Jeanne A Pawitan Histology of blood cells Jeanne Adiwinata Pawitan Department of Histology FMUI.
Jeanne A Pawitan Cell and genetics –histology 2007 Cells °Stem cells °Cells of the 4 basic...
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Transcript of Jeanne A Pawitan Cell and genetics –histology 2007 Cells °Stem cells °Cells of the 4 basic...
Jeanne A Pawitan
Cell and genetics –histology 2007
• Cells ° Stem cells° Cells of the 4 basic tissues° Other specialized cells
• Jeanne Adiwinata Pawitan
Dept. of Histology FMUI
Jeanne A Pawitan
Stem cells
Jeanne A Pawitan
Stem cells – ability to differentiate
Totipotent = all +
placenta
Pluripotent = all
Multipotent = several
Unipotent = 1 type -
><mature: self renewal
Jeanne A Pawitan
Stem cells - source
• Embryonic stem cells (inner cell mass)
• Adult stem cells: bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, Wharton jelly, adipose tissue, etc. ° Multipotential - > determined – adult stem cells
in 1 lineage: connective tissue, blood, etc° Unipotential – progenitors (commited) 1 cell line
→ differentiation → precursor → mature fully differentiated cells
Jeanne A Pawitan
Cells of the 4 basic tissues
• Epithelium: cells, intercellular substance/extracellular
matrix – basement membrane
• *Connective tissue: intercellular substance↑
• Muscle: muscle cells* = muscle fibers
• Nerve*: ° Neurons ° Neuroglial cells (support, protect neurons)
Jeanne A Pawitan
Epithelium
Jeanne A Pawitan
Epithelium (and glands)
• Layers ° Single
• Simple• (Pseudostratified)
° Multiple • Stratified • (Transitional)
• Shape ° Squamous
° Cuboidal
° Columnar (torax)
• Location
Jeanne A Pawitan
Jeanne A Pawitan
Polarity and cell surface specializations
• Morphological domain
• Biochemical domain Polarity
• Functional domainApical domain – free surface – lumenBasolateral domain
Basal - basal laminaLateral – other cells
Jeanne A Pawitan
Apical domain - lumen
• Microvilli • Cilia
° Kinocilia° Stereocilia
• Ion channels• Aquaporins• Carrier proteins• H+- ATPase• Glycoproteins• Hydrolytic enzymes
Jeanne A Pawitan
Basolateral domain
• Intercellular interdigitation, basal enfoldings
• Junctional specialization
• Receptors ° Hormones° Neurotransmitters
• Na+-K+ ATPase
• Ion channels
• Sites for constitutive secretions
Jeanne A Pawitan
Junctional specialization
• Lateral membrane specialization – terminal bars (LM) – junctional complexes (EM)° Occluding junction, tight
junction, zonula occludens
° Adhering junction• Zonula adherens -zonulae
adherentes
• Fascia adherens
• Macula adherens (desmosome) - hemidesmosome
° Gap junction
Jeanne A Pawitan
Epithelial cellsSimple squamous Endothelium,
mesothelium
Simple cuboidal, columnar
Stratified cuboidal, columnar
Glands
Pseudostratified Respiratory S.
Transitional Urinary S.
