JEFFERSONIAN PERIOD & PROBLEMS ABROAD. A French diplomat who came to the U.S. 1793 to ask the...
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Transcript of JEFFERSONIAN PERIOD & PROBLEMS ABROAD. A French diplomat who came to the U.S. 1793 to ask the...
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JEFFERSONIAN PERIOD & PROBLEMS ABROAD
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• A French diplomat who came to the U.S. 1793 to ask the American government to send money and troops to aid the French Revolution.
• President Washington demanded his recall after he began recruiting men and arming ships.
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Citizen Genêt
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• Washington’s declaration that the U.S. would not take sides in a war between France and a European coalition.
• It was technically a violation of the Franco-American Treaty of 1778.
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Neutrality Proclamation
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• A commission was sent to France in 1797 to meet with foreign minister Talleyrand to discuss the disputes that had arisen out of the U.S.'s refusal to honor the Franco-American Treaty of 1778.
• Talleyrand’s three agents told the American delegates that they could meet with Talleyrand only in exchange for a very large bribe. The Americans did not pay the bribe and were furious over the incident.
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XYZ Affair
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• Beginning in 1794, __ had began seizing American vessels in retaliation for Jay's Treaty, so Congress responded by ordering the navy to attack any __ ships on the American coast.
• The conflict became especially violent after the X,Y, Z Affair.
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France
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• A conference between the U.S. and France which ended the naval hostilities.
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Convention of 1800
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• France blocked English ports during the Napoleonic Wars of the early 1800s;
• England responded by blocking French ports.
• The British ___ which tried to trade at French ports.
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Seized American merchant ships
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• A British proclamation that said that neutral countries could not trade with both of two warring nations.
• They had to chose sides and only trade with one of the nations.
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"Rule of 1756"
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• Britain still maintained fur-trading posts in the __.
• Their presence in the U.S. led to continued British-American conflicts.
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Northwest territory
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• 1794 - It was signed in the hopes of settling the growing conflicts between the U.S. and Britain.
• It dealt with the Northwest posts and trade on the Mississippi River.
• It was unpopular with most Americans because it did not punish Britain for the attacks on neutral American ships.
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Jay’s Treaty
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• It warned against the dangers of political parties and foreign alliances.
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Washington’s Farewell Address
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• 1795 - Treaty between the U.S. and Spain.
• It gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans.
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Pinckney’s Treaty
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• During the late 1700s/early 1800s __ was exploring and settling the region which is now the Southwest U.S.
• They used the Indians of Florida and Georgia as spies and encouraged the tribes to raid U.S. settlements.
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Spain
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• He served as Governor of Louisiana from 1805-1806.
• He informed Pres. Jefferson of Burr's conspiracy to take over Louisiana.
• He was the primary witness against Burr at the treason trial, even though he was himself implicated in the plot.
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James Wilkinson
• (1759-1825)
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• He played a crucial role in the defeat of Cornwallis at Yorktown.
• In the early 1790's, the British in the Ohio Valley encouraged the local Indian tribes to attack the Americans.
• He defeated the Miami Indians in the Battle of Fallen Timbers on August 20, 1794.
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"Mad" Anthony Wayne
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• Drawn up after the Battle of Fallen Timbers.
• The 12 local Indian tribes gave the Americans the Ohio Valley territory in exchange for a reservation and $10,000.
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Treaty of Greenville, 1795
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• The name given to several renegade countries on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa.
• They demanded tribute in exchange for not attacking ships in the Mediterranean.
• Jefferson stopped paying the tribute, and the U.S. fought the __ in the countries of Tripoli and Algeria.
• The war was inconclusive and the U.S. went back to paying the tribute.
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Barbary pirates
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• A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over impressment, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians on the western frontier.
• U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson seized Florida and at one point the British managed to invade and burn Washington, D.C.
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War of 1812
• (1812-1814)
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• The ___ argued for war in Congress.
• They were young westerners led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun.
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War Hawks
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• The ___ restored the status quo and required the U.S. to give back Florida.
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Treaty of Ghent (December 1814)
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• Two weeks after the war ended, Andrew Jackson’s troops defeated the British at the __, not knowing that a peace treaty had already been signed.
• The war strengthened American nationalism and encouraged the growth of industry.
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Battle of New Orleans
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• Proposed after the War of 1812, it included:– internal improvements (roads, bridges,
industrial improvements, etc.)– a protective tariff to foster the growth of
American industries– strengthening the national bank.
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American System
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• Man who proposed the American System
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Henry Clay
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• Andrew Jackson opposed monopolies and the privileged class of society.
• He attacked the national bank for this reason.
• He advocated increased popular participation in government and greater opportunity for the __.
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Common man
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• Passed by Jefferson, it forbade trade.
• New England hated the law, although it forced the area to industrialize.
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Embargo Act
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• Passed by Madison, it reopened trade with all countries with the exception of Britain & France.
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Non-Intercourse Act
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• Passed by Madison, it declared the US would open trade with all countries.
• When one country, Britain or France, promised to honor US shipping rights, the US would stop trading with the other.
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Macon’s Bill #2
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• During Jackson’s presidency, this was a struggle between those who wanted to keep the __ in operation and those who wanted to abolish it.
