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Japans Japan s Debt, Deficit and Demographic Reckoning Reckoning Will 2012 Be the Beginning of the End? FRIDAY, MARCH 2nd, 2012 Japan’s Jugular originally published on 10/5/10. THIS PRESENTATION WAS PREPARED BY: THE HEDGEYE MACRO TEAM

Transcript of Japan's Debt, Deficit and Demographic Reckoningdocs.hedgeye.com/Japan2012.pdf · • Japan’s debt...

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Japan’sJapan sDebt, Deficit and Demographic 

ReckoningReckoningWill 2012 Be the Beginning of the End?

FRIDAY, MARCH 2nd, 2012Japan’s Jugular originally published on 10/5/10.

THIS PRESENTATION WAS PREPARED BY:THE HEDGEYE MACRO TEAM

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DisclaimerDisclaimer• Hedgeye Risk Management is not a broker dealer and does not make 

investment recommendations. This presentation does not constitute an offer pto sell, or a solicitation of an offer to buy any security. 

• This research is presented without regard to individual investment preferences or risk parameters; it is general information and does not constitute specific investment adviceinvestment advice.

• This presentation is based on information from sources believed to be reliable. Hedgeye Risk Management is not responsible for errors, inaccuracies or omissions of information.

• For more information, including Terms of Use of our information, please go to www.hedgeye.com 

© 2010 Hedgeye Risk Management LLC All rights reserved. 

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“There is an old joke that may be useful here: A driver runs over a pedestrian, who is left lying in the road behind his car He looks back and says "I am so sorry ‐who is left lying in the road behind his car. He looks back and says  I am so sorry let me undo the damage" ‐ and proceeds to back up his car, running over the pedestrian a second time. Japan's economic managers are acting like that driver. They do not realize that 1997 is not 1987, and that doing the opposite of what they did then only compounds the country's problems.”

“The answer to the country's immediate problems is simple: PRINT LOTS OF MONEY.”MONEY.

‐Nobel Laureate Paul Krugman in 1997 in defending more stimulus for Japan

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1. Rapid growth and then the asset bubble : 1945 – 1990 – Page 5

2. The lost decades: 1991 – 2011 – Page 14

3. Debt, deficits and demographics – Page 333. Debt, deficits and demographics  Page 33

4. The future: debt maturities and economic inflections – Page 49

5 I id i P 955. Investment considerations – Page 95

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• Japan has the 10th largest population at 127,960,000 (2011)

• Land size of 377, 944 kilometers ranks 62nd 

• Total 2010 GDP (based on PPP) of $4.4 trillion, which is 4th globally

• Ethnic diversity is limited at 98.5% Japanese

• Japan imports 85% of all of its energyJapan imports 85% of all of its energy needs and much of its food

• Largest natural gas and coal importer globally

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• While there are two major parties, Democratic Party (DPJ), and Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), neither could garner a majority in the last Diet election

• In the July 2011 House of Councilors vote, the top parties were:• DPJ 32%• LDP 24% NKP 13%• NKP 13% 

• YP 14%• Communist Party 6%

• The need to develop coalitions has led to a revolving door executive branch with six Prime Ministers in less than six years

Y hihik d A Y k d Shi Ab

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Yoshihiko NodaIncumbent173 days

Naoto Kan6/10 – 9/11451

Yukio Hatoyama9/09 – 6/10265 days

Taro Aso9/08 – 9/09357 days

Yasuo Fakuda9/07 – 9/08364 days

Shinzo Abe9/06 – 9/07365 days

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• The period of U.S. occupation (1945 – 1952) was a period of rebuilding industrial capacity and shifting away from the constraints of military dominated governmentcapacity and shifting away from the constraints of military dominated government

• Key investments were made in electric power, coal, steel, and chemicals

• U.S. assistance during that period made up 15% of all Japanese imports and 4% of GNP• U.S. military procurement peaked at 7% of GNP in 1953 and fell below 1% in 

19601960

• Strong focus on education in the post War period, led to high literacy rates and technological innovation

• The post War purge of industrial leaders led to merit based business leadership and the growth of  industrial conglomerates (Keiretsu)

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• The Japanese economy shifted from agriculture based to a highly technical industrial economy

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• From 1960 – 1990, Japan grew at amongst the highest growth rates of any industrialized nation• 1960s – 10%, 1970s – 5%, 1980s – 4%

• In that time period, Japan consistently had the second largest economy behind theIn that time period, Japan consistently had the second largest economy behind the U.S.• China surpassed Japan in 2010

Th J l b f d hif d f i l (40% i 1955 7 2% i• The Japanese labor forced shifted away from agriculture (40% in 1955 to 7.2% in 1990)

• In the 1960s and 1970s, growth was based on heavy industrial expansion (albeit , g y p (dependent on commodities from abroad), which shifted to services expansion in the 1980s • Services grew from 47% of GDP in 1970 to 59% in 1990

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1960: Japan 67 and USA 692009: Japan 83 and USA 78

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Why Japan Is Still on Track to Overtake the U.S. by the Year 2000Business Week Book of the Year 1995

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Japan imports virtually all of its crude oil and is the world’s 3rdl t il i t t 5 0 illilargest oil importer at ~5.0 million barrels per day.  

