JEL classification codes 1

JEL classification codesArticles in economics journals are usually classified according to the JEL classification codes, a system originatedby the Journal of Economic Literature. The JEL is published quarterly by the American Economic Association(AEA) and contains survey articles and information on recently published books and dissertations. The AEAmaintains EconLit, a searchable data base of citations for articles, books, reviews, dissertations, and working papersclassified by JEL codes for the years from 1969. A recent addition to EconLit is indexing of economics-journalarticles from 1886 to 1968[1] parallel to the print series Index of Economic Articles.[2]

There are 19 primary JEL categories:• JEL: A - General Economics and Teaching• JEL: B - History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches• JEL: C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods• JEL: D - Microeconomics• JEL: E - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics• JEL: F - International Economics• JEL: G - Financial Economics• JEL: H - Public Economics• JEL: I - Health, Education, and Welfare• JEL: J - Labor and Demographic Economics• JEL: K - Law and Economics• JEL: L - Industrial Organization• JEL: M - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting• JEL: N - Economic History• JEL: O - Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth• JEL: P - Economic Systems• JEL: Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics• JEL: R - Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics• JEL: Y - Miscellaneous Categories• JEL: Z - Other Special Topics.Each JEL primary category has secondary and tertiary subcategories, for example, under JEL: D - Microeconomics:

JEL: D1 - Household Behavior and Family EconomicsJEL: D11 - Consumer Economics: Theory.[3]

JEL code (sub)categories, including periodic updates, are referenced at Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)Classification System [4]. Definitions of (sub)categories are at JEL Classification Codes Guide [5] with correspondingexamples of article titles linked to publication information, such as abstracts.Articles in economics journals also list JEL codes (for example JEL: B12), facilitating their use across searchengines. Comprehensive uses of JEL (sub)classifications include:

The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2008, v. 8, Appendix IV, pp. 854-69, and online via links [6]

National Bureau of Economic Research Working Papers abstracts by year via links [7]

Research Papers in Economics via links [8].

JEL classification codes 2

General economics and teaching JEL: A SubcategoriesCategory:General economicsJEL: A1 - General Economics

JEL: A10 - GeneralJEL: A11 - Role of Economics; Role of Economists; Market for EconomistsJEL: A12 - Relation of Economics to Other DisciplinesJEL: A13 - Relation of Economics to Social ValuesJEL: A14 - Sociology of EconomicsJEL: A19 - Other

JEL: A2 - Economic Education and Teaching of EconomicsJEL: A20 - GeneralJEL: A21 - Pre-collegeJEL: A22 - UndergraduateJEL: A23 - GraduateJEL: A29 - Other

JEL: A3 - Collective WorksJEL: A30 - GeneralJEL: A31 - Collected Writings of IndividualsJEL: A32 - VolumesJEL: A33 - HandbooksJEL: A39 - Other

History of economic thought, methodology, and heterodox approaches JEL: BSubcategoriesCategory:History of economic thought, methodology, and heterodox approachesJEL: B0 - General

JEL: B00 - GeneralJEL: B1 - History of Economic Thought through 1925

JEL: B10 - GeneralJEL: B11 - PreclassicalJEL: B12 - ClassicalJEL: B13 - Neoclassical through 1925JEL: B14 - Socialist; MarxistJEL: B15 - Historical; InstitutionalJEL: B16 - History of Economic Thought: Quantitative and MathematicalJEL: B19 - Other

JEL: B2 - History of Economic Thought since 1925JEL: B20 - GeneralJEL: B21 - Microeconomics

JEL classification codes 3

JEL: B22 - MacroeconomicsJEL: B23 - History of Economic Thought: Econometrics; Quantitative & Mathematical StudiesJEL: B24 - Socialist; Marxist; SraffianJEL: B25 - Historical; Institutional; Evolutionary; AustrianJEL: B29 - Other

JEL: B3 - History of Thought: IndividualsJEL: B30 - GeneralJEL: B31 - IndividualsJEL: B32 - Obituaries

JEL: B4 - Economic methodologyJEL: B40 - GeneralJEL: B41 - Economic methodologyJEL: B49 - Other

JEL: B5 - Current Heterodox ApproachesJEL: B50 - GeneralJEL: B51 - Socialist; Marxian; SraffianJEL: B52 - Institutional; EvolutionaryJEL: B53 - AustrianJEL: B54 - Feminist EconomicsJEL: B59 - Other

Mathematical and quantitative methods JEL: C SubcategoriesCategory:Mathematical and quantitative methods (economics)JEL: C0 - General

JEL: C00 - GeneralJEL: C01 - EconometricsJEL: C02 - Mathematical Methods

JEL: C1 - Econometric and Statistical Methods: GeneralJEL: C10 - GeneralJEL: C11 - Bayesian analysisJEL: C12 - Hypothesis testingJEL: C13 - EstimationJEL: C14 - Semiparametric and nonparametric methodsJEL: C15 - Statistical Simulation methodsJEL: C16 - Statistical distributionsJEL: C16 - Specific DistributionsJEL: C19 - Other

JEL: C2 - Econometric methods: Single equation models;Single variablesJEL: C20 - GeneralJEL: C21 - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial models; Treatment effect models

JEL classification codes 4

JEL: C22 - Time-Series ModelsJEL: C23 - Panel dataJEL: C34 - Truncated and censored modelsJEL: C25 - Discrete regression; Qualitative choice modelsJEL: C29 - Other

JEL: C3 - Econometric Methods: Multiple or Simultaneous Equation ModelsJEL: C30 - GeneralJEL: C31 - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment effect modelsJEL: C32 - Time-Series ModelsJEL: C33 - Models with Panel dataJEL: C34 - Truncated and censored modelsJEL: C35 - Discrete regression and Qualitative choice modelsJEL: C39 - Other

JEL: C4 - Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special TopicsJEL: C40 - GeneralJEL: C41 - Duration analysisJEL: C42 - Survey methodsJEL: C43 - Index numbers and AggregationJEL: C44 - Statistical decision theory; Operations researchJEL: C45 - Neural Networks and Related TopicsJEL: C46 - Specific DistributionsJEL: C49 - Other

