jawets microbiology medical

11
Geo.  F .  Brooks Karen C. Carroll Janet S.  Butel Stephen A. Morse Timothy A. Mietzner ^ TO Jawetz, Melnick Adelberg s MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY rauu Hill riik^ 25th Edition

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only the index

Transcript of jawets microbiology medical

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    G e o . F. B r o o k s

    K a r e n C . C a r r o l l

    J a n e t S . Butel

    S t e p h e n A . M o r s e

    T i m o t h y A . M i e t z n e r

    ^

    TO

    J a w e t z , M e l n i c k Ade lberg s

    MEDICAL

    MICROBIOLOGY

    rauu

    25th Ed

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    Hill

    SELECTED MEDICALLY IMPORTANT MICROORGANISMS

    /.

    B CTERI

    AEROBIC AND FACULTATIVE

    BACTERIA

    GRAM-POS ITIVE COCCI

    Catalase-Positlve

    Staphylococcus aureus

    Staphylococcus epidermidis

    Staphylococcus intermedius

    Staphylococcus lugdunensis

    Staphylococcus saprophyticus

    Staphylococcus

    species

    Catalase-Negative

    Aerococcus

    species

    Enterococcusfaecalis

    Enterococcusfaecium

    Enterococcusspecies

    Gemellaspecies

    Lactococcusspecies

    /.euconosfocspecies

    Pediococcusspecies

    Streptococcusagalactlae

    (Group B)

    Streptococcus canis

    (Group G)

    Streptococcusga llolyticus

    (Group

    D

    formerly

    5.bovis

    Streptococcus

    infantarius

    {Group

    D

    formerly

    bovis

    Streptococcus pr eumor iae

    Streptococcus pyogenes

    (Group A)

    Viridans group

    streptococci

    Streptococcusanginosus

    Streptococcus

    constellatus

    Streptococcus

    intermedius

    Streptococcusmitis

    Streptococcus

    mutans

    Streptococcussalivarius

    Streptococcussanguis

    Abiotrophia species

    (nutritionally variant

    streptococci)

    Granulicatellaspecies

    (nutritionally variant

    streptococci)