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Imports of natural gas in January 2012 jumped 74% from a year earlier and imports of petroleum jumped nearly 13%.

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Historically, Japan has had large trade surpluses as they import h “ diti ” d tcheap “commodities” and export valued added products.

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“My reading of history convinces me that most bad government results from too much government.”g f g

‐ Thomas Jefferson

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1960s: 10%+ growth2000 l h 1%2000s: less than 1%

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バブル景気バブル景気(Translation: Bubble economy )

“Okina, Shirakawa, and Shiratsuka (2000) define the ‘bubble period’ as the period from 1987 to 1990 from the viewpoint ofperiod  as the period from 1987 to 1990, from the viewpoint of coexistence of three factors of the bubble economy, that is, a marked increase in asset prices, an expansion of monetary aggregates and credit, and an over‐heating of economic activity.”

“Asset Price Bubble in Japan in the 1980s: Lessons for Financial and Macroeconomic Stability” by Shigenori Shiratsuka

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“From our standpoint at least, it was a win.”‐ James Baker

• From 1980 – 1985, the dollar appreciated against the Yen, Deutsche Mark, and British pound by 50%50%• Major U.S. exporters began aggressively lobbying Congress to pass protectionist laws due to non‐competitive issues• Instead the White House began the negotiations that led to the Plaza Accord with the goal of reviving the U.S. economy and reducing the current account deficit (3.5%)

h l d i d S b 22 198 b G d

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• The Plaza Accord was signed on September 22, 1985 between France, West Germany, Japan, and the United States with the goal of depreciating the U.S. dollar by 50% against the Japanese yen and Deutsche Mark via currency intervention

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The appreciation of the Yen had two key outcomes:

1. Drove up the demand and value of Yen denominated assets

2.  Made Japanese exports less competitive in global marketsg

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Source: “Savings and interest rates in Japan: Why they have fallen and why they will remain low”: Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco R Anton Braun University of Tokyo

“In the early 1980s, Japanese households were saving about 15 percent of their after‐tax incomes. Those were the days of sharply rising incomes, when Japanese households could increase their consumption rapidly while adding significant amounts to their savings Although the saving rate came down gradually in the

low : Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, R. Anton Braun, University of Tokyo

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amounts to their savings. Although the saving rate came down gradually in the 1980s, it was still 10 percent in 1990.”

‐Martin Feldstein

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At its peak, high end Tokyo residential real estate traded hands at upwards of $90,000/ 

fsquare foot

From the start of 1985 to its ultimate peak in 1989, the Nikkei 225 appreciated 225%

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Source: Joint study by New York University and the University of Tokyo

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“Demography is destiny ”Demography is destiny.‐ Auguste Comte

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Since 2003, only Greece and Ireland have added more debt‐as‐a‐percentage‐of‐GDP than Japan.

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Japan has now run a budget deficit for more than twenty years, longer than any other modern industrialized nation.

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• Social security spending will be p g29% of the federal budget in 2012

• Debt service will be• Debt service will be 24% of the federal budget

• Almost 49% of the federal budget will be funded by bond issuancesissuances

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Based on Hedgeye estimates, if interest rates normalized back to 1990 levels

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Based on Hedgeye estimates, if interest rates normalized back to 1990 levels payments on Japanese federal government debt would equate to 100% of the 2012 federal budget. 

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In 1989, the Japanese fertility reached an all‐time low of 1.57, and another low of 1.53 in 1991, at which point the Institute of Population Problems concluded that if this trend continued Japan’s population would peak in 2005.

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Japan’s TFR has been below 1.3 since 2003, given entrenched trends toward less marriage and later marriage age and consequently higher age of the first birth (now at 30+ years), it is 

44Source: Japan’s past and future population: 1950 – 2050; NIPSSR 2006

culturally unlikely that TFR will be revived enough to reach the replacement level.

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“A worker’s contribution to total output likely peaks when she has more experience, but her contribution to growth in total output is highest when she is in the process of acq iring that e perience ”the process of acquiring that experience.”

“By our mid 40s, the evidence of real wages would suggest that most of us are at or approaching our peak contribution to GDP, with a falling contribution to GDP in our 50s and 60s ”

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our 50s and 60s.”

Source: “Demographics Changes, Financial Markets, and the Economy”, Financial Analysts Journal, Arnott and Chaves 2012

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• Japan’s debt burdens are more than 200% of debt‐to‐GDP after 20 years of deficit spending

Gi th idl i J l ti th b d f i l it• Given the rapidly aging Japanese population, the burden of social security expenditures is set to accelerate

• Along with these burdens come the likelihood of continued deficit spending• Interest payments and social security are currently 50% of the federal budget

• Due to the current debt load, interest rates can literally not be moved off the zero bound to fund future obligationsbound to fund future obligations

• Key question: Can the Japanese fund their future?

