r e f e r e n c e o f o r d e r

a s suqg-s ted by t h e NC, a l l have l o c a t e d t h e f i r s t t h r e e

a;?as, nqmely, Upaksepa, Z a r i k a r a and ParinyHsa i n a sequence. -- -.- 3heda, Udbh~da and Karana a r e l o c a t e d towards t h e end, -- - *- t h y % RB l o c a t e d k'rE?tI and SarnZdhana a f t e r - ahe,la a?l

Karana a g a i n s t t h ? reference of t h e ND. The l o c s t i 2 n o f - .- ?aribh?va i n t h e soeech of t h e king (Atrq K S i j s n ~ s 5 d h L - - ranZm e t c . ) by ~ b ' l i - $ a k . - ~ s r c 6 anrl M i s n o t v e q convin- - .- clng. As such t h e des i r ed wonder o f ex3ress ion o r t '?e

exs re s s ion Of Cur ios i ty i s not very d i s t i n c t he re . K V and

RB .have locat -d Vidhgna i n two d i f f e r e n t occasions which

i s r i g h t l y drosped by ~ b h i - 6 a k - ~ s r c 5 . I t must be recordee

?e re , t h e r e i s no sco?e o f l oca t ing t h e Vidhana sa idhya iga ,

as r e l a r k s Mainkar, i n t h i s Saidhi . iie remarks, "'JidhZn'n3 - i s not seen a t a11 and Rzghavabhatta 's a t tempt t o f l n 8 it, . . i s without any s ign i f i cance . (Sansk r i t t heo ry , 3. 153.)

' iukti has been r i g h t l y t r aced by both K V arid RB a s t h e r e - - 1s a c l e a r a t t e n p t of surveying t h e f a c t s . "rhpti has bee?

located by these t h r e e authorities ii t h r e e d i f f e r e n t

s i t u a t i o n s . I t can be b e t t e r located j u s t a f t e r t h e l oca -

t i on of Yukti which a l l t h e t h r e e have missed. I t can

not be s a i d t h a t t h e l o c a t i o n of ?rZ3t i i s wrong i n t hosc

cases , but co.noaratively P rgp t i a f t e r lruktF a s we have I

s t a t ed . i s more s u i t a b l e .

I n Vikrama K ' l has loca t ed the f i v e anqas of t h e n u k ~ a , - nmely , Upaksepa, Pa r ika ra , ParinyZsa, ?rHpti and Saiadhana p-

whereas i n a he has l a c a t e d e i g h t a h s including t h r e e

nore, namely, p k p , vilobhana and udbheda. I n bot'? t h e

dramas, t 9 e o r d e r o f t h e f i r s t t h r e e i s main ta ined and i n

both t h e c a s e s ? r Z o t i an@ SanEdhZna o c c u r a t t q e end.

l ' h Prat imukha Sahrlhi: K V h a s l o c q t e d t h i r t e e n o f - Zra t inukha -.n j a k . a g a i n s t th ' n i n e arigas o f a. t n a k, - nane ly , J i l g s a , . 'ar isaroa, bridhGta, iarna, Praganann, ; ; i rodhs

<u_:~a, v a j r a and 'Jpanygsl a r e commonly l o c a t e d . :ot 1 th.?

a u t q o r i t i e s have l o c a t e d VilBsa f i r s t , a s s u ~ , $ e s t ? d b7/ t h e

< .iL, ?he e s s e n t i a l atigas l i k e ?us2, >an9 V a J m , upanyiisa - and F a r i s a r p a a r e l o c a t e d by XL' and h,. 30th t h e c r i t i c s

have l o c a t e d V i l g s a , Vidhuta, Z a r i s a r p a and lvirodha ?ccur?3telv

?usoa ,-&,oe 3 8 b e t t e r p laced i n t h e c o n v e r s a t i o n between t l?e /

kina and Sakunta lg . The l o c a t i o n of V a j r a b.1 e i t h e r 1Z ' l

and FtY i s n o t very hau?y.

I n Vikrama K'J h a s l o c a t e d eleven* o f t h e

' r a t inukha sarhdhi and i n 14Zla, e i g h t o f tqis

{ i l a s a , 'uspa, VpanyZsa, VidhGta, ;Jarma, P a r i s a m a , - P a r p p Z s a n a a r e cannon i n both t h e s e d r a n a s . I n both t h e --- zases Vi lZsa comes f i r s t followed by ?uspa and o t h e r s .

The >arbha Sandhi: KV h a s l o c a t e d twelve a& of t h e

zarbha Sa$d- i i n j a k , whereas ; n Vikrama and 13aa he h a s

l o c a t e d e i g h t and seven aAgas r e s q e c t i v e l y . K9 has l o c a t e d

tw?lve -atigas o f t h e Garbha saihdhi. The e s s e n t i r l l & o f

- t q e ;arbha,namelyI w b h h t a a r a n a , Mhrga , Aksepa kd1~1311a and .- - _,_ -- >t&a a r e l o c a t e d by KV and R3 i n 4ak. k'4, i n ;a'{ and

,lala and fiB have s t a r t e d wl th t h e l o c a t i o n of t h e AbhGtZ- 7 harana and Mlrga. I n t h i s co?nect lon i a i n k a r remarks t h a t

i a k u n t a l a i s n o t a love-intrigue and hence t h e r a 1 s no

s c o l e f o r Abhttahsran_a and Adhibala. (Mainkar, S a n s k r i t

:neory, p . 164.) ' I ~ t e r e s t l n g l y , KY i l i a k and Yikrama /

av!d i \: I n Sak, have l o c a t e d t h e s e t w o arigas. A') has - ~~c' I :o ( ! t h i r t e e n arigas o f t h e +vlmar ia jaindhi i n isle a g a i n s t - t , 7 c t e n a:qx o r ic. The e s s e n t i a l a & a s l i k ? 3 - k t i , XdBr.a -- - a q 5 v a v a s i y a a r e 13ca ted by both. --

I n 'i'ikrana a l s o :.'# has l o c a t e d i y a v a s i v 3 , La~r32c i.';na an.! 5ak:l :q . i l s 7e nas 13ca ted '.h? f:v, ?;:;is - --

i 7 W I I C ? , 0-1v one e s s e q t i a l %, nam=l.:- 1 9 ? o c a t , > d .