JEL: C5 - Econometric ModelingJEL: C50 - GeneralJEL: C51 - Model construction and estimationJEL: C52 - Model evaluation and testingJEL: C53 - Forecasting and Other Model ApplicationsJEL: C59 - Other

JEL: C6 - Mathematical Methods; Programming Models; Mathematical and Simulation ModelingJEL: C60 - GeneralJEL: C61 - Optimization techniques; Programming models; Dynamic analysisJEL: C62 - Existence and stability conditions of equilibriumJEL: C63 - Computational techniques; Simulation modelingJEL: C65 - Miscellaneous Mathematical ToolsJEL: C67 - Input–output modelsJEL: C68 - Computable General Equilibrium modelsJEL: C69 - Other

JEL: C7 - Game theory and Bargaining theoryJEL: C70 - General

JEL classification codes 5

JEL: C71 - Cooperative gamesJEL: C72 - Noncooperative gamesJEL: C73 - Stochastic and Dynamic games; Evolutionary games; Repeated GamesJEL: C78 - Bargaining theory; Matching theoryJEL: C79 - Other

JEL: C8 - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer ProgramsJEL: C80 - GeneralJEL: C81 - Methodology for collecting, estimating, and organizing microeconomic dataJEL: C82 - Methodology for collecting, estimating, and organizing macroeconomic dataJEL: C87 - Econometric softwareJEL: C88 - Other Computer SoftwareJEL: C89 - Other

JEL: C9 - Design of experimentsJEL: C90 - GeneralJEL: C91 - Laboratory, Individual BehaviorJEL: C92 - Laboratory, Group BehaviorJEL: C93 - Field experimentsJEL: C99 - Other

Microeconomics JEL: D SubcategoriesCategory:MicroeconomicsJEL: D0 - General

JEL: D00 - GeneralJEL: D01 - Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying PrinciplesJEL: D02 - Institutions: Design, Formation, and OperationsJEL: D03 - Behavioral Economics; Underlying Principles

JEL: D1 - Household Behavior and Family EconomicsJEL: D10 - GeneralJEL: D11 - Consumer Economics: TheoryJEL: D12 - Consumer economics: empirical analysisJEL: D13 - Household production and Intrahousehold allocationJEL: D14 - Personal financeJEL: D18 - Consumer protectionJEL: D19 - Other

JEL: D2 - Production and OrganizationsJEL: D20 - GeneralJEL: D21 - Firm behaviorJEL: D23 - Organizational behavior; Transaction Costs; Property rightsJEL: D24 - Production; Capital and Total factor productivity; CapacityJEL: D29 - Other

JEL classification codes 6

JEL: D3 - DistributionJEL: D30 - GeneralJEL: D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their DistributionsJEL: D33 - Factor Income DistributionJEL: D39 - Other

JEL: D4 - Market structure and pricingJEL: D40 - GeneralJEL: D41 - Perfect competitionJEL: D42 - MonopolyJEL: D43 - Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market ImperfectionJEL: D44 - AuctionsJEL: D45 - Rationing; LicensingJEL: D46 - Value TheoryJEL: D49 - Other

JEL: D5 - General equilibrium and DisequilibriumJEL: D50 - GeneralJEL: D51 - Exchange and Production EconomiesJEL: D52 - Incomplete MarketsJEL: D57 - Input–Output Tables and AnalysisJEL: D58 - Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium ModelsJEL: D59 - Other

JEL: D6 - Welfare economicsJEL: D60 - GeneralJEL: D61 - Allocative efficiency; Cost-benefit analysisJEL: D62 - ExternalitiesJEL: D63 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and MeasurementJEL: D64 - AltruismJEL: D69 - Other

JEL: D7 - Analysis of Collective Decision-MakingJEL: D70 - GeneralJEL: D71 - Social choice; Clubs; Committees; AssociationsJEL: D72 - Economic Models of Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Elections, Legislatures, and VotingBehaviorJEL: D73 - Bureaucracy; Administrative Processes in Public Organizations; CorruptionJEL: D74 - Conflict; Conflict Resolution; AlliancesJEL: D78 - Positive Analysis of Policy-Making and ImplementationJEL: D79 - Other

JEL: D8 - Information, Knowledge, and UncertaintyJEL: D80 - GeneralJEL: D81 - Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty

JEL classification codes 7

JEL: D82 - Asymmetric and Private InformationJEL: D83 - Search; Learning; Information and KnowledgeJEL: D84 - Expectations; SpeculationJEL: D85 - Network Formation and Analysis: TheoryJEL: D86 - Economics of Contract: TheoryJEL: D87 - NeuroeconomicsJEL: D89 - Other

JEL: D9 - Intertemporal choice and GrowthJEL: D90 - GeneralJEL: D91 - Intertemporal Consumer Choice; Life cycle models and SavingJEL: D92 - Intertemporal Firm Choice and Growth, Investment, or FinancingJEL: D99 - Other

Macroeconomics and monetary economics JEL: E SubcategoriesJEL: E - Macroeconomics and Monetary EconomicsCategory:Macroeconomics and monetary economicsJEL: E0 - General

JEL: E00 - GeneralJEL: E01 - Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and WealthJEL: E02 - Institutions and the Macroeconomy

JEL: E1 - General Aggregative ModelsJEL: E10 - GeneralJEL: E11 - Marxian; Sraffian; Institutional; EvolutionaryJEL: E12 - Keynes; Keynesian; Post-KeynesianJEL: E13 - NeoclassicalJEL: E17 - Forecasting and SimulationJEL: E19 - Other

JEL: E2 - Macroeconomics: Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and InvestmentJEL: E20 - GeneralJEL: E21 - Consumption; Saving; WealthJEL: E22 - Capital; Investment (including Inventories); CapacityJEL: E23 - ProductionJEL: E24 - Employment; Unemployment; Wages; Intergenerational Income Distribution; AggregateHuman CapitalJEL: E25 - Aggregate Factor Income DistributionJEL: E26 - Informal economy; Underground EconomyJEL: E27 - Forecasting and SimulationJEL: E29 - Other