    GRAM-NEGATIVE COCCI

    Moraxella catarrhalis

    Neisseriagonorrhoeae

    Neisseria

    men ingitidis

    Neisseriaspecies

    GRAM -POSITIVE BACILLI

    Arcanobacterium species

    Bacillus anthracis

    Bacilluscereus

    Corynebacterium

    diphtheriae

    Corynebacteriumjeikeium

    Corynebacterium species

    Corynebacterium

    urealyticum

    Erysipelothrix rhusiopathioe

    Gardnerella vaginalis

    Gordoniaspecies

    Listeria monocytogenes

    Mycobacterium avium

    Mycobacterium bovis

    Mycobacterium chelonae

    Mycobacterium fortuitum

    Mycobacterium intraceilulare

    Mycobacterium kansasii

    Mycobacterium leprae

    Mycobacterium marinum

    Mycobacterium

    tuberculosis

    Mycobacterium species

    Nocardia asteroides

    Rhodococcus

    equi

    Tsukamurella species

    GRAM-NEGATIVE BACILLI

    Enterobacterlaceae

    Citrobacter freundii

    Citrobacterkoseri

    Citrobacterspecies

    Edwardsiello tarda

    Enterobacter aerogenes

    Enterobacter cloacae

    Escherichia coli

    Escherichiaspecies

    Klebsiella

    oxytoca

    Klebsiellagronulomatis

    Klebsiellapneumoniae

    Klebsiellarhinoscleromatis

    Morganella morganii

    Proteus

    mirabilis

    Proteusvulgaris

    Providencia rettgeri

    Providenciastuortti

    Salmonellacholeraesuis

    SalmonellaParatyphi A

    SalmonellaParatyphi B

    So/mone//oTyphi

    Salmonella serotypes

    Serratia liquefaciens

    Serratiamarcescens

    Shigella boydii

    Shigella dysenterioe

    Shigella flexneri

    Shigella sonnei

    Yersiniaenteroco litica

    Yersinia pestis

    Nonenterobacteriaceae

    Fermentative Bacilli

    Aeromonasspecies

    Pleslomonasshigelloides

    Pasteurella

    multocida

    Vibrio cholerae

    Vibrio parahaemolyticus

    Vibriospecies

    Nonenterobacteriaceae

    Nonfermentative Bacilli

    Acinetobacter species

    Alcaligenesspecies

    Brevundimonasspecies

    Burkholderia cepacia

    Burkholderia mallei

    Burkholderia pseudomallei

    Chryseobacterium species

    Comamonasspecies

    Eikenellacorrodens

    Moraxella catarrhalis

    Moraxella species

    Pseudomonas aeruginosa

    Pseudomonasfluorescens

    Pseudomonasspecies

    Ralstonia pickettii

    Roseomonasspecies

    Shewanella

    putrefaciens

    Sphingobacterium

    species

    Sphingomonas species

    Sfenotrophomonas

    maltophilia

    OTHER GRAM-NEGATIVE

    BACILLI AND

    COCCOBACILLI

    Aggregatibacter

    Actinobacillus

    actinomycetemcomitans

    Aggregatibacter

    Haemophilus)

    aphrophilus

    Arcobacferspecies

    Bartonella bacilliformis

    Bartonella species

    Bordetella bronchiseptica

    Bordetella parapertussis

    Bordetellapertussis

    Bordetellaspecies

    Brucellaspecies

    Campylobacter fetus

    Campylo bacter

    jejuni

    Campylobacterspecies

    Capnocytophaga species

    Cardiobacterium hominis

    Chlamydophila

    pneumoniae

    Chlamydophila psittaci

    Chlamydia trachomatis

    Coxiella burnetii

    Ehrlichiachaffeensis

    Francisella tularensis

    Haemophilus aegyptius

    Haemophilus ducrey

    Haemophilus influen

    Haem ophilus parainfl

    Haemophilus specie

    Helicobacter pylori

    Kingella kingae

    Legionella micdadei

    Legionella pneumop

    Legionella species

    Orientia tsutsugamu

    Rickettsia akari

    Rickettsia conoril

    Rickettsia mooseri

    Rickettsiaprov^/azek

    Rickettsia rickettsii

    Streptobacillus

    moniliformis

    MYCOPLASMAS

    Mycoplasma genital

    Mycoplasma hom inis

    Mycoplasma pneum

    Mycoplasmaspecie

    Ureaplasma urealyti

    TREPONEMATACEAE

    SPIRAL OR GANIS

    Borrelia burgdorferi

    Borrelia recurrentis

    Leptospira interrogan

    Treponema pallidum

    ANAEROBIC BACTERIA

    GRAM-NEGA TIVE BACIL

    Bacteroides fragilis

    Bacteroidesspecies

    Fusobacterium

    necrophorum

    Fusobacterium nucle

    Mobiluncus species

    Porphyromonasspe

    Prevotella

    melaninogenica

    Prevotellaspecies

    GRAM-NEGA TIVE COCC

    Veillonella parvula

    NON-SPORE-FORMING

    GRAM-POSITIVE

    BACILLI

    Actinomyces israelii

    Actinomycesspecie

    Bifidobacterium spe

    Eggerthella

    species

    Eubacterium specie

    Lactobacillus specie

    Propionibacterium a

    Propionibacterium

    species

    SPORE-FORMING GRAM

    POSITIVE BACILL

    Clostridium botulinu

    Clostridium difficile

    {Continued on inside bac

  • 5/19/2018 jawets microbiology medical

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    a LANGE m edical bo ok

    Jawetz, Melnick,

    Adelberg's

    Medical Microbiolog

    Twenty-Fifth Edi t ion

    Geo.R

    Brooks, MD

    Professor Emeritus of Laboratory Medicine

    and

    Microbiology and Immunology

    University of California

    San Francisco

    Karen C. Ca rroll, MD

    Professor of Pathology

    Jlie JohnsHopkinsUniversity Schoolof Medicine

    Director, Division M edical Microbiology

    The Johns Hopkins Hospital

    Baltimore

    Janet S. Butel, PhD

    Distinguished Service Professor

    Chair Department of Molecular Virology and

    Microbiology

    Baylor College of Medicine

    Houston *

    Stephen A. M orse, PhD

    Associate Directo r for Science

    Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Pro

    National Centerfor Infectious Diseases

    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

    Atlanta

    Timothy

    A.