: a ~ ? k a r t h i q k s t h a t ? r? roc3na a7"vsvasay: a r e not 7 r o ? ? r l y

l o c a t e d . i 4a inkar , s a l s k r l t ?he3rv , p . 164;. i t i s , l n h e d ,

j : f f ~ c u l t f ? r us t o d e c i d e and sav f o r c o r t a l n whether a

?cl:atlo.: i s r i g h t o r wrolq, t ' l i s b l l n g c o n ~ l = t e ? ~ i ~ ' ~ b j e c t l v e

t- 3ns ' : own ' l n r l P r s t l n l ~ q q ~ \ h i - h !-as a l r e a d y been a e ? t : - . ~ a - !

53r l i . , r

:'he i l rvahana-?a+dqi: A l l t'1.2 f o u r t e e q - a&as of t - ie

. l rvaha?z i a i d h i have been l o c a t e d by iC\i i n ;a:{ wner??s -.- -

:\3 ?as l oca t ed t h i r t e e n *, leaving 3hHsE. I n 'i'ikrama, - twelve a* of t h e NirvahanaSahdhi a r e located by

whereas he has l oca t ed e i g h t aiigas in-a. I n a l l t h e - cases L1J s t ? r t s with t h e l oca t ion of Sa idh i and Virodha

/ /

and ends with t h e l o c a t i o n of P r a s a s t i , whereas i n Sak and

v'lkrama he has a l s o loca t ed _ ~ ~ a s a $ h C r a along with ? r a g a s t i

R3 s t a r t s with t he l o c a t i o n of Saidhi and Nirodha and ends

with ~ ~ v ~ a s a r i h & - a and ? ragas t i a l i k e K'!.

we have d m p e d from our d i scuss ion the l o c a t i o n

of t h e & by aode r l c r i t i c s l i k e 1I .K.K. s a s t r i , C.2.

S a s t r i , M . R . hie, S,:;. S a s t r i and @a SSraka ?and i t . ..- 'iowever, i n our study of t h e Covrnent~r ies we have qiven

In d e t a i l t h e i r l o c a t i o n s of t h e Sahdhis and t h e Sa+dhyaAgas

t? which reference may be made.

7111. 2. Observations on doc t r ina l d i f f e r e n c e s :

1 . The h ighes t number of t h e Saidhyarigas i s s i x t y fou r ,

d iv ided I n t h e following l i n e s :

17 1 3 . 12 + 13 + 14 o r 12 + 13 + 43 + 13 + 13

2 . The nuqber o f t h e a;gas of the Garbha i s 17 according t o - t h e N S , Abhlnavagu?ta, NC, SU and t h e iLK whereas t h e

Dh, EL', ?h and t h e RS accept 12 &p of t h i s Saidhi

3. 3 h a r a t a and t h e r e s t o f t h e a u t h o r i t i e s a r e s i l e n t on

t h e o r d e r o f t h e occur rence o f t h e a&as , whereas t h e

N Y s u g g e s t s a s ~ e c i f i c o r ' e r . For e x a m ~ l e , t h e UpaKsepa, -.- ? a r i k a r a and Zar inyasa sheuld occur i n t h e sequence a s

aen t ioned . The ' l i lobhana comes a f t e r t h e Yariny5sa whlle

t h e sarnhdhina may o - c u r anvwhora i n t h e dukhasa~i~dhi . B E a must come l a s t and a f t e r 2dbheda an(? Karma which -.- a r e p laced towards t h e end. No o r d e r i s susges ted f o r

t h e r e s t of t h e > a i d h i s .

b . - n t h e r ? p e t i t i o n o f a? anga i n a , ~ a i d h i nobody aakes - 3n,., s 3 e c i f i c reqark . I t onlv i n B h a r a ~ a where \re n o t i c e

h1.n t e l l i n g t h a t a ? a r t i c u l a r airga o f a ja6dhi ?av be

repeated twice o r rven t h r i c e wi thou t a f f e c t i n , t h e s ~ i r i t

3 f t h e drama, b u t n o t more than t h r i c e .

5 . i % a r a t a has enumerated twrqty one Ja idhyah ta ras bezinning

from t h e >%ma e t c . which a r e a l s o accep ted by t h e lstcr

a u t h o r i t i e s . kfowever, according t o t h e S3, t h e Sahdhyahtaras

of 3 h s r a t a i s a heterogeneous l i s t o f dramatic d e v i c e s ,

c e r t a i n f e e l i n g s and c e r t a i ? Saidhyahgas. To him t h e

2a iEranq samdhyahga o f t h e Garbh? Sanldhi i s same as

sgna; - Uana, f l a t i and a few a l i k e a r e ?o th in& b u t t h e

v y a b i c ~ r l b h ~ v a s whereas &a, Lekha and few o t h e r s a r e

t h e very p l o t o f t h e drama. I

6. 3 h a r a t a does n o t s u g g e s t any d i s t i n c t i o n between t h e

e s s e n t i a l ( p r a d h i n a ) and t h e n o n - @ ~ s e n t i a l (ApradhCna)

a h . liowever, i n t h e DH and l a t e r t e x t s t h e e s s e n t i a l

o f each Sanidhi a r e c a t ? g o r i c a l l y enumerated.