JEL: E3 - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and CyclesJEL: E30 - General

JEL classification codes 8

JEL: E31 - Price Level; Inflation; DeflationJEL: E32 - Business Fluctuations; CyclesJEL: E37 - Forecasting and SimulationJEL: E39 - Other

JEL: E4 - Money and Interest RatesJEL: E40 - GeneralJEL: E41 - Demand for MoneyJEL: E42 - Monetary Systems; Standards; Regimes; Government and the Monetary System; PaymentSystemsJEL: E43 - Determination of Interest Rates; Term Structure of Interest RatesJEL: E44 - Financial Markets and the MacroeconomyJEL: E47 - Forecasting and SimulationJEL: E49 - Other

JEL: E5 - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and CreditJEL: E50 - GeneralJEL: E51 - Money Supply; Credit; Money multipliersJEL: E52 - Monetary PolicyJEL: E58 - Central Banks and Their PoliciesJEL: E59 - Other

JEL: E6 - Macroeconomic Policy Formation, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, Macroeconomic Policy,and General Outlook

JEL: E60 - GeneralJEL: E61 - Policy Objectives; Policy Designs and Consistency; Policy CoordinationJEL: E62 - Fiscal Policy; Public Expenditures, Investment, and Finance; TaxationJEL: E63 - Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy; StabilizationJEL: E64 - Incomes policy; Price policyJEL: E65 - Studies of Particular Policy EpisodesJEL: E66 - General Outlook and ConditionsJEL: E69 - Other

International economics JEL: F SubcategoriesJEL: F - International EconomicsCategory:International economicsJEL: F0 - General

JEL: F00 - GeneralJEL: F01 - Global OutlookJEL: F02 - International Economic Order; Noneconomic International Organizations •EconomicIntegration and Globalization: General

JEL: F1 - TradeJEL: F10 - General

JEL classification codes 9

JEL: F11 - Neoclassical Models of TradeJEL: F12 - Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale EconomiesJEL: F13 - Commercial Policy; Protection; Promotion; Trade Negotiations; International OrganizationsJEL: F14 - Country and Industry Studies of TradeJEL: F15 - Economic IntegrationJEL: F16 - Trade and Labor Market InteractionsJEL: F17 - Trade Forecasting and SimulationJEL: F18 - Trade and EnvironmentJEL: F19 - Other

JEL: F2 - International Factor Movements and International BusinessJEL: F20 - GeneralJEL: F21 - International Investment; Long-Term Capital MovementsJEL: F22 - International MigrationJEL: F23 - Multinational Firms; International BusinessJEL: F24 - RemittancesJEL: F29 - Other

JEL: F3 - International FinanceJEL: F30 - GeneralJEL: F31 - Foreign ExchangeJEL: F32 - Current Account Adjustment; Short-Term Capital MovementsJEL: F33 - International Monetary Arrangements and InstitutionsJEL: F34 - International Lending and Debt ProblemsJEL: F35 - Foreign aidJEL: F36 - Financial Aspects of Economic IntegrationJEL: F37 - International Finance Forecasting and SimulationJEL: F39 - Other

JEL: F4 - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and FinanceJEL: F40 - GeneralJEL: F41 - Open economy macroeconomicsJEL: F42 - International Policy Coordination and TransmissionJEL: F43 - Economic Growth of Open EconomiesJEL: F47 - Forecasting and SimulationJEL: F49 - Other

JEL: F5 - International Relations and International Political EconomyJEL: F50 - GeneralJEL: F51 - International Conflicts; Negotiations; SanctionsJEL: F52 - National Security; Economic NationalismJEL: F53 - International Agreements and Observance; International OrganizationsJEL: F54 - Colonialism; Imperialism; Postcolonialism

JEL classification codes 10

JEL: F55 - International Institutional ArrangementsJEL: F59 - International Relations and International Political Economy: Other

Financial economics JEL: G SubcategoriesJEL: G - Financial EconomicsCategory:Financial economicsJEL: G0 - General

JEL: G00 - GeneralJEL: G01 - Financial Crises

JEL: G1 - General Financial MarketsJEL: G10 - GeneralJEL: G11 - Portfolio choice; Investment decisionsJEL: G12 - Asset pricing; Trading volume; Bond interest ratesJEL: G13 - Contingent pricing; Futures PricingJEL: G14 - Information and Market Efficiency; Event StudiesJEL: G15 - International financial marketsJEL: G17 - Financial ForecastingJEL: G18 - Government Policy and RegulationJEL: G19 - Other

JEL: G2 - Financial institutions and ServicesJEL: G20 - GeneralJEL: G21 - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; MortgagesJEL: G22 - Insurance; Insurance companiesJEL: G23 - Pension funds; Other Private Financial InstitutionsJEL: G24 - Investment banking; Venture capital; Brokerage; Ratings and Ratings AgenciesJEL: G28 - Government Policy and RegulationJEL: G29 - Other

JEL: G3 - Corporate finance and GovernanceJEL: G30 - GeneralJEL: G31 - Capital budgeting; Fixed Investment and Inventory StudiesJEL: G32 - Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership StructureJEL: G33 - Bankruptcy; LiquidationJEL: G34 - Mergers; Acquisitions; Restructuring; Corporate governanceJEL: G35 - Payout PolicyJEL: G38 - Government Policy and RegulationJEL: G39 - Other

JEL classification codes 11

Public economics JEL: H SubcategoriesJEL: H - Public EconomicsCategory:Public economicsJEL: H0 - General

JEL: H00 - GeneralJEL: H1 - Structure and Scope of Government

JEL: H10 - GeneralJEL: H11 - Structure, Scope, and Performance of GovernmentJEL: H19 - Other

JEL: H2 - Taxation, Subsidies, and RevenueJEL: H20 - GeneralJEL: H21 - Efficiency; Optimal taxationJEL: H22 - IncidenceJEL: H23 - Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental taxes and SubsidiesJEL: H24 - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and SubsidiesJEL: H25 - Business Taxes and SubsidiesJEL: H26 - Tax EvasionJEL: H27 - Other Sources of RevenueJEL: H29 - Other