Stratified squamous – keratin + Epidermis-skin
Stratified squamous – keratin - Mucous membrane: oral, esophagus, vagina
Jeanne A Pawitan
Connective tissue
Jeanne A Pawitan
Connective tissues• Mesenchyme (embryo) – mucosa /gelatinosa • Connective tissue proper
° Loose (areolar) connective tissue areolar CT° Reticular connective tissue° Adipose tissue° Dense connective tissue
• Dense regular connective tissue Dense regular collagenous connective tissue Dense regular elastic connective tissue
• Dense irregular connective tissue
• Specialized connective tissue (cartilage, bone, blood)
Jeanne A Pawitan
Intercellular substance/ extracellular matrix
• Ground/amorphous substance (gel like)– tissue fluid° Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) (hyaluronic acid, heparin,
sulfated GAG)° Proteoglycans ( certain GAG – Protein)° Adhesive glycoproteins (fibronectin, laminin, entactin,
tenascin, chondronectin, osteonectin)• Fibers
° Collagen type I – VII• Reticular (type III collagen)
° Elastic fibers
Jeanne A Pawitan
Cells of connective tissue
• Cells of mesenchyme ° Mesenchymal cells
• Cells of loose connective tissue
• Cells of reticular CT ° Reticular cells
° Lymphocytes
° Plasma cells
• Cells of cartilage
• Cells of bone• Cells of blood
Jeanne A Pawitan
Loose connectine tissue
• Fixed cells ° Fibroblasts/fibrocytes° Histiocytes/macrophages° Mast cells° Pericytes° Adipose cells
• Transient cells: ° plasma cells° leucocytes ° macrophages
Jeanne A Pawitan
Cells of cartilage
Chondrogenic cellsChondroblast
ChondrocyteShrunkenlacuna
Jeanne A Pawitan
Cells of boneOsteogenic cellsOsteoblastOsteocyteOsteoclast
Jeanne A Pawitan
Cells of blood
ErythrocyteLeucocyte
NeutrophilEosinophilBasophilMonocytelymphocyte
Jeanne A Pawitan
Basement membrane
• Basal lamina° Lamina lucida
° Lamina densa
• Lamina reticularis: type I, III collagen
Jeanne A Pawitan
Muscles
Jeanne A Pawitan
Muscles• Striated muscle – characteristic striation –
specific arrangement of myofilament (contractile protein in a myofibril: myosin, actin) parallel arrays regularly repeated arrangement interdigitating in myofibril° skeletal muscle° cardiac muscle
• Smooth muscleMyoepithelial cells –glandular unit in glandsMyofibroblast – wound contraction, tooth
eruption
Jeanne A Pawitan
Unique terms in muscle
• Sarcolemma = cell membrane
• Sarcoplasm = cytoplasm
• Sarcoplasmic reticulum = smooth surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
• Sarcosome = mitochondria
• muscle fiber = muscle cell
Jeanne A Pawitan
Smooth muscle• Location: wall of hollow organ - lumen
° Digestive system
° Reproductive system
° Urinary system
° Respiratory system
° Ducts - large (glands)
° Dermis (skin)
• Function:° contraction
° Protein synthesis extra cell: collagen, elastin, glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, growth factors
Jeanne A Pawitan
Smooth muscle
• contraction - involuntary – controlled by° Autonomic nervous system (sympathetics,
parasympathetics)
° Hormone: bradykinin
° Local physiological condition
• Every fiber – lined by external lamina (outside sarcolemma)° reticular fiber - embedded in external lamina –
surrounding each muscle cell – function: control and unify the strength of muscle fiber contraction
Jeanne A Pawitan
Smooth muscle
fiber
• Shape : fusiform, elongated –Ø 5-6 μm, length -0.2 mm
• Surrounded by sarcolemma (cell membrane)
• Nucleus - center – oval – 1-2 nucleolei – at contraction nucleus bottle opener
• HE: cytoplasm – homogenous – acidophilic
• Iron hematoxylin – in sarcoplasm: ° Dense body – attached at the
inside of cell membrane
° Longitudinal lines groups of myofilaments
Jeanne A Pawitan
Smooth muscle fiber
• Form sheets/layers – usually 2 layers – perpendicular
• fibers –closely packed – thin part >< thick part° Cross section – fiber diameter ≠ – section -
nucleus (+)/(-)
• Individual cell
Jeanne A Pawitan
Innervation – smooth muscle fiber• Neuromuscular junction usually en passant type
° Bulging of axon° Containing synaptic vesicles
• Nor epinephrine – sympathetic• Acetylcholine – parasympathetic
• Type ° multi unit –individual innervation (iris, vas deferens° Intermediate (mixed 30-60% - individual)° Visceral – some fibers – 1 neuromuscular junction – gap
junction/nexus (uterus, GI tract) – other influencing factor
• Humoral factor : oxytocin• Micro environmental factor : stretching (intestines)
Jeanne A Pawitan
Cardiac muscle• Development: Myoepicardial mantle in
splanchnic mesenchyme epicardium + myocardium
• Cardiac muscle ° Cardiac muscle fiber–branching-anastomosing
network – arranged in layers (laminae) ° Between fibers – connective tissue° Connective tissue between laminae – contains:
• Blood vessels capillaries network –in connective tissue between each fiber
• Nerves • conducting system – in heart
Jeanne A Pawitan
Cardiac muscle fiber
• Striated, branching
• Length 15-80 μm
• Nucleus 1 (occasionally 2) – center – big –oval
• Perinuclear space
• Between cells (at the end) - intercalated disk -consist of:
° Transverse portion: facia adherens ( Z disk), desmosome
° Lateral portion: gap junction (also found in regions - side by side contact – long.)