7. The D R , a?, PR and t h e R5 do n o t r e c o :n i se t h r e e

a h , namely, Kheda, P r a t i f e d h a and ChZdana from t h e

l i s t o f t h e ~ 6 .

8 . The &, namely, Vidrava, Vica lana an+ Chalana a r e

accented by t h e DR grouo , whi le tL-ey a r e abqent i n t h e

l i s t o f Bharata.

9 . +ccord ing t> a h a r a t a , any e r u r e s s i o n whlc? f i l l s t h e

mind wi th c1:riosity i s 2 c a s e of ParibhbvanK. !towever

accord ing t o t h e DR. ND and t h e PR, and e x n r e s s i o n o f

s u r ~ r i s e with i n t e n t n e s s i s Paribhiivans.

70. 3 h a r a t a and fo l lowing him Xbhinavabhgra t i , W . SD an+

;.La d e f i n e Vdbheda a s t h e development o f t h e 2 f j Z r t h a .

However, t h e DR and h i s f o l l o w e r s , t h e NU, ti:' and t'.ie

t'R unders tand i t t o mean ' b u r s t i n g f o r t h ' o f something

s e c r e t o r h idden .

' 1 . :'he .jekdhyan&a, namely, jlama, ~ c c o r d i n e t o d h a r a t a ,

fol lowed by t h e iJC, 3 5 , and t h e NLE i s understood a s

a s i t u a t i o n I n which t h e r e i s some harm wi th in s i g h t .

<owever t h e >K, PR and t h e KS unders tend it a s t h e

d i s p e l l i n g o f r?esoonqancy due t o t:!e d i f f ~ c u l t v of

a t tendinR t h e d e s i r e d o b J e c t .

12. r a g m a n a i s unders tood a s a s e r i e s o f q u e s t i o n s and

answers . According t o t q e DR it i s a t y p e o f r e n l y

which w i l l expose t h e res?ons ive f e e l i n g s between t h e

h e r o and t h e coun+er -oar t . According t o t h e 32 a b e f i t t i n c

r e 3 l y c o n s t i t u t e s t h e element o f t h i s saidhyai:a.

13. Accor4ing t o Bharata t h e 'Jpany<sef qeans a s t a t e m e n t

s u t t i n g forw-rd some argument. The DF$ and followin::

him t h e 3? and t h e 3c unders tand it a s ' P r a s z d a n a ' .

14 . According t o a h a r a t a i s unders tood a s a c o n j e c t u r e

where where doubt o r u n c e r t a i n t y g r e v a i l s . According

t o t h e Dn t h i s i s a s i q p l e : ,uess , whereas t h e IJC

wants i t t o be a g u e s s r e l a t e d t o v a r i o u s a s p e c t s .

1 5 . According t o a h a r a t a , 3 2 , a, SD and t h e IvLK, t h e

Krama-saindhya&a i s t h e knowledge of t h e f e e l i n g s o f - o t h e r s , o r an i n s i q h t o f t h e o t h e r s ' mind. The C,+, .,; 61, ?li and t.70 %5 unders tand t h i s a s t h e accovolishment

o f t h e d e s i r e d end. 5

15. 3 h a r a t a u n r i ~ ~ r s t a n d s Vidrava a s d i c e e p e c t f o r e l d e r s ,

whereas t h e DR, a:.', PR and t h e SS want i t t o be

, o m o r a l Punishment o r Lmorisonment. - -- 17, - c c o r 2 i n g t o Bhara ta P r a s d ? h a i s r e s p e c t f u l r e f e r e n y e

t o e l d e r s . i x c e p t i n g t h e and I.Lh and a virw quoted

by t h e ND and DR, a l l o t h e r text-book w r i t e r s i r ~ c l u d i n g

t h e En, s u S s c r l b e t h i s view.

15. %e 8' and t h e NLH understand it a s a re fe re -CF t o

somet'ning beyond t h e s u b j e c t under d i s c u s s i o n . ,

19. i)yuti of t h e nvamaraa i s understood a s a case of c h a l l e n g e

whereas t h e Dn d e f l n e s i t a s t h r e a t e n i n g and h u r t i n q o t h e r s .

The ND wants i t t o be a c a s e of rebuking.

25. iccordinp, t o Bhara ta , ' l irodhana i s a s i t u a t i o n where

t h e r e i s a consecu t ive speecb due t o aneer . iiowever, t h e

DQ, ?H and t h e JP understand i t t o bc a s i t u a t i o n o *

exchange of h o t words i n anger o r i n exci tement . The

NU, SD and t h e NLR, however, propose i t t o be a c a s e of

d i f f i c u l t y i n t h e q m q r e s s of a c t l o q .

?1 z h i a a ~ a i s understood by 3hara ta a s ziocketting some

i n s u l t f o r t h e sake of t h e d e s i r e d end. The 3 9 , and

t q e ?R fo l low t h e D2 whereas t h e .SD fo l lows d h a - a t a .

27. .-ccordlng t o Uhzrata Frarocana i s a s i t u a t i o ? which

s u g q e s t s t h e coming e v e n t s where-s t h e L R , follow;.d by

a? , Pn, ;ij and 5i) understand i + t 3 be a s i t u a t i o n whlch

shows t h e e v e n t s , t h a t a r e y e t t7 ha??en, a r e a l r e a d y

accomplished

2'. iZccordin% t o 3hara ta ParibhHsana l a a s i t u a t i o n of a 1

e x p r e s s i o n of censure where a - h a r a c t e r i s i n a mood +o

r e a l i s e h i s f a u l t . T h i s i s a l s o t h e view of t h e Nc.