JEL: H3 - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic AgentsJEL: H30 - GeneralJEL: H31 - HouseholdJEL: H32 - FirmJEL: H39 - Other

JEL: H4 - Publicly provided goodsJEL: H40 - GeneralJEL: H41 - Public goodsJEL: H42 - Publicly Provided Private GoodsJEL: H43 - Project evaluation; Social discount rateJEL: H49 - Other

JEL: H5 - National Government Expenditures and Related PoliciesJEL: H50 - GeneralJEL: H51 - Government Expenditures and HealthJEL: H52 - Government Expenditures and EducationJEL: H53 - Government Expenditures and Welfare ProgramsJEL: H54 - Infrastructures; Other Public Investment and Capital StockJEL: H55 - Social security and Public PensionsJEL: H56 - National Security and WarJEL: H57 - Procurement

JEL classification codes 12

JEL: H59 - OtherJEL: H6 - National Budget, Deficit, and Debt

JEL: H60 - GeneralJEL: H61 - Budget; Budget SystemsJEL: H62 - Deficit; SurplusJEL: H63 - Debt; Debt ManagementJEL: H68 - Forecasts of Budgets, Deficits, and DebtJEL: H69 - Other

JEL: H7 - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental RelationsJEL: H70 - GeneralJEL: H71 - State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and RevenueJEL: H72 - State and Local Budget and ExpendituresJEL: H73 - Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their EffectsJEL: H74 - State and Local BorrowingJEL: H77 - Intergovernmental Relations; FederalismJEL: H79 - Other

JEL: H8 - Miscellaneous IssuesJEL: H80 - GeneralJEL: H81 - Governmental Loans, Loan Guarantees, Credits, and GrantsJEL: H82 - Governmental PropertyJEL: H83 - Public administrationJEL: H87 - International Fiscal Issues; International Public GoodsJEL: H89 - Other

Health, education, and welfare JEL: I SubcategoriesJEL: I - Health, Education, and WelfareCategory:Health, education, and welfare economicsJEL: I0 - General

JEL: I00 - GeneralJEL: I1 - Health

JEL: I10 - GeneralJEL: I11 - Analysis of Health Care MarketsJEL: I12 - Health Production: Nutrition, Mortality, Morbidity, Substance abuse and Addiction,Disability, and Economic BehaviorJEL: I18 - Government Policy; Regulation; Public healthJEL: I19 - Other

JEL: I2 - EducationJEL: I20 - GeneralJEL: I21 - Analysis of EducationJEL: I22 - Educational finance

JEL classification codes 13

JEL: I23 - Higher Education Research InstitutionsJEL: I28 - Government PolicyJEL: I29 - Other

JEL: I3 - Welfare and PovertyJEL: I30 - GeneralJEL: I31 - General Welfare; Basic needs; Living standards; Quality of life; HappinessJEL: I32 - Measurement and Analysis of PovertyJEL: I38 - Government Policy; Provision and Effects of Welfare ProgramsJEL: I39 - Other

Labor and demographic economics JEL: J SubcategoriesJEL: J - Labor and Demographic EconomicsCategory:Labor and demographic economicsCategory:LaborCategory:Demographic economicsJEL: J0 - General

JEL: J00 - GeneralJEL: J1 - Demographic Economics

JEL: J10 - GeneralJEL: J11 - Demographic Trends and ForecastsJEL: J12 - Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family StructureJEL: J13 - Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; YouthJEL: J14 - Economics of the Elderly; Economics of the HandicappedJEL: J15 - Economics of Minorities and Races; Non-labor DiscriminationJEL: J16 - Economics of gender; Non-labor DiscriminationJEL: J17 - Value of life; Foregone IncomeJEL: J18 - Public PolicyJEL: J19 - Other

JEL: J2 - Time Allocation, Work Behavior, and Employment Determination and Creation; Human capitalJEL: J20 - GeneralJEL: J21 - Labor force and Employment, Size, and StructureJEL: J22 - Time allocation and Labor supplyJEL: J23 - Employment Determination; Job creation; Demand for labor; Self-employmentJEL: J24 - Human capital; Skills; Occupational choice; Labor productivityJEL: J26 - Retirement; Retirement policiesJEL: J28 - Safety; Accidents; Industrial Health; Job Satisfaction; Related Public PolicyJEL: J29 - Other

JEL: J3 - Wages, Compensation, and Labor CostsJEL: J30 - GeneralJEL: J31 - Wage Level and Structure; Wage differentials by Skill, Training, Occupation, etc.

JEL classification codes 14

JEL: J32 - Nonwage labor costs and Benefits; Private pensionsJEL: J33 - Compensation Packages; Payment MethodsJEL: J38 - Public PolicyJEL: J39 - Other

JEL: J4 - Particular Labor MarketsJEL: J40 - GeneralJEL: J41 - Contracts: Specific Human Capital, Matching models, Efficiency wage Models, and Internallabor marketsJEL: J42 - Monopsony; Segmented Labor MarketsJEL: J43 - Agricultural Labor MarketsJEL: J44 - Professional Labor Markets and OccupationsJEL: J45 - Public Sector Labor MarketsJEL: J48 - Public PolicyJEL: J49 - Other

JEL: J5 - Labor–Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective BargainingJEL: J50 - GeneralJEL: J51 - Trade unions: Objectives, Structure, and EffectsJEL: J52 - Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation; Collective bargainingJEL: J53 - Labor-management relations; Industrial JurisprudenceJEL: J54 - Producer cooperatives; Labor managed firmsJEL: J58 - Public PolicyJEL: J59 - Other

JEL: J6 - Mobility, Unemployment, and VacanciesJEL: J60 - GeneralJEL: J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant WorkersJEL: J62 - Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational mobilityJEL: J63 - Turnover; Vacancies; LayoffsJEL: J64 - Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job SearchJEL: J65 - Unemployment insurance; Severance pay; Plant closingsJEL: J68 - Public PolicyJEL: J69 - Other