Jeanne A Pawitan
Sarcoplasm contains• Myofibrils Ø-1-2 μm –longitudinal –regularly
arranged striated (longitudinal section): ° A band – (anisotropic on polarized light dark) ° I band– (isotropic on polarized light)
• EM: Sarcoplasmic reticulum = SER ° Network around myofibril° Function: intracellular Ca storage (< skeletal muscle)° Small terminals (terminal cisternae -) ° The rest = longitudinal sarcotubule + branches ° Contraction needs active transport of Ca from extra cell
• membrane contains junctional feet (= voltage gated Ca release channels)
Jeanne A Pawitan
Sarcoplasm contains
• Organels° Mitochondria >>> - ½ volume – cardiac
muscle° Myoglobin O2 transport° Glycogen particle energy source for
contraction ( with lipid)
Jeanne A Pawitan
Cardiac muscle fiber – T tubule
• EM: Sarcolemma – tubular invagination – transverse – branching - anastomosing T tubule (transverse tubule)
• Intertwine among myofibril• Location: around Z line – 1/sarcomere
° Open to extra cellular compartment -lined by external lamina
° Ø 2.5 X T tubule in skeletal muscle• Function: facilitate conduction – depol. wave -along
sarcolemma• Associated with sarcoplasmic reticulum: T tubule +
small terminals dyad
Jeanne A Pawitan
Myofibrils• A band (dark) – H band (light) – M line• I band (light) – Z line (Z disk, dark)• Sarcomere = myofibril region between 2
Z line = 1 contractile unit• Contraction:
° I band - shortened° H band - disappeared° A band - constant° Z line - approaching each other
Jeanne A Pawitan
Cardiac muscle fiber-atrium• Ø < fiber in ventricle myoendocrine cells• Contains granules - cardiodilatin (CDD)/Atrial
Natriuretic (Poly)peptide (ANP) – esp. in right atrium ° ANP – regulation of fluid –electrolyte balance
• Efferent arteriole constriction diuresis, sodium excretion↑
• Sodium, water resorption in kidneys (renal tubules)↓ blood pressure ↓ -
• Vasodilatation
• inhibit the release of arginine-vasopressin (posterior hypophysis), and aldosterone (adrenal cortex)
Jeanne A Pawitan
Skeletal muscle• investments
° Epimysium – muscle – irregular dense collagenous connective tissue
° Perimysium – fascicles (bundles) - < dense° Endomysium – muscle fiber (cell) - reticular
fiber, basal lamina / external lamina
• cell° Skeletal muscle fibers – striated – parallel° Satellite cells
Jeanne A Pawitan
Skeletal muscle cells/fibers
• Development: myoblast – parallel end –end fused myotube – formed myofibril skeletal muscle fiber
• Shape: long, tubular – Ø 10-100μm
• Between fibers: endomysium + continuous capillaries – parallel to fiber
• Skeletal muscle fiber – non branching -striated - multinucleated
• Nuclei – periphery – in a row – inside cell membrane (sarcolemma)
• EM: Sarcolemma invaginate T tubule (transverse tubule)
Jeanne A Pawitan
Sarcoplasm: contains• A lot of myofibril Ø-1-2 μm –longitudinal – along
the fiber – regularly arranged striation in longitudinal section: ° A band – (anisotropic on polarized light dark) ° I band– (isotropic on polarized light light)
• EM: Sarcoplasmic reticulum = smooth surface endoplasmic reticulum ° Form a network around myofibril° Function: intracellular Ca storage (esc. terminal cysterna)° A-I junction – dilated terminal cysterna
• The membrane has junctional feet (= voltage gated Ca release channels)
° The rest = longitudinal sarcotubules + their branches
Jeanne A Pawitan
T tubule• Tubular invagination –transversal – branching-