The DR, 3 2 , P?. and t h e RS understand i t as nutua l

c o n v e r s a t i o n

90. :ccording t o a h a r a t a BhEs~na may be under.stood a s a

s t q t e m e n t of ~ , i f t . T h i s i s a l s o t h e view o f t h e l ? t e r

a u t h o r i t i e s excep t t h e DR and PR. Accordin2 t o them

jhassna 1s an a c q u i s i t i o n of honour.

7 . kccording t o 3 h s r a t a P i i ~ a v a k y a i s a s i t u a t i o n where t h e r e

i s t h e rnentlon o f t h e words a l r e a d y u t t e r e d . This

i s a l s o t h e view of t h e 5D. 3n t h e o t h e r hand, t h e DX,

ND, I? , Pz, unders tand i t a s ' t h e ' foresee in^ o f t h e

o b j e c t s o f o n e ' s d e s i r e . The W u n d e r s t a n d s it a s t h e

s i g h t o f t h e a a whereas a c c o r d i n g t o t h e NLFi t h i s

i s t h e b u r s t i n g of t h e fi.

VIII . 3 . Observa t ions on t h e names o f ' ~ a r i o u s d: /

1 . ?he " P a r i k a r a ' o f t h e mukhasamrlhi, o f t h e Ns i s read

a s D a r i k r i y z by t h e DR, b?), 3? a i d t h e {S.

2. The ND t a k e s ' P r i p a n a ' , 'Sarn&it i t and '3hedan' i n t h e

lace o C t h e ' P r H o t i ' , 'SamHdhBna' and 'Bheda' o f

t h e ? r a t l m u k ? a s a ~ d h i , o f t h e N; r e s s e c t i v e l y .

7 . ?he DR, 3i' and KV read 'PariShHva' f o r ' P a r i b h i v a n 5

of t q e , ? ra t imukhasshdhi , o f t h e NS.

4 . Pa r i s a r p a , Vidhiita, Tragayana, N i rodha, Paryupasana

and 7arnassrbh;ra o f t h e Pmt imukhasahdhi , o f t h e 1 ~ ;

a r e read a s Anusarpana, Qhcnsna, ?ragama, kodha, SZntvanq

and vsmasalirhft_i by t h e iJD r e s ~ e c t i v e l y . 5. TEpana, Pragaya?a, and Va~asal ; lha ' ra o f t h e Pratimukha-

o f t h e ~4 a r e read a s &, pragarnana and

varnasamp,raha r e s p e c t i v e l y by <V.

5, 'Ni rodha ' o f t h e p ra t imukhasahdhi , o f t h e P4.j; i s read

a s i i i rodhana by t h e DR, K a l p a l a t a and SgrHrthadfpikC,

where a s t h e PR, RS, 3 3 , ILR, K i s h o r a k e l i and,Abhinava-

rEjalaksmf read it a s J l r o d h a .

7 . Abhiitahara;?, Uda&ara:a, ~nurn5na, A k s i p t a and v i d r a v a

o f t h e tiarbha aidh hi, of t h e ~ 5 , d d - a s AsatyShararta;

UdZhi t i , AnuG, Xkseoa and =a r e s o e c t l v e l y by t h e K .

3 . !izrava o f t h e >arbhasalhdhi, o f t h e 16 i s read a s

Saibhrama by t h e DR, d?, PR, 3 3 , K V , RB and Ar4rhaprakbLik?i. 3. Adhibala o f t h e " Jabhasa idh i , o f t h e NJ i s , t i b a l a o C '2

1C. R k s i p t a o f t h e Garbhasa idh i , o f t h e i s &se2a - I n t h e DL, 3P, PK, RS, KV, FW, ~ r t h a o r a k ~ i i k ~ , whereas

t h e NLR h a s i t a s U t k s i ~ t a , and t h e SD, k i s h o r s k e l i ,

h ~ h i n a v a r ~ j a l a k s m ~ and K a l g a l a t b read it a s EsiCi.

1 1 . ( i d r a v a o f t h e ~v?marGa sarbdhi, o f t h e N; i s 'M f o r a l l t h e l a t e r a u t h o r i t i e s .

17. fi-i?edha o f t h e i v a m a r s a s a ~ l h i , of t h e 6 i s read a s

v i rodha by t h e Nd and P ra t i s edha by t h e SD, PILL? and

K i s h o r a k e l i .

t h e ~ v a m a r i a s a & i h i , of t h e NS/ i s ;ad.nl f o r t h e NLR and i s r ead a s Chalsna by t h e r e s t o f t h e

a u t h o r i t i e s . fiowever KV ha s read it a s chalana and

channa . 14. *i o f t h e N i r v a h a ? ~ samdhi, o f t h e 142 and o t h e r s i s

i r t h a i n t h e t e x t o f t h e NLH.

15. . d i r ~ d h a o f t h e l l i rvahana daadh i , of t h e XS i s read a s .- - v i rodha by t h e DA and KV XV a l s o r e a d s Vibodha a long

wi th t h e BJ, PR, SD, RB, K i s h o r a k e l i , AbhinavarSJalaksrnr,

Ar tha? rak&ik i , , i . a l p a l a t Z and S r Z r t h a d i p i k Z . ?he dLT\

r eads it a s Anuyoga.

l b . ?aribhZ?a?a o f t h e Kirvahana samdhi, o f t h e 145 and o t h e r s

i s ? a r i b h % j f o r t h e DR, hD, dP Ti, and K V . a r i b h a s a n a

i s a l s o t h e r ead ing o f a?.

1 7 . h u t i o f t he Nirvshanasaadhi , o f t h e 5 s i s f o r -.- a l l t h e l a t e r a u t h o r i t i e s , i n c l u d i n g t h e c r i t ~ c s .

