Jews had to pay tribute to Romans but unwilling to abandon religion for polytheistic religion of Romans Roman leaders allowed Jews to practice religion as long as they paid tribute, maintained civic order Roman Compromise Teachings of Jesus of Nazareth developed into new religion Christianity Many of teachings rooted in beliefs, customs of Judaism 63 BC, Romans conquered Judaea, chose new ruler for region, installed him as king Judaism in the Roman World Christianity and Judaism Reactions to Roman Rule Judaism had different branches, varying ideas on cooperation with Romans Zealots called on fellow Jews to drive Romans from Judaea, reestablish Kingdom of Israel Messianic Prophecies After revolt in 130s, all Jews banned from Jerusalem Not all Jews willing to take up arms; others waited coming of Messiah spiritual leader prophesied to restore ancient kingdom, bring peace to world Zealots Zealots formed pockets of resistance against Romans of Judaea After mass uprising AD 6670, Romans sacked Jerusalem, killed thousands of Jews, destroyed Second Temple Judaism in the Roman World Against this background, a spiritual leader named Jesus of Nazareth emerged, teaching people to prepare for Gods Judgment Day. Nearly all knowledge of Jesus comes from Gospelsfirst four books of New Testament New Testament and books of Hebrew Bible make up todays Christian Bible Jesus born in Bethlehem, near Jerusalem Learned carpentry, studied writings of Jewish prophets Life Jesus preached message of renewal and warning Gathered group of disciples Created excitement by performing miracles of healing; defending poor, oppressed Instructed people to repent of sins, seek Gods forgiveness Must love God above all, love others as much as self Preaching Jesus of Nazareth After Jesuss death, his disciples began teaching that all people could achieve salvationthe forgiveness of sins and the promise of everlasting life. Jesuss 12 disciples worked to spread message Earliest Christian missionaries Apostles traveled widely, teaching mostly in Jewish communities Apostles Paul, originally known as Saul, born in Tarsus, in Asia Minor Had actively opposed those teaching that Jesus was the Messiah Paul of Tarsus Paul had conversion on way to Damascus, became Christian If not for his work, Christianity might have remained a branch of Judaism Conversion The Spread of Christianity Roman Christianity Paul found some Jewish customs hindered missionary work among non- Jews, dispensed with those requirements for Christians Paul emphasized new doctrines that helped distinguish Christianity from Judaism Christianity spread; message of love, eternal life after death found appealing By AD 300, some 10 percent of Roman people were Christian Converting the Gentiles Paul believed God sent him to convert non-Jews, or Gentiles Paul helped make Christianity broader religion, attracted many new followers Helped establish Christian churches throughout eastern Mediterranean Pauls epistles, or letters, to those churches later became part of the New Testament Results As Christianity spread through Roman world, some local officials feared Christians conspiring against them; arrested, killed many Christians Those killed seen by Christians as martyrs, people who die for their faith Imperial Approval Spread of Christianity hastened by conversion of emperor Constantine AD 313, Constantine made Christianity legal within empire, Edict of Milan By late 300s, polytheism gradually disappeared from empire Threat Christians persecuted at local level, but large-scale persecution rare during first two centuries after Jesuss life Large-scale persecution by Romans grew as rulers saw Christianity as threat Persecution Communities Earliest Christian churches not only spiritual organizations but close-knit communities Provided all kinds of support for members Deepening Faith Ceremonies developed to inspire peoples faith, make them feel closer to Jesus One ceremony was Eucharist Complex Support included burial services, food, shelter Christianity grew; organization became more complex Ceremonies During Eucharist, people eat bread, drink wine in memory of Jesuss death, resurrection With baptism, people are admitted to the faith The Early Christian Church Patriarchs did not recognize the popes supremacy claims at first, but over time popes gained more influence within the Christian Church. By about 100, priests who were trained in these ceremonies became prominent within Christianity. The authority of the priests was based on the authority Jesus gave the Apostles. This spiritual authority distinguished the priests from the general congregation of the church. Church expanded, developed administrative structure Bishop oversaw church affairs, had authority over other priests 300s, heads of oldest congregations, patriarchs, had authority over other bishops Administrative Structure Expansion of the Church Many believed Peter founded Roman Church, was first bishop Later bishops of Rome, popes, Peters spiritual heirs Gospel of Matthew: Jesus gives Peter keys to kingdom of heaven Therefore future popes inherit keys Peter the Apostle