    Mietzner, Ph D

    Associate Professor

    DepartmeJit of Microbiology and Molecular

    Genetics

    University of PittsburghScJioolof Medicine P

    Adjunc t Associate Professor of Microb iology

    Arizona School of Dentistry and O ral Health

    Mesa

    Medical

    c

    Grauu

    Hill

    New York Ch icago San Francisco Lisbon Londo n Madrid Mexico City M ilan

    New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toron to

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    h mc rawHitt Companies

    Jawetz, Meln ick , Adelberg 's Medical Micro bio log y, Twen ty-Fi f th Edi t ion

    Copyright 2010

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  • 5/19/2018 jawets microbiology medical

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    Contents

    Preface xi

    S E C T I O N

    I

    FUNDAMENTALS OF

    MICROBIOLOGY 1

    Stephen A. Morse, PhD,

    *

    and

    Timothy A. Meitzner, PhD

    1.

    2

    4

    1he Science of Microbiology

    In troduction 1

    Biologic Principles Illustrated by Microbiolog y 1

    Viruses 2

    Prions 2

    Prokaryotes 3

    Protists 5

    Review Qu estion s 7

    Cell Structure 9

    In troduction 9

    Optical Metho ds 9

    Eukaryotic Cell Structure

    Prokaryotic Cell Structure

    Staining 36

    Morphologic Changes During Growth

    Review Q uest ions 38

    11

    13

    37

    Clas sification of Bacteria 41

    Cri teria for Classification of Bacteria 42

    Classification Systems 43

    Description of the Major Categories & Groups

    of Bacteria 44

    Subtyping & Its Application 47

    Nucleic Acid-B ased Taxo nom y 48

    Nonculture Methods for the Identification of

    Pathogenic Microo rganisms 50

    Review Que st ions 51

    The Grow th, Survival, Dea th of

    Microorganisms

    53

    Survival of Microorganisms in the Natural

    Env i ronment 53

    The Meaning of Grow th 53

    Exponentia l Grow th 53

    The Grow th Curve 55

    Maintenance of Cells in the

    Exponentia l Phase 56

    Defini tion & Mea suremen t of Death

    Antim icrobial Agents 58

    Review Qu estion s 62

    56

    Cultivation of Mic roorga nism s 65

    Requirem ents for Grow th 65

    Sources of Metabo lic Energy 65

    Nutr i t ion 66

    Environmental Factors Affecting

    Growth 67

    Cult ivation Me thods 70

    Review Qu estio ns 73

    Microbial Metabolism 75

    Role of Meta bolism in Biosynthesis &

    Growth 75

    Focal Metabolites & Their

    Interconversion 75

    Assim ilatory Pathways 80

    Biosynthetic Pathways 85

    Patterns of Microbial Energy-Yielding

    Metabolism 87

    Regulation of Metabo lic Pathways 94

    Review Qu est ions 96

    Microbial Gen etics 97

    Organizat ion of Genes 97

    Replication

    102

    Transfer

    of

    D NA

    103

    Muta t ion Gene Rear rangement

    107

    Gene Expression

    108

    Genetic Engineering

    111

    Character izat ion of Cloned DNA 113

    Site-Directed M utagenesis 116

    Chapters I-7 were edited by Stephen A. Morse in his private capacity. No official support or endorsement by CDC is intended or should be inferred.