anastomosing – intertwine among myofibril• Location: transversal plane - A-I junction 2 in
each sarcomere• To extra cell - open• Associated with sarcoplasmic reticulum• Function: facilitate conduction of depol wave
along sarcolemma• T tubule + 2 terminal cysternae triad
° function: spreading of depol wave – fast – from sarcolemma – trough out the cell – to terminal cysterna
Jeanne A Pawitan
Jeanne A Pawitan
Myofibril • A band (dark) – H band – pale –M line• I band (light) –Z line, Z disk – thin, dark• Sarcomere = myofibril area between 2 Z line =
contractile unit of skeletal muscle fiber• Contraction:
° I band shortened
° H band disappeared
° A band remain unaltered
° Z line – move closer together
Jeanne A Pawitan
Satellite cells
• Satellite cells = regenerative cells
• Small cell – location: shallow depression – muscle cell’s surface
• External lamina – shared with muscle cell → inside external lamina
• Nucleus-one - > dense - > coarse
Jeanne A Pawitan
Myotendinuous junction
• Connective tissue–muscle – tendon – continuous° Cells tapered – fluted (deeply folded)° Collagen fibers-tendon – penetrate
• Infoldings
• Endomysium – continuous – reticular fibers
Jeanne A Pawitan
Innervation of skeletal muscle• Motor nerve fibers (α motor neurons –axon-
myelinated) branching – unmyelinated (Schwann cells +) – terminal dilated - myoneural junction (motor end plate)° Axon terminal° Synaptic cleft° Muscle cell membrane
• Sensory nerve fibers ° muscle spindles – among muscle cells –stretch Rx° Golgi tendon organ (neurotendinuous spindle)–
inhibitory feedback - α motor neurons - relax
Jeanne A Pawitan
Regeneration - muscles
• Skeletal muscle – regeneration (+)° Skeletal muscle fiber ≠ mitosis° Satellite cells
• Injury: satellite cells - mitosis – hyperplasia• At muscle building: satellite cell – muscle fiber -
fusion mass increase hypertrophy
• Cardiac muscle - ≠ regeneration, fibroblast – connective tissue (scar)
• Smooth muscle – regeneration (+)
Jeanne A Pawitan
Regeneration – smooth muscle
• Injury formation of new fibers° Mitosis – smooth muscle fiber (GI tr., urin. tr.)° Differentiation - pericyte – blood vessel
• Uterus –pregnant – smooth muscle° hyperplasia - mitosis° hypertrophy
Jeanne A Pawitan
Nervous tissue
Jeanne A Pawitan
Neurons • Cell body (soma,
perikaryon) – nucleus –nucleolus prominant
• Dendrite (multiple) ° Nissl bodies
° Branching
• Axon (single) – long - branching° Axon Hillock
° Axon terminals, end bulbs, terminal boutons → synapse
Jeanne A Pawitan
Specialized cells
Jeanne A Pawitan
Specialized cells
• Protein secreting cells
• Steroid secreting cells
• Neuroendocrine cells
• Cells in organs → other modules
Jeanne A Pawitan
Protein secreting cells• Ex.: chief cells (stomach),
acinar cells (pancreas)• Shape: columnar,
truncated pyramid, etc• Basal cytoplasm -
basophilic° Nucleus° Rich in RER, polysome
• Apical cytoplasm - acidophilic° Secretory granules –
proenzyme (zymogen)
Jeanne A Pawitan
Steroid secreting cells
• Ex: spongiocytes (adrenal cortex)
• Shape: polyhedral• Cytoplasm
° Extensive network of SER
° Lipid droplets – appear vacuolated
Jeanne A Pawitan
Neuroendocrine cells
• Argentaffin, argyrophilic – silver staining
• APUD= amine precursor uptake decarboxylation
• DNES= diffuse neuroendocrine system
• Location: epithelium/glands – systems
• Secretory granules –at basal cytoplasm/ near blood vessel
Jeanne A Pawitan
Jeanne A Pawitan