Future deficits + high debt load – lower savings – current account deficit = questionable future creditworthiness

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“You know most people live ninety percent in theYou know most people live ninety percent in the past, seven percent in the present, and that only leaves three percent for the future.”p f f

‐ John Steinbeck

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• The threat of future ratings agency downgrades beyond critical l llevels

• A deterioration in Japan’s current account dynamics eroding the country’s net creditor statuscountry s net creditor status

• A failure to pass meaningful austerity measures that would slow the growth of Japanese sovereign debt to below the growth ofgrowth of Japanese sovereign debt to below the growth of domestic assets

• An increase in long‐term inflation expectationsAn increase in long term inflation expectations

• Combined, these four “trigger points” could tilt the JGB market into a situation whereby demand is decelerating as new supply 

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y g pp yaccelerates to all‐time highs

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• Moody’s: Aa3 w/ a stable outlook– Last change: Cut one level in AUG ‘11, citing: 

• Weak economic growth prospects• Frequent changes of government that prevent long‐term budget planning• A build‐up of debt since the 2009 global recession

– Latest commentary (FEB ‘12) per Thomas Byrne, SVP:• “There has to be an accumulation or critical massive negative developments to happen before we lower the rating. We haven’t 

reached that point yet.”• “The stable outlook on the Aa3 grade is predicated on the consumption tax increase being at least partially implemented before 

2015. A political impasse that delays the passage of changes to the tax code could be a negative factor for Japan’s rating. [Additionally], a sales tax increase [is] necessary for long‐term fiscal sustainability.”[Additionally], a sales tax increase [is] necessary for long term fiscal sustainability.

• “We also think it’s important to sustain the strong confidence of the market in Japanese government bonds. Even a slight weakening of confidence that pushes up bond yields and the cost the government has to pay on its debt has a big effect because the debt is so big.”

• Standard & Poor’s: AA‐ w/ a negative outlook (since APR ‘11)– Last change: Cut one level in JAN ‘11, citing: 

• The lack of a coherent strategy to address the nation’s growing debt burden– Latest commentary (FEB ‘12) per Takahira Ogawa, Director of Sovereign Ratings:

• “The ranking is supported by an ample net external asset position, relatively strong financial system, and diversified economy. [Also supportive is] the yen’s role as a key international reserve currency.”

• “A downgrade is likely if medium‐term growth falls from a current projection of 1.2 percent in real terms per capita. We would l id l i h l d h i if h ’ d b j i ialso consider lowering the long‐ and short‐term ratings if the government’s debt trajectory remains on its current course or 

begins to erode the nation’s external position.”• “Even if the proposed increase in the consumption tax is implemented, structural problems like a mismatch between the social 

security system and an aging population and current low macroeconomic growth will remain in the Japanese economy. No matter how high the sales tax is raised, there’s no point unless the government does something with the social‐ welfare system.” 

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• Fitch: AA‐ w/ a negative outlook (since MAY ‘11)– Last change: Cut one level in NOV ‘02– Latest commentary (SEP ‘11):

• “Japan faces a greater than 50% chance of a downgrade.”

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Yoshihiko NodaIncumbent (9/11 ‐‐182 days

Naoto Kan6/10 – 9/11451 days

Yukio Hatoyama9/09 – 6/10265 days

Taro Aso9/08 – 9/09357 days

Yasuo Fakuda9/07 – 9/08364 days

Shinzo Abe9/06 – 9/07365 days

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• A proposal to increase the nation’s G20‐low 5% VAT to 8% in APR 2014 and another +200bps in OCT 2015 to 10% is currently being debated in parliamentanother +200bps in OCT 2015 to 10% is currently being debated in parliament.

• Even if the plan is enacted, official Cabinet Office forecasts suggest Japan will continue to run deficits through FY20 (the latest available projections).

• If the plan is not enacted, the government will have a revenue shortfall of ¥50.8 trillion in FY15 (up from ¥48.0 currently).

• With widespread public disapproval of the proposal (60%) and Prime Minister Noda’s popularity rapidly declining (26.4% and down 2,960bps since his inauguration ~six months ago), opposition LDP lawmakers are rejecting pleas to negotiate the bill and instead demanding snap elections. Per LDP member IchitaYamamoto: “Raising the consumption tax is impossible under Noda’s watch ManyYamamoto:  Raising the consumption tax is impossible under Noda s watch. Many people hate us and this is serious. The point is there won’t be a breakthrough if the current situation continues.”

• Aside from a sheer thirst to regain power the LDP is perpetuating political gridlock

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• Aside from a sheer thirst to regain power, the LDP is perpetuating political gridlock partially to force the DPJ to deliver on ¥16.8 trillion in savings by reducing “wasteful” outlays.

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“A person, who no matter how desperate the situation gives others hope is a true leader”situation, gives others hope, is a true leader.

‐ Daisaku Ikeda

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This presentation was prepared by Keith McCullough, Daryl Jones, Howard Penney, Darius Dale, Matt Hedrick, Rory Green and Kevin Kaiser.y, , , y

For more information and a complete listing of research pleasesee: www hedgeye comsee: www.hedgeye.com

or email: [email protected] 100