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    Contents

    Analysis with Cloned DNA: Hybridization

    Probes

    117

    Manipulation of Cloned DNA

    117

    Review Questions 1

    8

    S E C T I O N II

    I M M U N O L O G Y

    121

    Roderick Nairn, PhD

    8. Imm unolog y 121

    Immun ity & the Immu ne Response 121

    Mechanisms of Innate Immunity 124

    Mechanisms of Specific Host Defense

    126

    Antigen Recognition Molecules

    127

    Antibodies

    128

    Cell Surface Receptors for Antigen 131

    Antibody-Mediated (Humoral) Immunity 135

    The Com plement System 136

    Cell-Mediated Immunity 138

    Cytokines 140

    Hypersensitivity

    140

    Inadequate Immune Responses to

    Infectious Agents

    142

    Immunologic Diagnostic Tests

    142

    Review Questions

    143

    S E C T I O N III

    BACTERIOLOGY 145

    Geo.R Brooks, MD, and Karen C.Carroll MD

    9. Path ogen esis of Bacterial Infection 145

    Identifying Bacteria That Cause Disease 146

    Transmission of Infection 147

    The Infectious Process 147

    Genomics & Bacterial Pathogenicity

    148

    Regulation of Bacterial Virulence Factors

    148

    Bacterial Virulence Factors

    149

    Review Q uestions

    157

    10.

    Normal Hum an Microbiota 159

    Role of the Resident Microbiota 159

    Normal Microbiota of the Skin

    160

    Normal Microbiota of the Mouth Upper

    Respiratory Tract 161

    Normal Microbiota of the Intestinal Tract

    162

    Normal Microbiota of the Urethra

    163

    Norm al M icrobiota of the Vagina 163

    Normal Microbiota of the Conjunctiva 163

    Review Q uestions

    163

    11

    . Spore-Form ing Gram -Positive Bacilli:

    Bacillus Clostridium

    Species 165

    Bacillus Species

    165

    Bacillus anthracis

    165

    Bacillus cereus

    167

    Clostridium Species

    168

    Clostridium botulinum 169

    Clostridium tetani

    170

    Clostridia That Produce Invasive Infections 1

    Clostridium difficile

    & Diarrheal D isease 172

    Review Question s 173

    12. AerobicNonspore-FormingGram-Positive

    Bacilli:Corynebacterium, Listeria, Erysipelothri

    Actinomycetes, &Related P athogens

    75

    Corynebacterium diphtheriae

    175

    Other Coryneform Bacteria

    179

    Listeria monocytogenes

    180

    Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae 181

    Actinomycetes 181

    Nocardiosis 182

    Actinomycetoma 183

    Review Que stions 183

    1 3 . The Staphylococci 185

    Review Que stions 191

    1 4 . Th e Streptoco cci 195

    Introduct ion 195

    Classification of Streptococci

    195

    Streptococcus pyogenes

    197

    Streptococcusagalactiae

    202

    Groups C & G

    202

    Group DStreptococci

    202

    Streptococcus anginosus Group 202

    Group N Streptococci 203

    Groups E,F,G,H, & K- U Streptococci 203

    Viridans Streptococci 203

    Nutritionally Variant Streptococci

    203

    Peptostreptococcus

    203

    Streptococcus pneumoniae

    203

    Enterococci 206

    Other Catalase-Negative Gram-Positive

    Cocci 208

    Review Qu estions

    209

    15 .

    Enteric Gram -Negative Rods

    (Enterobacterlaceae) 213

    Classification

    213

    Diseases Caused by Enterobacteriaceae Oth er

    Tha n Salm onella & Shigella

    217

    The Shigellae

    220

    TheSalmon ella-Arizona Group 221

    Review Questions

    225

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    Conten

    16.

