日本庭園JAPANESE GARDENS

It is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific ocean & often called the "Land of the Rising Sun“

Japan is a  strata volcanic group of 6852 islands.

About 73 percent of Japan is forested, mountainous, and unsuitable for agricultural,  industrial, or residential use.

日本JAPAN

Japan is predominantly temperate but varies greatly from north to south.

The northernmost zone, Hokkaido, has a humid continental climate with long, cold winters and very warm to cool summers.

Precipitation is not heavy, but the islands usually develop deep snowbanks in the winter.

Average winter temperature in Japan is 5.1 °C (41.2 °F) and the average summer temperature is 25.2 °C (77.4 °F).

CLIMATE

INTRODUCTIONJapanese garden has a history of 1000 years

The gardens of the Emperors and nobles were designed for recreation and aesthetic pleasure

Gardens of Buddhist temples were designed for contemplation and meditation.

Were developed under the influences of the Chinese gardens.

Japanese gardens first appeared on the island of Honshu the large central island of Japan

Great gardens can be found throughout Japan, with particularly many in the former capital of Kyoto.

Japanese landscape mainly tries to symbolize islands in seas covered with forests

HISTORY OF JAPANESE GARDENS Early Japan (before 794)

Heian Period (794-1185)

Kamakura and Muromachi Periods (1192-1573)

Azuchi-Momoyama Period (1573-1603)

Edo Period (1603-1867)

Meiji period (1868-1912)

Modern Gardens (1912 to present)

Early Japan (before 794)One of the earliest garden forms in Japan were sacred places in the midst of nature, which humans marked by pebbles.

This early garden form can be recognized at some ancient Shinto shrines

East Palace Garden at Heijo Palace (Nara)

Heijo Palace the imperial residence in the Japanese capital city during the Nara period

Heian Period (794-1185)

They began building Shined Gardens at their palaces and villas, large gardens which were used for elaborate parties and for recreational activities.

In the late Heian Period, Pure Land Buddhism gained popularity, promising its devotees a spot in the Western Paradise of the Amida Buddha or Pure Land.

Daikaku-ji Byōdō-inKyoto Imperial Palace Jōruri-ji

Kamakura and Muromachi Periods (1192-1573)

The military rulers embraced the newly introduced Zen Buddhism, which would exert a strong influence on garden design

 The most extreme development towards minimalism was the Karesansui Dry Garden

Azuchi-Momoyama Period (1573-1603)

Tea gardens were introduced during this period

Tokushima Castle garden on the island of Shikoku

Tai-an tea house at Myōki-an Temple in Kyoto built in 1582 by Sen no Rikyū

Bridges became the part of the gardens during this time

Edo Period (1603-

1867)

During this period no major change or feature was brought to the garden.

The size of the elements were made big.

Imitations of famous natural landscapes, like Mount Fuji, or scenes from Taoist or Buddhist legends, or landscapes illustrating verses of poetry were made.

Meiji Period (1868–1912)

The Meiji period saw the modernization of Japan, and the re-opening of Japan to the west

Many of the old private gardens had been abandoned and left to ruin. In 1871, a new law transformed many gardens from the Momoyama and Edo periods into public parks

Modern Gardens (1868 to present)

During the Showa period (1926–1988), many traditional gardens were built by businessmen and politicians

After World War II, the principal builders of gardens were no longer private individuals, but banks, hotels, universities and government agencies.

The Japanese garden became an extension of the architecture of the building. New gardens were designed by architecture school graduates, and often used modern building materials

BASIC RULES IN DESIGN OF JAPANESE GARDENS

Elements Stone lanternsSculpturesStone wash basinKio fishes BridgesPathwaysPondsStepping stonesWater fallsHillsTea houes

RocksWater StonesFenceGate

Plants and treesGarden of the 10th to 12th centuries contained cherry, plum trees, pines and willows.

Influence of the Zen sect and watercolor painting from Southern China transformed the colorful Japanese garden in the Middle Ages.

Flowers, flowering plants and shrubs were regarded as signs of frivolity and were replaced by evergreen trees that symbolized eternity.

Japanese FirJapanese stripped-bark maple

Japanese maple

Japanese alder

Japanese angelica tree

Japanese cherry birch

Japanese hornbeam

Japanese cornel dogwood Japanese cedar Bonsai

and bonseki

TYPES OF JAPANESE GARDENS

Karesansui Gardens Or Dry Gardens

Tsukiyama Gardens Or Wet Garden

Chaniwa Gardens Or Tea Gardens

Pocket Gardens

KARESANSUI/ DRY GARDENSAlso known as rock gardens and waterless stream gardens.

Influenced by Zen Buddhism and can be found at Zen temples of meditation

Found in the front or rear gardens at the residences.

No water presents in gardens. raked gravel or sand that simulates the feeling of water.

The rocks/gravel used are chosen for their artistic shapes, and mosses as well as small shrubs.

Plants are much less important (and sometimes nonexistent)

TSUKIYAMA/WET GARDENS

They strive to make a smaller garden appear more spacious.

Shrubs are utilized to block views of surrounding buildings.

The gardens main focus is on nearby mountains in the distance.

The garden has the mountains as part of its grounds.

Ponds, streams, hills, stones, trees, flowers, bridges, and paths are also used frequently in this style as opposed to a flat garden.

CHANIWA/TEA GARDENS

They are built for tea ceremonies.

Tea house is where the ceremonies occur, and the styles of both the hut and garden are based off the simple concepts

There are stepping stones leading to the tea house, stone lanterns, and stone basins where guests purify themselves before a ceremony.

The teahouse is screened by hedges to create a sense of remoteness

POCKET GARDENS

These are mainly observed in the urban areas

Easier to maintain than larger plots, the tiny patches are perfect for gardening, tight on room to perk up their patio.

Occupies less space.

Can be applied anywhere

Most popular in recent times

NON RECTILINEAR SHAPED WATER BODY

ROCKS AND BOULDERS REPRESENTING MOUNTAINS

POOL REPRESENT LAKES.

RAKED SAND REPRESENT OCEAN.

Difference between Japanese and Chinese gardens

Chinese JapanArchitecture Building at the

center of of gardenBuiling at any of the corner or to any end

View Designed to view from inside

Designed to view from out side

Use Of Rock Rock is sculpted to large sculptures

Placed in more natural arrangement

Marine Landscape Inspired from inland lakes and water bodies

Inspired from the coast and sea (pebble beach, Wight sand)

REFERENCEWikipedia.com

Japanese Gardens by Gunter Nitschke

Slawson, David A. Secret Teachings in the Art

of Japanese Gardens

Yagi, Koji A Japanese Touch for Your Home

japan-guide.com

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