JEL: J7 - Labor DiscriminationJEL: J70 - GeneralJEL: J71 - DiscriminationJEL: J78 - Public PolicyJEL: J79 - Other

JEL: J8 - Labor Standards: National and InternationalJEL: J80 - GeneralJEL: J81 - Working conditionsJEL: J82 - Labor Force Composition

JEL classification codes 15

JEL: J83 - Workers' RightsJEL: J88 - Public PolicyJEL: J89 - Other

Law and economics JEL: K SubcategoriesJEL: K - Law and EconomicsCategory:Law and economicsJEL: K0 - General

JEL: K00 - GeneralJEL: K1 - Basic Areas of Law

JEL: K10 - GeneralJEL: K11 - Property LawJEL: K12 - Contract LawJEL: K13 - Tort Law and Product LiabilityJEL: K14 - Criminal LawJEL: K19 - Other

JEL: K2 - Regulation and Business LawJEL: K20 - GeneralJEL: K21 - Antitrust LawJEL: K22 - Corporation and Securities LawJEL: K23 - Regulated Industries and Administrative LawJEL: K29 - Other

JEL: K3 - Other Substantive Areas of LawJEL: K30 - GeneralJEL: K31 - Labor LawJEL: K32 - Environmental, Health, and Safety LawJEL: K33 - International LawJEL: K34 - Tax LawJEL: K35 - Personal Bankruptcy LawJEL: K39 - Other

JEL: K4 - Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal BehaviorJEL: K40 - GeneralJEL: K41 - Litigation ProcessJEL: K42 - Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of LawJEL: K49 - Other

JEL classification codes 16

Industrial organization JEL: L SubcategoriesCategory:Industrial organizationJEL: L - Industrial OrganizationJEL: L0 - General

JEL: L00 - GeneralJEL: L1 - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance

JEL: L10 - GeneralJEL: L11 - Production, Pricing, and Market Structure; Size Distribution of FirmsJEL: L12 - Monopoly; Monopolization StrategiesJEL: L13 - Oligopoly and Other Imperfect MarketsJEL: L14 - Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation; NetworksJEL: L15 - Information and Product Quality; Standardization and CompatibilityJEL: L16 - Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics; Macroeconomic Industrial Structure;Industrial Price IndicesJEL: L19 - Other

JEL: L2 - Firm Objectives, Organization, and BehaviorJEL: L20 - GeneralJEL: L21 - Business Objectives of the FirmJEL: L22 - Firm Organization and Market Structure: Markets vs. Hierarchies; Vertical integration;ConglomeratesJEL: L23 - Organization of ProductionJEL: L24 - Contracting out; Joint venturesJEL: L25 - Firm Performance: Size, Age, Profit, and SalesJEL: L26 - EntrepreneurshipJEL: L29 - Other

JEL: L3 - Non-profit organizations and Public enterpriseJEL: L30 - GeneralJEL: L31 - Nonprofit Institutions; NGOsJEL: L32 - Public enterprisesJEL: L33 - Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises; Privatization; Contracting outJEL: L39 - Other

JEL: L4 - Antitrust Issues and PoliciesJEL: L40 - GeneralJEL: L41 - Monopolization; Horizontal Anticompetitive PracticesJEL: L42 - Vertical Restraints; Resale Price Maintenance; Quantity DiscountsJEL: L43 - Legal Monopolies and Regulation or DeregulationJEL: L44 - Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprise, Nonprofit Institutions, and ProfessionalOrganizationsJEL: L49 - Other

JEL: L5 - Regulation and Industrial policy

JEL classification codes 17

JEL: L50 - GeneralJEL: L51 - Economics of RegulationJEL: L52 - Industrial Policy; Sectoral Planning MethodsJEL: L53 - Government Promotion of FirmsJEL: L59 - Other

JEL: L6 - Industry Studies: ManufacturingJEL: L60 - GeneralJEL: L61 - Metals and Metal Products; Cement; Glass; CeramicsJEL: L62 - Automobiles; Other Transportation EquipmentJEL: L63 - Microelectronics; Computers; Communications EquipmentJEL: L64 - Other Machinery; Business Equipment; ArmamentsJEL: L65 - Chemicals; Rubber; Drugs; BiotechnologyJEL: L66 - Food; Beverages; Cosmetics; TobaccoJEL: L67 - Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and LeatherJEL: L68 - Appliances; Other Consumer DurablesJEL: L69 - Other

JEL: L7 - Industry Studies: Primary Products and ConstructionJEL: L70 - GeneralJEL: L71 - Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon FuelsJEL: L72 - Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Other Nonrenewable ResourcesJEL: L73 - Forest Products: Lumber and PaperJEL: L74 - ConstructionJEL: L78 - Government PolicyJEL: L79 - Other

JEL: L8 - Industry Studies: ServicesJEL: L80 - GeneralJEL: L81 - Retail and Wholesale Trade; Warehousing; e-CommerceJEL: L82 - Entertainment; Media (Performing Arts, Visual Arts, Broadcasting, Publishing, etc.)JEL: L83 - Sports; Gambling; Recreation; TourismJEL: L84 - Personal, Professional, and Business ServicesJEL: L85 - Real Estate ServicesJEL: L86 - Information and Internet Services; Computer SoftwareJEL: L87 - Postal and Delivery ServicesJEL: L88 - Government PolicyJEL: L89 - Other

JEL: L9 - Industry Studies: Transportation and UtilitiesJEL: L90 - GeneralJEL: L91 - Transportation: GeneralJEL: L92 - Railroads and Other Surface Transportation: Autos, Buses, Trucks, and Water Carriers; Ports

JEL classification codes 18

JEL: L93 - Air TransportationJEL: L94 - Electric UtilitiesJEL: L95 - Gas Utilities; Pipelines; Water UtilitiesJEL: L96 - TelecommunicationsJEL: L97 - Utilities: GeneralJEL: L98 - Government PolicyJEL: L99 - Other