1 {. The DiL r eads U ~ E s t i , P a r i g 3 a y f o r t h e ?ras;.ld- and ,

Uaaeiihana of t h e Nirvahanasamdhi, o f t h e r e s o e c t i v e l y .

18. Bhzsn:a Of t h e NS and o t h e r s i s %hEsana f o r t h e ?ii

and zh&a i n aP, KV and J a r a r t h a d f p i k a .

, 20. ~ ~ r v a v i k y a o f t h e Ns i s read a s .'CrvabhHva ,y t h e l a t e r

a u t h o r i t i e s and t h e c r i t i c s .

2 1 . kgvyasa&i+a o f t h e .J: and o t h e r s i s s e e n a s ~ ~ h r ~ a s a h ' : K r =

i n t h e Dh, 39; 3nd 'LJ~asshhZrs i n t h e R j and K v ; and

5 a J h a t i I n t h e 37.

,411:. 4. s e n e r a 1 O b s e r v a t i o n s i n t h e d o c t r i n e s :

1 . 3 h 3 r a t a a ? ~ r o v e s t h e u t i l i s a t i o n o f f i v e s a h d h l s i n

t h e . l a taka and t : e S r a k a r a n a , t h e most n e r f e c t fDrn of - -.- "rama. T h i s vt?w % a s See; accep ted ?y t h e 1 s + e r t e x t -

book w r i t e r s .

2 . A 1 1 t h e t e x t book w r i t ? r s a r e a t one wi th The view t h a t

t i e number o f t h e o f t h e mukha, t h e P r a t i m u k k ,

t h e Ava-narsa and t h e Idirvahana a r e 1 2 , 13, 1 7 and 14

'. I t i s n o t n e c e s s a r y t h a t a l l t i e s i x t y f o u r a;gas o f

t h e 3amdhis a r e t o be u t l l i s e d i n a drama, thou:?

t h e y nay be u i e d i n t h e f i r s t tw7 v a r i e t i e s o f t h e

drama . 4 . By t h e i r v e r y n a t u r e s o n e aAgas a r e t o SP ~ t i l i S . ~ . j -

i n s9me p a r t i c u l ? r s a & d u o n l y , a s f g r exam ) l o ,

Uoakseoa. - .- -%Should LC 01aced

c o n s e c u t i v e l y ukhasah4hi .

5. One &a nav be r e n e s t e d twici- o r even t h r i c e bu t

n o t n o r e than t h a t . See f o p e x a m l e t h e l o c a t i o n of +he

praptl-saidhya'nga by R3 i n two p l a c e s i n Sak.

6 . Bhara ta l e a v e s t h e choice o f u t i l i s i n g aqy a i g a t o t h e - d r a m a t i s t . According t o h i v , t h e d e m a ~ d of t h e s i t u . t i o n ,

t h e enhancement o f t h e r z a n d t h e develooment of t h e

p l o t i s t h e c r i t e r i a of u t i l i s a t i o n of t h e saidhyafigas.

7. ~ c c o r l i n ~ t o some a u t h o r i t i e s l i k e Xbhinsvabhars t i and t h e

& s I~ould be used i n t h e Sa idhi t o which t h e y a r e a s s i -

gned. 3. d h a r a t a does n o t a t t e a p t t o d e f i n e t h e s s i d h i , a l thoueh

i t can be understood from h i s t e x t . An at te ' i lpt seems

t o have been made by t h e 9R t o d e f i n i t e t h e Sa+dhi f o r

t i ?e f i r s t t ime.

9. The YathhsaAkhya t h e o r y , a s DrOposed by t h e DX, i s

i n f l u e n c e d by Bharata . 10. On t h e UpakJepa Abhinavagupta s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e mention v

o f t h e a c t i o n i . e . t h e a, may be made by t h e h e r o

o r t i e h e r o i n e o r t h e m i n i s t e r o r t h e V i l l e i n o r by

minor c h 9 r a c t e r o r even by + 1 1 . Abhinavagupta r e c o r d s t h r e e views on t h e i n t e r n r e t a t i o l

o f , i h a r a t a l s d e f i n i t i o n o f t h e PratlmukhasaB-'hi,

- s a r t i c u l a r l p , t h e words gfsta and !mat!.

l?. Abhinavagupta q u o t e s d i f f e r e n t views on t * e i n t n m r e t a -

t i o q o f t h e ~vamarLa-sandhi .

1;. O n t h e r e p e t i t i o n t h e Bht%anasamdhyaiga-- - -. which

i s o t h e r w i s e covr red by j a i g r a h a o ' t h e Garbha, - Xbhinavaguota h o l d s t h s t t h i s r e p e t i t i o n i s n e c e s s a r y .

I $ . 'The d o f i ? i t i o n of t h e Sa&raha and %-s&?a is o v e r l a o o l n g .

l j . S h a r a t a ' s d e f i n i t i o n of t h e ~ v a m a r g a sa6dhi i s aqbiguous.

16. On t h e purpose o f t h e Saidhys&as t h e r e i s a g e n e r a l

agreement amongst t h e a u t h o r i t i e s .

I:. I n t h e c a s e of d h a r ~ t a t h e r e i s a ~ o s s i b i l i t y of

over lan2 ino of B s a w i t ? Udbheda and v i c e v 2 r s a

1". The Vidrava o C t h - Dh i? t h e Vimarsa i s same a s t h e

' i i r !reva of 3 h a r a t a i n t h e OarS'.la. - I

I?. 'he DR a c c e o t s 3. i n t h e ' l ina rsa which i s saqe a s

t h e Vidrava o f Bhara ta . The ND, BP, P:;, PS and t h e SD

have followed t h e Dh.