    Pseudom onads, Acinetobacters, Un c o mmo n

    Gram -Negative Bacteria 227

    Pseudomonas aeruginosa

    227

    Burkholderia pseudomallei

    230

    Burkholderia mallei

    230

    Burkholderia cepacia

    Complex &

    Burkholderia

    gladioli

    230

    Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

    231

    Other

    Pseudomonads

    231

    Actinobacillus

    232

    Achromobacter &Alcaligenes 232

    Ochrobactrum

    232

    Capnocytophaga

    232

    Cardiobacterium

    232

    Chromohacteria

    I'^l

    Eikenella corrodens 232

    Chryseobacterium

    232

    iCm^e//^

    233

    Moraxella

    233

    Review Questions

    233

    17. Vibrios, Cam pylobacters, Helicobacter,

    Associated Bacteria 235

    Vibrio cholerae

    235

    Vibrio parahaemolyticus

    & Ot her Vibrios 238

    Campylobacter jejuni & Campylobacter

    coli

    239

    Campylobacter fetus

    240

    Other Campylobacters

    240

    Helicobacter pylori

    240

    Review Questions

    242

    18.

    Ha em ophilu s, Bordetella, Brucella,

    Francisella 245

    Haemophilus influenzae

    245

    Haemophilus aegyptius l l

    Aggregatibacter aphrophilus

    247

    Haemophilus ducreyi

    247

    O t h e r

    Haemophilus

    Species

    248

    Bordetella pertussis

    248

    Bordetella parapertussis

    250

    Bordetella bronchiseptica

    250

    Review Q uest ions 254

    19 .

    Yersinia Pasteur ella 2 57

    Yersinia pestis

    & Plague 257

    Yersinia enterocolitica& Yersinia

    pseudotuberculosis

    259

    Pasteurella

    260

    Review Quest ions

    260

    2 0 .

    The Neisseria e 263

    Neisseria gonorrhoeae 263

    Neisseria meningitidis

    269

    O t h e r

    Neisseriae

    270

    Review Q uest ions

    270

    2 1 . Infections Caused by Anaerob ic

    Bacteria 273

    Anaerobic Bacteria Found in Human

    Infections 274

    Pathogenesis of Anaerobic Infections

    Immunity in Anaerobic Infections 278

    The Polymicrobial Nature of Anaerobic

    Infections

    278

    Diagnosis of Anaerobic Infections 278

    Treatment of Anaerobic Infections 279

    Review Q uest ions

    279

    2 2 . Legionellae, Bartonella, 8c Unusu al

    Bacterial Path ogen s 281

    Legionella pneumophila & Other

    Legionellae 281

    Bartonella

    284

    Bacteria That Cause Vaginosis 285

    Streptobacillus moniliformis

    285

    Calymmatobacterium (Donovania)

    Granulomatis

    286

    Whipple Disease 286

    Review Q uest ions 286

    2 3 . Mycobacteria 289

    Mycobacterium tuberculosis

    289

    OtherM ycobacter ia 297

    Mycobacterium leprae

    298

    Review Q uest ions

    299

    2 4 .

    Spirochetes Othe r Spiral

    Microorganisms 301

    Treponema pallidum

    & Syphilis 301

    Diseases Related to

    S)^hilis 304

    Borrelia

    SpeciesScRelapsing Fever

    305

    Borrelia burgdorferi

    & Lyme Disease 30

    Spirillum minor (Spirillum morsus muris)

    Spirochetes of the Norm al Mo uth & Muco

    M e m b r a n e s 310

    Review Q uest ions 311

    2 5 .

    Mycoplasm as Cell Wa ll-Defective

    Bacteria 313

    Mycoplasmas 313

    Mycoplasma pneumoniae

    & Atypical

    P n e u m o n i a s 315

    Mycoplasma hominis

    316

    Ureaplasma urealyticum

    316

    Mycoplasma genitalium 316

    Cell Wall-Defective Bacteria 316

    Review Quest ions 317

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    Contents

    26 .

