Japie van der Westhuizen SA Stud Book · 2020. 7. 3. · Embryo, sperm & cloning technologies...
Transcript of Japie van der Westhuizen SA Stud Book · 2020. 7. 3. · Embryo, sperm & cloning technologies...
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Japie van der WesthuizenJapie van der WesthuizenSA Stud BookSA Stud Book
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obtain a financial advantage or benefitThe surplus remaining after total costs are
deducted from total revenue
money that is made in a business, after all the costs and expenses are paid
the bottom line
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All of the biggest technological inventions created by man All of the biggest technological inventions created by man --the airplane, the automobile, the computer the airplane, the automobile, the computer -- says little about says little about his intelligence, but speaks volumes about his laziness. his intelligence, but speaks volumes about his laziness.
Mark Kennedy Mark Kennedy It has become appallingly obvious that our technology has exceeded our humanity.Albert Einstein
We've arranged a civilization in which most crucial elements profoundly depend on science and technology.Carl Sagan
I just invent, then wait until man comes around to needing what I've invented.R. Buckminster Fuller
The science of today is the technology of tomorrow.Edward Teller
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the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes
The purposeful application of information in the design, production, and utilization of goods and services, and in the organization of human activities.
technology is science or knowledge put into practical use to solve
problems or invent useful tools.
(the study and knowledge of) the practical use of scientific discoveries
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1.1. Mobile phoneMobile phone2.2. Space explorationSpace exploration3.3. Magnetic resonance imagingMagnetic resonance imaging4.4. World wide webWorld wide web5.5. Global optic Global optic fibrefibre networknetwork6.6. Error correcting codesError correcting codes7.7. LasersLasers8.8. Public key encryptionPublic key encryption9.9. Green chemistryGreen chemistry10.10. The microprocessorThe microprocessor
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19981998——GENETIC SEQUENCINGGENETIC SEQUENCINGScientist Craig Venter announces that his company Scientist Craig Venter announces that his company will sequence the entire human genome in just will sequence the entire human genome in just three years and for only $300 millionthree years and for only $300 million——12 years and 12 years and $2 billion less than a federally funded project $2 billion less than a federally funded project established to do the same thing. Venter uses a established to do the same thing. Venter uses a method called "shotgun sequencing" to make method called "shotgun sequencing" to make automated gene sequencers, instead of relying on automated gene sequencers, instead of relying on the laborious approach used by the government the laborious approach used by the government program. The result is an acrimonious race to the program. The result is an acrimonious race to the finish, which ends in a tie. Both groups announce finish, which ends in a tie. Both groups announce the completion of the human genome sequence in the completion of the human genome sequence in papers published in 2001.papers published in 2001.
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Whole genome sequencing (10X) in the order Whole genome sequencing (10X) in the order of R40 000 and in less than one weekof R40 000 and in less than one week
SNP genome profiles @ less than R2 000, SNP genome profiles @ less than R2 000, even in fairy dense formats (150 000 base even in fairy dense formats (150 000 base pairs).pairs).
GENETIC ENGINEERINGGENETIC ENGINEERING Produces insulin, Produces insulin, creates vaccines, clones sheep (and other creates vaccines, clones sheep (and other species), increases shelf life of tomatoes, species), increases shelf life of tomatoes, manipulates human cells to prevent disease, manipulates human cells to prevent disease, etc.etc.
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Nutrition & FeedNutrition & Feed◦◦ Evaluation and analysis methodologiesEvaluation and analysis methodologies◦◦ Ruminant and post rumen digestibility and feed Ruminant and post rumen digestibility and feed
utilizationutilization◦◦ Harvesting techniques and treatment of feedHarvesting techniques and treatment of feed◦◦ Micro minerals and amino acid utilizationMicro minerals and amino acid utilization◦◦ Utilization of microUtilization of micro--organisms in feed qualityorganisms in feed quality◦◦ Automated intake recording & controlAutomated intake recording & control
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Physiology & HealthPhysiology & Health◦◦ Rumen fermentationRumen fermentation◦◦ Hormonal control of reproduction cyclesHormonal control of reproduction cycles◦◦ Next level immune boosting & inoculationNext level immune boosting & inoculation◦◦ Product quality enhancementProduct quality enhancement◦◦ Fatty acid and amino acid manipulation Fatty acid and amino acid manipulation ◦◦ Organism specific treatmentOrganism specific treatment◦◦ Embryo, sperm & cloning technologiesEmbryo, sperm & cloning technologies◦◦ Automated product recordingAutomated product recording