23. The I L R does n o t d i s t i n z u i 5 h between- and ViSrava.

21. The ChTdana of t h e N: i s e s s e n t i a l l y same a s t h e Chalqna

of t h e Die.

2 2 . The t e r n , namely, Dosa i n t h e d e f i n i t i o n o f Sahphe ta -.- a s g i v e n bv t h e Rj , i s s s ~ and Uosa may be a scribal

e r r o r .

~ 1 1 1 . 5. Some misconcept ion removed:

1 . 3n t h e l o c a t i o n o f t h e Sarbdhya&as V.14. Kulkarni remarks

t h ? t exceq t ing t h e PK, t h e 7 6 an(+ Dhu?(lrZja ... no

o t h e r a u t h o r i t y t r i e s t o i l l u s t r a t e t h e s e s l x t y f w r =* from any one p l a y . Ye a r e f o r t u n a t e enouei t o

n o t i c e t h a t o u r kgtayavema has l o c a t e d a l l t h e s i x t y f o u r

a i g a s from one u lny , namely, i a k u n t a l ~ which has been - over looked by Mr. Ku lka rn i .

?. 3n t h e f i v e d i v i s l g n s o r Sahdh i s , v i z , lnukha e t c . ,

J s ? l r d a r remarks t h a t d h a r a t a h a s done nothinu g r e a t

9xcept Coining same t e c h n i c a l words. ;no f i v e s t q g e s

of development, namely, t h e f i v e s a i d h i s a r ? j u - t t h e

f i v e ,"embers o f a sy l log i sm i n I n d i a n l o g i c . ( Drama i n sflnskrit

L i t e r a t u r e , p . l l g ) . T h i s obse rva t ion o f Mr. J a g i r d a r i s n o t

3 r o s e r . He t r i e s f r u i t l e s s l y t o e s t a ~ l i s i i a o a r a l l e l i s m

between t h e f i v e S a i d h i s and t h e f i v e members o f

s y l l o l l s n .

'. . , l a inka r l s r e m ~ r k t h a t t h e ;TLR fo l lows o r ag rees w i t ?

3 h a r a t a on t h e neaning o f t h e align, namely, ? r i r t h a n a , - i s n o t t r u e .

4 . Kainkar , wh i l e coun t ing t h e e s s e n t i a l angas o f t h e -C-

s a i d h i s , fo l l?wing t h e Dh, no tes t h a t i s the

i n d l s o e n s a b l e +a of t h e ~iv2mar;a S a i d h i . ( j i n s k r i t

t h e o r y , p. 2 1 . ) A s a ma- te r o f f a c t , y u k t i i s not a t - a l l an ariga o f t n e .*vanaria sahdhi . Proba3ly t h i s i s - , S a k t l t o which .4alnk?r n i g h t be r e f e r r i n ? , a s i s - seen i n t h ? t e x t o f t h e DX.

5. F u r t h e r , h i 1 9 enumerating t h e p r i n c i p a l & of t h e

~ u k h a s a k t b i fo l lowing t h e DR .?ainkar r e a d s ' ? r a L a n a q .

2 u t i n t h e t e x t o f t h e DR we have 'd, of cqurse , ,

f o r Prasama, wh.lch i s Tg3ana i n t h o t e x t o f 3 h a r a t a .

A s such t h e r e i s no d i f f e r e n c e between 'b' ane '='rasamat

( S a n s k r i t Yheory, p . 21)

D . 211 t h e l o c ? t . i m of t h e 'x' Saidhyahi7a , ' b i n k a r

remarks t h a t t 4 e conrnentators h(3ve fol lowed t h e DK and

n o t 3 h a r a t a , but i t i s no t t r u e ( S a n s k r i t Yheary, D. 5 2 ) .

Cont ra ry t o h i s re-narks, Abhi-5ak-Carc? l o c a t e s aheds ,

fo l lowing Shara ta .

7 . D r . daas i n t e m r e t e s Sa igraha a s a r e c o n c l l i a t o r y

p r e s e n t . (DR. ?. 2 2 . 1. 30) which i s n o t r i g h t .

8. D r . Sass' t r a n s l a t i o n o f firti a s substantiation of t h e

r p s u l t a t t a i n e d i s not very h a p ~ y .

His t r a n s l a t i o n i s n o t fo l lowine h i s

t e x t . 3n t h i s S.A. S a s t r i t h i n k s t h a t Wr. daa? a i ~ h *

h i v e been in f luenced by t h e view advanced by t h e m, : 3 ,

x? a n ' t h e Pa.

VIII . 6. Some c r i t i c a l observa t ions on t h e C o ~ ~ m e n t a r i e s :

I n p r e p a r a t i o n of t h e p r e s e n t t h e s i s we have consu l ted

some twentyfour conmentaries on e i g h t dramas. .lowever, our

o b s e r v a t i o n s and a n a l y s i s a r e based on t h e n ine teen con?len-

t a r i e s on t h e t h r e e dramas of KaliriBsa. The l o c a t i o n s o f

t h e jahdhyahgas from t h e dramas o t h e r than tho;e of K<lidRsa

a - e r e f e r r 3 d t o , and f u l l reCerences a r e c i t e d i n our f 2 o t

n o t e s .

O f t h e s e comnentators KStayavema, Gghavabhaf ra ,

DiundirCJa, Viraraghava of t h e old c r i t i c s a r e very s z r t i c u l a r

rn l o c a t i n g t h e ja;dhyaigas as f a r a s o o s s i b l e . For e x a n a l e ,

h v Loca tes a l l t h e s i x t y f o u r angas i n 4ak a l i k e 3l iu?dirEJa

i n .Yludrar<ksasa. Amongst t h e rno4ern c r i t i c s i(avakishora -- i 3 r a S a s t r y , ~ u r n oras6da Y a s t r i , .YI.R. Kale, S. .. J a s t r i

and R L a s i r a k a .'andit 9ave a l s o taken c a r e t o loca ' e t h e

s i idhy?Agas . We may now make some s o e c i f i c o b s e r v a t i o n s on

t h e i r - rea tment s y s t e m t i c a l l y ,

1 . l . I n i a k K\I has l o c q t e d a l l t h e s i x t y f o u r a k a s ant! i n

Vikrama and MBla he has l o c a t e d f o r t y f o u r an3 t h i r t y

s i x s a i d h y a i g a s r e s ~ e c t i v e l y .