    Rickettsia Ehrlichia 319

    General

    319

    Ehrlichiosis 323

    Review Que stions 324

    27. Chlamyd iae 327

    Trachoma 330

    Chlamydia trachomatis: Genital Infections &

    Inclusion Conjunctivitis 331

    Lymp hogranuloma venereum 332

    Chlamydophila pneumoniae & Respiratory

    Infections 333

    Chlamydia psittaci & Psittacosis 334

    Review Q uestions 336

    2 8 . Antimicrobial Chem otherapy 339

    Selective Toxicity 339

    Inhibitio n of Cell Wall Synthesis 339

    Inhibition of Cell M em bran e Func tion 340

    Inhibition of Protein Synthesis 341

    Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis 343

    Origin of Drug Resistance 343

    Cross-Resistance 344

    Limitation of Drug Resistance 344

    Clinical Implications of Drug Resistance 344

    Factors Affecting Antimicrobial Activity 346

    Measurement of Antimicrobial Activity

    346

    Drug-Pathogen Relationships

    347

    Host-Pathogen Relationships

    348

    Selection of Antibiotics 348

    Dangers of Indiscrimina te Use

    349

    Antimicrobial Drugs Used in

    Combinat ion 349

    Antimicrobial Chemoprophylaxis 350

    Penicillins

    352

    Cephalosporins 358

    Other P-Lactam Drugs

    361

    Tetracyclines

    361

    Glycylcyclines

    362

    Chloramphenicol 362

    Erythromycins 363

    Clindamycin & Lincomycin

    364

    Glycopeptides

    364

    Daptomycin

    364

    Streptogramins

    364

    Oxazolidinones

    365

    ^

    Bacitracin

    365

    Polymyxins

    365

    Aminoglycosides

    365

    Quinolones 367

    Sulfonamides & Trim ethop rim 368

    Other Drugs with Specialized Uses 369

    Drugs Used Primarily to Treat

    Mycobacterial Infections 369

    Review Que stions 371

    S E C T I O N I y

    VIROLOGY 373

    Janets.

    Butel

    PhD

    2 9 . General Prop erties of Viru ses

    373

    Terms & Definitions in Virology 373

    Evolutionary Origin of Viruses

    374

    Classification of Viruses 374

    Principles of Virus Struc ture 378

    Chemical Composition of Viruses

    380

    Cultivation & Assay of Viruses 383

    Purification & Identification of Viruses 384

    Labo ratory Safety 385

    Reaction to Physical & Chemical Agents 385

    Replication of Viruses: An Overview 386

    Genetics of Animal Viruses 391

    Natural H istory (Ecology) & Mo des of

    Transm ission of Viruses 393

    Review Qu estions 394

    3 0 .

    Pathog enesis Con trol of Viral Diseases 397

    Principles of Viral Diseases 397

    Pathogenesis of Viral Diseases 398

    Prevention & Treatment of Viral

    Infections

    407

    Review Qu estions

    413

    3 1 .

    Parvoviruses 417

    Properties of Parvoviruses

    417

    Parvovirus Infections in Humans

    418

    Review Qu estions

    421

    3 2 . Adenov iruses 423

    Properties of Adenoviruses

    423

    Adenovirus Infections in Humans

    427

    Review Que stions 430

    3 3 . Herpesviruses 433

    Properties of Herpesviruses 433

    Herp es Simplex Viruses 437

    Varicella-Zoster Virus

    442

    Cytomegalovirus

    445

    Epstein-Barr Virus

    450

    Human Herpesvirus 6

    453

    Hum an Herpesvirus 7 453

    Human Herpesvirus 8 453

    B Virus 453

    Review Questions 454

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    Contents

    3 4 .

    Poxviruses 457

    Properties of Poxviruses 457

    Poxvirus Infections in Humans: Vaccinia 8c

    Variola 460

    Monkeypox Infections 464

    Cowpox Infections

    465

    Buffalopox Infections

    465

    Orf Virus Infections 465

    MoUuscum contagiosum 466

    Tanapox & Yaba Monkey Tu mo r Poxvirus

    Infections

    468

    Review Questions

    468

    3 5 . Hepa titis Viruses 471

    Properties of Hepatitis Viruses 471

    Hepatitis Virus Infections in Humans

    476

    Review Questions

    487

    3 6 .