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Breeding & GeneticsBreeding & Genetics◦◦ Computing power and Data base explorationComputing power and Data base exploration◦◦ Algorithm developmentsAlgorithm developments◦◦ Integrating economics with genetic merit in genetic Integrating economics with genetic merit in genetic
merit predictionsmerit predictions◦◦ Integrating quantitative and molecular geneticsIntegrating quantitative and molecular genetics◦◦ Genome projects & whole genome sequencingGenome projects & whole genome sequencing◦◦ Application of bead chip technologies in next Application of bead chip technologies in next
generation genetic merit predictionsgeneration genetic merit predictions◦◦ Automated recording Automated recording ––intake, product propertiesintake, product properties
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Molecular genetic technologies Molecular genetic technologies in in combination with breeding value (genetic combination with breeding value (genetic merit) predictionsmerit) predictions
Selection indicesSelection indices, linking genetic merit with , linking genetic merit with economic factorseconomic factors
Real time ultra Real time ultra scanningscanning as a predictor of as a predictor of carcass propertiescarcass properties
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Technology 1Technology 1
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Known that:Known that:◦◦ Related animals share parts of the same Related animals share parts of the same
chromosomes (and therefore the same genes)chromosomes (and therefore the same genes)◦◦ Inheritance or transfer of chromosome pieces Inheritance or transfer of chromosome pieces
(genes) in a random fashion(genes) in a random fashion◦◦ Genetic merit of progeny depend onGenetic merit of progeny depend on Genetic merit of parentsGenetic merit of parents Random sample of chromosome pieces (genes) from Random sample of chromosome pieces (genes) from
parentsparents
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BLUP based on:BLUP based on:◦◦ Average relationships among animals (family Average relationships among animals (family
members)members)◦◦ Deviation in measurements (performance) within Deviation in measurements (performance) within
contemporary (test) groupscontemporary (test) groups◦◦ Proportion of measurement differences Proportion of measurement differences
transferrable to offspring (heritability)transferrable to offspring (heritability)
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At selection age At selection age no progeny no progeny yetyet◦◦ Can not compare progeny performance to othersCan not compare progeny performance to others
Some traits are Some traits are sex limitedsex limited Some traits can only be Some traits can only be recorded late in liferecorded late in life Traits are (genetically) Traits are (genetically) correlatedcorrelated to othersto others Own recording Own recording notnot a very a very accurate reflection accurate reflection
of genetic merit relative to the breedof genetic merit relative to the breed Performance in some traits under Performance in some traits under maternalmaternal
influenceinfluence Traits Traits not measurable not measurable on on livelive animalsanimals
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Mating of parents
Birth
Weaning
Post Wean
Growth Test
-9 0 12 24 36 48 60 72 81
Sold/Mated
1stProgeny born
1stProgeny weaned
88
1st Daughters give birth
1st Daughters wean calves
Age in months
Indirect contribution towards prediction accuracy for growth and milk
Direct contribution towards prediction accuracy growth to weaning indirect for milk
Direct contribution towards prediction accuracy for growth and milk
Mid ParentGrowth & Milk
Gen correlati
onboth
Added Gen correlations both, direct value only growth
Progeny performance growth, added genetic correlations growth and milk
1stDirect value for bull’s daughters’
milk
GENOME TEST
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Pedigree & measurement:
Accuracy = 30%
Pedigree & measurement:
Accuracy = 30%
+ SNPs:Accuracy = 60%
+ SNPs:Accuracy = 60%
+ ProgenyAccuracy > 90%
+ ProgenyAccuracy > 90%
Genomic BLUP predictionGenomic BLUP prediction
Pedigree & measurement:
Accuracy = 30%
Pedigree & measurement:
Accuracy = 30%
+ Progeny:Accuracy = 60%
+ Progeny:Accuracy = 60%
Current BLUP predictionCurrent BLUP prediction
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Age (Years)
Relia
bilit
y o
f pre
dict
ion
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
00.
20.
40.
60.
81.
0
DGV
EBV
GEBV
1stcr
op d
augh
ters
2nd
crop
dau
ghte
rs
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The major advantage of genome based breeding The major advantage of genome based breeding values is for values is for young bulls without measured young bulls without measured progeny (that can not be recorded on the bull)progeny (that can not be recorded on the bull). .
Many traits of economic importance in beef cattle Many traits of economic importance in beef cattle are either sex limited, can only be verified at a are either sex limited, can only be verified at a late age or can only be measured on the carcass. late age or can only be measured on the carcass.
Examples: Milk production contribution to birth Examples: Milk production contribution to birth and weaning weight, Calving Ease, Female and weaning weight, Calving Ease, Female Fertility, Productive herd life, Progeny retention, Fertility, Productive herd life, Progeny retention, Carcase and Meat characteristics.Carcase and Meat characteristics.