1 . 2 . KV l o c a t e s t h e sahd:lyarigas, g i v e s t h e reasons and

a t t i m e s quotes from t h e a u t h o r i t i e s . I t may be

o b s e w e d that h i s convic t ion o f t h e &s and t h e

l o c a t i o n i s in f luenced by t h e DR, though i n some c a s e s

he has qlloted a l s o from t h e ~ 6 .

1.3. 'bile l o c a t i n g t h e Sahdhyahga, namely, t h e yukt i he m?kes - a re fe rence t o some a u t i o r l t y f o r whicn we could no t

t r a c e any source .

?. ~ b h i j % n a ; a k u n t a l a c a r c ~ , a l e a r n e d comnentary on , S a k u n t a l a l o c a t e s n ine sarirdhyahgas from t h e Ikukha anc - advises t h e readers t o t r a c e and understand t h e sahdhyahgas

by themselves.

5 . 1 . fi%ghavabha4$a i n h i s commentary Arthoiyotanik: has

l o c a t e + f i f t y seven aaidhya&as. re may observe t h a t

RB ha? a q r e a t e r s h a r e of c o n t r i b u t i o n towards t h e

s tud.? o f Ssindlis and t h e Saidhya!icas.

3.2. M s o e c i f i c a l l y mentions t h e exnansion of t l e i n d i v i d u a l

&i . 7 ,.... z & i l e l o c a t i n g a *i or a Said$y?risa he expressed ly

records t h e reason wh;' a p s r t i c u l a r a i 5 a i s l o c a t e d . /

2.4. A t t imes when he goes a g a i n s t t h e c?mmon p r e c t i c e , he

j u s t i f i e s it by t h e he lp o f some authorit. , . .

3.5. For var ious d e f i n i t i o n s of the R n X a s he quotes from --C-

both 3hilrata and t h e Dh.

3 . 0 . Sometimes f o r one & he quotes from d i f f e r e n t

a u t h o r i t i e s and j u s t i f i e s i t from both t h e ? o i n t s

o f view. For example, t h e ~dbheda-Saidhyahga has been

l o c a t e d by him quot ing f r o n both t h e ld and t h e Dii.

I n some c a s e s h ~ l o c a t e s one ~ a k d 3 y a h ~ , a i n d i f f e r e n t

situations on t h e b a s i s o f d i f f e r e n t a u t h o r i t i e s , See

f o r example, t h o l o c a t i o n o f t h e Upanyasa v.hic'l has /

been l o c a t e d i n Sak. 111. 18. 107, 18; 19. 108. 10 on

t h e b a s i s o f t h e DR and Bharata r e s g e c t i v e l y .

ii. Comina t o t h e modem commentators l i k e . q . l ( . i . j a s t r i ,

3 . 2 . S a s t r i , Kale and o t h e r s , we have s l r e a d y ment!oned

t h a t t h e y have taken c a r e t o l o c a t e t h e Saicihy?ri.eas

There i s - th in$ s p e c i a l i n t h e i r c?-n,nentnri?s t? S e

nent ioned e x c e o t t h e f 3 c t t h a t f o r tho dksfinl t lons,

t n e y l ? v e quote6 from t h e l a t ~ r a u t h o r i t y l i k e t h e

Sd a l3ng with t h e Ids ant? IJh. F u r t h e r , we observe t ? e

i n f l u e n c e o f t h e o l d e r c n t i c s l i k e t h a t of K V and %

i n t h e i r 10 , - , a t ions .

VI!I. 7.%e impor tan t obser ,!at ions on t h e .kU:

1. The t q i r d p l a c e f o r t h e x a r i n y g s a i s j u s t i f i ? , . by t h e

NT on t h e grounl t h a t s i n c e it i s t h e c o n ~ l e t l o n o f t h e

3 Z j a , i t s!iould o c c u r a f t e r t h e beainnlnr: of xhe a c t i o n - 1 . e . 9paksepa and t h e a t ' e n d i n g c i r c u m s t q n c e s , -- P a r i k - r =

? . I n o r d e r t o m a i n t a i n t h e d i s t i n c t i o n between t h e ? r L p t i

and t h e VidhEna, t h e ND remarks: P r h ~ t i i s a f t e r some - s e a r c h M e r e a s Vidhgna i s spontaneous .

3, For t ~ e l o c a t i o n of t h e Vidhcna s a k d h y a k a of t h e

aukha t h e 14D shows f o u r c a s e s . - 4 . bile conmenting on t h e d e f i n i t i o n o f K a n n a , t h e P.D

r e c o r d s a view accord in^: t o which Karana i s t h e avoidance

of d i f f i c u l t i e s e i t h e r by reason o f a b e n e , , i c t i o n o r

something e l s e .

5 . The unders tands Zragamana-Sqidhyaiga a s an n u t w i t t i n g

r e 3 l y , c o n s i s t i n g o f a s e r i e s o f r e t o r t s .

6. The N D i n h i s e x ~ l a n a t i o n t o t h e Sahdhyariga, namely,

Puso?, - sugqes t s t h a t it i s a s t a t e m e n t , s t a t i n g something . - o v e r a former s t ~ t e m e n t , which was made by t h e ch-i-acter .

h i m s e l f o r by somebody e l s e .