    Picornaviruses (Enterovirus

    Rhino virus Groups) 491

    Properties of Picornaviruses 491

    Polioviruses 494

    Coxsackieviruses

    497

    Other Enteroviruses

    500

    Enteroviruses in the Environmen t 501

    Parechovirus Grou p 501

    Rhinovirus Group

    502

    Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Aphthovirus

    of Cattle)

    503

    Review Questions 504

    3 7 . Reoviruses, Rotaviruses,

    Caliciviruses 507

    Rotaviruses 508

    Reoviruses 512

    Orbiviruses & Coltiviruses 512

    CaUciviruses 512

    Astroviruses

    514

    Review Q uest ions

    515

    3 8 . Arthropod-Borne Rodent-Borne

    Viral Dise ases 517

    Togavirus & Flavivirus Encephalitis 519

    Yellow Fever

    526

    Dengue

    528

    Bunyavirus Encephalitis 529

    Sandfly Fever 530

    Rift Valley Fever 530

    Colorado Tick Fever 530

    Bunyavirus Diseases

    531

    Arenavirus D iseases

    532

    Filovirus Diseases 534

    Review Quest ions 536

    3 9 .

    Orthom yxoviruses (Influenza Viruses)

    Propert ies of Orthom yxoviruses 539

    Influenza Virus Infections in Humans

    5

    Review Q uest ions

    550

    4 0 .

    Param yxoviruses Rubella Virus

    553

    Properties of Paramy xoviruses 553

    Parainfluenza Virus Infections 556

    Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections 5

    Human Metapneumovirus Infect ions 5

    Mu mp s Virus Infections

    563

    Measles (Rubeola) Virus Infections

    564

    He ndr a Virus & Nipah Virus Infections

    Postnatal Rubella 568

    Cong enital Rubella Synd rom e 570

    Review Questions

    571

    4 1 . Coronaviruses

    573

    Propertie s of Co ronav iruses 573

    Coronav irus Infect ions in Hu ma ns 574

    Review Que stions 577

    4 2 . Rabies, Slow Virus Infection s, Prion

    Diseases 579

    Rabies 579

    Borna Disease 585

    Slow Virus Infections & Prion Diseases

    Review Q uest ions 588

    4 3 . Hum an Cancer Viruses 591

    General Features of Viral Carcinogenesis

    Retroviruses 593

    Cellular Oncoge nes 600

    Tumor Suppressor Genes 600

    Polyomaviruses 600

    Papillomaviruses

    602

    Adenoviruses

    605

    Herpesviruses

    606

    Poxviruses

    606

    Hepa titis B Virus & Hepatitis C Virus 6

    Review Q uest ions 607

    4 4 .

    AID S Lentiviruses 609

    Properties of Lentiviruses 609

    HIV Infect ions in Humans

    613

    Review Q uest ions

    622

    S E C T I O N f

    MYCOLOGY 625

    Thomas G

    Mitchell

    PhD

    4 5 .

    Medical Mycology 625

    Gen eral Prop erties & Classification of Fung

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    Contents

    Growth & Isolation of Fungi

    630

    Superficial Myc oses 630

    Cutaneous Mycoses

    630

    Subcutaneous Mycoses

    634

    Sporotrichosis

    634

    Chromoblastomycosis

    635

    Phaeohyphomycosis 637

    Mycetoma

    637

    Endemic Mycoses 638

    Coccidioidomycosis 639

    Histoplasmosis 641

    Blastomycosis 644

    Paracoccidioidomycosis 646

    Opportunistic Mycoses 646

    Candidiasis 647

    Cryptococcosis 649

    Aspergillosis 651

    Mucormycosis 652

    Pneumocystis Pneumonia 653

    Penicilliosis 653

    Other Opportunistic Mycoses

    654

    Antifungal Prophylaxis

    654

    Hypersensitivity to Fungi

    654

    Mycotoxins

    655

    Antifungal Chemotherapy

    655

    Topical Antifungal Agents 660

    ReviewQuest ions 661

    S E C T I O N

    f

    PARASITOLOGY 665

    Judy A. Sakanari, PhD, and James H.