Business administration and business economics; marketing; accounting JEL:M SubcategoriesJEL: M - Business administration and business economics; marketing; accountingJEL: M0 - General

JEL: M00 - GeneralJEL: M1 - Business Administration

JEL: M10 - GeneralJEL: M11 - Production ManagementJEL: M12 - Personnel ManagementJEL: M13 - New firms and Startup companiesJEL: M14 - Corporate culture; Social ResponsibilityJEL: M15 - IT ManagementJEL: M16 - International Business AdministrationJEL: M19 - Other

JEL: M2 - Business EconomicsJEL: M20 - GeneralJEL: M21 - Business economicsJEL: M29 - Other

JEL: M3 - Marketing and AdvertisingJEL: M30 - GeneralJEL: M31 - MarketingJEL: M37 - AdvertisingJEL: M38 - Government Policy and RegulationJEL: M39 - Other

JEL: M4 - Accounting and AuditingJEL: M40 - GeneralJEL: M41 - Accounting scholarshipJEL: M42 - AuditingJEL: M48 - Government Policy and RegulationJEL: M49 - Other

JEL: M5 - Personnel economicsJEL: M50 - General

JEL classification codes 19

JEL: M51 - Firm Employment Decisions; Promotions (hiring, firing, turnover, part-time, temporaryworkers, seniority issues)JEL: M52 - Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects (stock options, fringe benefits,incentives, family support programs, seniority issues)JEL: M53 - TrainingJEL: M54 - Labor Management (team formation, worker empowerment, job design, tasks and authority,job satisfaction)JEL: M55 - Labor Contracting Devices: Outsourcing; Franchising; OtherJEL: M59 - Other

Economic history JEL: N SubcategoriesJEL: N - Economic HistoryCategory:Economic historyJEL: N0 - General

JEL: N00 - GeneralJEL: N01 - Development of the Discipline: Historiographical; Sources and Methods

JEL: N1 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Growth and FluctuationsJEL: N10 - General, International, or ComparativeJEL: N11 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913JEL: N12 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–JEL: N13 - Europe: Pre-1913JEL: N14 - Europe: 1913–JEL: N15 - Asia including Middle EastJEL: N16 - Latin America; CaribbeanJEL: N17 - Africa; Oceania

JEL: N2 - Financial Markets and InstitutionsJEL: N20 - General, International, or ComparativeJEL: N21 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913JEL: N22 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–JEL: N23 - Europe: Pre-1913JEL: N24 - Europe: 1913–JEL: N25 - Asia including Middle EastJEL: N26 - Latin America; CaribbeanJEL: N27 - Africa; Oceania

JEL: N3 - Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Income, and WealthJEL: N30 - General, International, or ComparativeJEL: N31 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913JEL: N32 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–JEL: N33 - Europe: Pre-1913JEL: N34 - Europe: 1913–

JEL classification codes 20

JEL: N35 - Asia including Middle EastJEL: N36 - Latin America; CaribbeanJEL: N37 - Africa; Oceania

JEL: N4 - Government, War, Law, and RegulationJEL: N40 - General, International, or ComparativeJEL: N41 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913JEL: N42 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–JEL: N43 - Europe: Pre-1913JEL: N44 - Europe: 1913–JEL: N45 - Asia including Middle EastJEL: N46 - Latin America; CaribbeanJEL: N47 - Africa; Oceania

JEL: N5 - Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive IndustriesJEL: N50 - General, International, or ComparativeJEL: N51 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913JEL: N52 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–JEL: N53 - Europe: Pre-1913JEL: N54 - Europe: 1913–JEL: N55 - Asia including Middle EastJEL: N56 - Latin America; CaribbeanJEL: N57 - Africa; Oceania

JEL: N6 - Manufacturing and ConstructionJEL: N60 - General, International, or ComparativeJEL: N61 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913JEL: N62 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–JEL: N63 - Europe: Pre-1913JEL: N64 - Europe: 1913–JEL: N65 - Asia including Middle EastJEL: N66 - Latin America; CaribbeanJEL: N67 - Africa; Oceania

JEL: N7 - Transport, International and Domestic Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other ServicesJEL: N70 - General, International, or ComparativeJEL: N71 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913JEL: N72 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–JEL: N73 - Europe: Pre-1913JEL: N74 - Europe: 1913–JEL: N75 - Asia including Middle EastJEL: N76 - Latin America; CaribbeanJEL: N77 - Africa; Oceania

JEL classification codes 21

JEL: N8 - Micro-Business HistoryJEL: N80 - General, International, or ComparativeJEL: N81 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913JEL: N82 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–JEL: N83 - Europe: Pre-1913JEL: N84 - Europe: 1913–JEL: N85 - Asia including Middle EastJEL: N86 - Latin America; CaribbeanJEL: N87 - Africa; Oceania

JEL: N9 - Regional and Urban HistoryJEL: N90 - General, International, or ComparativeJEL: N91 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913JEL: N92 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–JEL: N93 - Europe: Pre-1913JEL: N94 - Europe: 1913–JEL: N95 - Asia including Middle EastJEL: N96 - Latin America; CaribbeanJEL: N97 - Africa; Oceania

Economic development, technological change, and growth JEL: OSubcategoriesJEL: O - Economic Development, Technological Change, and GrowthCategory:Economic development, technological change, and growthJEL: O1 - Economic development

JEL: O10 - GeneralJEL: O11 - Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic DevelopmentJEL: O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic DevelopmentJEL: O13 - Agriculture; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Other Primary ProductsJEL: O14 - Industrialization; Manufacturing and Service Industries; Choice of TechnologyJEL: O15 - Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; MigrationJEL: O16 - Financial Markets; Saving and Capital InvestmentJEL: O17 - Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements: Legal, Social,Economic, and PoliticalJEL: O18 - Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses, TransportationJEL: O19 - International Linkages to Development; Role of International Organizations

JEL: O2 - Development Planning and PolicyJEL: O20 - GeneralJEL: O21 - Planning Models; Planning PolicyJEL: O22 - Project AnalysisJEL: O23 - Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development

