Jaundice
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Transcript of Jaundice
JAUNDICEJaundice is a yellowish discoloration of the skin and eyes caused by abnormally high levels of
the pigment bilirubin in the bloodstream
CAUSES:
• High levels of bilirubin in the blood may result from the problems originate either within the liver or outside the liver.
• Damage to the liver due to inflammation or scarring can impair its ability to excrete bilirubin into bile.
• Alternatively, the bile ducts, which carry bile from the liver to the small intestine may be blocked by a gallstone or a tumor.
• Less commonly, overproduction of bilirubin, due to excessive breakdown of RBC’S, can cause the liver to produce more bilirubin than the liver can process.
• Overproduction is most common in newborns with jaundice
• SYMPTOMS:
• In jaundice, the skin and whites of the eyes appear yellow.
• Urine is often dark due to excess bilirubin is excreted through the kidneys.
• People may have itching, light colored stools.
• Ex. Acute inflammation of liver (acute hepatitis) may cause loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting and fever.
• Blockage of bile may result in abdominal pain and fever.
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
• Laboratory tests and undertaken and imaging studies are done to determine the cause of jaundice.
• If the problem is a disease of liver , the jaundice usually disappears gradually as the condition of the liver increases.
• If the problem is blockage of bile duct, surgery or surgical endoscopy is performed.
• Itching caused by jaundice can be treated with cholestyramine.
HEPATITIS
• Hepatitis is a disease that affects liver causing it to swell and become inflamed.
• Common causes of hepatitis include some viruses that can damage liver cells, causing scar tissue to form and to prevent them from functioning .
• Hepetitis is of four types:
• 1. Hepatitis A
• 2. Hepatitis C
• 3. Hepatitis D
• 4. Hepatitis E
Hepatitis A
• It is the least threatening among the various forms of hepatitis, as it does not lead to chronic liver disease.
• Hepatitis A is mild illness, lasting one to two weeks, and rarely becomes serious.
• Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) causes temporary liver inflammation and is transmitted from contaminated food and water.
• Most HAV infections don’t have symptoms and are mild without jaundice.
• HAV Spread:
• It spreads by the fecal-oral route, i.e., through contaminated water or food with virus or by sewage or by food handlers who do not wash their hands thoroughly after using the bathroom.
• Eating raw or partially cooked shellfish from water containing raw sewages will cause outbreaks of HAV.
Symptoms:
• Adults may have dark urine and light stools, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and fever.
• Children's usually don’t have symptoms.
• Full recovery takes up to six months and all symptoms disappear.
Prevention:
• The hepatitis A vaccine is given to people to an age of 2 or older.
• The vaccine is recommended for those who live in sanitary conditions, homosexual men, IV drug users, people infected with hepatitis B or C viruses and people who receive blood products, such as haemophiliacs.
• Wash hands with soap and water after using the bathroom.
• Use bleach to clean surfaces that have been contaminated by feces.
Diagnosis:
• Infection is confirmed with a blood test that determines the IgM antibody to the hepatitis A virus.
Treatment:
• There is no treatment, although immune globulin can provide temporary immunity to the virus for up to three months before exposure and two weeks after exposure.
Vaccination:
• The vaccine is recommended for day care center employees, laboratory workers who handle fecal specimens.
• For adults, a complete course of hepatitis A vaccine consists of two intra-muscular injections given six to 12 months apart.
• For children, ages 2 to 18, three injections are suggested: the first two are given one month apart, the third, and six to 12 months after the first.