Jennifer A. Lindholm University of California, Los Angeles
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Transcript of Jennifer A. Lindholm University of California, Los Angeles
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Jennifer A. Lindholm
University of California, Los Angeles
Understanding College Students’ Search for Meaning and Purpose
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Research Questions
• What role does spirituality play in the lives of today’s college students?
• What is the relationship between religiousness and spirituality?
• How do students’ spiritual qualities change during the college years?
• What are institutions doing that aids or inhibits students in their spiritual quest?
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• Points to our interiors
• Is qualitative and affective
• Involves our values, beliefs, meaning, and purpose
• Has to do with our connectedness to others and the world around us
• Refers to those elements of our lives that are difficult to define or put into words (e.g., intuition, creativity, inspiration, and the sacred)
What is Spirituality?
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Who am I?
What are my values?
Do I have a mission or purpose in life?
Why am I in college?
What kind of person do I want to become?
What sort of world do I want to help create?
“Big Questions”
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• Guiding principles
• The College Students’ Beliefs and Values (CSBV) Survey
Assessing Spiritual and Religious Qualities
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• Spring 2003: Surveyed 3,700 juniors
• Winter 2003: Interviewed 90 students
• Fall 2004: Surveyed 112,000 freshmen
• Spring 2007: Followed up 15,000 juniors
• AY 2004-05: Surveyed 61,000 faculty
• AY 2008-09: Interviewed 50 students and faculty
• Summer 2010: Surveyed 750 campuses re. practices
Design of the Study
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Indicators of Spirituality
• Have an interest in spirituality 81%
• Believe in the sacredness of life 84%
• My spirituality is a source of joy 64%
• Searching for meaning/purpose in life 76%
• Discuss meaning of life with friends 74%
• Spiritual experience: witnessing nature 62%
• Spiritual experience: listening to music 58%
• Seeking opportunities to grow spiritually 47%
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Indicators of Religiousness
• Attended religious services 81%
• Discussed religion/spirituality 80%
• Believe in God 79%
• Pray 69%
• Religious beliefs: strength, support, guidance 68%
• Follow religious teaching in everyday life 40%
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Expectations for College
• Encourage personal expression of spirituality 48%
• Enhance self-understanding 69%
• Prepare for responsible citizenship 67%
• Develop personal values 67%
• Provide for emotional development 63%
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Religious Commitment
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Religious Engagement
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Religious/Social Conservatism
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Religious Struggle
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Religious Skepticism
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Changes in Religiousness During College
• Increase in Religious Struggle
• Decrease in Religious Engagement and Religious/Social Conservatism
• No change in Religious Commitment or Religious Skepticism
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Spiritual Quest
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Equanimity
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Charitable Involvement
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Ethic of Caring
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Ecumenical Worldview
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How Do We Define Spirituality?
Spirituality is a multifaceted quality that involves:
• an active quest for answers to life’s “big questions”;
• a global worldview that transcends ethnocentrism and egocentrism;
• a sense of caring and compassion for others coupled with a lifestyle that includes service to others; and
• a capacity to maintain one’s sense of calm and centeredness, especially in times of stress.
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Spiritual Qualities Showing Increases During College
• Spiritual Quest
• Equanimity
• Ethic of Caring
• Ecumenical Worldview
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Faculty Effects on Students’ Spiritual Development
• Direct encouragement
• Reflective writing and journaling
• Collaborative group projects
• Contemplative practices in class
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Other Positive Influences on Spiritual Growth
• Service learning
• Interdisciplinary courses
• Study abroad programs
• Leadership training
• Student organizations
• Interracial interaction
• Meditation/contemplation
• Charitable giving
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Negative Influences on Spiritual Growth
• Watching television
• Playing video games
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Effects of Major on Spiritual Development
• POSITIVE: fine arts, health professions, biological sciences, social sciences
• NEGATIVE: engineering, mathematics, physical science, other technical fields
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How does spiritual growth affect traditional college outcomes?
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• Academic achievement (GPA)• Aspirations for advanced degrees• Psychological well-being• Leadership self-concept• Self-perceived ability to get along with persons from other races and cultures• Commitment to promoting racial understanding• Satisfaction with college
Growth in Spiritual QualitiesPromotes:
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What do these findings mean for campuses?
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Educator Responses
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• Offering opportunities for spiritual reflection and discussion during student orientation and other programming initiatives
• Establishing places for reflection and quiet dialogue on campus
• Incorporating discussions of spirituality in living and learning communities and residence halls
• Developing guiding principles to facilitate conversations on spirituality
• Creating professional development programs to prepare faculty, staff, and peer leaders to participate in and facilitate discussions on spiritual issues
Considering Possibilities
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For More Details, Please Visit Our Project Website
www.spirituality.ucla.edu