• Jackson opposed the __, which he felt made it more difficult for farmers and small businessmen to obtain loans.
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2nd Bank of the US
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• President of the 2nd Bank of the US during the War with Jackson.
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Nicholas Biddle
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• 1832 - President Jackson vetoed the bill to__.
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Re-charter the national bank
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• Jackson killed the 2nd Bank of the US when he moved federal dollars into __.
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Pet Banks
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• These included canals in the Great Lakes region, toll roads, steamboats, and clipper ships.
• The result was faster trade and easier access to the western frontier.
• It aided the growth of the nation.
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Infrastructure
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• He believed in a less aristocratic presidency.
• He wanted to reduce federal spending and government interference in everyday life.
• He was a Democratic-Republican, so he believed in strict interpretation of the Constitution.
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President Jefferson
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• One of the leading Democratic-Republicans, he served as a U.S. Senator from New York from 1791-1797.
• In the election of 1800, he tied with Jefferson in the Electoral College.
• The House of Representatives awarded the Presidency to Jefferson and made him Vice- President.
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Aaron Burr
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• He was a financial genius and served as U.S. Secretary of the Treasury from 1801 - 1814.
• He advocated free trade and opposed the Federalists’ economic policies.
• He was a member of the U.S. delegation that negotiated the Treaty of Ghent.
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Albert Gallatin
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• "We are all Federalists, we are all Republicans”
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Jefferson’s Inaugural Address
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• On his last day in office, President Adams appointed a large number of Federalist judges to the federal courts.
• These newly-appointed Federalist judges were called __ because John Adams had stayed up signing the appointments.
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Midnight judges
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• A Federalist judge appointed by Washington to the Supreme Court.
• He had been a Revolutionary War hero, and was a signer of the Declaration of Independence.
• Jefferson disagreed with his rulings and had him impeached for publicly criticizing the Jefferson administration to the Maryland grand jury.
• He was acquitted by the Senate, and the impeachment failed.
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Justice Samuel Chase
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• Also called the Barbary Wars.• It was a series of naval engagements
launched by Jefferson to stop the attacks on American merchant ships by the Barbary pirates.
• The war was inconclusive, and the U.S. paid a tribute to the Barbary states to protect their ships from pirate attacks.
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Tripolitan War
• (1801-1805)
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• 1800 __ gave the Louisiana territory back to France.
• (France had lost it in the Seven Years War).
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Spain
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• 1803 - The U.S. purchased the land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains from Napoleon for $15 million.
• Jefferson was interested in the territory because it would give the U.S. the Mississippi River and New Orleans.
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Louisiana Purchase
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• Napoleon wanted to sell because he needed money for his European campaigns and because a rebellion against the French in __ had soured him on the idea of New World colonies.
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Haiti
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• The Constitution did not give the federal government the power to buy land, so Jefferson used __ to justify the purchase.
• This was a contradiction in Jefferson’s philosophy, because he had originally argued against this.
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Loose interpretation
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• 1803 - Led a slave rebellion which took control of Haiti.
• The rebellion led Napoleon to feel that New World colonies were more trouble than they were worth.
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Toussaint L’Overture
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• __ opposed the Louisiana Purchase because they felt Jefferson overstepped his Constitutional powers by making the purchase.
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Federalists
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• After Burr lost to Jefferson as a Republican, he switched to the Federalist party and ran for governor of New York.
• When he lost, he blamed __ of making remarks that cost Burr the election.
• Burr challenged __ to a duel, in which __ was killed on July 11, 1804.
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Alexander Hamilton
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• __ fled New York and joined a group of mercenaries in the southern Louisiana territory region. The U.S. arrested them as they moved towards Mexico.
• __ claimed that they had intended to attack Mexico, but the U.S. believed that they were actually trying to get Mexican aid to start a secession movement in the territories.
• __ was tried for treason, and although Jefferson advocated his punishment, the Supreme Court acquitted him.
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Burr
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• 1804-1806 - __were commissioned by Jefferson to map and explore the Louisiana Purchase region.
• Beginning at St. Louis, Missouri, the expedition travelled up the Missouri River to the Great Divide, and then down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean.
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Meriwether Lewis and William Clark
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• The Lewis & Clark expedition produced extensive maps of the area and recorded many __.
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Scientific discoveries
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• He explored Minnesota and the Southwest, mapped the region, and spied on the Spanish whenever his exploration took him into their territory.
• He then explored into the Rocky Mountains, discovering the peak that bears his name.
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Zebulon Pike
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• Major Long explored the middle of the Louisiana Purchase region (Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado) and concluded that it was a worthless __.
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"Great American Desert"
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• British laws which led to the War of 1812.
• They passed in 1807, and forbade neutral ships from visiting ports from which Britain was excluded unless they first went to Britain and traded for British goods.
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Orders-in-council
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• British seamen often deserted to join the American merchant marines.
• The British would board American vessels in order to retrieve the deserters, and often seized any sailor who could not prove that he was an American citizen and not British.
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Impressment
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• 1807 - The American ship __ refused to allow the British on the __ to board to look for deserters.
• In response, the British fired on the US.
• As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology.
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Chesapeake-Leopard Affair