    McKerrow, MD, PhD

    46 . Medical Parasitology 665

    Giardia lamblia (Intestinal Flagellate) 669

    Entamoeba histolytica (Intestinal & Tissue

    Ameba)

    670

    Other Intestinal Am ebae 672

    Cryptosporidium

    (Intestinal

    Sporozoa) 672

    Cyclospora (Intestinal Sporozoa) 673

    Trichomonas vaginalis (Geni tour inary

    Flagellate) 673 ^

    Blood Flagellates 673

    Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

    8f

    T b gambiense

    (Blood Flagellates) 674

    Trypanosoma cruzi (Blood Flagellate) 675

    Leishmania species (Blood Flagellates)

    675

    Entamoeba histolytica (TissueAmeba)See

    Intestinal Protozoan Infections Section 677

    Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba

    castellanii,

    &

    Balamuthia mandrillaris

    (Free-Living

    Amebae) 677

    Plasmodium Species (Blood Sporozoa) 677

    Babesia microti (Blood Sporozoa) 681

    Toxoplasma gondii (Tissue Sporozoa)

    682

    Microsporidia 682

    Enterobius vermicularis (PinwormIntestinal

    Nematode)

    683

    Trichuris trichiura (WhipwormIntestinal

    Nematode)

    683

    Ascaris lumbricoides (Human Roundworm

    Intestinal Nematode)

    684

    Ancylostoma duodenale &Necator americanus

    (Human HookwormsIntestinal

    Nematode) 684

    Strongyloides stercoralis (Human

    ThreadwormIntestinal& Tissue

    Nematode) 685

    Trichinella spiralis (Intestinal & Tissue

    Nematode)

    689

    Fasciolopsis buski (Giant Intestinal Fluke

    Intestinal Trematode )

    690

    Taenia saginata (Beef

    TapewormIntestinal

    Cestode)

    8f

    Taenia solium (Pork Tapeworm-

    Intestinal & Tissue Cestode) 692

    Diphyllobothrium latum

    (Broad Fish

    TapewormIntestinalCestode) 692

    Hymenolepis nana (Dwarf Tapeworm

    Intestinal C estode) 692

    Dipylidium caninum

    (Dog Tapeworm

    Intestinal Cestode)

    693

    Wuchereria bancrofti &Brugia malayi

    (Lymphatic

    FilariasisTissue

    Nematodes)

    693

    Onchocerca volvulus (River Blindness

    Tissue Nematode)

    693

    Dracunculus medinensis (Guinea Worm

    Tissue Nematode )

    695

    Larva Migrans (Zoonotic Larval Nematode

    Infections) 695

    Clonorchis sinensis (Chinese Liver Fluke),

    Fasciolahepatica (Sheep Liver

    Fluke), &Paragonimus westermani

    (LungFlukeTissue

    Trematodes) 695

    Schistosoma mansoni, Sjaponicum,

    S haematobium (Blood Flukes) 696

    Taenia soliumCysXicercosis/

    Neurocysticercosis 698

    Echinococcusgranulosus (Hydatid Cyst) 698

    Review Questions 698

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    S E C T I O N f

    DIAGNOSTIC MEDICAL

    MICROBIOLOGY

    CLINICAL

    CORRELATION 703

    Karen C

    Carroll

    MD

    4 7 . Principles of Diagnos t ic Medical

    Microbiology 703

    Communicat ion Between Physic ian &

    Laboratory 703

    Dia gnos is of Bacterial & Fungal Infections 704

    The Im portance of Norm al Bacter ia l Fu

    Flora 714

    Laboratory Aids in the Selection of

    Antimicrobial Therapy 715

    Diagnosis of Infection by An atom ic Site

    Anae robic Infections 722

    Diagnosis of Chlam ydial Infections 722

    Dia gnos is of Viral Infections 724

    Review Qu estions 731

    4 8 . Cases &

    Clinical Correlations

    735

    Index 773