JEL classification codes 22

JEL: O24 - Trade Policy; Factor Movement Policy; Foreign Exchange PolicyJEL: O25 - Industrial policyJEL: O29 - Other

JEL: O3 - Technological Change; Research and DevelopmentJEL: O30 - GeneralJEL: O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and IncentivesJEL: O32 - Management of Technological Innovation and R&DJEL: O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion ProcessesJEL: O34 - Intellectual Property Rights: National and International IssuesJEL: O38 - Government PolicyJEL: O39 - Other

JEL: O4 - Economic Growth and Aggregate ProductivityJEL: O40 - GeneralJEL: O41 - One, Two, and Multisector Growth ModelsJEL: O42 - Monetary Growth ModelsJEL: O43 - Institutions and GrowthJEL: O44 - Environment and GrowthJEL: O47 - Measurement of Economic Growth; Aggregate ProductivityJEL: O49 - Other

JEL: O5 - Economywide Country StudiesJEL: O50 - GeneralJEL: O51 - U.S.; CanadaJEL: O52 - EuropeJEL: O53 - Asia including Middle EastJEL: O54 - Latin America; CaribbeanJEL: O55 - AfricaJEL: O56 - OceaniaJEL: O57 - Comparative Studies of Countries

Economic systems JEL: P SubcategoriesJEL: P - Economic SystemsCategory:Economic systemsJEL: P0 - General

JEL: P00 - GeneralJEL: P1 - Capitalist Systems

JEL: P10 - GeneralJEL: P11 - Planning, Coordination, and ReformJEL: P12 - Capitalist EnterprisesJEL: P13 - Cooperative EnterprisesJEL: P14 - Property Rights

JEL classification codes 23

JEL: P16 - Political EconomyJEL: P17 - Performance and ProspectsJEL: P19 - Other

JEL: P2 - Socialist Systems and Transitional EconomiesJEL: P20 - GeneralJEL: P21 - Planning, Coordination, and ReformJEL: P22 - PricesJEL: P23 - Factor and Product Markets; Industry Studies; PopulationJEL: P24 - National Income, Product, and Expenditure; Money; InflationJEL: P25 - Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics; Housing; TransportationJEL: P26 - Political Economy; Property RightsJEL: P27 - Performance and ProspectsJEL: P28 - Natural Resources; Energy; EnvironmentJEL: P29 - Other

JEL: P3 - Socialist Institutions and Their TransitionsJEL: P30 - GeneralJEL: P31 - Socialist Enterprises and Their TransitionsJEL: P32 - Collectives; Communes; AgricultureJEL: P33 - International Trade, Finance, Investment, and AidJEL: P34 - Financial EconomicsJEL: P35 - Public EconomicsJEL: P36 - Consumer Economics; Health, Education, Welfare, and PovertyJEL: P37 - Legal Institutions; Illegal BehaviorJEL: P39 - Other

JEL: P4 - Other Economic SystemsJEL: P40 - GeneralJEL: P41 - Planning, Coordination, and ReformJEL: P42 - Productive Enterprises; Factor and Product Markets; Prices; PopulationJEL: P43 - Public Economics; Financial EconomicsJEL: P44 - National Income, Product, and Expenditure; Money; InflationJEL: P45 - International Trade, Finance, Investment, and AidJEL: P46 - Consumer Economics; Welfare and PovertyJEL: P47 - Performance and ProspectsJEL: P48 - Political Economy; Legal Institutions; Property Rights, Natural Resources; Energy;Environment; Regional StudiesJEL: P49 - Other

JEL: P5 - Comparative Economic SystemsJEL: P50 - GeneralJEL: P51 - Comparative Analysis of Economic SystemsJEL: P52 - Comparative Studies of Particular Economies

JEL classification codes 24

JEL: P59 - Other

Agricultural and natural resource economics; environmental and ecologicaleconomics JEL: Q SubcategoriesJEL: Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological EconomicsCategory:Agricultural and natural resource economics; environmental and ecological economics Category:ResourceeconomicsJEL: Q0 - General

JEL: Q00 - GeneralJEL: Q01 - Sustainable developmentJEL: Q02 - Global Commodity Crises

JEL: Q1 - AgricultureJEL: Q10 - GeneralJEL: Q11 - Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis; PricesJEL: Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input MarketsJEL: Q13 - Agricultural markets and Marketing; Cooperatives; AgribusinessJEL: Q14 - Agricultural financeJEL: Q15 - Land Ownership and Tenure; Land reform; Land use; Irrigation; Agriculture andEnvironmentJEL: Q16 - R&D; Agricultural technology; Biofuels; Agricultural Extension ServicesJEL: Q17 - Agriculture in International TradeJEL: Q18 - Agricultural policy; Food policyJEL: Q19 - Other

JEL: Q2 - Renewable Resources and ConservationJEL: Q20 - GeneralJEL: Q21 - Demand and SupplyJEL: Q22 - Fishery; AquacultureJEL: Q23 - ForestryJEL: Q24 - LandJEL: Q25 - WaterJEL: Q26 - Recreational Aspects of Natural ResourcesJEL: Q28 - Government PolicyJEL: Q29 - Other

JEL: Q3 - Nonrenewable Resources and ConservationJEL: Q30 - GeneralJEL: Q31 - Demand and SupplyJEL: Q32 - Exhaustible Resources and Economic DevelopmentJEL: Q34 - Natural Resources and Domestic and International ConflictsJEL: Q33 - Resource BoomsJEL: Q38 - Government Policy

JEL classification codes 25

JEL: Q39 - OtherJEL: Q4 - Energy

JEL: Q40 - GeneralJEL: Q41 - Demand and SupplyJEL: Q42 - Alternative Energy SourcesJEL: Q43 - Energy and the MacroeconomyJEL: Q47 - Energy ForecastingJEL: Q48 - Government PolicyJEL: Q49 - Other