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1.1. Initial input: Initial input: ◦◦ A proper reference population, per breedA proper reference population, per breed◦◦ Locally bred bulls that only impacted locally part of a locally Locally bred bulls that only impacted locally part of a locally
financed program financed program ◦◦ Joining international body Joining international body -- exchange genome information of exchange genome information of
international bullsinternational bulls◦◦ Adaptation of local genetic evaluation to accommodate genome Adaptation of local genetic evaluation to accommodate genome
informationinformation2.2. Set up a science based and reliable service to the industry Set up a science based and reliable service to the industry
for GEBVs for young animals.for GEBVs for young animals.3.3. System as a continuous source of genome information System as a continuous source of genome information
validated against breeding value predictions.validated against breeding value predictions.4.4. Obtain maximum number of phenotypic records through Obtain maximum number of phenotypic records through
active participation in recordingactive participation in recording..5.5. All genetic merit predictions incorporated in the bioAll genetic merit predictions incorporated in the bio--
economically based selection indices.economically based selection indices.
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Genetic Merit of
Each Animal
Population Mean
Progeny Mean
Difference
Comparing each animal’s PROGENY
PERFORMANCE relative to the
population (breed)
Progeny Performance
BREED Performance
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EBVs of PARENTS
Expected spread of EBVs
of PROGENY
Exact EBV from BLUP when no recordings
from progeny (eg. too young or sex limited
trait)
Direct Genomic Value (DGV) relate the animal at DNA level to others with similar genomic
building blocksGEBV (Genomic EBV) combine EBV and DGV
according to information accuracy of
both
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Quest of each animal breeder:Quest of each animal breeder:Reach the set breeding goals as efficiently and Reach the set breeding goals as efficiently and as cheap as possible. as cheap as possible. Breeding goals are usually formulated based on Breeding goals are usually formulated based on those traits and properties that will ensure long those traits and properties that will ensure long term profitability.term profitability.
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Technology 2Technology 2
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GOALReturn on investment
GOALReturn on investment
• Environmental constraints
• Market needs• Recordability of
traits• Payment systems• Risk factors• Other constraints
• Labour• Infrastructure• Other
• Environmental constraints
• Market needs• Recordability of
traits• Payment systems• Risk factors• Other constraints
• Labour• Infrastructure• Other
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What makes a beef cow more profitableWhat makes a beef cow more profitable◦◦ Early calving in seasonEarly calving in season◦◦ Regular calvingRegular calving◦◦ Easy calvingEasy calving◦◦ MilkMilk◦◦ Progeny growth rateProgeny growth rate◦◦ Low maintenanceLow maintenance
Logix Cow Value
(profit per Ha)
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Cow ValueRecorded Income
Top 25% R911K
25% above average R974K
25% below average R1 026K
Bottom 25% R1 037K
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Herd 1:Top female fertilityHigh wean, heavy birth weights
Herd 2:Medium framed animalsMilk low
Herd 3: Bigger framed animals Herd 4: Medium framed, lower fertility
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Stars Logix cow value Average Breeding Values:
Rand per HaProfit per Ha with each half star improvement
4½ R58.70 4 R46.86
3½ R34.85 3 R25.32
2½ R13.07 2 R2.02
1½ -R9.68 R11.07
R11.05
R12.25
R9.35
R12.01
R11.84
R22.
75
R44.
66
2 -> 4
1½ -> 2 ½
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More profitable (R/Ha)Less profitable (R/Ha)
StarCow herd
Environment 1 Environment 2
StarCow herd
LOWER PRO
FIT ENVIRONM
ENT
Mate with star bulls
Environmental effect on profitability
HIGER PROFIT
ENVIRONMENT
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More profitable (R/Ha)Less profitable (R/Ha)
StarCow herd
Environment 1 Environment 2
R22.50 difference
StarCow herd StarCow herd
R22.50 difference
StarCow herd
Progeny of star bulls
LOWER PRO
FIT ENVIRONM
ENT
Environmental effect on profitability
HIGHER PROFIT ENVIRONM
ENT
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Technology 3Technology 3
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Eye Muscle(carcass)
RTU Image
Marbling
Subcutaneous fat
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Eye Muscle(carcass)
RTU Image
Eye musclearea
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Live potential breeding animalsLive potential breeding animals Groups of yearling to 18 months old bulls Groups of yearling to 18 months old bulls
after a high energy, postafter a high energy, post--weaning ration weaning ration Enough variation to ensure correct rankingEnough variation to ensure correct ranking Growing heifers might also be measuredGrowing heifers might also be measured Contemporary group structure definedContemporary group structure defined
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Marbling % Muscle yield Tenderness
y = 0.6006x + 1.708R2 = 0.606
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Rib Fat
Mar
blin
g
1 mm
0.6 %
SubcutaneousFat
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440 kilogram
Live Animal weight
Carcass weight
252 kilogram
Dressing%(57%)
152 kilogram Muscle weight
Kilogram predicted red meat
CRM% =
61%
Muscle % =
35%
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Draw direct lines to profitabilityDraw direct lines to profitability No compromise to objective recordingNo compromise to objective recording Start with breeding objective and goalsStart with breeding objective and goals Optimise mating plansOptimise mating plans Use all the relevant aids availableUse all the relevant aids available Can still keep it simpleCan still keep it simple
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Japie van der WesthuizenJapie van der [email protected]@studbook.co.za