7 . The ?I;) unders tands Upanyasa a s a d e v i c e t o accomolish

something.

8. (he .dU, while i n t e r p r e t i n g ~ a ~ a s a A h Z r a , r e c o r d s a

view accord ing t o which, it i s a s i t u a t i o n where t h e r e

i s a r-?Suke shown f o r t h e e v e n t s n a r r a t e d . T h i s view

of t h e :JD i s a c c e p t e d by t h e NLR.

9 . Tie NU d i s t i n ~ , u i s h e s PrHrth3nd i n t o t h r e e t y o e s ,

namely, P s t i p r H r t h a n h , u t s a v a o r h r t h a n a and PrHrthanH.

10. According t o t h e ND Abhibal3 i s o v e r p o w e r i n ~ of one

by t 5 e o t h e r between twq who i n t e n d t o d e c e i v e . "he

1.3 r s c o r d s a f u r t h e r view a c c o r d i n g t o which, it i s a

c a s e where t h e t r i c k i s d e f e a t e d . He q u o t e s a view

f u r t h e r which i m p l i e s t h i s t o be a t a u n t .

1 1 . The N 3 records t h r e e views on t h e nean ing o f t h e

jarbdhyar;ga, namely, s&.

12. I n e x o l a i n i n g Pra rocanh t h e AD f o l l o w s t h e Un. F u r t h e r ,

h e r e c o r d s a view accord ing t o which ? r a r o c a n a i s t o be

a ? o r d e r f o r h3nour and r e c e o t i o n . H e q u o t e s some

authority t h a t a c c e p t s t 9 e Y* i n s t e a d o f Prarocang: ----

'4111. 8. Apparent c o n t r a d i c t i o n s c l a r i f i e d :

1 . d h n r a t a , o r r a t h e r a l l t h e a u t h o r i t i ? s d e c l a r e t h a t t h e

number o f t h e Sa idbyaheas i s s i x t y f o u r . On a c t u a l

c o u n t i n g t h e number runs t o s i x t y f i v e . I n o r d e r t o 60

away t h i s c o n t r a d i c t i o n Ab'linrvagupta s u P q e s t s t h a + ,

P r a r o c a n g o f t h e Xvamarsa s ' lould be d r o ~ o e d a?d t 5 e

number w i l l be s i x t y f o u r . According t o some o t h e r view

~ r a : a s t i - o f t h e .dlrvahav? may b e drogped and n o t

p r a r o c a n g . The UR d r o u s PrCr than6 from B h a r a t a ' s l i s t - -- and t h u s makes t h e numb,-r s i x t y f o u r . The SD alike

Abhina agupta s u g g e s t s t o d rop P r a s a s t i .

2. A t tames two d i f f e r e n t &s a r e l o c a t e d i n one and

t 3 e same s i t u a t i o n , making scope f o r a doubt of con t ra -

d i c t i m . 3 i m i l a r l y , a s i n g l e example is quoted from

one t e x t t o exenpl i fy more than one Sahdhyafga which seems

c o n t r a d i c t o r y . As f o r example, i n a s i n u l e s i t u a t i o n

where K'J l o c a t e s U p a k t e ~ a (4ak. I . 21. 17.4) , RB l o c a t e s

ParinyHsa (gak. I . 19. 33.9) . F u r t h e r , K7 l o c a t e s two

ja~ildhyahgas, namely, Samgdhiina and P r t i p t i i n one and t h e

same s i t u a t i o n (Nala. I . 22 .23 .12 ) . I n 'Jikrama a s well

he 33s l o c a t e d Parinygsa and mii i n a s l n g l e s i t u a t i o n

1 . 17. 1 . . ) Many nore s i m i l a r c a s e s can be c i t e d ,

w ~ i c h , i n f a c t , a r e a l ready recorded , wilere more than

one S a 5 a r e l o c a t e d i n a s i n g l e s i t u a t i o n o r k ind , The , *? sargavidh-iu etc . , o f Vikrama i s quoted a s

an examule of vilobhana-saidhyatiga by A b l i n a v a g u ~ t a

whereas XV l o c a t e s U~aksepa-sahdhysjga here . (.bhrnavn- -. b h i r a t i on N$ XIX. 69 p. B. 1 4 ) . This may make s

roo3 f o r c o n t r a d i c t i o n ; bu t t h i s c ~ n t r a d i c t i o n i s 3puerent .

S i n c e t h e conce,>t o f these Samdiyaigas i s s u ? j e c t i v e

ani i t s l o c a t i o n and understanding de?ends ~ u r e l y on t h e

v i s i o n of t h e c r i t i c o r the a u t h o r i t y , t h e r e i s no

harm i f t w Samd'lyihgas a r e locnzed i n one s i t u a t i o n

o r one c i t a t i o n i s quoted f o r th? i l l u s t r a t i o n of

d i f f e r e n t a&%s 3v d i f f e r e n t a u t h o r i t i e s o r c r l t i c s .

3. Tha t t h e f i r s t t h r e e ahgas of t h e ~ u k h a s a 6 d h i should occuz -- -- i n a sequence and be 7 l o c i s t h e view of t h e

a u t h o r i t i e s . h e n any change of t h i s placement i s

q o t i c e d , i t would amount t o a deviation; a s f o r e x t n o l e ,

t h e c a s e o f FU i n t h e l o c a t i o n o f ?a r inyZsa . The ans ' e r

t o t h i s apparen t d e v ~ a t i o n can be answered t o , by

p o i n t i n g o u t t h e f a c t t h ? t some au:bori4v a l l o w t h r

ch3nge 2 f olocenen t even i n t h e f i r s t t h r ? e 3 i of