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Transcript of Jewishearlychristianandbyzantineartppt 101126120709-phpapp01
Judaism, Early Christianity, and
Byzantine Art
33 -1453
Art of Late Antiquity
Judaic Art 245 CE
Messiah :in the Hebrew Bible, an anointed king who will lead the Jews back to the land of Israel and establish justice in the world
Yahweh : One of the Hebrews’ name for God.
Covenant: a solemn agreement that is binding for all parties
Jewish History:Originated 2000 years before the common era with a divine covenant between god of the ancient Israelites and AbrahamThe Torah holds the Old TestamentThey await the coming of the Messiah, “The anointed one”
Romans hated all monotheistic religions:According to Josephus they literally starved all the Jews in Judea by disallowing them to buy food. This horror caused then to eat garbage, shoes and belts, and hate the Romans.The Romans crucified Christ.
Jewish Synagogue, West Wall of Dura Europos,c.245-256 Synagogue, 245 CE
The Crossing of the Red Sea, from Dura-Europos, 200 CE
Samuel Anoints David, detail of the Dura Europos Synagogue, c 245-256
Moses Giving Water to the Twelve Tribes, Detail from the west wall.
Catacombs and Funerary Art
Christian Art: 2nd and 3rd Century
Bible from the Greek Biblos meaning book.
Catacombs from the Latin ad catacumbas, meaning “in the hollows”
Christian history:•Adopted the Old Testament from Judaism•Completed the New Testament during the fourth century•Many Christians were poor and relished the idea of an afterlife where they were judged equally•Theodosius officially established Christianity as the official religion of Rome at the end of the fourth century.
Romans disallowed Christianity•Hated their “alien beliefs”•Christ made salvation and redemption
possible•Celebrated the Eucharist•Persecuted Christians and Jews from 305 -312
Christ as the Good Shepherd, catacomb of Priscilla, Rome, 2nd and 3rd Century
In situ
Christus- Sol, from the Christian mausoleum of the Julii under Saint Peters necropolis, Rome, mid 3rd century
Christian Community House , Dura Europos, Syria, c 240-256
Sarcophagus with philosopher, orant and Old and New Testament scenes, Santa Maria Antiqua, Rome, c.270
Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, from Rome, Italy, c 359
In situ
Christian Architecture and Mosaics
After Constantine believed his power to overtake Maxentius was due the power he gained from Christ:The new buildings had to meet the requirements of Christian liturgyProvide a suitably monumental setting Accommodate the rapidly growing number of worshippersLeading to:
Elaborate basilicasMemorialsMausoleums
Old St. Peter’s , Rome, 333-390
Architrave
Plan for Old St. Peter’s, Rome
transepts
Gable Roof
altar
Atrium
Narthex
NAVE
4 Aisles
Clerestory Windows
Apse
Architrave
Plans for Santa Costanza
Interior of Santa Costanza, Rome, c.337-351
Ambulatory ceiling of Santa Costanzo, Rome, c. 350. Mosaic
Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, Italy, c 425.
Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, Italy, c. 425
Interior of the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia,
Ravenna, c 425-426
Details of the Galla Placidia
Syncretistic
Christ as a Good Shepherd , the mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, c. 425-426
Early Byzantine Empire: 527-726
Byzantine art emerged as identifiable and distinctive.
Justinian and the Byzantine Style
Exterior of SanVital, Ravenna,540-547
Floor Plan of San Vitale
Off-axis placement of the Narthex
Domed Octagon over the ambulatory
apse
transepts Cross vaulted choir
Exedrae
columns
Axial
Eight large piers
Choir and apse with the mosaic of Christ between two angels, Saint Vitalis and Bishop Ecclesius, Ravenna Italy, 526-547
Justinian, Bishop Maximianus and attendants, mosaic from the north wall of the apse, San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy, c.547
Theodora and attendants, mosaic, San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy, c. 547
Hagia Sophia: Holy Wisdom Architects: Isidorus of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles, 532-537
Temple of Solomon, Israel, r. 967-927 BCE
Hagia Sophia facts:270 X 240 feetDome is 108 feet in diameterDome’s crown rises 180 feet from the groundFirst dome collapsed in 558Its replacement required repair in the 9th and 14th centuriesRivals architectural wonders of the world: Pantheon, the Baths of Caracalla, and the Basilica of Constantine.Turned into an Islamic Mosque by the Ottoman Empire
Exedra
Apse
Dome of Pendentives Piers
Forty windows
Buttresses
Half Domes
Piers
Dome
Buttresses
Nave reserved for the Clergy,Congregates were separated by sex and confined to the shadows of the aisles and galleries
Columns in the nave
Main dome with clerestory windows, half dome helping with the stability and thrust of the large central dome, and smaller half domes supporting columned exedrae .
Interior Design of the Hagia Sophia
Procopius, “A Golden chain of Heaven.”
Byzantine Tempera on Parchment
Ascension of Christ, Folio 13 verso of the Rabbula Gospels from Zagba,Syria.586
ICONOCLASM
Iconoclasts destroyed many of the images as iconophiles continued to create them.Few Byzantine survive between 500-726 CEIn 843 iconoclasm was repealed and images were reinstated, causing a burst of creative power.Icons violate the 2nd commandment that the Lord dictated to Moses, “ Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image or any likeness of anything that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth. Thou shalt not bow down thyself to them, nor serve them.”
MIDDLE BYZANTINE ART
843-1204
END OF ICONOCLASM
Middle Byzantine Art
Virgin Mary (Theotokos) and Child enthroned, apse mosaic, Hagia Sophia, Constantinople,867
Christ enthroned with saints (Harbaville Triptych),
c. 950
Interior of the Katholikon (looking at the dome) Hosios, Loukas, Greece, early first quarter of 11th Century
In situ
Interior of St. Mark’s venice, Italy, begun 1063
What architectural design do you see?
Crucifixion, mosaic in the Church of the Dormition, Daphni, Greece, c. 1090-1100
Christ as Pantocrator, dome mosaic in the Church of Dormition, Daphni, Greece, 1090-1100
Pantokrator, Theotokos and Child, angels and saints, apse mosaic in the Cathedral of Monreal (Sicily), Italy, c. 1180-1190
David composing the Psalms, folio 1 verso of the Paris Psalter, c. 950-970
Late Byzantine Art1261-1453
Three events of fateful significance began to end for Byzantium.1.The Turks conquered most of Anatolia2.The Byzantine Christian Orthodox
church broke away from the Roman Church
3.Crusaders came to fight for the cross against the Saracens (Muslims)
Ohrid IconsChrist as Savior of Souls, icon from the Saint Clement, Ohrid, Macedonia, early 14th Century.
Annunciation,reverse of two-sided icon from Saint Clement, Ohrid, Macedonia, Early 14th Century
Andrei Rublyev, Three Angels (Old Testament Trinity, c. 1410
Three
The Third Rome 1453- c.1600
Russia considered itself the Third Rome and condemned the godless Turks who destroyed Constantinople. Old Rome, New Rome or Third Rome were a continuum that spanned two and half millennia when artists and architects produced the most significant works of art history.
Fin