JEL: Q5 - Environmental economicsJEL: Q50 - GeneralJEL: Q51 - Valuation of Environmental EffectsJEL: Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption Costs; Distributional Effects; Employment EffectsJEL: Q53 - Air Pollution; Water Pollution; Noise; Hazardous Waste; Solid Waste; RecyclingJEL: Q54 - Climate; Natural Disasters, Global WarmingJEL: Q55 - Technological InnovationJEL: Q56 - Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability; EnvironmentAccounts and Accounting; Environmental Equity; Population GrowthJEL: Q57 - Ecological economics: Ecosystem Services; Biodiversity Conservation; Bioeconomics;Industrial EcologyJEL: Q58 - Government PolicyJEL: Q59 - Other

Urban, rural, and regional economics JEL: R SubcategoriesJEL: R - Urban, Rural, and Regional economicsCategory:Urban, rural, and regional economicsJEL: R0 - General

JEL: R00 - GeneralJEL: R1 - General Regional economics

JEL: R10 - GeneralJEL: R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and ChangesJEL: R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity; Interregional TradeJEL: R13 - General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional EconomiesJEL: R14 - Land Use PatternsJEL: R15 - Econometric and Input–Output Models; Other ModelsJEL: R19 - Other

JEL: R2 - Household AnalysisJEL: R20 - GeneralJEL: R21 - Housing DemandJEL: R22 - Other Demand

JEL classification codes 26

JEL: R23 - Regional Migration; Regional Labor Markets; PopulationJEL: R29 - Other

JEL: R3 - Production Analysis and Firm LocationJEL: R30 - GeneralJEL: R31 - Housing Supply and MarketsJEL: R32 - Other Production and Pricing AnalysisJEL: R33 - Nonagricultural and Nonresidential Real Estate MarketsJEL: R34 - Input Demand AnalysisJEL: R38 - Government Policies; Regulatory PoliciesJEL: R39 - Other

JEL: R4 - Transportation SystemsJEL: R40 - GeneralJEL: R41 - Transportation: Demand; Supply; Congestion; Safety and AccidentsJEL: R42 - Government and Private Investment AnalysisJEL: R48 - Government Pricing; Regulatory PoliciesJEL: R49 - Other

JEL: R5 - Regional Government AnalysisJEL: R50 - GeneralJEL: R51 - Finance in Urban and Rural EconomiesJEL: R52 - Land Use and Other RegulationsJEL: R53 - Public Facility Location Analysis; Public Investment and Capital StockJEL: R58 - Regional Development PolicyJEL: R59 - Other

Miscellaneous categories (economics) JEL: Y SubcategoriesCategory:Miscellaneous categories (economics)JEL: Y1 - Data: Tables and Charts

JEL: Y10 - Data: Tables and ChartsJEL: Y2 - Introductory Material

JEL: Y20 - Introductory MaterialJEL: Y3 - Book Reviews (unclassified)

JEL: Y30 - Book Reviews (unclassified)JEL: Y4 - Dissertations (unclassified)

JEL: Y40 - Dissertations (unclassified)JEL: Y5 - Further Reading (unclassified)

JEL: Y50 - Further Reading (unclassified)JEL: Y6 - Excerpts

JEL: Y60 - ExcerptsJEL: Y6 - No Author General Discussions

JEL: Y60 - No Author General Discussions

JEL classification codes 27

JEL: Y8 - JEL: Related DisciplinesJEL: Y80 - Related Disciplines

JEL: Y9 - OtherJEL: Y90 - OtherJEL: Y91 - Pictures and Maps

Other special topics (economics) JEL: Z SubcategoriesCategory:Other special topics (economics)JEL: Z - Other special topicsJEL: Z0 - General

JEL: Z00 - GeneralJEL: Z1 - Cultural Economics; Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology

JEL: Z10 - GeneralJEL: Z11 - Economics of the Arts and LiteratureJEL: Z12 - ReligionJEL: Z13 - Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology; Social and Economic StratificationJEL: Z19 - Other

Notes[1] EconLit - American Economic Association (http:/ / www. aeaweb. org/ econlit/ index. php).[2] Works cited in the Index of Economic Articles are classified by author and subject. Coverage includes v. 1-7 for 1886-1965 and v. 8-36 for

each year thereafter to 1996 (per Baylor University Libraries, "International Business Sources," p. 1 (http:/ / www. baylor. edu/ content/services/ document. php/ 14779. pdf)).

[3] An alphabetic list of category links constructed as corresponding JEL-code (sub)categories and listed below is at Category:Categories whichare included in the JEL classification codes.

[4] http:/ / www. aeaweb. org/ journal/ jel_class_system. php[5] http:/ / www. aeaweb. org/ jel/ guide/ jel. php[6] http:/ / www. dictionaryofeconomics. com/ advanced_search[7] http:/ / www. nber. org/ jel/[8] http:/ / econpapers. repec. org/ scripts/ jelsearch. pf

External links• Full list of JEL classifications (http:/ / www. aeaweb. org/ journal/ jel_class_system. html)• JEL Classification Codes Guide (http:/ / www. aeaweb. org/ jel/ guide/ jel. php), which provides a more detailed

explanation of the classification system

Article Sources and Contributors 28

Article Sources and ContributorsJEL classification codes  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=515735963  Contributors: Afelton, André Davids, Barticus88, Belovedfreak, Black Falcon, BrownHairedGirl, Cmon, C777, CultureDrone, D.h, Dagonet, Den fjättrade ankan, Discospinster, Eastlaw, Elwikipedista, Fayenatic london, GRBerry, Gulbenk, Hongooi, I am not a dog, Isnow, John Quiggin,Jonkerz, Josh Parris, Jurema Oliveira, Kiefer.Wolfowitz, KnightRider, Lawrencekhoo, M-le-mot-dit, MarkS, Mordac, Morphh, Naaman Brown, Neutrality, Nick Number, Open2universe, Outerroot, Peakdemand, R'n'B, Robina Fox, ShelfSkewed, Socerizard, Spike Wilbury, SueHay, TenPoundHammer, Thomasmeeks, Thumperward, Tim!, Tobacman, Toffel07, VQuakr, Welsh,Wikiborg, 6 anonymous edits

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